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GRAVITY SURVEYS
Basic Concept of Gravity Method
Geothermal systems are usually located in caldera, structure-like basins, graben and faults The structures can be reconstructed by gravity surveys Rock intrusions acting as a heat source can also be detected by gravity investigation Densification developed in fracture zones within reservoir can also be detected by gravity survey (e.g. Broadlands-Ohaaki geothermal field, NZ and Sibayak Field, Indonesia)
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Does not locate high temperature directly Results are often ambiguous Equipment expensive
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Field Measurements
The observed data can be measured using a gravimeter. The unit of gravity data is mgal (=10-5 m/s2). The observed data should be reduced and corrected from the effects of instrument drift, free air, normal gravity, Bouguer & terrain before interpreted as Bouguer anomaly. To obtained local gravity anomaly, the Bouguer data should be separated from regional trend using Trend Surface Analysis. The residual gravity data is then intrepeted by 2-D or 3-D approaches.
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Interpretation
Qualitative Interpretation: Straightforward qualitative interpretations of the gravity patterns: Gravity lows Gravity highs Gravity gradients Quantitative Interpretation: Using the famous Talwanis 2-D/3-D modeling to obtained
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= = =
structural depressions structural highs or densified layers fault zones and caldera boundary
442000
443000
444000
445000
446000
447000
448000
449000
450000
362000
mgal
-6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -36 -38 -40 -42 -44 -46 -48 -50
361000 360000
Northing (meter)
Mt. Pintau
Bouguer gravity anomaly over the Sibayak geothermal field. Contour interval is 1 mgal. AOB is a profile line for 2-D modeling.
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359000
359000
F6 F5
Mt. Sibayak Mt. Simpulanangin Mt. Pratektekan
358000
5 10
Mt Uncim
3 8 6 7 4
357000
F3
F2 2
F1
F4
Sby-10 Well Fumarole Hotspring Topographic Contour
356000
B
444000 445000
Mt. Singkut
446000 447000 448000
1600
355000
449000
450000
Easting (meter)
442000
443000
444000
445000
446000
447000
448000
449000
450000
362000
mgal
-6 -8 -10 -12 -14 -16 -18 -20 -22 -24 -26 -28 -30 -32 -34 -36 -38 -40 -42 -44 -46 -48 -50
361000 360000
Northing (meter)
Mt. Pintau
Residual gravity anomaly over the Sibayak geothermal field. Contour interval is 1 mgal. AOB is a profile line for 2-D modeling
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359000
359000
F6 F5
Mt. Sibayak Mt. Simpulanangin Mt. Pratektekan
358000
5 10
Mt Uncim
3 8 6 7 4
357000
F3
F2 2
F1
F4
Sby-10 Well Fumarole Hotspring Topographic Contour
356000
B Mt. Singkut
444000 445000 446000 447000 448000
1600
355000
449000
450000
Easting (meter)
(a) 5
A
10
O
Computed Anomaly
Residual Anomaly
(b)
3000
Caldera Margin
Mt Sibayak
Caldera Margin
2000
Elevation (meter)
2.10
1000
2.45
2.76 2.30
2.75
0
2.50
meter
-1000
2.60
-2000
1000
Residual and computed gravity anomaly along profile AOB, (b). 2-D gravity model along profile AOB. Density is indicated in g/cm3.
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MAGNETIC TECHNIQUES
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Advantages:
Quick especially airborne surveys Airborne surveys are completely independent of access problem Ground survey can be used to map near surface alteration Case studies have been documented that magnetic models may be used to constraint productive part of reservoir.
Disadvantages:
Does not locate geothermal fluid directly Airborne surveys are moderately expensive and need sophisticated equipment and data processing.
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Field measurement
An observed total force magnetic anomaly (in nT) can be defined as:
B = B obs Bo
where B total force magnetic anomaly Bobs observed magnetic field Bo normal magnetic field at sea level The data can be presented as a map and graph and can be interpreted by using 2D & 3D modeling.
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Mt Rendingan
NW
N
0 2 km nT
600 500 400
I A B
Northing (m)
Mt Duduk
H C J
D E F
Mt Kukusan
Mt Way Panas
Mt Kabawok
Fuma role Hot Spring C irc ul ar Fe ature Line ament Fa ult
Easting (m)
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14
1. BASIC PRINCIPLE
Mise-a-la-masse is a quick method in mapping the low resistivity area in a highly fractured reservoir zones MAM was first developed by C. Schlumberger in 1920 for a mineral exploration, using point source of current Due to high temperature in geothermal well, MAM was then changed by using casing pipe as line-source of current It is observed that the geothermal fluid has a quite low resistivity, so that the geothermal reservoir itself can be considered as a subsurface conductor similar to an ore body If a geothermal reservoir is charged electrically by the use of casing pipe, the shape of the potential lines will reflect the geometry of the reservoir directly
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C1 P2
V
P1
C2
Remarks:
l
C1 : Current electrode connected to casing pipe C2 : Distant earthing current electrode P1 : Moving potential electrode P2 : Fixed potential electrode I : Curent transmitter and recorder V : Potential receiver l : Length of current line-source (casing pipe)
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16
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17
Distribution of Reservoir Distribution of Indicated Permeability Zone Distribution of Promising Zone 09/26/2005 18
Mt. Pintau
Mt. Sibayak
358
Mt. Pratektekan
Northing (km)
357
Well SBY-1
355 443
Mt. Singkut
444 445 446 447 448
Easting (km)
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19
09/26/2005
20
358000
mV/A 4.2 4 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2
357500
Well SBY-1
356000
445000
445500
446500
447000
447500
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21
358000
mV/A 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
357500
Well SBY-1
356000
445000
445500
446500
447000
447500
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22
357500
Well SBY-1
356000
445000
445500
446500
447000
447500
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23
Ohm.m 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 0
357500
Well SBY-1
356000
445000
445500
446500
447000
447500
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24
357500
Well SBY-1
356000
445000
445500
446500
447000
447500
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25
Mt. Pintau
Ohm.m
25 23
Mt. Sibayak
358
SBY-3 (T=272, O=26) SBY-8 (T=270, O=35)
21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5
SBY-2 (T=104, O=?) SBY-1 (T=243, O=18)
Northing (km)
Mt. Pratektekan
357
3 1 -1 -3 -5 -7
447 448
356
355 443
Mt. Singkut
444 445 446
-9
Easting (km)
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26
Thank you
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27