Isometries in Bianchi Type-1 Spacetime
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fakharalamsanghiIsometries in Bianchi Type-1 Spacetime
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fakharalamsanghiIsometries and Lie Algebra of L R S Bianchi
Type-1 Spacetime in f(Q)- Gravity
By
FAKHAR ALAM
[Link] Thesis
SESSION 2022-2024
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur, Pakistan
2024
Isometries and Lie Algebra of L R S Bianchi
Type-1 Spacetime in f(Q)- Gravity
By
Fakhar Alam
A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Mathematics,
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,
In the partial fulfilment for the degree of
Master of Philosophy
in
MATHEMATICS
Supervised by
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ramzan
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur, Pakistan
2024
Isometries and Lie Algebra of L R S Bianchi
Type-1 Spacetime in f(Q)- Gravity
By
Fakhar Alam
Supervised by
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ramzan
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur
Bahawalpur, Pakistan
2024
4
Student’s Declaration
I, Fakhar Alam S/O Sadar Alam, a [Link] student in the Mathematics department at the
Islamia University of Bahawalpur, hereby certify that I am the author of my dissertation
study titled “Isometries and Lie Algebra of L R S Bianchi Type-1 Spacetime in f(Q)-
Gravity." I also testify that nothing has been included in this thesis without adequate
acknowledgment.
Fakhar Alam
S/O
Sadar Alam
5
Supervisor’s Declaration
I hereby certify that the work presented by Fakhar Alam in the thesis titled “Isometries and
Lie Algebra of L R S Bianchi Type-1 Spacetime in f(Q)- Gravity” The candidate
conducted original research under my supervision, and the results are presented in this thesis.
The work is brand-new and hasn't been turned in for credit towards a higher degree
anywhere. The writer has given fair credit to all of their sources and hasn't plagiarised any
material. The candidate may now submit this thesis in partial fulfilment of the criteria for the
[Link]. in Mathematics degree at the Islamia University of Bahawalpur's Faculty of Science
since they have met all requirements."
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ramzan
Supervisor
Department of Mathematics,
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur.
6
Dedicated to
My Loving Parents
7
Acknowledgements
"I am forever grateful to Allah (SWT), the Almighty, whose limitless mercy, blessings, and
creativity have been my guiding light, providing me the courage and drive to successfully
complete this thesis.". Countless Darood-O-Salam to our esteemed Prophet Muhammad
(SAW), who guides us from the depths of darkness into the light. My supervisor, Prof. Dr.
Muhammad Ramzan, has provided me with constant support, cooperation, and mentorship
throughout this thesis, for which I am incredibly grateful. My gratitude also goes out to the
faculty members for their assistance and cooperation, as well as to Prof. Dr. Ghulam
Mustafa, the Chairman of the Mathematics Department, for creating a calm research
atmosphere. A particular thank you to Mr. Shahid Iqbal and Mr. Jawad Ayyoub who offered
collegial guidance, support and the source of inspiration during my study. Their continuous
support led me in the right direction. I am deeply indebted to all loving members of my
family, especially parents, for their inspiration and continuous encouragement and their moral
support which enabled me to pursue my study. I never would have been able to succeed
without them. I have no words to express my gratitude to make me what I am today. Thanks
for the support of my friends, class fellows, their encouragement and moral support helped
me during my research studies. Finally, it is a pleasant task to express my thanks to all those
who contributed in many ways to the success of this study and made it an unforgettable
experience for me.
Dated: Fakhar Alam
8
Abstract
Lie algebra of Killing vector fields in locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type-I spacetime
with f(Q) -gravity is studied in this thesis. To find the KVFs we have used direct integration
technique. We have discussed twelve classes of LRS Bianchi type -1 spacetimes for finding
the Lie algebra of KVFs. It has been observed that the dimensions of KVFs are 4, 6 and 10.
Moreover, it has been found that the Lie algebra of above KVFs is closed.
9
List of Figures
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LIST OF TABLES
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Chapter 1
Preliminaries
1.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we will discuss some fundamental definitions like manifold, metric tensor
,covariant derivative, Lie derivative, Christofell symbol, space time, Riemann curvature
tensor, Ricci tensor, Ricci scalar, Einstein tensor, Einstein field equation, geodesic equation,
vector field, symmetry, different types of symmetries in general relativity, curvature
collineation, Ricci collineation and Matter collineation.
1.2 Manifold
A Manifold is a topological space which is locally flat and globally curved. Manifolds are
used to study curved spaces such as surfaces or higher-dimensional spaces. A manifold is a
mathematical object that is locally similar to Euclidean space (Flat space without any
curvature) but may have a more complex global structure. Manifolds provide a geometric
framework to study and understand spaces that exhibit both local and global structures. Used
in general relativity to model spacetime. Examples of manifold are given below in the
figures.
Figure 1.2.1
12
Figure 1.2.2
Figure 1.2.3
Figure 1.2.4
13
1.3 Tensor
Invariant quantities are called tensors. There are two types of tensors which are vectors and
scalars. A tensor of rank zero is called a scalar and a tensor of rank one is called vector. In
tensors the transformation law is hold. Tensors can be classified based on their properties
such as symmetric and skew-symmetric. Symmetric tensors have components that remain
unchanged under certain permutations of indices while skew-symmetric tensors change sign
when indices are swapped. These properties make tensors a powerful tool in various
mathematical formulations providing a concise representation of complex relationships.
Tensor operations involve manipulating tensors through various mathematical operations
such as addition, multiplication and contraction. These operations allow for the
transformation and analysis of tensor data playing a crucial role in applications ranging from
image processing to quantum mechanics. Tensors are versatile mathematical objects that
generalize scalars, vectors and matrices to higher dimensions. The rank of a tensor refers to
the number of dimensions or indices it has. It is a fundamental concept in tensor algebra and
is crucial for understanding the order and complexity of a tensor. Tensors of type (2,0), (0,2)
and (2,2) are called contravariant, covariant and mixed tensor. Contravariant tensor can be
written as
L L ( x)e ( x) e ( x) (1.3.1)
In terms of transformation law, it can be written as
' x' x'
L ( x ) ' r ' s M ( x)
'
(1.3.2)
x x
In case of covariant tensor
N N ( x) e ( x)e ( x) (1.3.3)
And also its components satisfy the transformation law
x x
N ' ( x) N ( x) (1.3.4)
x' x'
In mixed tensor one part is covariant and the other part is contravariant such that
T T ( x)e ( x)e ( x) (1.3.5)
In case of mixed tensor transformation law can be written as
' x' x'
T ( x) T ( x) (1.3.6)
x x
14
It is clear that tensor can be obtained by using any number of indices. The number of e
represents the order of a tensor (Hall, 2004)
1.3.1 Symmetric Tensor: A Tensor U is called symmetric tensor if
1
U ( ) (U U ) ([Link])
2
1.3.2 Anti-Symmetric Tensor: A tensor U is called anti-symmetric tensor if
1
U[ ] (U U ) ([Link])
2
Here round and square brackets represents the symmetry and anti-symmetry of the tensor.
1.4 Metric Tensor
The metric tensor is a second order symmetric and covariant non-degenerate tensor. It defines
the distance between the two points on the manifold and is given as
ds 2 g dx dx ( , = 0,1,2……..,.n) (1.4.1)
The number of signs i.e. and appear in the metric is called its signature.
The inverse of the fundamental tensor is called conjugate or reciprocal tensor. Conjugate
tensor g uv is a second order symmetric contravariant tensor.
1.4.1 Use of Metric Tensor
a) Metric tensor is used for lowering and raising the indices.
b) Metric tensor is used for contraction.
A map which reduces the rank of a tensor by two is called Contraction. Mathematically it can
be written as Tml Tml 11 For example
g A g g A A A .
Where is called the Kronecker delta or substitution operator. It is defined as
1 if
.
0 if
1.5 Covariant Derivative
It is a map which transforms a tensor into tensor. It is denoted by the symbol C and
semicolon (;). It is also a map on the manifold which maps a smooth tensor field of the type
15
( , ) to a smooth tensor field of the type ( , 1) i.e. c : ( , ) ( , 1) It follows all
the derivative properties. In general relativity the covariant derivative plays a crucial role in
describing the curvature of the spacetime. The Einstein field equations which govern the
gravitational interaction involve the covariant derivative of the metric tensor. Understanding
the covariant derivative is vital in the concept of parallel transport where vectors are moved
along curves while preserving their directional properties. The covariant derivative preserves
the inner product of vector fields reflecting the geometric structure of the manifold. Under
coordinate transformations the covariant derivative of a tensor transforms in a specific way to
maintain its covariant nature. The properties of the covariant derivatives are as follows:
a) Linearity Property: The covariant derivative is linear with respect to scalar
multiplication and vector addition. For all U ,V (n, m) and , , we have
c (U dc11....d
....cn
m
Vdc11........dcmn cU dc11....d
....cn
m
cVdc11........dcmn .
b) Lebnitz Rule: Satisfies a form of the product rule analogous to the
differentiation of products of functions. U (n, m) and V (n, m) then
c (U dc11....d
....cn
V c1 ....cn (cU dc11....d
m d1 ....d m
....cn
m
)Vdc11........dcmn (cVdc11........dcmn )U dc11....d
....cn
m
.
c) Commutative with contraction: U (n, m) then
c (U dc11....d
....cn
m
) cU dc11....d
....cn
m
d) Torsion Free: f F , f is any real function then
s t f s t f
The expression for the covariant derivative of a different tensors is given below:
The covariant derivative of a scalar field f is a partial derivative i.e
f
f f; f; .
x
U is contravariant vector field then
U U , U .
U is covariant vector field then
uU , U .
If U is a mixed tensor field then
U k U k, U U .
16
1.6 Lie Derivative
It is basically a directional derivative. In general relativity the Lie derivative is employed to
express the evolution of tensor fields such as the metric tensor along the trajectories of
spacetime. This is fundamental for understanding the curvature of spacetime and the
dynamics of gravitational interactions. The Lie derivative is significant in the study of
symmetries and transformations in quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. It provides
a mathematical framework for describing the evolution of fields and particles under different
symmetries. The Lie derivative significance lies in the ability to capture the essence of
transformations and symmetries in various mathematical and physical contexts. It serves as a
bridge between abstract algebraic structures and concrete geometric objects providing a
unified framework for understanding the evolution of tensor fields. Its applications extend
from the microscopic realm of quantum mechanics to the cosmic scale of general relativity
showcasing its versatility and importance in understanding the fundamental nature of the
universe. Its elegance lies in its ability to unveil the intricate relationships between vector
fields and tensor fields providing a deeper understanding of transformations, symmetries and
dynamics on smooth manifolds. Some properties of Lie derivative are
1) Lie differentiation obeys the Linearity property.
LX (uY vZ ) uLX Y vLX Z .
