Research PDF

ILOILO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Luna Street, La Paz, Iloilo City

(for INHS classroom use only) Physics 10
9
Quarter 2 - Week 1
At the end of the session, I would be able to:
S10FE-11a-b-47 MELC: a) Compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of
electromagnetic waves
b) compare the relative frequencies of different forms of electromagnetic waves;
c) identify the relationship among wavelength, frequency, and energy of
an electromagnetic wave
Concepts: For Online Class: Powerpoint Presentation For modular class: Reading (SLK)
In the morning you are usually awakened by the alarm from your cellular phone.
This is the signal for you to prepare for school. You boil water in your electric heater for
a cup of milk and place slices of bread for breakfast in an electric bread toaster.
At home, when you want to watch your favorite TV show or listen to the news,
you just press the appropriate button in the remote control. In the bathroom of some
malls, you no longer turn the faucet on or off. You simply put your hand under the faucet
and water flows out, and water stops when you remove your hand from the faucet.
During this pandemic, before you enter a business establishment or mall you
place your hand in front of a thermal scanner and your temperature will be taken.
Did you know that electromagnetic waves are involved in all these activities?
What are electromagnetic waves and how are they produced?
Electromagnetic (EM) waves or electromagnetic radiations are produced
by accelerating charges. EM Waves are transverse waves. These waves can travel in a
vacuum and in a material medium.
In 1865, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell formulated the
electromagnetic theory which established the relationship between electromagnetism
and light. He assumed that a changing electric field induces a magnetic field and that a
changing magnetic field, in turn, generates an electric field. He further predicted the
existence of electromagnetic waves.
According to Maxwell electromagnetic waves are disturbances produced by
accelerated charges which cause a vibrating electric field E and a changing magnetic field
B. These waves are transverse, can move in an empty space at a speed of 3.0 x 10 8m/s,
and possess both electric and magnetic components. Each component is perpendicular to
each other and both are perpendicular to the direction of wave motion as Figure 1 shown
below.
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/353660/em-waves-how-they-propagate
In1886, through the efforts of a German physicist Heinrich Hertz, the

predictions of Maxwell was verified. That is why electromagnetic waves are sometimes
called Hertzian waves.
The Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum is the continuous range of electromagnetic
waves arrange in order of decreasing of wavelength and increasing frequency. The
different types EM waves are: RADIOWAVES, MICROWAVES, INFRARED WAVES, VISIBLE
LIGHT, ULTRAVIOLET RAYS, XRAYS, and GAMMA RAYS.
MS Pedregosa/ RS Buyco/ JY Casco /MC Galupar/E Germinal / IC Latonero Page 1

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\
Figure 1. Electromagnetic Spectrum
https://sites.google.com/site/modernatomicehs/electromagnetic-radiation
Note: Unit of wavelength is m(meter) and frequency is Hz (hertz)
As shown in the diagram above Radio waves has the longest wavelength and has
the lowest frequency while Gamma Ray has the shortest wavelength and has the
highest frequency.
The Regions of the EM Spectrum
Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that are generated by the oscillation of
electrons in an atom. Radio wave is the longest of all electromagnetic waves with
wavelengths ranging from 10-1 m to 104m and has the lowest frequencies ranging from
30kHz (kilohertz = 103 hertz) to 300 GHz (gigahertz = 109 hertz). The bands are divided
into specific bands for wireless communication as shown in table 1 below.
Type of frequency Abbreviation Frequency Range Wavelengths
Very low frequency VLF 3 kHz- 30 kHz 100 km – 10 km
Low frequency LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz 10 km – 1km
Medium frequency MF 300 kHz - 3000 kHz 1 km – 100 m
High frequency HF 3 MHz – 30 MHz 100m – 10m
Very high frequency VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz 10m – 1m
Ultra high frequency UHF 300 MHz– 3 GHz 1m – 100 mm
Super high frequency SHF 3 GHz- 30 GHz 100 mm – 10 mm
Extremely high frequency EHF 30 GHz – 300 GHz 10 mm – 1 mm
Table 1. Radio Frequency Spectrum bands
https://www.rfpage.com/what-are-radio-frequency-bands-and-its-uses/
Microwaves are considered as high frequency radio waves which lie in the EM
spectrum somewhere from 300MHz to 300 GHz, with wavelengths corresponding to 10-3m
to 10-1m and are generated by electronic devices.
Infrared radiations (IR) are invisible but they can be felt as heat. They have
low frequency than the red part of the visible light. Their frequencies range from 3 x10 11
Hz – 4 x 1014 Hz, with wavelengths ranging from 7.5 x10-7 m to 10-3 m.
Visible light is the only EM radiation perceived by the human eye. It lies between
IR and UV with frequencies ranging from 4 x1014Hz – 8 x 1014Hz, with wavelengths
ranging from 4 x10-7 m to 8 x10-7m. White light is made up of a variety of colors with an
acronym ROYGBV: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet.
Table 2. Wavelengths of the visible light Figure 2. Frequency of visible light spectrum
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-wavelength-of-the-visible-light DepEd Commons. Science10_Q2_Mod1_DifferentFormsOfEMWaves_V4.pdfpage 12

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Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that

consists of frequencies higher than visible light but lower than X-rays. It has frequencies
ranging from 8 x 10 14 Hz to 10 17Hz and with wavelengths ranging from 6 x 10-10 m to 4
x 10- 7m. There are three kinds of UV: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA has a wavelength
range of 315 nm to 400 nm; UVB, from 280 nm to 314 nm; and UVC, from 279nm to 60
nm.
X- rays have frequencies ranging from 3 x1016Hz to 3 x 1019Hz and wavelengths
ranging from 10-12m to 10-8m. X-rays are produced by accelerating high- energy electrons
bombarding a metal target. They are high - energy waves that can penetrate several
centimeters into a most solid objects. X-rays are classified as either hard or soft X-rays.
Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves that have the highest energy in the EM
spectrum . These are usually emitted in very high energy nuclear and particle reactions in
sun and stars and can be given off by radioactive materials like Cobalt -60 and Cesium-
137 or by interstellar matter and remnants of supernova. They have the shortest
wavelength, ranging from 10 -14 m to 10-10m and the highest frequency greater than 3 x
1019 Hz.
Energy of Electromagnetic waves
The energy of an EM wave also depends on its frequency, which means waves
with higher frequency have higher energy too. Gamma rays have highest energy and
highly penetrating. Specifically, the energy ( E ) of a wave is related to its frequency (f )
by this equation v= fλ or c= fλ
E = hf
Where h is the Planck’s constant and is equal to 6.63 x 10 -34J.s
All EM waves move at the same speed (c = 3 x 108 m/s) in a vacuum and differ
from one another in frequency and wavelength. All EM waves follow the basic wave
equation,
where v is equal to c , f is its frequency and λ is its wavelength. The unit of λ is
m (meter), f is Hz(hertz ) or 1/s and v is m/s.
Thus, EM waves with long wavelength have low frequency and those with short
wavelength have high frequency.
longer wavelength - low frequency
Short wavelength - high frequency
Illustrative Examples: ( Integration with Mathematics 10)
1. A certain radio station has frequency of 101.5 MHz. What is its wavelength?
Given: f= 101. 5 MHz = 1.015 x 108Hz =1.015 x 108/s
Asked: λ
Solution:
λ=__c__ = 3 .0 x 108 m/s
f 1.015 x 108 /s
λ=2.955665025 m = 2.956m

