MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY (MELC)-BASED IN SCIENCE GRADE 10

SECOND QUARTER: FORCE, MOTION AND ENERGY

Proponent: ELAINE JANE G. GARINGO, Ph.D.

COMPENDIUM OF CONCEPTS

Week 1-2: Compare the relative wavelengths of different forms of electromagnetic waves
(S10FE-IIab-47)

Think It Over!
Did you send text messages to somebody today? Or have you
ever tried cooking in a microwave oven? Did you know that
these previously mentioned human activities make use of
microwaves? Microwaves carry energy, and so with the other
kinds of electromagnetic waves. But what are electromagnetic
waves? How can these waves become useful to us?

TRY ME!

Arrange the jumbled letters to form the term that is being described in each number.
Write the correct term in the blank.
______1. Waves that consist of both electric and magnetic fields moving together
periodically in space. (LECETORAMGENTCI WEASV)
______2. Arrangement of electromagnetic waves according to photon energy, wave
frequency and wavelength (EELCOTRGMAENTCI SMETCRPU)
______3. Portion of the spectrum to which the human eye is sensitive
(SVILBE SEPMCRTU)
______4. Waves that propagate perpendicular to the direction of the movement of the
particles of the medium (RTANSSEVRRE SEWAV)
______5. SI Unit for frequency (HTZER)

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Electromagnetic waves have both
electric and magnetic properties. They are
produced by accelerating electric charges.
A changing magnetic field produces an
electric field and a changing electric field
produces a magnetic field. As accelerated
electrons produce an electric field of a
wave, the varying electric field produces
the wave’s magnetic field. Both the
electric field and the magnetic field
oscillate perpendicular to each other and
to the direction of the propagating wave. Figure 1. Electromagnetic Wave
Properties of EM Wave
1. All electromagnetic waves can travel through a medium but unlike other types of waves,
they can also travel in vacuum.
2. They travel in vacuum at a speed of 3X108 m/s and denoted as c, the speed of light. The
wave speed, frequency, and wavelength are related by the following equation: v=λf where v is
the wave speed or c (speed of light) expressed in meters per second, the frequency f is
expressed in Hertz and the wavelength λ (lambda) is expressed in meters.
3. All the EM waves have the same speed and that is equal to the speed of light, as
wavelength decreases, the frequency of the wave increases.

Waves

Types and Parts of Wave:

a. A wave is a transfer of energy through a medium from one point to another. Some
examples of waves include water waves, sound waves, and radio waves.

b. Waves come in two different forms; a Transverse Wave which moves the medium
perpendicular to the wave motion, while Longitudinal Wave, which moves the medium
parallel to the wave motion.

c. Examples of Transverse waves would be a vibrating guitar string or electromagnetic waves,

while an example of a longitudinal wave would be a “Slinky” wave that you push and pull.
Waves have several properties which are represented in the diagrams:

a. In a Transverse wave the Crest and Troughs are the locations of maximum displacement up
or down.

b. The Amplitude is the measurement of maximum displacement. The Wavelength is the

distance of one complete wave cycle. For example, the distance from crest to crest or trough
to trough would be 1 wavelength.

c. Longitudinal wave, areas of maximum displacement are known as Compressions and

Rarefactions. The stronger the wave, the more compressed and spread out the wave medium
becomes.
 Waves carry energy through a medium. Any displacement of the wave is resisted by a
directly proportional restoring force. The work to produce big wave amplitude requires both
large forces and displacements, which results in more wave energy. Therefore, energy
transported by a wave increases with the wave amplitude.

Characteristics of Waves

a. The velocity of a wave can be calculated if you have enough information.

b. First you need to know the wavelength, or the length of one complete wave cycle. This
could be measured Crest to Crest, Trough to Trough, or any other complete cycle of a wave.

c. The second aspect you need is the wave frequency, or the number of waves or vibrations
produced per second. The frequency is measured in Hertz and the Wavelength is measured in
meters.

To understand the wave speed equation, speed v of a wave is constant for any unchanging
medium, so frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional.

The equation for calculating the velocity of a wave is: velocity = wavelength x frequency or in
equation form v = λ x f whereas: v=wave velocity Λ=lambda {wavelength} f=frequency This
equation works for any wave form, water, sound, or radio waves.

EXAMPLE: A wave has a wavelength of 5 meters and a frequency of 10 Hz. What is its
velocity? v = [5m][10 Hz] v= 50 meters per second.

