1-Meaning of Translation-

The English word translation has been derived from the Latin word translation, which itself comes
from trans- and latum—together meaning "a carrying across" or "a bringing across. In other words, it
is the business of carrying across a message/written content from one text to another, from one
person to another and from one language(source language) to a different language (target
language). It can happen within the same language (from one dialect to another dialect or from one
form to another) or between languages. It is best seen as a communication process where the
transfer of a message/written content from one language into a new language takes
place.Translation is the communication of the meaning of a text in a source language (SL) into a
comprehensive version of target language (TL) without causing any loss to the original message.

2- need of literature-

Translation is important in a world of over 7000 spoken languages, because it allows

people to communicate and understand each other’s thoughts and cultures without
having to learn a second language. We also seem to understand and communicate
ourselves better in our native language and though people speak more than one
language. However, the importance of translation in today’s world goes way beyond that.
Translation of literary text allows it to travel across nations and boundaries. It renews the
literary impact of ancient literature, giving it meaning and regeneration. Translation of
books into many languages allows for regeneration and revitalization of literature. This is
because having more translated books encourage readers to experiment with their own
literature.

Literacy, cultural understanding and linguistic capability can help fuel economic
competitiveness, improve employability and develop insight into foreign markets.
Reading works in translation – whether it's the latest Scandinavian crime novel or a
recent autobiography of a political activist – helps foster a generation that is able
to work in the world without being trapped in a single language .

SCOPE

In the earlier days, translation was considered to be a sub-branch of linguistics. Gradually it

developed into an inter-disciplinary field of study. In the last three decades of the 20th century
Translation Studies started functioning as an autonomous branch of study. in this age of
globalization, the scope of translation is immense. The significance and relevance of translation in
our daily life is multidimensional and extensive. Translation helps to know about the developments
in the field of creative arts, education, literature, business, science and politics.

Translation as a Mediator Translators are the mediators between the source language/culture and
the target language/culture. It is their responsibility to ensure that this linkage between the known
language/culture and alien language/culture is properly established so that the readers don’t lose
the essence of the original. Translation of a language opens the doors to unknown cultural and
linguistic environments.After getting your degree, you can work as a literary translator or a subtitler.
Or you can choose to work in government departments or law firms.
  Academics: Translators are heavily required during conferences. Such
professionals are also needed to run archival, research and publishing
projects. They can also opt for a teaching career at the university level.

 Tourism: The tourism and hospitality sector relies on translators to serve

tourists. Tourism agencies employ translators for foreign tourists.
These translators sometimes also double as tourist guides.

 Publishing: Translators help books reach out to newer and wider

audiences. Leading publishing houses have their own specialised wings
for translated works.

 Government/Embassy: Most embassies and consulates have official

translators who help with government programmes, formulation of
policies, speeches, events and other activities. Immigration
departments hire translators to communicate with refugees and
shelter-seekers.

 Subtitling:Movies, web-series, telefilms and documentaries are

subtitled in different languages. OTT platforms, streaming channels
and producers employ translators for this job.

 Law: Legaltranslators use specialist terminology and linguistic

conventions in the legal sector. They interpret the meaning of
documents written in other languages.

3- Indian English literature (IEL), also referred to as Indian Writing in English (IWE), is the

body of work by writers in India who write in the English language and whose native or co-native
language could be one of the numerous languages of India. Early Indian writers used English
unadulterated by Indian words to convey an experience which was essentially Indian. Bankim
Chandra Chattopadhyay (1838–1894) wrote Rajmohan's Wife and published it in 1864; it is the
first Indian novel written in English. Indian English Literature has attained an independent status
in the realm of world Literature. Wide ranges of themes are dealt within Indian Writing in English.
While this literature continues to reflect Indian culture, tradition, social values and even Indian
history through the depiction of life in India and Indians living elsewhere, recent Indian English
fiction has been trying to give expression to the Indian experience of the modern predicaments.
There are critics and commentators in England and America who appreciate Indian English novels.

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