JUAN LUNA MEMORIAL ACADEMY INC.
BADOC ILOCOS NORTE | S.Y. 2020-2021
Learning SCIENCE
1Module Earth and
Spaces 10
QUA
RTER
ALL ABOUT LIGHT
EXPECTATIO
NS
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
Compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves.
Cite examples of practical applications of different regions of EM waves such as radio waves in
telecommunications
Explain the effects of EM radiation on living things and the environment.
How to learn from this
module?
This module is made an alternative delivery mode to cater the academic needs of the students in this trying
time.
To learn from this module:
Use this module with care.
Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
Return the module to your teacher, once you’re through with it, if you encounter difficulties do not hesitate to
consult your teacher.
Honesty is the best policy.
EXPLORE ! 7
ACTIVITY
!! THE WAVE MODEL OF LIGHT
PHOTON VACUUM MAGNETIC FIELD
RADIATION FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH FLOURECE
OSCILLATION ELECTRIC FIELD IRRADIATION
Instruction: Select at least 3 words on the table then give 3 words that are associated with each word then
discuss the associated words you provided for the selected words.
Page | 1
JUAN LUNA MEMORIAL ACADEMY INC.
G.A.Sales | S.Y 2020-2021
ONLINE: Search some pictures regarding the words you chose on through internet then send it on messenger
Get
Learning target:
Compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves.
Cite examples of practical applications of different regions of EM waves such as radio waves in
telecommunications
Explain the effects of EM radiation on living things and the environment.
THE WAVE NATURE OF LIGHT
In the 17th century, Christian Huygens and Isaac Newton presented two contradicting theories about light.
Huygens proposed a theory that light is a wave. Newton, on the other hand, proposed that light is made up of a stream
of particles. For many years, strong pieces of evidence were gathered by distinguished scientists to come up with a
definitive conclusion-light exhibits both the characteristics of a wave and a particle.
This conclusion is now known as the wave-particle duality-a theory that describes light and matter showing both
the characteristics of a particle with mass and a wave that carries energy. For many reasons, it is easier to think of light
as a particle with packets of energy called photons. Like protons and neutrons, a photon is an elementary particle of
light that is fundamental, which can no longer be broken down into sub particles. It forms the basic unit of
electromagnetic (EM) radiation, which propagates in space through electromagnetic waves. There is an extensive range
of the family of waves, and the light that you see is just one of them. However, electromagnetic waves have certain
fundamental properties that make one kind of electromagnetic wave different from another kind.
Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are transverse waves consisting of a combination of oscillating electric and
Magnetic fields. It is the transmission of energy through a vacuum or without media at the speed of light
( c=299792 458 ms ∨approxiamately 3.0 × 10 ms ) . 8
An EM wave is a combination of two waves-an electric wave and a magnetic field wave.
EM waves do not require a medium to travel.
They can even travel through a vacuum, and this is how waves from the sun reach Earth.
As suggested by the experiments conducted by James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century
EM waves involve interactions between electricity and magnetism.
The waves are produced by the vibration of an electron (negative charge) as a consequence of the essentials of
Maxwell’s equations.
FIG. 1: In an electromagnetic wave, the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other, and perpendicular to the
direction to the direction of propagation of the wave.
Page | 2
JUAN LUNA MEMORIAL ACADEMY INC.
G.A.Sales | S.Y 2020-2021
The oscillation of both fields is perpendicular to the direction where the wave travels. In the figure, the electric
field is vertical, represented by the red vector arrows. As the wave travels along a given point in space, the electric field
oscillates up and down.
ENERGY OF A PHOTON
Measure the energy of a photon using the Einstein’s Equation.
hc
E=hf =
λ
Where:
−34
h=6.63 ×10 Js →Planck Constant
f =¿frecuency of photon / electromagnetic radiation
8
c=3 × 10 m/s → speed of light in a vacuum
λ=¿ wavelength of photon/electromagnetic radiation
WAVELENGTH CALCULATION
Speed of light
Wavelength=
Frequency
c
λ=
f
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #1:
The red light from a helium-neon laser has a frequency of 4.75 × 1014 Hz . What is the energy of one photon?