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all electromagnetic waves that are
classified according to their frequency. It extends from an electromagnetic wave of low
frequency to high frequency.
The EM spectrum includes: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light,
ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
RADIOWAVES
 have the lowest frequency and longest wavelength in the
electromagnetic spectrum
 first prediction was made by James Clerk Maxwell in 1867
 originated from the vibrating electrons
 discovered by Heinrich Hertz
 Hertz was the first to send and receive radio waves
 In vacuum, speed is constant and equal to the speed of light
 Frequency ranges from 3 Hz to 300 MHz
 The higher the frequency of radio wave the shorter the time of radio
wave signal travels within a certain distance
 Can be likened to the size of a football field while gamma rays are as
small as the nuclei of an atom.


Microwaves

 Have a frequency and energy higher than radio waves

 Frequency ranges from 300 MHz to 300 GHz
 Discovered by James Maxwell
 Scientist used the term “micro” to indicate that the
Wavelength is shorter than the radio wave
 Have short wavelengths and are reflected by small objects.

Infrared
 It has a frequency higher than the frequency of
microwaves and lower than that of visible light
 The frequency of infrared extends from 300
GHz (3x1011Hz) to 405 THz (4.05x1014 Hz.
 It carries higher energy than microwaves.
 Infrared waves (heat) have shorter wavelength
than microwave
 Discovered by Frederick Herschel
Visible Light

 It is the narrow band of the

electromagnetic spectrum
that can be detected by the
human eye.
 Ranges from 4 x 1014Hz to
7x1014Hz with a
wavelength of 350 to
700nm
 It contains red light which
has the lowest frequencies
 Colors in visible light have
different wavelengths.

Ultraviolet rays
 Higher frequency than microwave and lower than visible
light
 Discovered accidentally by Johann Ritter
 Carries higher energy than microwaves
 Major source is the sun
 Shorter wavelength than visible light

X-rays
 Fall beyond UV region with higher energy
 Discovered accidentally by Wilhelm Roentgen
 Higher energy than UV ray
 Shorter wavelength than UV rays
 Gamma Rays
 Discovered by Paul
Ulrich Villard
 Have the shortest
wavelength and have
the highest frequency
and energy
 Produced when atoms
undergo radioactive The Philippine Nuclear
decay Research Institute (PNRI) is
 Have a frequency the government agency that
higher than 3x1019Hz oversees the safe and
peaceful use of high-energy
radiation.

i-EVALUATE

Worksheet 1: Electromagnetic Spectrum

A. Using the word bank below, label each part of the EM spectrum

Gamma ray x-ray Ultraviolet yellow Radio shorter higher

orange Visible infrared blue Microwave green violet longer lower red

Radio infrared Ultraviolet Gamma ray

Microwave Visible x-ray

 Gamma
x-ray Ultraviolet Visible infrared Radio microwave
Ray

VIOLET BLUE GREEN YELLOW ORANGE RED

higher longer

shorter lower

B. Relationship among wavelength, frequency and energy

Analyze the diagrams below.

Complete the paragraph below using words increase and decrease
Relationship between frequency, wavelength and energy.
1. There is an ________relationship between wavelength and frequency.
2. There is a ______ relationship between energy and frequency.
3. Therefore, as wavelength __________
increases the frequency and energy of the wave decreases.
4. As wavelength decreases, both the frequency and energy of the wave ______.
increases

 The electromagnetic spectrum has seven regions namely: radio wave,

microwave, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-ray and gamma rays.
 All EM waves travel at the same speed: 300,000km/s or 3 x 108 m/s.
 All EM waves are radiation. It is just that the longer wavelengths do
not carry enough energy in them to damage cells. Remember: the
higher the frequency, the more energy in the wave!

As you surf life’s waves, you will see good waves and bad ones. You will
have awesome and not so good rides. You will meet fellow surfers who want to
help you out and those who would rather beat you down. There will be sunny days
to enjoy. There will be storms that take away enjoyment and opportunity as the
sea becomes unstable and unsuitable for your purpose. Injustice, rude people,
hardships, difficulties and bad things will happen to your life. We cannot control
those. The only thing we cn control is our attitudes and actions we choose to take
in response.
Week 3-4: Cite examples of practical applications of the different regions of EM waves such as
the use of radio waves in telecommunications. (S10FE-IIcd-48)

Let’s EXPLORE

Electromagnetic energy travels in waves and spans a broad spectrum

from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays. The human eye can only
detect only a small portion of this spectrum called visible light. A radio detects
a different portion of the spectrum, and an x-ray machine uses yet another
portion. When you tune your radio, watch TV, send a text message, or pop
popcorn in a microwave oven, you are using electromagnetic energy.
How do you picture the world today without EM Waves?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________

APPLICATIONS OF THE DIFFERENT REGIONS OF EM WAVES

1. Radiowaves
2. Microwaves are used in satellite communications, radar, television transmission and
cooking.

 Microwaves are used for satellite

communications.
 Communication satellites travel
around the earth at an altitude of 35,
000 km above the equator.
 Antennae are mounted to point in
fixed directions towards these
satellites. Microwaves signals are
transmitted by an antenna to a
satellite which amplifies and re-
transmits the signal to an antenna in
other parts of the world. This is how
we communicate with the rest of the
world.