2) In Lie differentiation Leibnitz product rule for differentiation also hold:
LX (Y Z ) (L X Y )Z Y (L X Z ).
Commutes with :
3)
(L X T ) LX ( T ) LX T .
4) Lie differentiation of a scalar field is given by
P
LX P X .
x
5) Lie derivative of a contravariant vector F is given by:
F X
LX F X F .
x x
6) Lie derivative of a covariant vector B is given by:
B X
LX B X B .
x x
17
1.7 Christofell Symbols
The rate of change of metric tensor is called Christofell symbol. They are used to describe the
covariant derivative of vector fields on a smooth manifold. The Christofell symbols are
essential in understanding how vectors change as they are parallel transported along curves in
a curved space. They are often defined in terms of the metric tensor and its derivatives
providing a geometric connection between the metric structure and the curvature of the
manifold. In the context of Einstein theory of general relativity the Christofell symbols play
an important role in understanding the curvature of spacetime. Christofell symbols are not
tensors in general. Christofell symbols are symmetric with respect to the indices. There are
two kinds of Christofell symbols.
1.7.1 Christofell Symbol of First Kind
Christofell symbol of first kind is denoted by xy, z and is defined as
1 g ac gbc g ab
ab, c (a, b,c 0,1, 2,3)
2 xb g a g c
([Link])
1.7.2 Christofell Symbol of Second Kind
m
Christofell symbol of second kind is denoted by or mab is defined as
ab
mab g mc ab, c (a, b,c 0,1, 2,3) ([Link])
1.8 Spacetime
The collection of space and time coordinates is called spacetime. Spacetime is a fundamental
concept in physics merging the three dimensions of space with the dimension of time into a
single four-dimensional continuum. According to Einstein theory of general relativity
massive objects like planets and stars cause spacetime to curve around them. This curvature
influences the motion of objects explaining the force of gravity. Essentially spacetime
provides a unified framework to understand both space and time as interconnected aspects of
our universe. Non-static spacetime is defined as the spacetime that is not static (Winitzki,
2007).
Minkowski spacetime developed by mathematician Hermann Minkowski is a
fourdimensional spacetime continuum that fuses the three dimensions of space with a fourth
dimension of time. Unlike traditional views where time is considered separately. Minkowski
18
spacetime treats time as a coordinate alongside space introducing a metric that unifies both.
In this framework events in spacetime are described by four coordinates three spatial
coordinate ( x, y, z ) and one time coordinate (ct) where c is the speed of light. Minkowski
spacetime is crucial in special relativity providing a geometric interpretation for the theory
equations and emphasizing the inseparable nature of space and time in relativistic physics.
In Minkowski spacetime the path traced by an object’s coordinates over time is called its
world line. The concept of world lines allows for a geometric representation of the motion of
particles emphasizing the interplay between space and time. Minkowski spacetime includes
the notion of light cones representing the paths that light rays would take in spacetime. The
metric tensor in Minkowski spacetime classifies the spacetime interval between two events
as.
a) Time Like Event : The event which lies inside the light cone is called time like
b) Space Like Event: The event which lies outside the light cone is called space
like.
c) Null Event: The event which lies on the surface of light cone is called null like
or light like event.
Figure 1.8.1
1.9 Riemann Curvature Tensor:
The rate of change of Christofell symbol is called Reimann curvature tensor. Mathematically
it can be written as.
R a , ,
a
a
. (1.9.1)
In covariant form Riemann curvature tensor can be written as R g R
1.10 Ricci Tensor
The trace of Riemann curvature tensor is called Ricci Tensor. It is denoted by R and
19
is defined as
R R (1.10.1)
1.11 Ricci Scalar
The trace of Ricci tensor is called Ricci scalar. It is denoted by R and is defined as
R R g R (1.11.1)
1.12 Einstein Tensor
The Einstein tensor G is a tensor of rank two and is defined as
1
G R g R. (1.12.1)
2
Where R is the Ricci tensor g is the metric tensor and R is the Ricci scalar.
1.13 Einstein Field Equations
The Einstein Field Equations (EFEs) are a set of ten interrelated differential equations in the
framework of general relativity. They describe how matter and energy in the universe
influence the curvature of spacetime. The equations were formulated by Albert Einstein and
are a cornerstone of modern theoretical physics providing a framework for understanding
gravity on cosmological scales. The Einstein Field Equations are typically written as
8 G
G g T ,
c4
Where G represents the Einstein tensor which encodes the curvature of spacetime, g is
the metric tensor describing the geometry of spacetime, is the cosmological constant
representing the energy density of empty space, G is the gravitational constant, c is the speed
of light and T is the energy-momentum tensor representing the distribution of matter and
energy in spacetime. These equations relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution of
matter and energy within it.
1.14 Geodesics Equation
Geodesic is defined to be the shortest path between two points on a surface (Nawazish Ali).
The term geodesic originates from the Greek words (geo) means earth and (daisia) means
dividing. It was popularized by the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss in the early
nineteenth century. Geodesics play a fundamental role in understanding the geometry of
20
surfaces and navigation in both terrestrial and celestial realms. On a sphere geodesics are
great circles such as lines of longitude on Earth. Earth is approximately ellipsoidal and
understanding geodesics on this shape is vital for accurate navigation. Kepler’s law of
planetary motion can be understood through the concept of geodesics in gravitational fields.
The geodesic equation is derived from a variational principle. Applying the Euler-Lagrange
equation to the Lagrangian yields the geodesic equation. This equation involves second-order
partial derivatives of the coordinates with respect to the curves parameter. In Euclidean space
the geodesic equation simplifies to straight lines. On curved surfaces geodesics deviate from
straight lines due to the influence of curvature. On a surface geodesics are curves that locally
minimize distance. The geodesic equation describes the curvature and deviation from
straightness on the surface. In Einstein general relativity particles move along geodesics in
curved spacetime. The geodesic equation describes the trajectories of objects under the
influence of gravity. A curve is said to be geodesic if its tangent vector directly proportional
to itself. Mathematically it can be written as
U U 0. (1.14.1)
Where is the derivative operator. For a Riemannian manifold with a metric tensor g the
geodesic equation takes the form
d 2 x
dx dx
0. (1.14.2)
dt 2 dt dt
Where x are the coordinates on the manifold, t is the affine parameter along the curve and
are the christofell symbols which depend on the metric.
1.15 Vector Fields
A vector field is a mathematical concept used to associate a vector with each point in a given
space typically a region of two or three dimensional space. In a two dimensional vector field
each point is associated with a two dimensional vector while in a three dimensional vector
field each point is associated with a three dimensional vector. The vectors in the field convey
information about the magnitude and direction of a physical quantity such as velocity, force,
or temperature at each location in the space.
Two fundamental operations associated with vector fields are divergence and curl.
Divergence measures the outwardness of a vector field at a given point indicating the rate at
21
which vectors spread out. Curl on the other hand quantifies the rotation or circulation of
vectors around a point. These operations provide valuable information about the behavior of
vector fields and are integral in various mathematical theorems. A vector field is considered
conservative if it can be derived from a scalar potential function. This property simplifies
certain calculations and has implications in physics such as the work done by conservative
forces. Identifying conservative vector fields often involves checking the curl and ensuring it
is zero.
Vector fields find applications in diverse fields. For instance in fluid dynamics a velocity
vector field describes the velocity of fluid particles at each point in space. In
electromagnetism the electric and magnetic fields are modeled using vector fields.
Gravitational fields in physics and force fields in engineering also rely on this concept.
Understanding the trajectory of particles within a vector field involves examining flow lines
and streamlines. Flow lines trace the paths of particles while streamlines represent the
instantaneous direction of the vector at each point. These concepts are vital in visualizing and
analyzing the behavior of vector fields. For example
Figure 1.15.1
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Figure 1.15.2
1.16 Symmetry
Symmetry preserves the geometrical structure of the object. In the context of general
relativity symmetry refers to the invariance of physical laws under certain transformations.
The theory is formulated based on the principle of general covariance where the laws of
physics remain unchanged under arbitrary coordinate transformations. Symmetry in this
context plays a vital role in describing the gravitational field and the behavior of matter in a
way that is consistent across different reference frames. The deep connection between
symmetries and physical laws is illuminated by Noether’s theorem. Emmy Noether a brilliant
mathematician demonstrated that for every continuous symmetry in a physical system there
exists a corresponding conservation law. In the context of general relativity the symmetries
associated with diffeomorphisms lead to the conservation of energy and momentum revealing
the elegance with which symmetry is woven into the fabric of the universe. Symmetry also
reduces the degree of freedom.
1.17 Different Types of Symmetries in GR
In general relativity, symmetries are often expressed using the concept of Lie derivatives a
mathematical tool that captures how tensor fields change along vector fields. The Lie
derivative of a tensor field with respect to a vector field provides insights into the behavior of
the tensor under the flow generated by the vector field. Here we will explore symmetries in
the context of Lie derivatives.
Lx B E
23
Where Lx is the Lie derivative operator along the vector field X which gives symmetry. In
the above equation C and D are the physical or geometric objects. In general relativity, we
discuss symmetries on the base of Riemannian geometry (Stephani, 2003). And also discuss
different kinds of symmetries like isometry, homothetic symmetry, conformal symmetry,
Curvature collineation, Ricci collineation and matter collineation (Stephani, 2003,
Aldrovandi and Pereira, 1995, Kerner, 1982, Starobinsky, 2007). Some of the important types
of the symmetries which are related to my research work are:
1.17.1 Conformal vector fields
A vector field X is said to be conformal vector field if
LX g 2 g . ([Link])
Equation ([Link]) can also be written as,
g , X g X g X 2 g .
Where L denotes the Lie derivative of the metric tensor g and is the conformal factor
which is smooth and real valued function on M.
1.17.2 Homothetic Vector Fields
If is constant in equation ([Link]) then the vector field X is said to be homothetic vector
field. For homothetic vector fields the maximum dimension is eleven. Mathematically it can
be written a
L g 2 g . ([Link])
X
Where is non-zero real constant.
1.17.3 Killing Vector Fields
In equation ([Link]) if is zero then that vector field X is said to be Killing vector field
(KVFs). For killing vector fields the maximum dimension is ten. Mathematically it can be
written a
Lx g 0. ([Link])
1.18 Curvature Collineations
A vector field X is said to be curvature collineation if
Lx R 0. (1.18.1)
24
Where L denotes the Lie derivative and R denotes the Riemann curvature tensor.
1.19 Ricci Collineations
A vector field X is said to be Ricci collineation if
Lx R =0. (1.19.1)
Where R denotes the Ricci tensor.
1.20 Matter Collineations
A vector field X is said to be matter collineation if
LxT 0 (1.20.1)
Here T denotes the energy momentum tensor.
25
Chapter 2
Literature Review
The general relativity (formulated by Albert Einstein in 1915) is a theory of gravity that
describes how massive objects wrap the fabric of spacetime. It replaces Newton’s law of
universal gravitation and introduces the concept that matter and energy influence the
geometry of space and time. The key equations of general relativity are the Einstein field
equations which relate the curvature of spacetime to the distribution of matter and energy.