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2. The wavelength of the red part of visible light is 760nm while that of the blue part is
470nm. Which has a greater frequency?
Given: λ red light = 760 nm = 7.6 x10-7m λ blue light= 470 nm = 4.7 x 10-7m
Asked: fred light and f blue light
Solution:
f red=__c__ = 3 .0 x 108 m/s = 3.9 x 1014Hz or 3.9 x 1014/s
λ 7.6 x 10-7 m
f blue=__c__ = 3 .0 x 108 m/s = 6.3 x 1014Hz or 6.3 x 1014 /s
λ 4.7 x 10-7 m
Blue light has short wavelength but has high frequency.
3. Using the frequencies of blue and red color of visible light in problem number 2, which
of the two colors has a greater energy?
Solution:
Ered light = hf = (6.63 x 10 -34J.s) x (3.9 x 10 14/s ) = 2.6 x 10 -19 J
Eblue light = hf = (6.63 x 10 -34

J.s) x ( 6.3 x 10 14
/s ) = 4.2 x 10 -19
J
References:
1. Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines (2015). Science 10 Learning Material.
2. Electomagnetic Radiation. Retrieve from https://sites.google.com/site/
modernatomicehs/electromagnetic-radiation
3. Evangelista, E.V., et al ( 2019). Science in Today’s World. The New Grade 10. (2nd edition) SIBS
Publishing House Inc., Quezon City.
4. Learning Resource Materials in Science 10 (2020). Retrieved from
https://commons.deped.gov.ph/documents?filter[category]=1d62761e-a439-4904-
a3da33e352d054c6&fbclid=IwAR2ubZK9Wgp8HbguLtBmYb_0f54uleYpFjMh9jTPxl6rT7yv24FHIc9IzXY
5. Pavico , J. M. , et al (2015) . Exploring Life Through Science series: The New Grade 10 ( 1 st
edition)Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. , Quezon City.
6. Yorrekka(2019). What is the color of visible light? Retrieved from https://www.quora.com/What-is-
the-wavelength-of-the-visible-light
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General Instruction:
Below is the sample format which you will follow in all the Activity Sheets all
throughout the quarter. Use short-size bond paper for your answer sheet.
Subject: ________________________________ Subject Teacher: ______________________
Name: _________________________________ Grade & Section: _____________________
Week No. _______________________________ Activity No. _________________________
Adviser: ________________________________ Score: ______________________________
Activity 1 – Week 1
A. Direction: Analyze the figures below, answer briefly the questions that follows each
figure.
1) Which of the electromagnetic waves has the longest wavelength? Analyzing

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2) Which of the electromagnetic waves has the shortest wavelength? Analyzing
3) What happens to the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves in the
electromagnetic spectrum as we go from radio wave to gamma-ray? Analyzing
4) Arrange the EM waves in terms of increasing wavelength. Evaluating
5) Among the electromagnetic waves, which has the highest frequency? Analyzing
6) Among the electromagnetic waves, which has the lowest frequency? Analyzing
7) What happens to the frequency of the electromagnetic waves as we go from radio
wave to gamma-ray? Analyzing
8) Arrange the EM waves in terms of increasing frequency. Evaluating
9) How does the wavelength of EM waves relate to frequency? Evaluating
10) Arrange the EM waves in terms of increasing wavelength and decreasing frequency.
Evaluating
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-distribution-of-the-communication-band-the
-illustration-is-re-edited-from-3-The_fig2_320264322
11) Among the colors of visible light,
a) which has the longest wavelength? Analyzing
b) which has the shortest wavelength? Evaluating
12) Arrange the different colors in order of decreasing wavelength and increasing
frequency. Evaluating
13) What are the two EM waves that lie in the boundaries of visible light? Understanding
14) The ionization energy of an EM wave also depends on its frequency, which means
waves with high frequency, have high energy too.
a) Which among the EM waves has the highest energy? Analyzing
b) Which among the EM waves has the lowest energy? Analyzing
c) Relate the ionization energy of EM waves with wavelength. Evaluating
15) Arrange the EM waves in terms of increasing wavelength and decreasing energy.
Evaluating

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II. Problem Solving: Show your solution: Applying
1. Calculate the wavelengths of the following electromagnetic waves.
a) Microwave in an oven with a frequency of 2.45 GHz.
b) Radio waves used by submarines with a frequency of 24 kHz
2. Radio waves are used by submarines with a frequency of 24 kHz Which has a
higher frequency 380 nm UVA or 100nm UVC? Why? (Prove using the equation c = fλ).
3. Your favorite MOR radio station broadcasts at 101.9 MHz. (a) What is the
wavelength corresponding to this broadcast? (b) Theoretically, the antenna of your
radio is one-half of the wavelength of the radio waves. How long should your
antenna be for this frequency.
4. What is the energy of an electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 1.05 x 10 12 Hz?
5. What is the frequency and wavelength of an electromagnetic wave having an
energy of 1.625 x 10-11J?
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Quarter 2- Week 2
S10FE-11c-d-48 MELC: Cite examples of practical applications of the different
regions of electromagnetic waves such as the use of radio waves in
telecommunications.
S10FE-11e-f-49 MELC: Explain the effects of EM radiation on living things and the
environment.
Applications of Electromagnetic waves

Radio wave is the longest among the electromagnetic waves (EM waves). The
bands are divided into specific bands for wireless communications.
Table 3. Radio Frequency bands and their uses
Type of frequency Common Applications
Very low frequency Radio navigation, radio clock, military communication in submarines
Low frequency Long distance communication and navigation(LORAN)
Medium frequency AM ( Amplitude Modulation) radio broadcasting
High frequency Shortwave broadcasting, tags for use in building access, public
transportation and electronic payment system.
Very high frequency FM (Frequency Modulation) radio broadcasting, ground – to-aircraft and
aircraft –to-aircraft communication
Ultra high frequency Police radio communication, military aircraft and television transmission,
modern mobile phones, and global positioning system(GPS)
Super high frequency Radar(weather) , satellite communications and satellite broadcasting
Extremely high frequency Fire- control radar, airport /malls security scanners, and wireless
networks
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-

based navigation system that provides
geographical position and time information
anywhere on or near the earth. It communicates
with stations on the ground using radio waves.