.
 Microwaves have short wavelengths
and are reflected by small objects.
This property is used in radars.
 Radar is the acronym of radio
detection and ranging. A radar
system is consists of an antenna,
transmitter, and a receiver.
 The antenna whirls around
continuously to scan the surrounding
area. The transmitter sends out a
narrow beam of microwaves in short
pulses.

 Microwaves are used to transmit

television news coverage from
mobile broadcast vehicles back to
the station. The news crew can
also set up a small antenna to
send signals to a communication
satellite. This is how news are
broadcasted and watched live
around the world.
  A cell phone is a radio transmitter
and receiver that uses microwaves.
Cellular phones depend on
overlapping network of cells or
areas of land several kilometres in
diameter. Each cell has its tower
that receives and sends microwave
signals. The figure below will give
you further understanding on the
process.

 In a microwave oven, foods absorb

certain microwave frequencies
very strongly.
 The microwaves penetrate the
food being heated. It will agitate
the water molecules within the
food, thus creating molecular
friction which then produces heat
that will cook it.

3. Infrared

Infrared camera is used to show

the temperature variation of the
body. Shades of blue and green
indicate colder temperature
while red and yellow indicate
warmer temperature.
 Infrared remote controls are used in TVs, video and other electronic appliances.

Infrared photographs taken

from a satellite with special
films provide useful details of
the vegetation on the Earth’s
surface

Some night-vision goggles use IR.

4. Visible Spectrum

When white light passes through a prism, it is separated into its constituent colors:
the red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These colors do not distinctly separate
but they continuously change from red to violet. Red color has the longest wavelength from
among these colors and violet has the shortest.

Our eyes are sensitive to electromagnetic waves of wavelengths that ranges from
4x10 m to 7x10 -7 m. This is the range of wavelengths of white light. Thus, the spectrum of
-7

white light is therefore called the visible spectrum. Table 3 shows the wavelengths of the
different colors that constitute the white light.
 Visible light allows us to see objects.

5. Ultraviolet Radiation

 Ultraviolet radiation in UV lamps

is used by banks to check the
signature on a passbook. The
signature is marked on the
passbook with fluorescent ink. It
becomes visible when viewed
under an ultraviolet lamp. These
lamps are also used to identify
fake banknotes.


 Ultraviolet radiation is
also used in sterilizing
water from drinking
fountains. Some
washing powder also
contains fluorescent
chemicals which glow in
sunlight. This makes
your shirt look whiter
than white in daylight.
  Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight
produces vitamin D in the skin and
gives us tanning effect. But since
UV rays have high energy, it could
be harmful to some extent. It could
burn the skin and hurt our eyes.
Overexposure to UV radiation may
cause skin cancer. Suntan or
sunscreen lotions serve as filters to
protect the body from ultraviolet
radiation.


6. X-rays are high energy radiatons.

Long wavelength X-rays can

penetrate the flesh but not the
bones. They are used in X-ray
photography to help doctors look
inside the body. They are useful in
diagnosing bone fractures and
tumors.

Short wavelength X-rays can penetrate even through metals. They are used in
industry to inspect welded joints for faults.

Xx-ray scanner used as metal detector in airport

7. Gamma Rays can pass through most materials and are quite difficult to stop.

Gamma rays are used to treat

cancer through the process
called radiotherapy.

They are also used for sterilization of drinking water and medical equipment.
 i-EVALUATE

Study the illustration and answer the questions below.

1. ___________________ used to broadcast radio and television.

2. ___________________ used in cooking, radar and telephones and other
signals.
3. ___________________ transmits heat from sun, fires, radiators.
4. ___________________ makes things able to be seen.
5. ___________________ absorbed by the skin, used in fluorescent tubes.
6. ___________________ used to view inside of bodies and objects.
7. ___________________ used in medicines for killing cancer cells.
8. What is the primary source of Earth’s electromagnetic radiation?
9. What type of waves are electromagnetic waves?
10. What speed do electromagnetic waves travel at?
 Let’s try this

Complete the table below by matching the types of radiation with its use/application.