One of the ground breaking aspects of general relativity is the understanding that time is
relative and can be affected by gravity. This phenomenon known as time dilation has been
confirmed through experiments involving high precision atomic clocks. Black holes predicted
by general relativity are regions where gravity is so intense that nothing not even light can
escape. The study of black holes has provided insights into the nature of spacetime and the
boundaries of our understanding of the universe. Cosmologically, general relativity forms the
basis for the modern theory of the expanding universe. The cosmic microwave background
radiation discovered in 1965 further supports the model of an evolving cosmos. Despite its
success general relativity faces challenges at extremely small scales such as those
encountered in the early moments of the universe or near the singularity of a black hole. The
quest for a unified theory that combines general relativity with quantum mechanics is
ongoing and remains one of the major goals in theoretical physics.
The spacetime structure's geometry and physics are connected by the set of Einstein field
[Link] were formulated by Albert Einstein in 1915 as a tensor equation relating the
curvature of spacetime to the energy and momentum within that space. It has been
demonstrated that the Einstein field equations are difficult to solve. In this context, choosing
the proper space-time geometry is necessary. The geometry allowing for spherical symmetry
provides one of the easiest frameworks to study solutions of the Einstein field equations. The
Schwarzschild solution, an essential solution to the Einstein field equations, is made possible
physically by the spherically symmetric spacetimes.
One significant class of Einstein field equation solutions that demonstrates the theory of
black holes is the Schwarzschild solution. Conversely, one can approach the f (Q) -gravity
arrangement (Jimenez et al., 2018). In this case, gravitational interactions Q take the place of
the torsion scalar T . In addition to its definition in terms of a Levi-Civita connection and
spacetime metric, symmetric teleparallel gravity has been noted to provide an intriguing
26
geometric interpretation of gravity. It uses a link that is torsion free and curvature free but not
metrically compatible to express gravity (Lua et al., 2019). Separating gravitational and
inertial effects is conceivable with symmetric teleparallel gravity, something that is not
achievable with general relativity (Koivisto, 2018).The impact on spherical symmetry and the
scientific importance of a Lagrange formulism with symmetric teleparallel gravity have been
examined in (Adak et al., 2006). There are certain benefits to the teleparallel geometry,
particularly in terms of energy-momentum localization and its translational gauge theory
nature (Nester and Yo, 1999).
Curvature and torsion vanish in the f(Q)-gravity, whereas non-metricity describes gravity.
According to this theory, the teleparallelism restriction, which stops the affine connection that
leads to the metric tensor from taking its simplest form, allows one to always choose the
coincident gauge (Adak, 2006). In fact, the f(Q)-gravity considers a generic metric-affine
connection in which the metric tensor ( g ) and connection ( msw ) are treated as
independent. The non-metricity of the connection in f(Q)-gravity is defined by (Wang et al.,
2022).
Qcsw c gsw c gsw csm gmw cw
m
gsm (2.1)
Where c is the covariant derivative operator and Qcsw is the non-metricity tensor. The
following three independent parts make up the general shape of an affine connection (Wang
et al., 2022).
m
msw K sw
m
Lmsw (2.2)
sw
m
m
Where K sw is the contortion tensor, Lmsw the desformation tensor, and is the levi-
sw
Civita connection. The scalar of non-metricity is defined as (Wang et al., 2022).
Q Qcsw Pcsw (2.3)
The non-metricity conjugate is denoted by p csw . For the f(Q)-gravity ,the action (s) is
(Wang et al ., 2022).
f (Q)
S Lm gd 4 x. (2.4)
2
27
where Lm is the matter Lagrangian density and g is the metric tensor determinant. Changes in
the action (2.1.4) with regard to the metric tensor result in f(Q)-gravity equations of motion
that are (Wang et al., 2022)
2 1
Tsw c ( g fQ Pswc ) g sw f fQ ( Psc Qwc 2Qc s Pwc . (2.5)
g 2
Where Tsw is the energy-momentum tensor and fQ is the derivative of the f(Q) with respect
to the non-metricity scalar Q .The equation (2..5) solution is difficult to obtain since it is
highly non-linear. Recently, there have been several attempts to solve equation (2.5) against
the backdrop of well-known spacetimes. Numerous cosmological solutions have been
discovered in the f(Q)-gravity configuration (Mussatayeva et al., 2023), (Koussour and De,
2023), (Gadbail et al., 2023), (Narawade and Mishra, 2023), (Esposito et al., 2022), (Esposito
et al., 2022), (Dimakis et al., 2021), (Khyllep et al., 2021), (Ayuso et al., 2021). Additionally,
some wormhole solutions with spherically symmetric spacetime backgrounds have been
computed (Parasaei et al., 2022), (Sokoliuk et al., 2022), (Banerjee et al., 2021). Using
spacetime symmetries is one of the most effective methods for solving the equation of
motion. The ability to convert partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations
is a significant result of spacetime symmetries. The Killing symmetry is a fundamental
symmetry which is defined by vanishing Lie derivative of the metric tensor. This kind of
symmetry also helps in choosing conservation laws of physics (Petrov, 1969). The
homothetic symmetry leads to the homothetic vector fields. Up to a certain scale factor, the
homothetic vector fields compel spacetime to remain conserve. The conformal vector fields,
serve as a generalization of both the Killing vector fields and homothetic vector fields.
According to definition of conformal symmetry, a conformal vector fields, say X obey the
following equation (Hall, 2004).
Lx g v g v ,c X c g c X ,cv gvc X ,c 2 g v , (2.6)
where L is the Lie derivative, comma denotes the partial derivative and is the conformal
factor. The Conformal factor is an important ingredient which is used to characterize the
nature of associated vector field. In fact, in equation (2.6) if constant, then X represent
homothetic vector field. If 0, then X characterizes a Killing vector field, otherwise X
represents a proper conformal.
28
Backward Substitution of f(Q) Gravity to General Relativity
8 G
G g T .
c4
where
1
G is the Einstein tensor, defined as G R g R.
2
R is the Ricci curvature tensor.
R is the Ricci scalar, which is the trace of Ricci tensor R g R .
g is the metric tensor.
is the cosmological constant.
T is the stress-energy tensor.
G is the gravitational constant.
c is the speed of light.
In the absence of cosmological constant 0 , the equation simplify to:
8 G
G T .
c4
Einstein Tensor
The Einstein tensor G combines the Ricci tensor and the Ricci scalar to describe the
curvature of spacetime:
1
G R g R.
2
Ricci Tensor
The tensor is obtained by contracting the Riemann curvature tensor:
R R .
Ricci Scalar
The Ricci scalar is the trace of the Ricci tensor:
R g R .
Stress-Energy Tensor
The stress-energy tensor describes the distribution and flow of energy and momentum in
spacetime:
T
29
Full Form with All Terms
1 8 G
R g R g 4 T .
2 c
Simplified Form for Vacuum (No Matter or Energy)
In vacuum, where T 0, the equations reduce to:
1
R g R g 0.
2
If the cosmological constant is also zero 0 , we get:
1
R g R 0.
2
In the Absence of Cosmological Constant
If we set 0, the field equations are:
1 8 G
R g R 4 T .
2 c
These are the Einstein field equations in their simplest form, relating the geometry of
spacetime (described by the left-hand side) to the matter and energy content (described by the
right-hand side).
Proof of Reduction to General Relativity when f (Q) Q
To prove that the field equations of f Q gravity reduce to the Einstein field equations when
f (Q) Q, we follow these steps:
1. Start with the field equations of f Q gravity:
g f QfQ 2 fQQ P T .
GR 1
G fQG
2
2. Set f (Q) Q :
f (Q) Q, fQ 1, fQQ 0.
3. Substitute these into the field equations of f Q gravity:
GR 1
G 1G g Q Q1 0 T .
2
4. Simplify the terms:
1
GR
G G g Q Q 0 T .
2
5. Since Q Q 0 :
30
GR
G G T .
Thus the field equations of f Q gravity reduce to the Einstein field equations of general
relativity when f (Q) Q.
31
Chapter 03
Lie Algebra of Killing Vector Fields of Locally
Rotationally Symmetric Bianchi Type-1
Spacetime in f(Q)- Gravity
3.1 Introduction
The aim of this chapter, is to construct Killing motions of LRS Bianchi type-I spacetimes in
f(Q)-gravity. It is important to mention here that we are going to use the spacetimes deduced
from the solutions of field equations in f(Q)-gravity which are given at the end of previoius
chapter. Here, we will use those spacetimes to construct Killing motions of LRS Bianchi
type-I.
3.2 Formulation of LRS Bianchi type-I Spacetimes in f(Q)-
Gravity
In this section, we will find Killilng motions of locally rotationally symmetric Bianchi type-I
spacetime in f(Q)-gravity. It follows that there exist following case:
Case (i)
The spacetime in this case has the form
ds dt 2 (m3t m4 )2 dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 .
2
(3.2.1)
Now, we find KVFs of the above spacetimes (3.2.1) with the help of equation (2.6).Here, the
non-zero components of the metric tensor are g00 1 , g11 (m3t m4 )2 , g 22 1 and
g33 1 Using equation (3.2.1) in equation (2.6), we have following ten non-linear partial
differential equations:
X ,00 0, (3.2.1)
m3 X 0 (m3t m4 ) X ,11 0, (3.2.2)
X ,22 , 0, (3.2.3)
X ,33 0, (3.2.4)
X ,10 (m3 t m4 ) 2 X ,01 0, (3.2.5)
X ,20 X ,o2 0, (3.2.6)
32
X ,30 X ,03 0, (3.2.7)
(m3t m4 ) 2 X ,21 X ,12 0, (3.2.8)
(m3t m4 ) X ,31 X ,13 0, (3.2.9)
X ,32 X ,23 0. (3.2.10)
By utilizing the equations (3.2.1), (3.2.2) , (3.2.3) and (3.2.4) then we get the following
initial system:
X 0 A1 ( x, y, z)
m3
X1
1 2
m3t m4
A ( x , y , z ) dx A (t , y , z )
. (3.2.12)
X A (t , x, z )
2 3
X 3 A4 (t , x, y )
Where A1 ( x, y, z ), A2 (t , y, z ), A3 (t , x, z ) and A4 (t , x, y ) are functions of integration to be
determined. Now, we use the values of X 0 and X 1 from system (3.2.12) in equation (3.2.2)
we have
A1 y ( x, y, z ) At 3 (t , x, z ) 0. (3.2.13)
Computing the derivative of equation (3.2.13) with respect to t , we get A3tt (t , x, z ) 0 and
evaluate the double integral of this equation w.r.t t , we get A3 (t , x, z ) tB1 ( x, z ) B 2 ( x, z )
here B1 ( x, z ) and B 2 ( x, z ) are functions of integration. Now, substituting this value in
equation (3.2.13) we get A1 y ( x, y, z) B1 ( x, z ) 0 and this implies A1 y (x, y, z) B1 ( x, z )
Evaluate the integral of this expression with respect to y, we attain A1 ( x, y, z )
yB1 ( x, z ) B3 ( x, z ) , here B 3 ( x, z ) is the function of integration. Now, refreshing the initial
system (3.2.12) we get next system
X 0 yB1 ( x, z ) B 3 ( x, z )
X
1 m3
m3t m4
yB ( x, z) B ( x, z ) dx A (t , y, z ) . (3.2.14)
1 3 2
X tB ( x, z ) B ( x, z )
2 1 2
X 3 A4 (t , x, y )
Using the values of X 0 and X 3 from system (3.2.14) in equation (3.2.7), we have
yB1z ( x, z ) B3 z ( x, z ) A4t (t , x, y) 0. (3.2.15)
33
When we differentiate equation (3.2.15) with respect to t , we have A4tt (t , x, y) 0 after
twice integrating this expression we obtain A4 (t , x, y) tB 4 ( x, y) B5 ( x, y) here B 4 ( x, y)
and B5 ( x, y) are the functions of integration. Substituting this value into equation (3.2.15) we
attain yB1z ( x, z) B3 z ( x, z) B4 ( x, y) 0 by differentiating this equation with respect to z ,
yB1zz ( x, z ) B3 zz ( x, z ) 0 upon further differentiating with respect to y, Bzz1 ( x, z ) 0
after performing two integration with respect to z, we arrive at B1 ( x, z ) z m1 ( x) m2 ( x).
