Basic Programming

- Operators -
Overview
▪ Assignment Operator
– Multiple Assignment
– Compound Assignment
▪ Arithmetic Operator
– Increment and Decrement Operator
▪ Relational and Logical Operator
▪ Bitwise Operator
▪ Special Operator
– ? Operator
– & and * Operator
– Comma Operator
– Dot (.) and Arrow (->) Operator
– [] and () Operator

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Operators
▪ C is very rich in built-in operators.
▪ There are four main classes of operators:
– arithmetic,
– relational,
– logical,
– and bitwise.
▪ In addition, there are some special operators,
such as the assignment operator, for particular
tasks.
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Assignment Operator
▪ = (read: single equal sign)
▪ General form:
variable_name = expression;
▪ Assignment may involve type conversion:
The value of the right side (expression side) of
the assignment is converted to the type of the
left side (target variable)

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Multiple Assignment
▪ You can assign many variables the same value
by using multiple assignments in a single
statement.
▪ Example below is assigned 0 to variable x, y,
and z on the nearly same time:
x = y = z = 0

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Compound Assignment
▪ There is a variation on the assignment statement, called
compound assignment, that simplifies the coding of a
certain type of assignment operations.
▪ For example,
x = x + 10
can be written as
x += 10
▪ Generally, compound assignment operator exists for all
operators that require two operands.

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Arithmetic Operator
Operator Meaning Example
– Subtraction, also unary minus 5–3=2
+ Addition 10+7 = 17
* Multiplication 2*4=8
/ Division 6/3=2
% Modulus 18 % 5 = 3
–– Decrement
++ Increment

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 Keluarannya:

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Increment and Decrement Operator (1)

▪ These are the increment and decrement operators, ++

and – –.
▪ The operator ++ adds 1 to its operand, and – – subtracts
1.
▪ Example:
Postfix Prefix Meaning
x++; ++x; x=x+1
x--; --x; x=x-1

It seems exactly the same, doesn’t it? No, it has a difference.

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Increment and Decrement Operator (2)

▪ A difference between the prefix and postfix

forms appears when it’s used in a larger
expression:
– When an increment or decrement operator precedes
its operand, the increment or decrement operation is
performed before obtaining the value of the operand
for use in the expression.
– If the operator follows its operand, the value of the
operand is obtained before incrementing or
decrementing it.

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Increment and Decrement Operator (3)

▪ Example:
– Prefix
x=10;
x=10; equivalence with x=x+1;
y=++x; y=x;

sets y to 11 and x to 11 as well.

– Postfix
x=10; x=10;
equivalence with y=x;
y=x++; x=x+1;

sets y to 10 and x to 11.

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Relational & Logical Operator
Relational Operator
Operator Meaning
Logical Operator
> Greater than
Operator Meaning
>= Greater than or equal
&& AND
< Less than
|| OR
<= Less than or equal
! NOT
== Equal
!= Not equal

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Bitwise Operator
Operator Meaning Example
& AND 27 & 21 = 17
| OR 10 | 7 = 15
^ Exclusive OR (XOR) 10 ^ 29 = 23
~ One’s complement (NOT) ~ (0101)2 = 1010
>> Shift Right 7 >> 2 = 1
<< Shift Left 9 << 3 = 576

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? Operator
▪ Ternary operator ? Takes general form:
Expression 1 ? Expression 2: Expression 3
▪ Example:
y = x>9 ? 100:200;
if x=10 or greater, then value 100 is assigned to y.
if x=9 or lesser, then value 200 is assigned to y.
▪ Equivalence code can be written using if-else statement:
if (x>9) then
y=100;
else
y=200;
▪ The ? operator will be discussed more fully in relationship to the
other conditional statements.

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& and * Pointer Operator
▪ A pointer is the memory address of an object. A pointer
variable is a variable that is specifically declared to hold
a pointer to an object of its specified type.
▪ Pointers are one of C's most powerful features, and they
are used for a wide variety of purposes.
▪ The first pointer operator & is a unary operator that
returns the memory address of its operand
▪ The second pointer operator * is the complement of &.
The * is a unary operator that returns the value of the
object located at the address that follows it.
▪ The pointer operator, especially *, will be discussed
more in later chapter.

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Comma Operator
▪ Comma operator puts several expressions together as one
statement.
▪ The expression on the right side becomes the value of the total
comma-separated expression.
▪ Example:
x = (y=3, y+1);
first assigns value 3 to y and then assigns value 4 (from 3+1) to x.
Note:
The parentheses are necessary because the comma operator has a
lower precedence than the assignment operator.
▪ The comma operator has somewhat the same meaning as the word
"and" in English, as used in the phrase "do this and this and this.“

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Dot (.) and Arrow (->) Operator
▪ The . (dot) and the –> (arrow) operators access
individual elements of structures and unions.
▪ The dot operator is used when working with a
structure or union directly.
▪ The arrow operator is used with a pointer to a
structure or union.
▪ Both operator will be discussed more in later
chapter

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[ ] and ( ) Operator
▪ Square brackets perform array indexing
(arrays are discussed fully later).
▪ Parentheses are operators that increase
the precedence of the operations inside
them.

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Operator Precedence
highest

lowest

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Type Conversion Example
char ch;
int i;
float result;

result = (ch / i) + ch;

int
int
int

float

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Casts
▪ You can force an expression to be of a specific
type by using a cast.
▪ General form:
(type) expression
▪ Example:
(float) x/2
▪ Casts are technically operators. As an operator,
a cast is unary and has the same precedence as
any other unary operator.

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Type casting for arithmetic

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Something wrong with this
code..

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Any question?

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