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Radar is an acronym for radio detection and

ranging. It makes use of radio waves for
detection of objects, weather forecasting, military
surveillance and air traffic control as well as
monitoring speed in highway patrol and tracking
satellites and debris.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) It is a
medical imaging technique that uses powerful
magnets, computer and radio waves to make
detailed pictures inside your body.
Microwaves are mainly used in satellite television, in long distance

communication before the introduction of optical fibers, in remote sensing for disaster
management and mapping, in texting and in heating foods in microwave oven. They are
highly used in the medical field for microwave ablation (uses the heat of the microwave to
heal tumor cells) and microwave imaging or microwave tomography (used to monitor
breast cancer). Microwaves are also used in industrial processes for drying and curing
products.
In cooking or heating food, the microwaves in a
microwave oven penetrate and agitate the water molecules
within the food, creating molecular friction which produces
heat to cook the food.
Microwave Radar Remote Sensing. Microwave remote
sensing is useful for geophysical investigations by measuring
signals arising due to interaction of microwaves with natural
media. It has the ability to day/night operation independent
of sun or illumination conditions. It can penetrate the
clouds, rain, vegetation and even very dry soil surfaces. The
penetration of signal is directly proportional to wavelength
of microwave signal.
Terrestrial communication. A cell phone is a radio
transmitter and receiver that use microwaves. Cellular
phones depend on overlapping network of cells. Each cell
has its tower that receives and sends microwave signals.
Infrared radiations (IR) have a low frequency than the red part of the visible
light. IR can’t be seen but we feel it as heat. IR are used in remote control for household
electrical appliances, burglar alarm system, night vision cameras , car locking system,
computers, and printers.
In the medical field, heat lamps are used to heal sports injuries, medical infrared
imaging is used in diagnosis and prognosis in areas like oncology and orthopedics. IR is
used to monitor progress in therapy and rehabilitation.

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Thermal scanner also uses IR to detect body temperature of people so

individuals with higher temperatures, like those associated with COVID-19, can be
identified quickly. Thermal cameras detect radiating heat from a body usually from the
forehead and then estimate core body temperature. They can give a reasonable
measure of skin temperature, to within half a degree.
Heat lamps used in physiotheraphy Thermal scanner Thermal imaging camera
Visible light is the only EM radiation perceived by the human eye which lies
between Infrared Radiation and Ultraviolet. White light is made up of a variety of colors
arranged in the sequence of decreasing wavelength with an acronym ROYGBV: red,
orange, yellow, green, blue and violet. It has many applications such as: in traffic lights,
commercial displays, cars headlights and tail lights, in screen of electronic devices like
television and touchpad devices, in artificial lighting, in VLC(Visible light communication)
with light emitting diodes, in optical fibers that replaced telephone wires, and in medical
field, LASER (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is used in optical
imaging, endoscopy, surgery and treatment, and optical fibers, a flexible tube with tiny
camera used as imaging and illumination components of endoscopes in observing the
internal parts of the body.
LASER used in eye surgery Optical fibers Television screen
Ultraviolet Radiation(UV) is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that

consists of frequencies higher than visible light but lower than X-rays. Having a higher
frequency, UV carry higher amount of energy. They can burn skin, damage eyes and
tissues. Hospitals make use of UV to sterilize medical instruments and other materials to
kill harmful bacteria and viruses specifically this pandemic. UVA ( Ultraviolet Type A)
is used to treat skin diseases like vitiligo and psoriasis. UV stimulates the production of
Vitamin D in our body, can identify original from fake banknotes, can be used for
sterilization of water in fountains, and used in theater as fluorescence. It is also used in
pest control devices and fly and mosquito traps.
Mosquito Killer UV counterfeit money detector UV sterilizer box

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X- rays are classified as either hard or soft X-rays. Hard X-rays are more
penetrating than the soft ones and are used mainly in industries, in airports or in
engineering applications. Soft X-rays can penetrate soft substances such as flesh and
bones. These are used in detecting abnormalities in the skeletal system like fractures and
tumors, in dental imaging and in taking photographs of our internal organ parts as in
CAT(computer axial tomography).
Airport luggage scanner X- ray imaging
Gamma rays are emitted by sun and stars and can be given off by radioactive
materials like Cobalt -60 and Cesium- 137 or by interstellar matter and remnants of
supernova. They have the highest energy and highly penetrating because of their very
short wavelength and very high frequency. They are used in industries to detect cracks in
metals and to sterilize equipment and commercial products as well as in refining and
mining. Likewise Gamma rays are used in food irradiation and in breeding new seed
varieties and can be used in to kill cancer cell. Gamma ray treat tumors and cancer
through the process called radiotherapy. The high-energy rays of gamma destroy cancer
cells in the area where it is given. Gamma rays sterilize surgical instruments because they
easily penetrate through materials and the energy they release kills bacteria and other
microorganisms.
Radiotherapy Gamma ray Irradiation Sterilizer
Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation

Most of us are used to the conveniences of modern life. But few of us are aware of
the possible health risks presented by the gadgets that make our world work. The
technologies we use today emit electromagnetic radiations. These radiations are the
essential driver of modern technological and economic growth. The excessive use of EM
wave based electrical device has some adverse impacts on human health and our
environment. The hazards brought about by EM waves depend on their frequency and the
energy of an EM radiation is dependent on its frequency too. Specifically the energy (E)
of a wave is related to its frequency (f) by the using this equation: E = hf , where h is
the Planck’s constant and is equal to 6.63 x 10-34 J.s. Thus, higher the frequency of an EM
wave, the higher its energy.
Effects to human
There are two types of radiations: the ionizing and non- ionizing radiations. The
High-level radiation, called ionizing radiation, such as X-rays and Gamma rays
have sufficient amount of energy to induce ionization.

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Ionization is the process of removing electrons from a neutral atom. Exposure to
ionizing radiation may cause either an immediate effect or delayed effect. An
immediate effect can be death or radiation burns . Ionizing radiation can produce
molecular changes or damage in biological tissues , including the DNA. Delayed effects
can be cancer or mutation on the person exposed to radiation or to his offspring.
Examples: higher incidence of cancer or deformity experienced by the survivors of atomic
bombings and nuclear fallouts.
Low-level radiation, also called non-ionizing radiation includes all other parts of
the electromagnetic spectrum. It is mild and less dangerous but still poses some health
issues. Examples: Microwaves can cause cataract, over exposure to Infrared rays can lead
to burns and pain, LASER can cause blindness, too much exposure to UV rays can cause
skin cancer or even damage the retina of the eyes.
Effects to Environment
The presence of excessive greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the greater the
amount trapped of infrared waves, the greater the rise in temperature. It is the enhanced
greenhouse effect that leads to global warming.
The penetration of high levels of UV rays can also disrupt the activities of
organisms that depend on them. The planktons sink deeper into the water when exposed
to too much UV rays. The amount of visible light that will reach the plankton will
eventually decrease, thereby hindering photosynthesis and growth. Interference from
electronics and AM signals can change the internal magnetic compasses of migratory
birds. Ionizing radiation that comes from nuclear material may result in the weakening of
plant seeds and mutation.
References:
1. Ahlbom, A. & Feyching, M. (2003). Electromagnetic Radiation: Environmental Pollution and Health.
British Medical Bulletin, Volume 68, issue 1, pages 157 – 165 retrieved from
https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/68/1/157/421256 on June 4, 2020.
3. Evangelista, E.V., et al (2019). Science in Today’s World. The New Grade 10. (2nd edition) SIBS
4. Learning Resource Materials in Science 10 (2020). Retrieved from
https://commons.deped.gov.ph/documents?filter[category]=1d62761e-a439-4904-
a3da33e352d054c6&fbclid=IwAR2ubZK9Wgp8HbguLtBmYb_0f54uleYpFjMh9jTPxl6rT7yv24FHIc9IzXY
5. Pavico, J. M., et al (2015). Exploring Life Through Science series: The New Grade 10 (1st edition) Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc., Quezon City.
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(Reminder: Please follow the format in the first activity.)
I. Direction: A. Below are some applications of electromagnetic waves. Tell the type
of EM wave used in each application: Remembering
1. Remote controls for TV sets 8. Stimulation of Vitamin D in the skin
2. Texting and cooking food 9. Thermal scanner
3. Airport luggage scanner 10. Sterilization of medical instruments
4. LASER 11. Diagnosis of bone fracture
5. Radiotherapy 12. Food irradiation
6. Radar remote sensing 13. MRI
7. Cellular phone 14.Optical fiber