And we also get the value of B3 ( x, z ) zm3 ( x) m4 ( x) here m1 ( x), m 2 ( x), m3 ( x) and m4 ( x)
are the functions of integration. Now, refreshing the above system we get new system
X 0 yzm1 ( x) ym 2 ( x) zm3 ( x ) m 4 ( x )
m3
m3t m4
X1 - ( yzm 1
( x ) ym 2
( x ) zm 3
( x ) m 4
( x )) dx A 2
(t , y , z )
. (3.2.16)
X tzm ( x) tm ( x) B ( x, z )
2 1 2 2
X 3 tym1 ( x) tm3 ( x) B 5 ( x, y )
2 3
Applying the values of X and X from system (3.2.16) in equation (3.2.10)
2tm1 ( x) B 2 z ( x, z ) B 5 y ( x, y ) 0. (3.2.17)
By, taking the derivative of equation (3.2.17) with respect to t , we have m1 ( x) 0 which
further implies that B 2 z ( x, z ) B 5 y ( x, y ) 0, differentiating this with respect to z , we have
B 2 ( x, z ) zm5 ( x) m6 ( x) substituting the value of B 2 ( x, z ) in equation (3.2.17) we gain
resulting values B5 ( x, z ) ym5 ( x) m 7 ( x), where B 2 ( x, z ) is constant of integration. Now,
refreshing the system (3.2.16),
X 0 ym 2 ( x) zm3 ( x) m 4 ( x)
m3
( ym ( x) zm ( x) m ( x))dx A (t , y, z )
m3t m4
X -
1 2 3 4 2
. (3.2.18)
X tm ( x) zm ( x) m ( x)
2 2 5 6
X 3 tm3 ( x) - ym5 ( x) m7 ( x)
Employing the values of X 0 and X 1 from system (3.3.18) in equation (3.3.5), we have
ymx 2 ( x) zmx 3 ( x) m4 x ( x) m32 ym2 ( x) zm3 ( x) m4 ( x) dx
. (3.2.19)
(m3t m4 )2 A2t (t , y, z ) 0
Equation (3.2.19) differentiated with respect to t , we gain 2m3 (m3t m4 ) A2tt (t , y, z)
(m3t m4 )2 A2tt (t , y, z ) 0 after simplyfying we get the following value of
34
2 m3
t
m3t m4
A (t , y, z ) B ( y, z ) B ( y, z ) e
2 6 7
, where B6 ( y, z ) and B7 ( y, z ) are functions of
integration. Substituting the values in equation (3.2.19) become
ymxx 2 ( x) zmxx3 ( x) m4 xx ( x) m32 ym2 ( x) m32 zm3 ( x) m32m4 ( x) 0. (3.2.20)
Now, applying the derivative to equation (3.2.20) with respect to y, we gain the following
value m2 xx ( x) m23 m2 ( x) 0 after simplyfying we have the value m2 ( x) n1em3x n2 em3x
substituting this into equation (3.2.20) we attain zm3 xx ( x) m4xx ( x) m32 zm3 ( x)
m32 m4 ( x) 0 by differentiating with respect to z , we get m3xx ( x) m32 m3 ( x) 0. Now, we
know that this is auxiliary equation after simplifying this will become
m3 ( x) n3em3 x m4 e m3 x putting this value into equation (3.2.20) to find remaning values and
after simplyfying we have m4 ( x) n5em3 x n6e m3x n1 , n2 , n3 , n4 , n5 , and n6 are the
constant of integration. Now, refreshing above system we get a new system
X 0 yn1em3 x yn2e m3 x zn3e m3 x zn4e m3 x n5e m3 x n6e m3 x
m3
n5e n6e )dx
m3t m4
m3 x m3 x m3 x
X
1
( yn1e yn2e
m3 x
zn3e zn4e
m3 x m3 x
B 6 ( y, z ) . (3.2.21)
X 2 tn1em3 x tn2e m3 x zm5 ( x) m6 ( x)
X 3 tn3em3 x tn4e m3 x ym5 ( x) m7 ( x)
Putting the value of X 1 and X 2 from system (3.2.21) in equation (3.2.8), we have
m4 n2 e m3 x m4 n1em3 x zmx5 ( x) m6 x ( x) (m3t m4 ) 2 B 6 y ( y, z )
m3 x . (3.2.22)
m4 n2 e m4 n1e zm x ( x) m x ( x) (m3t m4 ) By ( y, z )
m3 x 5 6 2 6
Now, differentiate with respect to t , we secure B 6 ( y, z ) m8 ( z ) now placing this value in
e m3 x e m3 x
equation (3.2.22) we gain m5 ( x) n7 and m6 ( x) m4 n1 m4 n2 n8 , here n7 and
m3 m3
n8 are the constant of integration. Now, refreshing (3.2.21) we get attain
35
X 0 yn1em3x yn2e m3x zn3e m3x zn4e m3x n5e m3x n6e m3x
m3
m3t m4
m3 x m3 x m3 x
X1 ( yn e m3 x
yn e zn e m3 x
zn e n e m3 x
n e ) dx
1 2 3 4 5 6
m8 ( z ) . (3.2.23)
m3 x m3 x
m3 x e e
X tn1e tn2e
2 m3 x
zn7 m4 n1 m4n2 n8
m3 m3
X 3 tn3em3x tn4e m3x yn7 m7 ( x)
Utilizing the value of X 1 and X 3 from system (3.2.23) in equation (3.2.9) we have
m3
m3 x
(m3t m4 ) 2 ( n e m3 x
n e ) dx m 8
( z )
m3t m4
3 4 z
. (3.2.24)
m3tn3 em3 x m3tn4 e m3 x mx7 (x) 0
After refreshing above equation we get
m4 n4e m3 x m4 n3em3 x (m3t m4 )2 m8 z ( z ) m7 x ( x) 0. (3.2.25)
By taking the derivative of equation (3.2.25) with respect to t , we get the following value
m8z ( z ) 0 integrating this with respect to z , we have m8 ( z ) n9 putting this value in above
equation (3.2.25) we acquire m7 x ( x) m4n3em3x m4n4e m3x integrating with respect to x, we
m4 m
have m7 ( x) n3em3 x 4 n3e m3 x n10 0 here n9 and n10 are the constant of integration.
m3 m3
Now, refreshing the system (3.2.23) we get final system
X 0 yn1e m3 x yn2e m3 x zn3e m3 x zn4e m3 x n5e m3 x n6e m3 x
1
X
1
yn1e yn2e
m3 x m3 x
zn3e zn4e
m3 x m3 x
n5e n6e n9
m3 x m3 x
m3t m4
m3 x e m3 x m4 n1 e m3 x m4 n2 . (3.2.26)
X tn1e tn2e
2 m3 x
zn7 n8
m3 m3
m m
X 3 tn3e m3 x tn4 e m3 x yn7 4 n3e m3 x 4 n4 e m3 x n10
m3 m3
36
Generator form
yem3 x m4 em3 x
X 1 ye m3 x te m3 x ,
t m3t m4 x y m3 y
ye m3 x m4 e m3 x
X 2 ye m3 x te m3 x ,
t m3t m4 x y m3 y
ze m3 x ze m3 x
X 3 ze m3 x te m3 x , X 4 ze m3 x ,
t m3t m4 x z t m3t m4 x
e m3 x m3 x e m3 x
X5 e m3 x
, X6 e , X7 z y
t m3t m4 x t m3t m4 x y z
X8 , X9 and X 10
y x z
Now, Lie algebra of KVFs is what we have now founds, X 1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 ( X 1 ) by
putting the values of X 1 and X 2 we get the following value X 1 , X 2 X 3
Tabular form can be constructed as follows:
Table (1):
, X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X 10
X1 0 X3 X4 0 0 X5 X6 0 0 0
X2 X 3 0 X5 0 0 X6 0 0 0 0
X3 X 4 X 5 0 X7 0 0 X8 0 0 0
X4 0 0 X 7 0 X9 0 0 0 0 0
X5 0 0 0 X 9 0 X 10 0 0 0 0
X6 X 5 X 6 0 0 X 10 0 0 0 0 0
X7 X 6 0 X8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
X8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 10 0
X9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 10 0 0
X 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Where , , , , , , , , , , and are constant.
37
Case (ii)
The spacetime in this case has the form:
ds 2 dt 2 (u3 t u 4 ) 2 d x 2 (u3t u4 ) 2 dy 2 dz 2 . (3.2.27)
Now, we find the KVFs of the above spacetime with help of equation (2.6). Here, the non-
zero components of the metric tensor are g00 1, g22 (u3t u4 )2 and g33 (u3t u4 )2 .
