1 (a) - Scandinavia highest level of female empowerment in politics - Middle East lowest level 3% - Rest of the regions range

from 10-14% 1 (b)

36%

Education: Women are more educated in recent years, especially in MEDCs (eg. Scandinavia) more female employment, late marriage empowerment Economic prosperity: Developing countries (eg. India) wants to increase their economically active population policies to promote female employment (eg. Kerala) empowerment 1 (c) Policy: - From the mid-18th century, France suffered a low birth rate caused by lower fertility levels and higher levels of infant mortality due to poor sanitation, nutrition, and health care. These low fertility rates continued into the 20th century and was worsened by events such as the two world wars and the influenza epidemic of 1919. - During the 1930s, pro-natal policies were introduced to offer financial incentives for married couples with children, to ban abortion and contraception, and to carry out the death penalty for unauthorized abortions. Successes: - During the mid-1940s the number of births (14 million) exceeded the number of deaths (9 million). - The infant mortality rate dropped. - Encouraged by incentives, the number of young couples and large families increased. - Due to its success, contraception and abortion were legalized in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Failures: - No progress was seen until the mid-1940s show any effect. 2 (a) Low income countries Africa, parts of Asia High income countries North America, Australia, Japan, parts of Europe Middle income countries Rest of the world 2 (b) - Does not consider social factors such as health, welfare, and gender equality.

the policy took around 10 years to

- Does not consider demographic factors such as birth rate, mortality rate, and fertility rate. 2 (c) Debt relief: the partial or total forgiveness of debt, or the slowing or stopping of debt growth, owed by individuals, corporations or nations. Benefits: - Reducing or removing a countrys debt allows them to focus their resources for development: Infrastructure sanitation, hospital (health), transportation (trade) eg. Somalia Technology obtain resources (water, food) eg. Ethiopia Education employment (economic prosperity) eg. India, Kerala - It allows countries to deal with humanitarian crises (eg. Indonesia, Indian Ocean Earthquake 2004) 3 (a) Changes in radiation from the Sun 3 (b) - Until 1920, global temperature change has remained relatively stable, roughly staying on the long term average of 0. - From 1920 onwards, there has been a sudden rise in global temperature change. In 2010, the global temperature has hit a maximum of 10. 3 (c) - Rise in sea levels flooding in low-lying areas (eg. Bangladesh) - Extinction of up to 40% of wildlife cannot adapt to rises in temperature - Spread of diseases increase in mosquitos, unknown viruses escaping from melted polar caps 4 (a) Oil, natural gas, coal 4 (b) - Oil is a finite resource countries want to reduce their dependence on oil (eg. US and Saudi Arabia), geopolitical tensions arise due to competition for oil (eg. Japan and China, Senkaku Islands) - Nuclear energy is extremely efficient and does not pollute the air with greenhouse gases, unlike fossil fuels (eg. Japan to meet their CO2 emission limits)

4 (c) Ecological footprint: The amount of environmental space needed to keep a population at its level of resource consumption. Relationship: MEDCs such as the US that have high levels of energy consumption tend to have high ecological footprints. US has the highest ecological footprint out of any other country in the world, with a footprint that is more than 4 times the world average value. Explanations: - Land is required for fossil fuel production as well as disposal of waste products (CO2). - Forests are used up for fuel, furniture, and housing. - Cropland is required for food production. - Oceans are used as fishing grounds, also for food production. 5 Migration: the movement of people involving a permanent change of residence. Benefits to origins: - Economic: higher employment levels, returning migrants bring back new skills (language literacy, English), remittances support the families of the workers - Social: lower birth rates due to low fertility levels, improved welfare and education for children, homes and medical care for retiring population Benefits to destinations: - Economic: undesirable jobs are filled with cheap labor, skills gained at little cost, retirement costs transferred to origin country - Social: multicultural societies (could be negative), cultural acceptance, growth or ethnic retailing and restaurants Examples: - Mexican migrant workers in California, US - Turkish migrant workers in Germany - Nurses from Philippines to UK - African Americans moving from southern America - Movement between Pakistan and India depending on religious beliefs Evaluation: - There tend to be more economic benefits for the destinations. - There tend to be more social benefits for the origins.

2 (a) - GNI per person - life expectancy - literacy rate 2 (b) - Gender (eg. Afghanistan) - Topography (eg. northern and southern Italy) 2 (c) Disparities: Inequalities between populations, primarily with development. Trade and access to markets lead to economic prosperity higher income for population more development reduced disparities 11 (a) (i) - Agricultural subsidies are highest in Scandinavian countries - Lowest in Australasia New Zealand 2% (ii) - Due to technology advances, the government invests its resources on others. - TNCs put traditional agricultural farms out of business. (b) Possible human factors include: age and education of agricultural workforce; extent to which population is concentrated in a few large cities, or dispersed across a wide area; migration flows. Economic factors include: ability to purchase food supplies from outside the area or country; deficiencies in the transport system reducing the effectiveness of food distribution; lack of capital to replant or restock farms. Political factors might include: war and refugee movements; refusal to accept international food aid. Possible physical/environmental factors include: soil degradation; climate change; natural hazard events such as hurricanes or earthquakes. While many responses are likely to conclude that human factors are not the main cause of famine, all conclusions should be judged strictly on the merits of the arguments presented and the example chosen. Iceland 65%