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B. For each EM wave, give at least one positive and one negative effect. Understanding
EM waves Positive Effects Negative effects
Radio wave
Microwave
Infrared rays
Visible light
Ultraviolet rays
X –rays
Gamma rays
C. Write the effect of the given EM waves on living things and the environment when
exposed to large amount. Understanding
II. Critical Thinking

1. Can we use electromagnetic waves in our daily lives? How? Analyzing
2. Why do astronauts use radios while talking to each other in outer space? Applying
3. How can you protect yourself from the harmful effects of electromagnetic waves?
Applying
4. Waves are energy carriers. Based on their frequencies, which carries the most
energy? Why? Analyzing
5. Why high-frequency electromagnetic waves like gamma rays are harmful to living
things yet oftentimes it is used in medical treatment like cancer? Evaluating
III. Application: Applying
1. How can your knowledge of EM waves help improve the quality of your life?
2. Explain how a thermal scanner placed in airports and in business
establishments can help prevent the spread of COVID -19.
Performance Task 1
Goal – Make a photo journal of your daily encounter with Electromagnetic waves for
three days. (Integration with English class and Mathematics class)
Role – A student representing the school in a City-wide photojournalism competition
during the celebration of World Earth Day.
Audience – You will be presenting to the panel of judges a photo journal featuring the
effects of electromagnetic waves on humans and the environment.
Situation - Iloilo City is celebrating World Earth Day. One of the activities in the
said event is a photojournalism competition that focuses on the effect of
electromagnetic waves on humans and the environment. Show in your output the
types of EM waves encountered for three days, their impact on human health and
the environment and the amount of ionization energy each wave produces.
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Product - Modular Students: Submit a four pages photojournal of 1/2 short-sized
bond paper
Online students: Submit a pdf file to our Google classroom.
Standards and Criteria- The output will be evaluated and rated based on the
accuracy and relevance of the content, content information/ scientific evidence,
creativity and overall impact, and must meet the following standards based on the
rubrics below.
Rubrics:
Criteria Excellent (4) Satisfactory(3) Fair (2) Needs

Improvement(1)
Accuracy and 91-100% of the 81-90% of the 71-80% of the Less than 71 %
Relevance information is information is information is of the
(30%) correct and correct and correct and information is
relevant relevant relevant correct and
relevant
Content 91-100% of the 81-90% of the 71-80% of the Less than 71 %
information/ information information information of the
Scientific presented is presented is presented is information
evidence (30%) supported by supported by supported by presented is
scientific scientific evidence scientific supported by
evidence evidence scientific
evidence
Creativity/ The output is The output is The output is The output is
Overall impact very organized organized and minimally not organized
(30%) and highly creative organized and and shows no
creative less creative effort.
Promptness in The output was The output was The output was The output was
submission submitted on submitted within submitted a day submitted 2
(10%) time. the day but not after the days after the
on the specified deadline. deadline.
time.
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Quarter 2 - Week 3
S10FE-11g-50 MELC: Predict the qualitative characteristics, orientation, type
magnification of images formed by plane, and curved mirrors and lenses.
During school days in the old normal, you always see to it that you are properly
groomed before going to school. You comb your hair and check yourself in front of a
mirror. When you go strolling along the bank of a clear river, you looked down on the
still water. What have you seen? Have you ever wondered why you see your image in a
mirror, in clear still water or in any smooth and shiny surface?

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Mirrors, polished metal surfaces and still pool of water

form images when objects are placed in front of them. This
phenomenon occurs because when light strikes a surface some
of it is reflected in accordance with certain laws.
Reflection is the bouncing back of light into the same
medium it has been travelling after striking a surface.
The ray that strikes the surface is called the incident ray. The ray that rebounds from the
surface is called the reflected ray. A line perpendicular to the surface at the point of
incidence is called the normal. The angle between incident ray and the normal is called
the angle of incidence (Ɵi) and the angle between the reflected ray and the normal is
called the angle of reflection. Figure 3-2 shows these rays and angles.
The Laws of Reflection

There are two types of reflection. Reflection from smooth surfaces is called
regular or specular reflection. Reflection from rough surfaces is called diffused reflection.
Figure 3-3 below shows these types of reflection.
Each individual ray for each type of reflection obeys the following laws of
reflection.
1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. That is, Ɵi = Ɵr
2. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray lie on one plane.
When a group of parallel rays strikes a smooth flat surface (example: a mirror)
the reflected rays are parallel to each other. Reflection is regular or specular.
When a group of parallel rays that strikes a rough surface, the normal line at the
point of incidence is different for each ray, thus the reflected rays are scattered and
cannot be parallel to each other.
Mirrors
A mirror is any surface that is smooth enough to produce regular reflection of
light incident upon it. The two types of mirrors are: plane and spherical mirror.
1. A plane mirror is one with a flat surface. It is the ordinary mirror used at home and
usually used by architects or interior designers to make a room appear bigger.
2. A spherical mirror or curved mirror has a reflecting surface taken from the surface
of a sphere. There are two types of curved mirrors: concave mirror and convex mirror.