Using equation (3.2.23) in equation (2.6), we have following non-linear partial differential
equations:
X ,00 0, (3.2.28)
u3
X 0 X ,11 0, (3.2.29)
u3t u4
u3 X 0 (u3t u4 ) X ,22 0, (3.2.30)
u3 X 0 (u3t u4 ) X ,33 0, (3.2.1)
X ,01
X ,10 0, (3.2.32)
(u3t u4 )2
X ,20 (u3t u4 )2 X ,02 0, (3.2.33)
X ,30 (u3t u4 )2 X ,03 0,
(3.2.34)
X ,31
(u3t u4 )2 X ,13 0, (3.2.35)
(u3t u4 ) 2
X ,21
(u3t u4 )2 X ,12 0, (3.2.36)
(u3t u4 ) 2
X ,32 X ,23 0. (3.2.37)
Utilizating of the equations (3.2.28), (3.2.29), (3.3.30) and (3.2.31) below is the initial
system that we have,
X 0 A1 ( x, y, z )
u3
X2
u3t u4 A1 ( x, y, z )dx A2 (t , y, z )
u3 . (3.2.38)
X A ( x, y, z )dy A (t , x, z )
3 1 3
u3t u4
u
X4 3
u3t u4 A1 ( x, y, z )dz A4 (t , x, y)
38
Here, A1 ( x, y, z ), A2 (t , y, z ) , A3 (t , x, z ) and A4 (t , x, y ) are the functions of integration to be
determined. Using the values of X 0 and X 2 from system (3.2.38) in equation (3.2.37) we
have
A1y ( x, y, z ) u32 A1 ( x, y, z )dy (u3t u4 ) 2 At3 (t , x, z ) 0. (3.2.39)
Let, us differentiate equation (3.2.39) with respect to y, we get the following equation
A1yy ( x, y, z) u 32 A1 ( x, y, z) 0 this is auxiliary equation we know after simplyfying we get
A1 ( x, y, z ) B1 ( x, z )eu3 y B 2 ( x, z )e u3 y the result of applying the double derivative with
respect to y, is A1yy ( x, y, z ) u32 B1 ( x, z )eu3 y u32 B 2 ( x, z )e u3 y putting this value in equation
(3.2.39) we acquire At3 (t , x, z) 0 integrating this with respect to t , to get A3 (t , x, z)
B3 ( x, z ). Now, refreshing the-system of equations (3.2.38) we get the new system
X 0 B1 ( x, z )eu3 y B 2 ( x, z )e u3 y
u3
X1
u3t u4 ( B1 ( x, z )eu3 y B 2 ( x, z )e u3 y )dx A2 (t , y, z )
u3 . (3.2.40)
u3t u4
u3 y
X
2
( B1
( x , z) e u3 y
B 2
( x , z ) e ) dy B 3
( x , z )
u3
u3 y
X
3
( B ( x, z )e B ( x, z )e )dz A (t , x, y)
1 u3 y 2 4
u3t u4
Here, B1 ( x, z ), B 2 ( x, z ) and B 3 ( x, z ) are functions of integration to be determined. Now,
employing the values of X 0 and X 3 from system (3.2.40) in equation (3.2.34) we obtain
B1z ( x, z )eu3 y Bz2 ( x, z )e u3 y u32 B1 ( x, z )eu3 y B 2 ( x, z )e u3 y dz
. (3.2.41)
(u3t u4 ) At (t , x, y ) 0
4
Let's differentiate the previous equation (3.2.41) w.r.t. z , we get
B1zz ( x, z) Bzz2 ( x, z)e2u3 y u32 B1 ( x, z ) B 2 ( x, z )e 2u3 y 0. (3.2.42)
Upon differentiating equation (3.2.42) with respect to y, we derive the following values
B 2 ( x, z ) u1 ( x)eu3 z u 2 ( x)eu3 z . Putting this in equation (3.2.42) we get the required value
B1 ( x, z) u 3 ( x)eu3 z u 4 ( x)e u3 z placing this calculation in equation (3.2.41) and we acquire
A4 (t , x, y ) B 4 ( x, y ) , here B 4 ( x. y ) is the function of integration. Now, refreshing the system
(3.2.40) we get new system:
39
X 0 (u 3 ( x)eu3 z u 4 ( x)e u3 z )eu3 y (u1 ( x)eu3 z u 2 ( x)e u3 z )e u3 y
u3
X1
u3t u4 (u 3 ( x)eu3 z u 4 ( x)e u3 z )eu3 y (u1 ( x)eu3 z u 2 ( x)e u3 z )e u3 y dx
A2 (t , y, z )
u3
u3 z u3 z u3 y
X2 (u 3
( x ) e u3 z
u 4
( x ) e ) e u3 y
(u 1
( x ) e u3 z
u 2
( x ) e ) e dy . (3.2.43)
u3t u4
3
B ( x, z )
u3
(u ( x)e u ( x)e )e (u ( x)e u ( x)e )e dz
u3 z u3 z u3 y
X
3 3 u3 z 4 u3 y 1 u3 z 2
u3t u4
4
B ( x, y )
Inserting the values of X 2 and X 3 from system (3.2.43) in equation (3.2.33) we get,
u (u ( x)e u 4 ( x)e u3 z )eu3 y u3 (u1 ( x)eu3 z u 2 ( x)e u3 z )e u3 y dy Bz 3 ( x, z )
3 u3 z
3
. (3.2.44)
u (u ( x)e
3
3 u3 z
u 4 ( x)e u3 z )eu3 y u 3 (u1 ( x)eu3 z u 2 ( x)e u3 z )e u3 y dz B 4 y ( x, y ) 0
After shortening we get
u 3 ( x) u 4 ( x)e2u3 z ((u1 ( x) u 2 ( x)e2u3 z ))e2u3 y 0. (3.2.45)
Taking the derivative of equation (3.2.45) with respect to z , we get u 2 ( x) 0 and u 4 ( x) 0
putting this value in equation (3.2.45) we get u 3 ( x) 0 and u1 ( x) 0 by substituting these
values into equation (3.2.44), we get the following values B3 ( x, z ) zu 5 ( x) u 6 ( x) and
uB 4 ( x, y) yu 5 ( x) u 7 ( x), here u1 ( x)..........u 7 ( x) are the functions of integration to be
determined. Now, refreshing above system (3.2.43) we get new system:
X0 0
X A (t , y, z )
1 2
. (3.2.46)
X zu ( x) u ( x)
2 5 6
X 3 yu 5 ( x) u 7 ( x)
Currently plugging the values of X 1 and X 3 from system (3.3.46) in equation (3.3.35) and
we have
1
Az2 (t , y, z ) (u3t u4 ) 2 yu x5 x u x7 ( x) 0. (3.2.47)
(u3t u4 ) 2
Differentiating equation (3.2.47) w.r.t z , we acquire A2 (t , y, z ) zB5 (t , y) B 6 (t , y) putting
this value in equation (3.2.47) and we get
1
B5 (t , y ) (u3t u4 ) 2 yu x5 ( x) u x7 ( x) 0. (3.2.48)
(u3t u4 ) 2
40
Differentiating equation (3.2.48) with respect to x, we get u5 ( x) xv1 v2 further implies we
have u 7 ( x) xv3 v4 . After substituting this value into equation (3.2.48) and we obtain
B5 (t , y) (u3t u4 )4 yv1 (u3t u4 )4 v13. Now, refreshing system (3.2.40) we get
X0 0
X (u3t u4 ) yzv1 z (u3t u4 ) v3 B (t , y )
1 4 4 6
. (3.2.49)
X 2 xzv1 zv2 u 6 ( x)
X xyv1 yv1 xv3 v4
3
Now, applying the values of X 1 and X 2 from system (3.2.49) into equation (3.2.36), we get
1
(u t u4 ) 4 zv1 By6 (t , y ) (u3t u4 ) 2 zv1 u x6 ( x) 0.
2 3
(3.2.50)
(u3t u4 )
Differentiating equation (3.2.50) with respect to y, we get B 6 (t , y) yu 9 (t ) u10 (t ) putting
this value in equation (3.2.50) we get value
1
(u3t u4 ) 4 zv1 u 9 (t ) (u3t u4 ) 2 zv1 u x6 ( x) 0. (3.2.51)
(u3t u4 ) 2
Differentiating equation (3.2.51) with respect to x, we get u 6 ( x) xv5 v6 putting this in last
equation and we get v1 0 and then u9 (t ) (u3t u4 )4 v5 further implies we have
B6 (t , y) y(u 3 t u4 )4 v5 u10 (t ), here v1 , v2 , v3, v4 , and v5 are the constatnt of integration.
Now, Refreshing system (3.2.49) and we get a new system:
X0 0
X 1 z (u3t u4 ) 4 v3 y (u3t u4 ) 4 v5 u10 (t )
. (3.2.52)
X 2 zv2 xv5 v6
X yv2 xv3 v4
3
Consuming the values of X 0 and X 1 from system (3.2.51) in equation (3.2.32) and we have
1
4 zu3 (u3t u4 )3 v3 4 yv3 (u3t u4 )3 v5 ut10 (t )
2
(u3t u4 )
. (3.2.53)
1
4 yu3 (u3t u4 )v5 ut (t ) 4 zu3 (u3t u4 )v3 0
10
(u3t u4 )2
Taking the derivative of equation (3.2.53) w.r.t z , and we acquire by simplifying v3 0
putting this in above equation (3.2.52) we get v5 0 and also u10 (t ) v7 here v7 is the
constant of the integration. Now, refreshing the system (3.2.51) we get the final system:
41
X0 0
X 1 v7
. (3.2.54)
X zv2 v6
2
X 3 yv2 v4
Generator form
X1 Z y , X2 , X3 and X 4
y z z y x
Now, we have to find that Lie algebra of KVFs are X 1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 (X1 ) by putting
the values of X 1 and X 2 we get X1 , X 2 ( ) ( ) after differentiating w.r.t ‘ x ’
x y y x
and ‘ y ’ we get X 1 , X 2 0
A tabular form can be created in the following manner:
Table (2):
, X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0 0 X2 0
X2 0 0 X1 0
X3 X2 X1 0 0
X4 0 0 0 0
Case (iii)
The spacetime in this case has the form
c62 (c3t c4 )2
ds 2 dt 2 (c3t c4 )2 dx 2 2
dy 2 dz 2 . (3.2.54)
c4
Now, we find KVFs of the above spacetime (3.2.54) with the help of equation (2.6). Here, the
non-zero components of metric tensor are
c62 (c3t c4 ) 2
g00 1, g11 (c3t c4 ) , g 22 g33
2
.
