NOTE: With the library counselor (Ms.
Ateş), we searched for the possible books that are available in our library for my
topic, but we couldn’t find any. So, she told me it would be more suitable if I just use databases or e-books.
Mahir Mert Bilsel Language Policies and Linguicism
Ms. Kerr
9/E E-book
23/02/2022
To what extent does linguistic discrimination or profiling affect foreigners and people with different
accents in America?
MLA citation:
Ideology, Politics and Language Policies : Focus on English, edited by Thomas Ricento, John
MLA CITATİON Benjamins Publishing Company, 2000. ProQuest Ebook Central,
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uskudar/detail.action?docID=622673.
SOURCE Sources mentioned in this source:
They are all from E-Book Center
72:
“Correspondingly, linguicism, according to Phillipson (1988), involves “the ideologies and structures
which are used to legitimate, effectuate and reproduce an unequal division of power and resources
First quotation (both material and non-material) between groups which are in turn defined on the basis of language
(What is linguicism?) (i.e., the mother tongue)” (339). Phillipson concludes that linguistic ideologies have affinities with
racist ones because they permit the dominant language group to confer “an idealized image of itself”
while “stigmatizing the dominated group/ language and rationalizing the relationship between the two,
always to the advantage of the dominant group”
1. Key information
Key information of
first quotation ● The discrimination that the people which has a weird accent or language confront
● Minorities against mainstream societies
● Mother tongue
74:
“Given the similarities between racism and linguicism, the argument may be
Second Quotation advanced that discrimination on the basis of language is equivalent to discriminationbased onrace.
(Racism versus This conclusion follows to the extent that racism and
Linguicsm) linguicism both promote policies that result in dehumanization, as manifested in
social and political domination. Despite their similarities, these ideologies differ
in one fundamental way in that language, like culture, but unlike race, is perceived to be mutable.”
2. Key information
● Racism and linguicism are similar
● Linguicism is mutable whereas racism isn’t
Thoughts and Questions
1. Accent while speaking a specific language, dialect, and different language is the most
widespread reason that occurs languagism
2. Lingucisim is important as much as racism, so it must be considered as much as the
discrimination that blacks face
3. Question: Why don’t governments consider linguicism as much as they do about racism?
Mahir Mert Bilsel Linguicism in America
Ms. Kerr
9/E Newspaper
23/02/2022
To what extent does linguistic discrimination or profiling affect foreigners and people with different
accents in America?
MLA citation:
Rivas, Joshua. "Linguistic Discrimination: Speak English by Force or by Choice?" University Wire,
MLA CITATION 11 Dec. 2017. SIRS Issues Researcher,
explore.proquest.com/sirsissuesresearcher/document/2265372438?accountid=64806.
Accessed 22 Feb. 2022.
Sources mentioned in this source:
SOURCE They are all from SIRS database
(It is a newspaper, so there isn’t any page number)
First quotation:
“We can’t force any individual to speak a language they barely even know and we certainly can not
First quotation force someone to not speak their native language. This directly conflicts with what was promised in
(Contradictory the First Amendment - the freedom of speech.” … “If the U.S truly does embrace the idea of being a
statement in USA) nation where you could be anyone you want, then why does it wish to infringe upon the very reason
why many immigrants come to this country - the freedom of choice.”
1. Key information
Key info for the first ● Irony of being freedom while judging people based on their languages
quotation ● Respect to native languages
Second quotation:
Second quotation “Finally, this country’s official language hasn’t been decided yet so saying that Americans speak only
(Is English the official English is not accurate.” … “Hunter Schwarz, in an article on The Washington Post titled “States
language of the US?) where English is the official language,” he states that 31 of the 50 states have made English as their
official language”
2. Key information
Key info for second
● English isn’t the official language in America
quotation
● English is the most used language in US
● Only 31 of the 50 state have made English as their official language
Questions:
1. Why do the citizens in America judge the foreigners according to their native languages
although they don’t have an official language?
2. How is the phrase “the freedom of speech” that America has true if residents discriminate the
immigrants who speak their native languages
Mahir Mert Bilsel Accent Discrimination in America
Ms. Kerr
9/E Electronic journal article
23/02/2022
To what extent does linguistic discrimination or profiling affect foreigners and people with different
accents in America?
MLA citation:
Nguyen, Beatrice Bich-dao. "Accent Discrimination and the Test of Spoken English: A Call for an
MLA CİTATİON Objective Assessment of the Comprehensibility of Nonnative Speakers." California Law
Review, vol. 81, no. 5, 1993, pp. 1325-61. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3480920. Accessed 22
Feb. 2022.
Sources mentioned in this source:
SOURCE They are all from JSTOR database
1:
In the past;
“Immigrants to the United States have been a source of national pride but also the object of national
prejudice. At times, employers have used claims of "unintelligible English" to deny jobs to accented, but
First Quotation otherwise qualified, applicants. However, these claims may be mere pretense to discrimination based on
(Thoughts on national origin, a violation of title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In such cases, courts must make a
different accents) judgment about an individual's comprehensibility, and thus, his or her qualifications. These
determinations are subjective and highly vulnerable to the sways of prejudice.”
1. Key Information:
Key info for pg. 1 ● Unintelligible English
● VII of Civil Rights
● Accent shows identity
● Acceptance and employment
● Courts’ effects on accent discrimination
12:
Second Quotation For the future;
(What the author “The author calls for the use of an objective test to determine the comprehensibility of an individual's
suggest to decrease speech. She offers the Test of Spoken English, a standardized test administered nationwide the
accent Educational Testing Service, as a tool available to both parties and the courts in accent discrimination
discrimination?) litigation”
2. Key Information:
Key info for pg.12
● Test of Spoken English
● To reduce accent discrimination
Questions:
1. How does this test work and how reliable it is?
2. Is there any sanction that the law applies on people who discriminate against the ones with
different accents?