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Mirrors
A mirror is any surface that is smooth enough to produce regular reflection of
light incident upon it. The two types of mirrors are: plane and spherical mirror.
1. A plane mirror is one with a flat surface. It is the ordinary mirror used at home and
usually used by architects or interior designers to make a room appear bigger.
2. A spherical mirror or curved mirror has a reflecting surface taken from the
surface of a sphere. There are two types of curved mirrors: concave mirror and convex
mirror.
The image formed by a mirror maybe real or virtual. A real image of an object
is formed by actual intersection of reflected rays. It is formed in front of the mirror and
can be achieved when the screen is presented on the same plane of the image. On the
other hand a virtual image is an upright image which can be achieved where the rays
seem to diverge but does not converge in reality. This image is formed behind the
mirror.
Plane mirrors produces an image that is always virtual, upright, of the same size
as the object, located at the same distance from the mirror as the distance of the object
in front of the mirror, and laterally reverse.
Science Trivia . If you want to see your full image in a plane mirror regardless
of how far you are from it, the minimum size you need is one half of your height and it
should be positioned at one half the distance between your feet and your eyes.
References:

2. Good Science (2020). Types of Mirror. Retrieved from https://www.goodscience.com.au/
year-9-physics/reflection-and-mirrors/1-mirrors/ on June 4, 2020.
3. Pavico, J. M., et al (2015). Exploring Life Through Science series: The New Grade 10 (1st edition)
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., Quezon City.
4. Plane Mirror (2020). Retrieved from www.sciencefacts. net/plane-mirror.html on June 4, 2020.
5. Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines (2020). Science 10 Quarter 2 Module 3.
Qualitative Characteristics of Images. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/User/
Downloads/Science10_Q2_Mod3_QualitativeCharacteristicsOfImages_V4.pdfon October 13, 2021.

9
*************************************************************
I. Hands-On Activity: “Images formed in a Plane Mirror”

Direction: Stand in front of a plane mirror and look at the image formed. Answer
the following questions.
1. Describe your image.
2. Raise your right hand. What hand does your image raise?
3. Compare your actual size to the size of your image. What happened to the size
of your image?
4. What type of image was formed?
5. What is the distance of your image from you if you stand 1.0 m in front of a
plane mirror?
6. If you are 1.5 m tall in front of a plane mirror. What is the height of your image?
II. What I have learned.

Instruction: Below is the qualitative characteristics of images. Determine whether it
is REAL or VIRTUAL type of image. Remembering
1. ____________________is upright.
2. ____________________is inverted.
3. ____________________ is behind the mirror.
4. ____________________ is formed by convex mirror.
5. ____________________can be projected onto a screen.
III. Essential questions:

1. What is a mirror? Remembering
2. In a plane mirror, how do the height and distance of the object relate with the
height and distance of his image? Understanding
3. Differentiate a plane mirror from a spherical mirror. Understanding
4. Differentiate a real image from a virtual image. Understanding
5. Describe the image formed in a plane mirror. Understanding
6. Mirrors apply the concept of reflection. What kind of reflection do plane mirrors
produce? Why? Understanding
7. When does reflection occur? Understanding
8. The angle of incidence of a light ray is 250. What will be its angle of reflection?
Why? Applying
9. When light hits a surface some of it is reflected. Why can’t we see our image on
a cemented pavement? Applying
10. Reflection of light is a natural phenomenon. How is the reflection of light
evident in nature? Evaluating

9
IV. Critical Thinking
1. Explain why the word” AMBULANCE” in an ambulance car is flipped. Applying
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Science10_Q2_Mod3_Quali
tativeCharacteristicsOfImages_V4.pdf
2. Interior designers usually use plane mirrors in small rooms. How can a plane mirror
make a room appear wider? Applying
3. When the road is dry, it is basically a rough surface and scatters light. If the road is
wet, the water fills the irregularities and makes the road smooth which makes it
reflect light readily like a plane mirror. Is it advisable to travel long distances at night
time on rainy days? Why? Applying
4. Two plane mirrors, Mirror A and Mirror B, face each other. An object is placed
somewhere between them. Mirror A forms an image of this object 45 cm behind it.
Mirror B forms an image of this object 85 cm behind it. How far apart are the two
mirrors? (Evaluating) Explain your answer and support it with diagrams. Creating
5. A young lady is 150 cm tall. She wishes to buy a mirror for her to see herself from
head to toe at the same time. What is the shortest possible height of the mirror that
she can buy? (Applying) Prove your answer using a ray diagram. Creating
***********************************************************************
Quarter 2 - Week 4
S10FE-11g-50 MELC: Predict the qualitative characteristics, orientation, type
magnification of images formed formed by plane, curved mirrors and lenses.
Concepts: For Online Class: Powerpoint Presentation For modular class: Reading of SLK
Have you ever tried looking your image at a shiny

spoon? What have you seen?
A shiny spoon is a typical example of a spherical mirror.
If you look at the concave side, the image is small and upside
down. When you move the spoon closer to you, the image
increases its size up to a certain point. After this point your
image becomes upright. If you look on the bulging or convex
side, the image is small and upright. When you move the
spoon, closer or farther from you or at any distance the size
and orientation of the image remain the same.

9
Spherical Mirrors
A spherical mirror or curved mirror has a reflecting surface taken from the
surface of a sphere. There are two types of curved mirrors: concave mirror and convex
mirror. A concave mirror curves inwards in the direction of the incident rays. The
hollow part of a shiny spoon, shaving mirrors, make up mirrors and dentist’s mirrors are
concave mirrors. A convex mirror bulges outward to the incident ray. A shiny
Christmas ball, the back portion of a shiny spoon, the rearview mirrors in cars, and the
wide range mirrors in supermarkets are convex mirrors.
https://www.goodscience.com.au/year-9-physics/reflection-and-mirrors/1-mirrors/
Figure 4-2. Types of Spherical Mirrors
The image formed by a curved mirror maybe real or virtual. A real image of an
object is formed by actual intersection of reflected rays. It is formed in front of the
mirror and can be achieved when the screen is presented on the same plane of the
image. On the other hand, a virtual image is an upright image which can be achieved
where the rays seem to diverge but does not converge in reality. This image is formed
behind the mirror.
The image formed by a convex mirror is never real because the because the
reflected rays spread out from the mirror. The image in a convex mirror is always
virtual, upright and smaller than the object.
A concave mirror can produce a real or virtual images depending on the
distance between the object and the mirror. The image formed is real if the object is
placed at a distance greater than the focal length of the mirror and virtual if the object is
placed at a distance less than the mirror’s focal length.The image may also be larger
than, same size, or smaller than the object.
Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-convex-and-concave-mirror.html
Figure 4-3. Parts of Spherical Mirrors
The center of the mirror is called vertex V or sometimes called the pole of the
mirror. A normal line drawn from the vertex of the mirror represents the principal axis.
The rays parallel to the principal axis are brought to a single point called focus F. The
distance of the focus from the vertex is the focal length, f. A real image is formed in
front of a mirror while virtual image is formed behind the mirror. The center of the
sphere is called the center of curvature C. The distance from the vertex to center of
curvature C is the radius R of curvature. The focal length of the mirror is equal to half
of the radius of curvature R. f=R/2.