c42
Exhausting equation (3.2.54) in equation (2.2.1), we have following ten non-linear partial
differential equations:
X ,00 0, (3.2.55)
c3 X 0 (c3t c4 ) X ,11 0, (3.2.56)
42
c6 c
c3 X 0 6 (c3t c4 ) X ,22 0, (3.2.57)
c4 c4
c6 c
c3 X 0 6 (c3t c4 ) X ,33 0, (3.2.58)
c4 c4
X ,10 (c3t c4 ) 2 X ,01 0, (3.2.59)
c62
X ,20 2
(c3t c4 ) 2 X ,02 0, (3.2.60)
c4
c62
X ,30 (c3t c4 ) 2 X ,03 0, (3.2.61)
c42
c62 2
X ,21 X ,1 0, (3.2.62)
c42
c62 3
X ,31 X ,1 0, (3.2.63)
c42
X ,32 X ,23 0. (3.2.64)
Utilizing equations (3.2.55) to (3.2.58), the initial system can be expressed as follows:
X 0 A1 ( x, y, z )
c3
A ( x, y, z )dx A ( x, y, z )
c3t c4
X
1 1 2
c3 . (3.2.65)
X A ( x, y, z )dy A (t, x, z )
2 1 3
c3t c4
c
X3 3
c3t c4 A1 ( x, y, z )dz A4 (t, x, y)
Expending the value of X 0 and X 1 from system (3.3.65) in equation (3.3.59) we contract,
A1x ( x, y, z ) c32 A1 ( x, y, z )dx (c3t c4 ) 2 At2 (t , y, z ) 0. (3.2.66)
Take the derivative of equation (3.2.66) with respect to x, and we get the ensuing value
A1 ( x, y, z ) B1 ( y, z )ec3 x B 2 ( y, z )e c3 x laying this in equation (3.2.66), after streamlining we
get A2 (t , y, z ) B3 ( y, z ). Updating to (3.2.65) yields a refreshed system:
43
X 0 B1 ( y, z ) ec3 x B 2 ( y, z ) e c3 x
c3
X1
c3t c4 B1 ( y, z ) ec3 x B 2 ( y, z ) e c3 x dx B 3 ( y, z )
c3 . (3.2.67)
B ( y, z) e B ( y, z ) e dy A (t , x, z )
c3 x
X
2 1 c3 x 2 3
c3t c4
c
X3 3
c3t c4 B1 ( y, z ) ec3 x B 2 ( y, z ) e c3 x dz A4 (t , x, y )
Implanting the values of X 0 and X 2 from system (3.3.67) into equation (3.3.60) results in,
c62 2
2 3 y
c B1 ( y, z )ec3 x By2 ( y, z )e c3 x dy
B1y ( y, z )ec3 x By2 ( y, z )e c3 x
c4
2 . (3.2.68)
c6
2 (c3t c4 ) 2 At3 (t , x, z ) 0
c4
Computing the derivative of equation (3.2.68) with respect to y, produces
c62 2 1
B ( y , z )e
1
yy
c3 x
B ( y , z )e
2
yy
c3 x
2 c3 B ( y, z )e c3 x B 2 ( y, z )e c3 x 0. (3.2.69)
c4
Differentiating equation (3.2.69) with respect to x, we acquire
c62 c32 2
2c3 Byy2 ( y, z )e 2 c3 x 2c3 2
B ( y, z )e 2 c3 x 0. (3.2.70)
c4
c6 c3 c6c3
y y
After simplifying equation (3.2.70) we get B ( y, z ) c ( z )e 1 3 c4
c ( z )e
4 c4
locating this
value in equation (3.2.70) and we acquire A (t , x, z ) B ( x, z ) now c ( z ), c ( z ), c ( z ) and
3 4 1 2 3
c 4 ( z ) are functions of integration. Now, refreshing system (3.2.56) and we have new
system:
44
c6 c3
y -
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
y -
c6 c3
y
X 0 (c3 ( z )e c4 c 4 ( z )e c4
)ec3 x (c1 ( z )e c4 c 2 ( z )e c4
)e -c3 x
-c3 3 c6 c3
y -
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
y -
c6 c3
y
X (c ( z )e c ( z )e )e (c ( z )e c ( z )e )e dx
1 c4 4 c4 c3 x 1 c4 2 c4 - c3 x
c3t c4
3
B ( y, z )
-c3 c6 c3
y -
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
y -
c6 c3
y
c3t c4
X2 ( c 3
( z ) e c4
c 4
( z ) e c4
) e c3 x
( c 1
( z ) e c4
c 2
( z ) e c4
) e - c3 x
dy . (3.2.71)
4
B ( x, z )
3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3
-c3 y - y y - y
c3t c4
X3 ( c ( z ) e c4
c 4
( z ) e c4
) e c3 x
( c1
( z ) e c4
c 2
( z ) e c4
) e - c3 x
dz
4
A (t , x, y )
Plugging in the values of X 0 and X 3 from system (3.2.71) into equation (3.2.61) yields,
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
y
c6c3
y
(c ( z )e
3 c4
c ( z )e
4 c4
)e c3 x
(c ( z )e
1 c4
c ( z )e
2 c4
)e c3 x
zz zz zz
zz
2 2
c3 c6
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
y
c6c3
y . (3.2.72)
2 (c ( z ) e
3 c4
c ( z )e
4 c4
)e (c ( z )e
c3 x 1 c4
c ( z )e
2 c4
)e 0
c3 x
c4
Differentiating equation (3.2.72) with respect to x, and we get
1 2 c6 c3
y
2 c3 x c62c32 1
2 c6c3
y
2c3 czz ( z ) c zz ( z ) e
2 c4
e 2 c ( z ) c ( z )e c4 2c3e2c3 x 0.
2
(3.2.73)
c4
c6 c3 c6 c3
z z
Reducing equation (3.2.73) to its simplest form gives c ( z ) d1e 2 c4
d 2e c4
using this
c6 c3 c6 c3
z z
value into previous equation (3.2.73) yields c ( z ) d3e 1 c4
d 4e c4
and further implies we
c6 c3 c6 c3
z z
have c ( z ) d5e
4 c4
d 6e c4
the result of all putting values in equation (3.2.73) is c 3 ( z )
c6 c3 c6 c3
z z
d7e c4
d8e c4
, here d1 , d 2 , d3 , d 4 , d5 , and d 6 are constant of integration. Updating to
(3.2.60) results in a modified system:
45
c6 c3
z
c6 c3
z
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
z
c6c3
z
c6c3
y
X (d 7 e
0 c4
d8e c4
)e c4 c3 x
e (d 5e c4
d 6e c4
)e c4 c3 x
e
c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6c3 c6c3
( d 3e c4
z
d 4e
c4
z
)e e (d1e
c4
y
c3 x c4
z
d 2e
c4
z
)e
c4
y
e c3 x
c6 c3
z
cc
6 3z
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
z
cc
6 3z
cc
6 3y
c3 (d 7 e
c4
d8e c4
)e e ( d 5 e
c4 c3 x c4
d6e c4
)e c4
e
c3 x
c3t c4
X1 dx
c6 c3 cc c6 c3 c6 c3 cc cc
d 4 e c4 )e c4 ec3 x (d1e c4 d 2e c4 )e c4 e c3 x
z 6 3z y z 6 3z 6 3y
( d 3e
c4
3
B ( y, z )
c6 c3
z
cc
6 3z
c6 c3
y
c6c3
z
cc
6 3z
cc
6 3y .(3.3.74)
c ( d e c4
d e c4
) e c4
e c3 x
( d e c4
d e c4
) e c4
e c3 x
X2 dy
3 7 8 5 6
c3t c4 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6c3 c6c3
d 4 e c4 )e c4 ec3 x (d1e c4 d 2e c4 )e c4 e c3 x
z z y z z y
( d 3e
c4
4
B (x, z )
c6 c3
z
cc
6 3z
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
z
cc
6 3z
cc
6 3y
c3 ( d 7 e 4 d 8 e 4 ) e 4 e 3 ( d 5 e 4 d 6 e 4 )e 4 e 3
c c c cx c c c c x
X dz
3
c3t c4 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6c3 c6c3 c6c3 c6c3
e c3 x
c4
z
c4
z
c4
y
c3 x
c4
z
c4
z
c4
y
3 ( d e d 4 e ) e e ( d 1 e d 2 e ) e
5
B (x, y)
Consuming the values of X 2 and X 3 from system (3.2.74) in equation (3.2.64) then we have
c6 c3
z
cc
6 3z
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
z
cc
6 3z
cc
6 3y
m3 (d 7 e
c4
d8e c4
)e e ( d 5 e
c4 c3 x c4
d 6e c4
)e c4 e c3 x
m3t m4
dy Bz ( x, z )
4
c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3
d 4e c4 )e c4 e c3 x (d1e c4 d 2e c4 )e c4 e c3 x
z z y z z y
( d 3e
c4
.(3.2.75)
c6 c3
z
c6 c3
z
c6 c3
y
c6 c3
z
c6 c3
z
c6 c3
y
m3 ( d 7 e 4 d 8 e 4 ) e 4 e 3 ( d 5 e 4 d 6 e 4 )e 4 e 3
c c c c x c c c c x
dz By ( x, y )
5
m3t m4 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3
(d e c4 z d e c4 z )e c4 y e c3 x (d e c4 z d e c4 z )e c4 y e c3 x
3 4 1 2
Differentiating equation (3.2.75) w.r.t. y, after simplifying we have
c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 c6 c3 2 c6c3
z z z z y
2 c3 x 2 c3 x
2c3 (d3e c4
d 4e c4
)e 2c3 (d1e c4
d 2e c4
)e c4
e 0. (3.2.76)
Further differentiation of equation (3.2.76) once more with respect to y, we get d1 0
, d 2 0 placing these values in equation (3.2.76) then we have d3 0, d 4 0 and d 6 0.
Evaluating equation (3.2.76) with all the given values leads to B 4 ( x, z ) zc5 ( x) c 6 ( x) and
46
also we have B5 ( x, y) yc5 ( x) c7 ( x). Refreshing the system (3.2.75) we acquire a new
system
X0 0
X 1 B 3 ( y, z )
. (3.2.76)
X zc ( x) c ( x)
2 5 6
X 3 yc5 ( x) c 7 ( x)
Exhausting the values of X 1 and X 2 from system (3.2.76) in equation (3.2.62) we have,
c62 5 c62 6
By3 ( y, z ) zc x ( x ) cx ( x) 0. (3.2.77)
c42 c42
Differentiating equation (3.2.77) with respect to x, then we have c ( x) xd9 d10 Putting
5
this in equation (3.2.77) then we have c6 ( x) xd11 d12 . Evaluating equation (3.2.77) with
this leads to,
c62 c62
By3 ( y, z ) zd 9 d11 0. (3.2.78)
c42 c42
Equation (3.2.78) differentiated with respect to y, becomes B3 ( y, z ) yc8 ( z ) c9 ( z ).