SOLUTION:
Given:
E=¿Energy of photon = ?
−34
h=6.63 ×10 Js →Planck Constant
f =¿frecuency of photon / electromagnetic radiation =4.75 × 1014 Hz .
Using the Einstein’s Equation
E=hf
SUBSTITUTE THE GIVEN VALUE AND USE THE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR.
−34 14
E=(6.63 ×10 )×(4.75 × 10 )
−19
E=3.14 ×10 J
ANSWER:
The energy of a single photon of red light from a helium-neon laser is 3.14 × 10−19 J .
EXAMPLE PROBLEM #2:
Calculate the energy (E) and wavelength (λ) of a photon of light with a frequency (f ) of 6.165 ×1014 Hz .
SOLUTION:
Given:
E=¿Energy of photon = ?
f =¿frecuency of photon / electromagnetic radiation = 6.165 ×1014 Hz
−34
h=6.63 ×10 Js →Planck Constant
Page | 3
JUAN LUNA MEMORIAL ACADEMY INC.
G.A.Sales | S.Y 2020-2021
8
c=3 × 10 m/s → speed of light in a vacuum
λ=¿ wavelength of photon/electromagnetic radiation = ?
Using the wavelength calculation and Einstein’s equation.
1st E=hf
c
2nd λ=
f
SUBSTITUTE THE GIVEN VALUE AND USE THE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR.
1st E=hf → ( 6.63 × 10−34 ) × ( 6.165 × 1014 )=4.1× 10−19 J
8
c 3 × 10
2 nd
λ= → 14
f 6.165 ×10
8
3 ×10 1
TYPE ON YOUR SCIENTIFIC 14 = THEN PRESS THE BUTTON (S↔D) ¿ 4.87 × 10−7 m
6.165× 10 2055000
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
EM waves are classified in terms of their frequencies. They cover a wide range of wavelengths and photon
energies. Figure 2 shows these classifications with their corresponding frequencies and wavelength scales. This
classification is called the Electromagnetic spectrum.
Fig.2: The electromagnetic spectrum. The wavelengths and frequencies provided are average values for each type of radiation.
As shown in figure 2, EM waves have wavelengths ranging from kilometer (radio waves) to picometer (gamma
rays). Reading from left to right, the frequency (in hertz increases as the energy increases. The lower is the frequency of
the EM wave, the longer is its wavelength. The relationships that exist among frequency, Wavelength, and energy allow
different electromagnetic waves to possess characteristics for many useful applications.
1. Radio Waves
the longest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum.
Within this range are a number of frequency bands with different names-long wave (LW), medium wave (MW), short
wave (SW), very high frequency (VHE) and ultrahigh frequency (UHF).
The LW, MW, and SW are used for AM radio communication,
The VHF and UHF are used for FM stereo radio communications and terrestrial television communication.
The main application of radio waves is in communication because radio waves propagate well through the
atmosphere. In the case of satellites and space communication, higher frequencies of radio waves are being used
because lower frequencies can no longer penetrate the upper atmosphere.
2. Microwaves
It is a form of EM radiation with very short wavelengths of a few centimeters only.
When you send files through Bluetooth and connect to Wi-Fi signals, the established connection and access to
other devices are microwaves.
Page | 4
JUAN LUNA MEMORIAL ACADEMY INC.
G.A.Sales | S.Y 2020-2021
Satellite television and mobile phone networks make use of microwaves in transmitting communication signals.
One of the most important uses of microwaves is RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging). The time it takes for
microwaves to make a round-trip from its transmitter to the reflecting surface and back to where it came from is used to
determine the approximate distance to the surface.
Fig. 3: Microwave oven increasing the energy of water molecules in the food .
Nowadays, microwaves have been widely used in cooking and reheating food. The microwave oven sends
microwaves to the food and penetrates into it to increase the energy of its water molecules. Because almost all foods
contain water, they can be heated and cooked quickly in a microwave oven.