9
Ray Tracing for Spherical Figure 4-4. Ray Diagram

Mirrors Concave Mirror Convex Mirror
In describing the image
formed by spherical mirror, there
are three “special rays’ that are
convenient to draw. The
intersection of any of these rays will
give us the position of the image.
1. PF ray – a ray parallel to the
principal axis is reflected through
the focus.
2. FP ray – a ray passing through

the focus is reflected parallel to the
principal axis.
3. V ray – a ray passing through

the vertex of the mirror, is reflected
at an equal angle on the opposite
side of the principal axis.
http://myphysicswebschool.blogspot.com/2011/07/ray-diagram.html
Illustrative Example of Ray Diagramming:

The object is located beyond C in front of a concave mirror Figure 4-5 and a convex
mirror Figure 4-6.
Figure 4-5. Concave mirror Figure 4-6. Convex mirror
Image is smaller than the object, real, and inverted Image is reduced, virtual and upright
.
References:

2. Good Science (2020). Types of Mirror. Retrieved from https://www.goodscience.com.au/year-9-
physics/reflection-and-mirrors/1-mirrors/ on June 4, 2020.
3. Pavico, J. M., et al (2015). Exploring Life Through Science series: The New Grade 10 (1st edition)
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., Quezon City.
4. Ray Diagram (2011). Retrieved from http://myphysicswebschool.blogspot.com/2011/07/ray-
diagram.html on June 4, 2020
5. Urine, P.P., et. Al. (2020) Online Physics for High School. Rice Univerversity, Openstax.org.
Retrieved from https://openstax.org/books/physics/pages/16-1-reflection on June 4, 2020
6. https://commons.deped.gov.ph/documents?filter%5Bcategory%5D=1d62761e-a439-4904-a3da-
33e352d054c6

9
*************************************************************
I. Hands-On Activity. “Image Formed by Curved Mirrors”

1. Get a spoon. This can serve as your mirror.
2. Look at the concave surface of the spoon.
Place the mirror very near your face.
3. Bring the spoon arm’s length
distance away from you.
4. Look now at the convex surface of the spoon.
Observe your image as you bring the spoon
farther from you.
Fig.15Science10_Q2_Mod3_QualitativeCharacteristi
Directions: Answer the following questions. csOfImages_V4.
1. Describe your image as you look at your face on the concave surface of the
spoon.
2. Describe your image after you bring the spoon on arm’s length distance away
from you using the concave surface of the spoon.
3. Describe your image as you look at your face on the convex surface of the
spoon.
4. Describe your image after you bring the spoon on arm’s length distance away
from you using the convex surface of the mirror.
II. Ray Diagramming: (Understanding, Applying, Creating)

Copy the table in your answer sheet. Trace the path of the light ray (ray diagram) in each
illustration to locate the image. State the characteristics (LOST) by filling out the table.
Location of Object Location of Orientation Size Type
Image (Upright/Inverted) (same, (real/virtual)
reduced,
enlarged)
Concave

9
Convex
D. Applications:
1. What kind of spherical mirror is used by dentists? Why? Understanding
2. Some rearview mirrors in cars have this warning: “Objects in mirror are closer than
they appear.” Explain why? Analyzing
3. What kind of curved mirror do you see in most department stores? Why do they use
such kind of mirror? Applying
***********************************************************************
Quarter 2 - Week 5

S10FE-11g-50 MELC: Predict the qualitative characteristics, orientation, type,
magnification of images formed by plane, and curved mirrors and lenses.
Lens helps us see the world clearly with our

eyes. When an object emits light rays of visible
wavelength, it enters our eyes through a lens and
falls on the light-sensitive membrane called retina. A
real and inverted image is formed on the retina, the
nerve impulses attached to the retina sends this data
in the form of signals to the brain, which is
eventually interpreted by the brain, and we see the
objects clearly. This task is done by the convex lens
present in our eyes. The convex lens converges the
www.online-sciences.com light rays at one point on the retina; hence it
provides a clear and sharp image of the object.
Figure 5-1. The Human eyes

9
Magnifying glasses trick our eyes by creating

the illusion of a bigger image behind the lens. This
illusion, a magnified image of the object can be
observed, is the virtual image formed by the convex
lens.
Some people are suffering from farsightedness, Figure 5-2

can see far objects clearly but have the difficulty seeing Magnifyingglasses.co.uk
nearby objects. This condition happens because the

ciliary muscles of the eyes fail to adjust the focal length
of the eye lens, hence the image formed is far beyond
the retina and the person sees a blurry image. To
correct this condition, a convex lens is used in the
eyeglasses that converge the light rays and focus it on
the surface of the retina, hence a bright and clear image
Figure 5 – 3
is obtained. Pixabay. com.
A spherical lens is a piece of glass or transparent material having at least one

spherical surface that refracts light. A spherical lens can be convex and concave .
Lenses that are thicker at the middle than at the edges are called convex lenses and
those thicker at the edges than at the middle are concave lenses.
Convex lenses are converging lenses. When a beam of parallel rays
falls on a convex lens, the rays are refracted and converge to a point called the
principal focus (F). Concave lenses are diverging lenses. When a beam of parallel
rays falls on a concave lens, the rays spread out and when extended, the refracted rays
will appear to come from a point in front of the lens called the principal focus of the
concave lens.
Types of lenses
Figure 5- 4. Converging and diverging lenses

https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/which-type-of-a-lens-is-a-a-converging-lens-and-which-is-b-a/
Parts of a lens
1. Optical Center (O) it is center point of the lens.
2. Focal length (f) is the distance from the optical center of the lens to the principal
focus.
3. Principal axis is the line joining the optical center and the principal focus.
4. Vertical axis is the line drawn perpendicular to the principal axis and passing
through the vertex of the lens.
5. A lens has two curved surfaces suggesting that it has two radii (plural of radius) of
curvatures and two foci (plural of focus). The location of the focus depends on the
curvature of the lens.

9
For convex lens, the principal focus F is the focal point behind the lens. The
other focal point, F’ (secondary focus) is in front of the lens.
For concave lens, the principal focus F and the secondary focus F’ are the focal
points in front of and behind the lens, respectively.
Figure 5-5 Parts of Lenses

http://www.physics.louisville.edu/cldavis/phys299/notes/lo_lenses.html
Image Formation by a Convex Lens (Converging lens)
1. A ray travelling parallel to the principal axis will be refracted away from the near
focus of the lens.
2. A ray passing through the vertex will pass through the lens without bending.
3. A ray directed toward the far focus will be refracted parallel to the principal axis of
the lens.
Figure 5- 6: Ray diagramming in Convex Lens

https://sites.google.com/a/lkdsb.com/mrcampbellsscienceclass/home/snc2d-main-page/snc2d-
blog/day27drawingraydiagramslenses?tmpl
Image Formation by a Concave Lens (Diverging Lens)
1. A ray travelling parallel to the principal axis will be refracted toward the far focal
point of the lens.
2. A ray passing through vertex of the lens will pass through the lens without bending.
3. A ray passing through the near focal point will be refracted parallel to the principal
axis of the lens.
Figure 5-7 Ray diagramming Concave Lens