Equation (3.2.78) will yield the remaning values as
c62 c62
c8 ( z ) zd 9 d11 0. (3.2.79)
c42 c42
c62
Differentiating equation (3.2.79) with respect to z , we have c8 ( z ) z d9 d13 putting
c42
c62
this in equation (3.2.79) we acquire d13 d11 , here d7 .............d13 are constant of
c42
integration. Refreshing the system (3.2.76) we get a new system:
X0 0
c62 c62
X yz 2 d9 y 2 d11 c ( z )
1 9
c4 c4 . (3.2.80)
X xzd9 zd10 xd11 d12
2
X 3 xyd11 yd10 c 7 ( x)
Consuming the values of X 1 and X 3 from system (3.2.80) in equation (3.2.63) we get
47
c62 c62 c62 7
y d 9 c 9
z ( z ) yd11 cx ( x) 0. (3.2.81)
c42 c42 c42
Differentiating equation (3.2.81) with respect to x, and we get c7 ( x) xd14 d15 putting this
value in equation (3.2.81) we have after simplifying c9 ( z) zd16 d17 putting all values in
equation (3.2.81) we have
c62 c62 c62
y d 9 d16 yd11 d14 0.
c42 c42 c42 (3.2.82)
Differentiating equation (3.2.82) with respect to y, we get d9 d11 putting this value in
c62
equation (3.2.82) we have d16 d14 , here d14 , d15 and d16 are constant of integration.
c42
Now, refreshing system (3.2.80) we get the final system
X0 0
c62 c62 c62
X yz 2 d11 y 2 d11 z ( 2 d14 ) d17
1
c4 c4 c4 , (3.2.83)
X 2 xzd11 zd10 xd11 d12
X 3 xyd11 yd10 xd14 d15
Generator form
c62 c62
X 1 z y , X 2 yz 4 y 4 xz xy x , X 3
y z c2 x c2 x y z y y
c62
X 4 z x , X5 and X 6
c2 x
4
z z x
Now, Lie algebra of KVFs is what we have now founds, X 1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 ( X 1 ) by
putting the values of X 1 and X 2 we get the following value X1 , X 2 ( ) ( )
x z z x
when we differentiate with respect to ‘ x ’ and ‘ z ’ we have X 1 , X 2 0
48
Tabular form can be constructed as follows:
Table number (3):
, X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6
X1 0 0 X2 0 X5 0
X2 0 0 X1 0 0 X6
X3 X2 X1 0 0 X1 0
X4 0 0 0 0 0 0
X5 X5 0 X1 0 0 0
X6 0 X6 0 0 0 0
Case (IV)
The spacetime metric in this case has the form
ds 2 dt 2 dx 2 (2m3t m4 ) dy 2 dz 2 . (3.2.84)
Now, we find KVFs of the above space-time (3.2.84) with the help of equation (2.6). Here,
the non-zero components of the metric tensor are
g00 1, g11 1 and g 22 g33 (2m3t m4 )
Using equation (3.2.84) in equation (2.2.1), we have following ten first-order non- linear
partial differential equations:
X ,00 0, (3.2.85)
X ,11 0, (3.2.86)
m3
X 0 2m3t m4 X ,22 0, (3.2.87)
2m3t m4
m3
X 0 2m3t m4 X ,33 0, (3.2.88)
2m3t m4
X ,10 X ,01 0, (3.2.89)
49
X ,20 (2m3t m4 ) X ,02 0, (3.2.90)
X ,30 (2m3t m4 ) X ,03 0, (3.2.91)
X ,21 (2m3t m4 ) X ,12 0, (3.2.92)
X ,31 (2m3t m4 ) X ,13 0, (3.2.93)
X ,32 X ,23 0, (3.2.94)
By utilizing the equation (3.2.85), (3.2.86), (3.2.87) and (3.2.88) in above space time (3.2.84)
we get the following initial system
X 0 A1 ( x, y, z )
X 1 A1 (t , y, z )
m3
2m3t m4
X2 A1
( x , y , z )dy A 3
( t , x , z ) . (3.2.95)
m3
2m3t m4
X3 A1
( x , y , z )dz A 4
(t , x , y),
Where A1 ( x, y, z ), A1 (t , y, z ), A3 (t , x, z ) and A4 (t , x, y ) are functions of integration to be
determined. Equation (3.2.89) along with the above system (3.2.95) implies that
A1x ( x, y, z) At2 (t , y, z) 0. (3.2.96)
Equation (3.2.96) differentiated with respect to t , results in A2 (t , y, z ) tB1 ( y, z ) B 2 ( y, z )
putting this in equation (3.2.96) we get the following value A1 ( x, y, z ) xB1 ( y, z ) B3 ( y, z ).
Here B1 ( y, z ), B 2 ( y, z) and B3 ( y, z ) are the functions of the integration to be determined.
Now, refreshing the system (3.2.95) we get
X 0 xB1 ( y, z ) B 3 ( y, z )
X 1 tB1 ( y, z ) B 2 ( y, z )
m3
2m3t m4
X2 ( xB 1
( y , z ) B 3
( y , z )) dy A3
(t , x , z ) . (3.2.97)
m
X3 3
2m3t m4 ( xB1 ( y, z ) B 3 ( y, z ))dz A4 (t , x, y)
Now, equation (3.2.90) along with system (3.3.97) implies that
2m32
xB ( y, z ) B ( y, z ) ( xB1 ( y, z ) B3 ( y, z ))dy
1 3
2m3t m4
y y
. (3.2.98)
(2m3t m4 ) A3t (t , x, z ) 0.
50
Let’s differentiate equation (3.2.98) with respect to y, we get
2m32
xB ( y, z ) B ( y, z )
1 3
xB1 ( y, z ) B 3 ( y, z ) 0. (3.2.99)
2m3t m4
yy yy
2m3
2m3
y 2 m3t m4
y
2 m3t m4
After simplification we get the value of B ( y, z ) m ( z ) e 1 1
m ( z) e
2
here we
2m3 2m32
need to do some steps for simplification let a , a2 putting this
2m3t m4 2m3t m4
value in equation (3.2.99), we get B3 ( y, z ) m3 ( z ) e ay m4 ( z )e ay . Inserting these values in
equation (3.3.98) we have A3 (t , x, z ) B4 ( x, z ) , here m1 ( z )......m 4 ( z ) are the functions of
integration. Now, refreshing the system (3.2.97) we get a new system:
X 0 xm1 ( z )e ay xm 2 ( z )e ay m3 ( z )e ay m 4 ( z )e ay
X 1 tm1 ( z )e ay tm 2 ( z )e ay B 2 ( y, z )
m3
2m3t m4
ay ay
X2 ( xm 1
( z ) e ay
xm 2
( z ) e m 3
( z ) e ay
m 4
( z ) e ) dy
4 . (3.2.100)
B ( x, z )
m3
2m3t m4
ay ay
X3 ( xm 1
( z ) e ay
xm 2
( z ) e m 3
( z ) e ay
m 4
( z ) e ) dz
4
A (t, x, y)
Now equation (3.2.91) along with system (3.2.100) implies that
xm1z ( z )eay xm2 ( z )e ay m3 ( z )e ay m 4 ( z ) e ay
. (3.2.101)
a ( xm (z) e xm ( z )e m ( z )e m ( z ) e )dz (2m3t m4 ) At (t , x, y )
1 ay 2 ay 3 ay 4 ay 4
After simplyfying we get the following values
m 2 ( z ) d1e az d 2e az
m1 ( z ) d3e az d 4e az
. (3.3.102)
m 4 (z) d5e az d 6 e az
m3 ( z ) d 7 e az d8e az
Plugging all these values of equation (3.2.102) in system (3.2.100) here d1 .........d8 are the
constant of the integration we get a new system:
51
X 0 xd3eaz eay xd 4e az e ay xd1e az e ay xd 2e az e ay d 7 e az e ay d8e az e ay d 5e az e ay xd 6e az e ay
X 1 td3eaz eay td 4e az e ay td1e az e ay td 2e az e ay B 2 ( y , z )
m3 xd3e e xd 4e e xd1e e xd 2e e d 7 e e d8e e
az ay az ay az ay az ay az ay az ay
X az ay dy
2
2m3t m4 d5e e xd 6e e az ay
4
.(3.2.103)
B ( x, z )
xd3e e xd 4e e xd1e e xd 2e e d 7 e e d8e e
az ay az ay az ay az ay
m3
az ay az ay
dz
2m3t m4 d5eaz e ay xd 6e az e ay
X 3
5
B ( x, y)
Inserting the values of X 1 and X 2 from system (3.2.103) in equation (3.2.92) we have
atd3eaz eay atd 4e az eay atd1eaz e ay atd 2e az e ay
. (3.2.104)
m3 d3e e d 4e e d1e e d 2e e dy Bx ( x, z )
az ay az ay az ay az ay 4
After simplyfying equation (3.2.104) we get d1 d 2 d3 d 4 0. Now, refreshing system
(3.2.104) we have new system:
X 0 d 7 e az e ay d8e az e ay d5e az e ay d 6e ay e az
X 1 m6 ( z )
m3
2m3t m4
az ay az ay ay az
X2 ( d 7 e az ay
e d 8 e e d 5 e e d 6 e e ) dy m 5
( z ) . (3.2.105)
m3
2m3t m4
az ay az ay ay az
X3 ( d 7 e az ay
e d 8 e e d 5 e e d 6 e e ) dz B 5
( x , y )
Now, exhausting the value X 1 , X 3 from system (3.2.105) in equation (3.2.93) we get
mz6 ( z ) (2m3t m4 ) Bx5 ( x, y) 0. (3.2.106)
The result of differentiating equation (3.2.106) with respect to t , is B5 ( x, y ) m7 ( y ) putting
this in equation (3.2.106) we get m6 ( z ) d9 , here m7 ( y ) is the function of integration and
d 9 is the constant of integration. Now, refreshing the system (3.2.105) we get the new
system,
X 0 d 7 e az e ay d8e az e ay d5e az e ay d 6e az e ay
X 1 d9
m3
2m3t m4
az ay az ay az ay
X2 ( d 7 e az ay
e d 8 e e d 5 e e d 6 e e ) dy m 5
( z ) . (3.2.107)
m3
2m3t m4
az ay az ay az ay
X3 ( d 7 e az ay
e d 8 e e d 5 e e d 6 e e ) dz m 7
( y )
Substituting the value of X 2 and X 3 from system (3.2.107) into equation (3.2.93) gives us,
52
m3
2m3t m4 (ad7 eaz eay ad8e az e ay ad5e az e ay ad 6e az e ay )dy mz5 ( z )
. (3.2.108)
m3
(ad7 e e ad8e e ad5e e ad 6e e )dz m y ( y ) 0
az ay az ay az ay az ay 7
2m3t m4
Taking the derivative of equation (3.2.108) with respect to z , yields
d7 d8e2az d5e2ay d6e2az e2ay 0. (3.2.109)
The derivative of equation (3.2.110) with respect to y, we acquire d5 d6 d7 d8 0 the
equation (3.2.108) will becomes when we putt values m7 ( y) yd10 d11 and m5 ( z )
zd10 d12 , here d5 .....d8 are the constant of the integration. Refreshing system (3.2.107) we
get a final system
X0 0
X 1 d9
. (3.2.110)
X zd10 d12
2
X 3 yd10 d11
Generator form
X1 Z y , X2 , X3 and X 4 .
y z z y x
Now, we have to determine that Lie algebra of KVFs are X 1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 (X1 ) by
substituting the values of X 1 and X 2 we acquire X1 , X 2 ( ) ( ) after
x y y x
differentiating w.r.t ‘ x ’ and ‘ y ’ we obtain X 1 , X 2 0
A tabular form can be created in the following manner:
Table (4):
, X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0 0 X2 0
X2 0 0 X1 0
X3 X2 X1 0 0
X4 0 0 0 0
53
Case (v)
The spacetime in this case has the form
ds 2 dt 2 c3t c4 dx 2 c3t c4 dy 2 dz 2
2
(3.2.110)
Now, we find KVFs of the above space-time (3.2.110) with the help of equation (2.6). Here,
the non-zero components of the metric tensor are
g oo 1, g11 c3t c4 and g22 g33 (c3t c4 )2 .