3. Infrared
Infrared radiation (IR) is an electromagnetic radiation that occupies the region between microwaves and visible
light.
The word “infra” means “beyond” which implies that infrared consists of waves just beyond the red end of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Almost all objects emit IR.
It is the main component of heat radiation. You feel the warmth of a flame or a lamp because your skin absorbs IR.
As temperature increases, the IR wavelength shortens. IR is commonly used in wireless remote-control units for various
electrical appliances. The unit communicates with the appliance through the IR produced by Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
inside the unit. A number of wireless data transfer between devices such as laptop computer use the principle of
emitting coded IR, which is detected by other devices.
4. Visible Light
It is the most familiar EM radiation that can be detected by the human eye, and it is responsible for the
functioning of our sense of sight.
Specialized cells in the eye called rods and cones are very sensitive to EM waves in this very narrow band of
frequencies. These cells transmit electrical signals to the brain, which form the mental image. The various
wavelengths of light are generally classified by colors, as shown in figure 4.
Fig.4: The visible light spectrum
You perceive different frequencies of light as different colors. The lowest frequencies of visible light are
perceived as red, and the highest frequencies are perceived as violet. White light is produced when equal amounts of
frequencies of light are combined. This makes visible light very useful and a very important electromagnetic wave.
5. Ultraviolet radiation
Page | 5
JUAN LUNA MEMORIAL ACADEMY INC.
G.A.Sales | S.Y 2020-2021
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a band of EM waves beyond the violet end of the visible light region of the
spectrum, and it extends to the X-ray band.
UV is also a part of heat radiation emitted by hot objects such as the sun-Earth’s main source of UV radiation.
The radiation from the sun stimulates our body to produce vitamin D, which is needed for healthier bones.
When skin is exposed to UV, it does not warm the skin, unlike infrared radiation, but induces a chemical process
that results in tanning or sunburns. These are short-term effects to UV exposure for short periods of time.
However, exposure to UV for a long period of time can lead to skin cancer. There are substances that fluoresce
when irradiated by UV light. This means that these substances absorb UV radiation and emit visible light, which
makes them glow.
When you give paper bills to a cashier or a bank teller, you may have noticed that he or she uses a special lamp to
verify the authenticity of the notes. Certain markings on the paper bill will be visible only when exposed to UV light.
Paints and dyes work in the same manner. Even washing powder that you use at home may contain chemicals that
fluoresce, so that it appears “whiter than white” when exposed to sunlight.
6. X-rays
X-rays are high frequency electromagnetic waves that are produced when high energy electrons lose energy
after striking a metal target.
The range of wavelengths in X-rays is the same as the size of spacing between atoms of a solid. Thus, it is used in
a number of medical applications.
X-rays, or roentgenogram, was discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm C. Roentgen (pronounced as rent’gen).
An X-ray is an image of shadows cast on film by various structures of the body. For diagnostics, doctors and dentists
use X-rays to examine the condition of a person’s bones, teeth, and other internal parts of the body. However, the high
penetrating power of X-rays can also damage living tissues and other organs. Therefore, unnecessary exposure or
overexposure to this form of radiation should be avoided.
7. Gamma Rays
Gamma rays are the highest frequency EM waves released during nuclear reactions.
They are the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation with very short wavelengths.
Gamma rays are emitted in a number of nuclear processes such as nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and
radioactive decay. When absorbed, they penetrate deep into living tissues and can cause serious damage. They
are carefully used under controlled conditions in treating cancers (oncology) and in sterilizing hospital
equipment.
Let’s Dig In
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
Instruction: Compare and contrast the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves. Write your
answer in a clean sheet of paper.
ONLINE: Make an essay about what you have observe on what you did in the previous activity.
REFERENCES:
Practical Science 10
Philippine Copyright 2018 by DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC.
Page | 6
JUAN LUNA MEMORIAL ACADEMY INC.
G.A.Sales | S.Y 2020-2021