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/refrn/Lesson-5/Diverging-Lenses-Ray-Diagrams
Note: The intersection of at least 2 refracted rays is the location of the image.
A convex lens (converging lens) can produce real and virtual images,
upright or inverted and same size, reduced or enlarged depending on the
location of the object. The image formed by a convex lens is real if the object is placed
at a distance greater than its focal length. The image is virtual for distance less than the
lens’ focal length.
A concave lens (diverging lens) can only produce or form virtual
images. The virtual image is upright and smaller than the object.
9
References:
1. Davis, C. L. (2020). Thin Lenses. Physics Department, University of Louisville, USA. Retrieved from
http://www.physics.louisville.edu/cldavis/phys299/notes/lo_lenses.html on June 3, 2020.
2. Campbell, B. (2013) Drawing Ray Diagram. Retrieved from https://sites.google.com/a/ lkdsb.com/
mrcampbellsscienceclass/home/snc2d-main-page/snc2d---blog/day27-drawingraydiagramslenses?
tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&shPrintDialog=1
3. Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines (2015) . Science 10 Learning Material.
4.. Pavico , J. M. , et al (2015) . Exploring Life Through Science series: The New Grade 10
( 1st edition)Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. , Quezon City.
5. Lenses. Retrieved from https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/which-type-of-a-lens-is-a-a-converging-
lens-and-which-is-b-a/ on June 3, 2020
*************************************************************
I. Ray Diagramming: (Understanding, Applying, Creating)

A. Describe the image formed by a converging lens for an object placed at different
locations in front of the lens. Use the ray diagramming and the three (3) rays in image
formation. Draw your ray diagramming in a graphing paper and use the following data:
f = 2 cm, Size of Object = 2 cm tall. Then, fill in the table.
Note: Copy tables A and B in your answer sheet:
Table A
Location of Location of the Orientation( Upright Size of the Type of Image
the object Image or inverted) image ( Real or Virtual)
Beyond 2F
At 2F
Between F
and 2F
B. Describe the image formed by a diverging lens for an object placed at different
locations in front of the lens. Use the ray diagramming and use the three (3) rays in
image formation. Draw your ray diagramming in a graphing paper and use the following
data: f = 2 cm, Size of Object = 2 cm tall. Then fill in the table.
Table B
Location of Location of the Orientation( Upright Size of the Type of Image
the object Image or inverted) image ( Real or Virtual)
At 2F
Between F
and V
II. Essay: (Applying, Evaluating)

In a nearsighted /myopic eye, the image of a far object is focused in front of
the retina while in a farsighted /hyperopic eye, the image is focused behind the retina.
How are you going to correct these eye defects using diverging and converging lenses?
Explain.

9
Quarter 2- Week 6
S10FE-11h-52: Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine
their use in optical instruments (e.g., cameras and binoculars)
Concept For Online Class: Powerpoint Presentation For modular class: Reading (SLK)
Mirrors and lenses have a crucial impact on humanity and everyday life. Mirrors
are usually used at homes by letting us see ourselves when we put on makeup, wash our
faces, try on clothes and more, and for interior architectural designs. Mirrors and lenses
are also used in equipment for research, photography, correcting vision problems,
medical equipment, security monitoring system in business establishments and hotels, as
well as in vehicles. In some cases, according to experts, the number one item that is
most essential for survival on a deserted island is a mirror. Mirrors can reflect sunlight for
long distance signaling up to tens of miles to overhead aircraft.
Applications of Concave and Convex Mirrors

Spherical mirrors classified as convex and concave mirrors have several applications:
Concave mirror, also known as a converging mirror has reflecting surface which
collects light inward and focus them to one focal point. This is used by dentist in
magnifying the area behind your teeth to check on the cavities and tooth decay. ( Figure
6-1). For illuminating purposes, concave mirrors are used in headlamps ( Figure 6-2),
flashlights (Figure 6- 3) and spotlights. In these devices, the light rays that gathered
from a small source of the mirror are collected and directed outward in a beam. Small
light source bounded by a concave mirror flashes a brighter beam.
Figure 6- 1.Dentists uses concave mirror Figure 6- 3. Car headlight Figure 6- 4. Flashlight
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/3-140112221632-phpapp02/95/3-15-light-7-638.jpg?cb=1389565372
Convex mirror, also known as diverging mirror, is another type of spherical mirror
which has the outer bulging surface that reflects light instead of the inner one. This
makes bigger objects appear to be smaller than their original form. A car’s side mirrors
enable the driver and its passenger to see the vehicles behind (Figure 6- 5). It is also
used as a passenger- side rearview mirrors and to provide visibility at blind spots, such
as hallway corners and driveway exits (Figure 6-6). Also, while in mall supermarkets
and in some convenience stores, you may notice mirrors hanging on corners from which
you can see your reflection and those of other people ( Figure 6-7).
Figure 6- 5 Figure 6-6 Figure 6-7

https://setofextensiveblogs.wordpress.com/2016/02/23/most-promising-use-of-convex-mirror-in-daily-lives/

9
Optics and Optical Instruments

Optics is the study of visible light and the ways it can be used to extend human
vision and do other tasks. Knowledge of light was needed for the invention of optical
instruments such as microscopes, telescopes, and cameras. These instruments use mirrors
and lenses to reflect and refract light and form images.
A. The Camera and the Human Eye
A camera is an optical instrument that forms and records an image of an object.
The image may be recorded on film or it may be detected by an electronic sensor that
stores the image digitally. The image is a copy of an object created by reflection or
refraction of visible light. Regardless of how the image is recorded, all cameras form images
in the same basic way, as shown in the Figure 6-8 below.
Figure 6.8: A view inside the DLSR camera Figure 6-9. a DLSR camera
Science10_Q2_Mod4_UsesOfMirrorAndLenses_V4.pdfschool-physical-science-flexbook-2.0/section/19.9/
As illustrated in Figure 6-8, DSLR camera uses convex lenses where light rays pass
through. These light rays are directed towards the slanted mirror located near the camera
shutter, and then reflected from a translucent screen projected to another mirror until it
reaches the viewer’s eye. Through this, the photographer will be able to see what he is
capturing. The image formed by the passing of light rays, from the object through the lens
directing to the film of the camera, is affected by the angle of the light entry. The closer the
lens to the object, the farther the beams converge. The farther the object from the lens, the
shorter the distance the light beams converge. That is how the camera works.
The human eyes are natural cameras.

Some of the basic and fundamental parts of a camera functions just like how the
different parts of our eyes work. Among these are the lens, the aperture, iris diaphragm,
shutter, and photographic film. The lens, just like the
cornea of our eyes gathers and bends light rays
inwardly to the camera. The iris diaphragm controls
the size of the aperture (opening) to regulate the light
that enters. This duo resembles the iris and the pupil
of our eyes. The shutter opens and shuts the aperture to
avoid too much light exposure thus helping the
Figure 6-10. The Human eye photographic film capture a beautiful image similar to
https://www.news-medical.net the work done by the eyelids and the retina. The human
/health/Anatomy-of-the-Human-Eye.aspx
eye has some limitations thus other optical instruments
are created to compensate it.
B. Microscope
A compound microscope has at least two convex lenses: one or more objective lenses
and one or more eyepiece lenses. The objective lenses are close to the object being
viewed. They form an enlarged image of the object inside the microscope.