Here we avoid the lengthy calculation we just write the final system after solving,
X0 0
X 1 c5
. (3.2.111)
X zc4 c1
2
X 3 c6 zc 4
Generator form
X1 Z y , X2 , X3 and X 4 .
y z z y x
Now, we have to bargain that Lie algebra of KVFs are X 1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 (X1 ) by laying
the values of X 1 and X 2 we get X1 , X 2 ( ) ( ) after differentiating w.r.t ‘ x ’
x y y x
and ‘ y ’ we get X 1 , X 2 0
A tabular form can be created in the following manner:
Table (5)
, X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0 0 X2 0
X2 0 0 X1 0
X3 X2 X1 0 0
X4 0 0 0 0
Case (vi)
The spacetime in this case has the form
ds 2 dt 2 (c3t c4 ) 4 dx 2 (c3t c4 ) 2 dy 2 dz 2 (3.2.112)
54
Now, we determine KVFs of the above space-time (3.2.112) with the help of equation (2.6).
Here, the non-zero components of the metric tensor are
g001, g11 (c3t c4 )4 and g22 g33 (c3t c4 )2 .
Here we skip the lengthy calculation and simply write the final system,
X0 0
X 1 m4
. (3.2.113)
X zm4 m1
2
X 3 m6 ym4
Generator form
X1 Z y , X2 , X3 and X 4
y z z y x
Currently, we have to find that Lie algebra of KVFs are X1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 (X1 ) by
locating the values of X 1 and X 2 we gain X1 , X 2 ( ) ( ) after differentiating
x y y x
w.r.t ‘ x ’ and ‘ y ’ we get X 1 , X 2 0
A tabular form can be created in the following manner:
Table (6):
, X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0 0 X2 0
X2 0 0 X1 0
X3 X2 X1 0 0
X4 0 0 0 0
Case (vii)
The space time in this case has the form of
ds 2 -dt 2 c3t c4 dx 2 c3t c4 dy 2 dz 2 .
-4 2
(3.2.114)
We know need to calculate the Killing Vector Field (KVFS) for this particular space-time
(3.2.14) with the help of equation (2.6). The metric tensor has non zero components specified
by
g00 1 , g22 (c3t c4 )4 , g33 g44 (c3 t c4 )2 .
55
For the sake of brevity, we choose to skip the lengthy and intricate calculation and instead
present only the final outcomes, which is
X0 0
X 1 b1
. (3.2.115)
X yb4 b2
2
X 3 zb4 b3
Generator form
X1 Z y , X2 , X3 and X 4
y z z y x
Now, we have to find that linear Algebra of KVFs are X1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 (X1 ) by
locating the values of X 1 and X 2 we gaint X1 , X 2 ( ) ( ) after differentiating
x y y x
w.r.t ‘ x ’ and ‘ y ’ we get X 1 , X 2 0
A tabular form can be created in the following manner:
Table (7):
, X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0 0 X2 0
X2 0 0 X1 0
X3 X2 X1 0 0
X4 0 0 0 0
Case (viii)
The space time in this case has the form of
2c t 2c4
3
ds dt dx 3 dy dz .
2 2 2 2 2
(3.2.116)
3
Our task is to compute the Killing Vector Field (KVF) for the space time metric (3.3.116),
whose non zero components are given by using the relevant equation ( ) for KVF calculation
2c t c4
3
g 00 1, g11 1 and g 22 g33 3 . (3.2.117)
3
We avoid the lengthy calculation we just write the final system
56
X0 0
X 1 n1
. (3.2.118)
X yn4 n2
2
X 3 yn4 n3
Generator form
X1 Z y , X2 , X3 and X 4
y z z y x
Now, we have to find that linear Algebra of KVFs are X 1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 (X1 ) by putting
the values of X 1 and X 2 we get X1 , X 2 ( ) ( ) after differentiating w.r.t ‘ x ’
x y y x
and ‘ y ’ we get X 1 , X 2 0
A tabular form can be created in the following manner:
Table (8):
, X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0 0 X2 0
X2 0 0 X1 0
X3 X2 X1 0 0
X4 0 0 0 0
Case (ix)
The space time in this case has the form of
5
2c t 2c4
ds dt dx 3 dy dz .
2 2 2 2 2
(3.2.119)
5
Now, we find KVFs of the above space-time (3.2.119) with the help of equation (2.6). Here
the non-zero components of the metric tensor are
5
2c t c4
g11 1, g 22 1 g33 3 .
5
We want to make our presentation easy to follow, so we skip the complicated math steps.
Only we focus our main ideas and the final results are
57
X0 0
X 1 l1
. (3.2.120)
X yl4 l2
2
X 3 zl4 l3
Generator form
X1 Z y , X2 , X3 and X 4
y z z y x
Now, we have to find that Lie algebra of KVFs are X 1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 (X1 ) by putting the
values of X 1 and X 2 we get X1 , X 2 ( ) ( ) after differentiating w.r.t ‘ x ’ and ‘
x y y x
y ’ we get X 1 , X 2 0.
A tabular form can be created in the following manner:
Table (9):
, X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0 0 X2 0
X2 0 0 X1 0
X3 X2 X1 0 0
X4 0 0 0 0
Case (x)
In this case, space time has the form of
1
ds 2 dt 2 dx 2 3 c3t c4 3 dy 2 dz 2 . (3.2.121)
Here, the non-zero components of the metric tensor are used to find KVFs of the above space
time (3.2.121) with the help of equation (3.2.121)
1
g 00 1, g11 1 and g33 3(c3t c4 ) 3
By concentrating on key concepts and outcomes, we can present our ideas more clearly.
Here, we avoid the lengthy calculation and we go straight to the final answers
58
X0 0
X 1 s1
. (3.2.122)
X ys4 s2
2
X 3 zs4 s3
Generator form
X1 Z y , X2 , X3 and X 4 .
y z z y x
Now, we have to find that Lie algebra of KVFs are X 1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 (X1 ) by putting the
values of X 1 and X 2 we get X1 , X 2 ( ) ( ) after differentiating w.r.t ‘ x ’ and ‘
x y y x
y ’ we get X 1 , X 2 0
A tabular form can be created in the following manner:
Table (10):
, X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0 0 X2 0
X2 0 0 X1 0
X3 X2 X1 0 0
X4 0 0 0 0
Case (xi)
The space time in this case has the form of
2
c 1
ds dt 5 2c3t c4 2 c6 dx 2 2c3t c4 dy 2 dz 2 .
2 2
(3.2.123)
c3
By utilizing the non-zero components of the metric tensor and equation ( ) we can determine
the KVFs of spacetime (3.3.123)
2
c5 1
g00 1 , g22 (2c3t c4 ) 2 c6 and g33 2c3t c4 .
c3
By concentrating on key concepts and outcomes, we can efficiently present our ideas,
avoiding the lengthy calculations and going directly to the final results.
59
X0 0
b3 2b3b52 b4b52 b62b32
X
1
b1
b5 2b3t b4 b6b3 b5 2b3t b4 b6b3 . (3.2.124)
X 2 yb4 b2
X 3 zb4 b3
Generator form
X1 Z y , X2 , X3 and X 4 .
y z z y x
Now, we have to find that Lie algebra of KVFs are X 1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 (X1 ) by putting the
values of X 1 and X 2 we get X1 , X 2 ( ) ( ) after differentiating w.r.t ‘ x ’ and ‘
x y y x
y ’ we get X 1 , X 2 0
A tabular form can be created in the following manner:
Table (11).
, X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0 0 X2 0
X2 0 0 X1 0
X3 X2 X1 0 0
X4 0 0 0 0
Case (xii)
The space time in this case has the form of
2n 2
ds dt n 2 c3t c4
2 2 n2 dx n 2 c3t c4
2 n2 dy 2 dz 2 . (3.2.125)
Our task is to compute the Killing Vector Field (KVF) for the space time metric (3.2.125),
whose non zero components are given by using the relevant equation (2.6) for KVF
calculation
2n 2
g00 1, g11 (n 2)(c3t c4 )n2 and g22 g33 (n 2)(c3t c4 )n2 .
For the sake of brevity, we choose to skip the lengthy and intricate calculation and instead
present only the final outcomes, which is
60
X0 0
2 n 2n
X (n 2)(c3t c4 ) n 2 (c3t c4 ) b1
1 n 2
2 2 2 2 . (3.3.126)
X (n 2)(c3t c4 ) (c3t c4 ) zb2 (n 2)(c3t c4 ) (c3t c4 ) b3
2
n 2 n2 n 2 n2
2 2
2 2
X (n 2)(c3t c4 ) n 2 (c3t c4 ) n 2 b4 (n 2)(c3t c4 ) n 2 (c3t c4 ) n 2 yb2
3
Generator form
2 n
2n
X 1 (n 2)(c3t c4 ) n 2 (c3t c4 ) n 2
,
x
2 2
2 2
X 2 (n 2)(c3t c4 ) (c3t c4 ) z (n 2)(c3t c4 ) (c3t c4 ) y
n 2 n2 n 2 n2
y z
2 2
2 2
X 3 (n 2)(c3t c4 ) n 2 (c3t c4 ) n 2 , X 4 (n 2)(c3t c4 ) n 2 (c3t c4 ) n 2 .
y z
Now, we have to find that Lie algebra of KVFs are X 1 , X 2 X 1 ( X 2 ) X 2 (X1 ) by putting the
values of X 1 and X 2 we get X1 , X 2 ( ) ( ) after differentiating w.r.t ‘ x ’ and ‘
x y y x
y ’ we get X 1 , X 2 0
A tabular form can be created in the following manner:
Table 12
, X1 X2 X3 X4
X1 0 0 X2 0
X2 0 0 X1 0
X3 X2 X1 0 0
X4 0 0 0 0
61
Conclusions
In this research work we have studied the Killing vector fields along with their Lie algebra.
We used the direct integration technique for finding the Killing vector fields of LRS Bianchi
type-1 spacetime. Moreover we discussed the Lie algebra of Killing vector fields on different
cases, i.e. Rectangular, Cylindrical and Spherical coordinates. In this study it is observed that
the dimension of Killing vector fields is 15. Lie algebra of the KVFs is closed
62
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Where x are the coordinates on the manifold, t is the affine parameter along the curve and
are the christofell symbols which depend on the metric.
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