9
The eyepiece lenses are close to the viewer’s eyes. They form an enlarged image
of the first image. The magnifications of all the lenses are multiplied together to yield the
overall magnification of the microscope. Some light microscopes can magnify objects
more than 1000 times! The microscope has revealed secrets of the natural world like no
other single invention. The microscope let scientists see entire new worlds, leading to
many discoveries—especially in biology and medicine—that could not have been made
without it. Some examples include the discovery of cells and the identification
of bacteria and other single-celled organisms. With the development of more powerful
microscopes, viruses were discovered and even atoms finally became visible. These
discoveries changed our ideas about the human body and the nature of life itself. The
light microscope and telescope use convex lenses and mirrors to make enlarged images
of very tiny or distant objects. A camera uses a convex lens to make a reduced image of
an object.
How a Compound Microscope Works
1. The object to be viewed is placed in a

glass platform called the stage.
2. Bright light reflects off a small plane
mirror, and shines upward through the
stage and the objective lenses above it.
3. The viewer looks through eyepiece
lenses to seethe magnified image of the
object.
4. Knobs on the side of the microscope
allow the viewer to move the lenses
up and down in order to bring the Figure 6 – 11. A compound microscope
https://www2.nau.edu/lrm22/lessons
image into focus. /microscope/microscope_notes.html
C. Telescope
A telescope makes distant objects appear closer and bigger. It consists of two
converging lenses to make enlarged images such as distant stars—that only appear tiny
because they are very far away. The two converging lenses are: the objective lens with a
long focal length and the eyepiece lens with a short focal length. The objective lens is
used to collect light from a distant object and to form the first image. The eyepiece lens
is is a magnifying lens which produces a final virtual image at a distance.
There are two types of telescopes: reflecting telescope operates based on the
principle of reflection and refracting telescope focuses light through lens.
A reflecting telescope uses a concave mirror to collect and focus light. The
light then strikes a smaller plane mirror, which reflects light into the eyepiece at the side
of the telescope. The eyepiece is on the side so it doesn’t block the incoming light. A
convex lens in the eyepiece enlarges the image (Figure 6-12).

9
A refracting telescope uses a convex lens to collect and focus light. It uses
another convex lens in the eyepiece to enlarge the image made by the first convex lens
(Figure 6-13).
Figure 6-12. Reflecting Telescope Figure 6-13. Refracting Telescope

Concave Lenses and Myopia (nearsightedness) Correction
Concave lenses, such as eyeglasses and contact lenses are used in correcting
myopia (nearsightedness). Myopia is a condition in which light rays focus in front of the
eye’s retina instead of, on the retina. The result of this condition is a makes distant
object to appear blurry, while near objects appear normal.
Figure 6-14. Light rays converge in front of the retina Figure 6--15. Light rays converge in the retina
Meniscus Lenses and Hyperopia (farsightedness) Correction
Hyperopia is the eye condition that enables someone to see distant object
clearly but makes nearby object seem blurry. This condition is due to the inability one’s
eyes to focus on objects closer to the eyes. A person with hyperopia has a shortened
eyeball, in which the retina lies closer than usual to the cornea and lens. This disorder
leads to the formation of the image nearby object to form beyond retina. Hyperopia is
the opposite of myopia, another vision problem that needs correction.
To correct hyperopia, converging meniscus converging lens is used. The
converging meniscus lens converge light before it enters the eye eventually reducing
the image distance.
References:
1. Evangelista, E.V., et al ( 2019). Science in Today’s World. The New Grade 10. (2nd edition) SIBS
2. Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines (2015). Science 10 Learning Material
3. https://commons.deped.gov.ph/documents?filter%5Bcategory%5D=1d62761e-a439-4904-a3da-
33e352d054c6
4. Pavico , J. M. , et al (2015) . Exploring Life Through Science series: The New Grade 10 ( 1st
edition)Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. , Quezon City.

9
*************************************************************
A. Direction: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Differentiate the objective lens and the eyepiece of a compound microscope.
Understanding
2. Compare and contrast reflecting and refracting telescopes. Understanding
3. How does a microscope make an enlarged image of a tiny object? Applying
4. The camera is considered as a mechanical eye. It is similar to the human eye in
terms of structures and function. Complete the table below by providing the parts
of the eye and camera that does the given functions. Analyzing
Functions Camera Eye

Opening for light to enter
Regulation of time exposure
to light
Regulation of size of opening
Refracting system
Where image is formed
Focusing mechanism
5. Explain how a camera works. Understanding

6. Which principle of converging lenses describes the principle of magnifiers? Analyzing
7. What should you consider in wearing eye corrective lenses? Applying
8. What are the different vision problems and how are they corrected? Applying
9. Cite an example of an optical instrument and discuss its significance to humans.
Applying
10. Are reading glasses used by old people diverging or converging? Why? Analyzing
B. Application: Evaluating
Eyeglasses are used to correct eye diseases such as hyperopia or farsightedness,
myopia or nearsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia or aging eyes. A convex lens
can correct hyperopia, a concave lens can correct myopia, a cylindrical lens can correct
astigmatism, and a bifocal lens for aging persons.
You and your cousin want to burn some dry leaves using your eyeglasses. Your
cousin is farsighted and you are nearsighted.
(a) Whose eyeglasses will you use? Why?
(b) At what distance from the dry leaves will you place the eyeglasses for the dry
leaves to burn immediately?

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Eblue light = hf = (6.63 x 10 -34

1) Which of the electromagnetic waves has the longest wavelength? Analyzing

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Applications of Electromagnetic waves

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-

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Radar is an acronym for radio detection and

Microwaves are mainly used in satellite television, in long distance

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Thermal scanner also uses IR to detect body temperature of people so

Heat lamps used in physiotheraphy Thermal scanner Thermal imaging camera

LASER used in eye surgery Optical fibers Television screen

Ultraviolet Radiation(UV) is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that

Mosquito Killer UV counterfeit money detector UV sterilizer box

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Airport luggage scanner X- ray imaging

Radiotherapy Gamma ray Irradiation Sterilizer

Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation

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II. Critical Thinking

Criteria Excellent (4) Satisfactory(3) Fair (2) Needs

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Mirrors, polished metal surfaces and still pool of water

The Laws of Reflection

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1. Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines (2015). Science 10 Learning Material.

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I. Hands-On Activity: “Images formed in a Plane Mirror”

II. What I have learned.

III. Essential questions:

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Have you ever tried looking your image at a shiny

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Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

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Ray Tracing for Spherical Figure 4-4. Ray Diagram

2. FP ray – a ray passing through

3. V ray – a ray passing through

Illustrative Example of Ray Diagramming:

1. Department of Education, Republic of the Philippines (2015). Science 10 Learning Material.

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I. Hands-On Activity. “Image Formed by Curved Mirrors”

II. Ray Diagramming: (Understanding, Applying, Creating)

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At the end of the session, I would be able to:

Lens helps us see the world clearly with our

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Magnifying glasses trick our eyes by creating

Some people are suffering from farsightedness, Figure 5-2

nearby objects. This condition happens because the

A spherical lens is a piece of glass or transparent material having at least one

Figure 5- 4. Converging and diverging lenses

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Figure 5-5 Parts of Lenses