Type of radiation Used for…

1. Gamma
treating tumor

2. X-ray
Creating images of the inside of the body

3. Ultraviolet
Security Marking in banknotes

4. Visible Light
Activates sensitive cells in the retina.

5. Infrared
Remote controls and thermal imaging

6. Microwave
Cooking

7. Radiowave
Satellite Communication

Security Marking in banknotes Treating tumor

Cooking Seeing Optical fibres and communications

Activates sensitive cells in the retina. Remote controls and thermal imaging

Creating images of the inside of the body Causes burning of tissues

Communication RADAR Satellite Communication

Week 5: Explain the effects of EM radiation on living things and the environment;
(S10FE-IIef-49)

Main Idea: Each type of EM wave poses a certain degree of

risk and danger to people and environment.

Types of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure

There are two types of EMF exposure.
 Low-level radiation, also called non-ionizing radiation, is mild and thought to be
harmless to people. Appliances like microwave ovens, cellphones, Wi-Fi routers, as
well as power lines and MRIs, send out low-level radiation.
 High-level radiation, called ionizing radiation, is the second type of radiation. It’s sent
out in the form of ultraviolet rays from the sun and X-rays from medical imaging
machines. EMF exposure intensity decreases as you increase your distance from the
object that’s sending out waves. Some common sources of EMFs, from low- to high-
level radiation, include the following:
 Non-ionizing radiation: radio wave, microwave, infrared, visible light
 Ionizing radiation ultraviolet light, X-rays, gamma rays

Hazards of electromagnetic radiation

Over-exposure to certain types of electromagnetic radiation can be harmful. The higher
the frequency of the radiation, the more damage it is likely to cause to the body:
 Microwaves cause internal heating of body tissues
 Infrared radiation is felt as heat and causes skin to burn
 UV rays could burn our skin and hurt our eyes. Overexposure may cause skin cancer.
 X-rays damage cells causing mutations (which may lead to cancer) and cell death - this is
why doctors and dentists stand behind protective screens when taking lots of X -rays
 Gamma rays also damage cells causing mutations and cell death

What to Do?

Explore how your life is affected by EM radiation by keeping an “electromagnetic

journal” for one week. Record each time you observe or come in contact with EM
radiation such as listening to radio, talking to your mobile phone or getting a sunburn.
Record the date, time and a one-sentence explanation of the incident and the type of
EM radiation that you have observed.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Symptoms of Electromagnetic Field (EMF) exposure
According to some scientists, EMFs can affect your body’s nervous system function and cause
damage to cells. Cancer and unusual growths may be one symptom of very high EMF
exposure. Other symptoms may include:
 sleep disturbances, including insomnia headache depression and depressive
symptoms
 tiredness and fatigue
 dysesthesia (a painful, often itchy sensation)
 lack of concentration
 changes in memory
 dizziness
 irritability
 loss of appetite and weight loss
 restlessness and anxiety
 nausea
 skin burning and tingling
 changes in an electroencephalogram (which measures electrical activity in the brain)

Protection from EMF exposure

According to the latest research, EMFs are unlikely to cause any adverse health effects.
You should feel safe using your cell phone, and appliances. You should also feel safe if you live
near power lines, as the EMF frequency is very low.
To reduce high-level exposure and associated risks, only receive X-rays that are
medically necessary and limit your time in the sun.
Instead of worrying about EMFs, you should simply be aware of them and reduce
exposure. Put your phone down when you aren’t using it. Use the speaker function or
ear buds so it doesn’t have to be by your ear.
Leave your phone in another room when you sleep. Don’t carry your phone in a
pocket or your bra. Be aware of possible ways of being exposed and unplug from
electronic devices and electricity and go camping once in a while.
Keep an eye on the news for any developing research on their health effects.

Create an informational poster or brochure about one particular topic. For example,
cell phone radiation (and the misconception that it can cause cancer; cell phones are
not a source of ionizing radiation), radiation by medical equipment etc.
Week 6-7: Predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and magnification) of
images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses. (S10FE-IIg50)

TRY ME!

Direction: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.

_____1. If you want to see an enlarged image of yourself, what kind of mirror are you
going to use?
a. concave mirror c. plano-concave
b. convex mirror d. plane mirror
_____2. Image formed in convex mirror is always ______.
a. virtual c. real
b. enlarged d. inverted
_____3. A flat and smooth reflecting surface is known as_______.
a. concave mirror c. plano-concave
b. convex mirror d. plane mirror
_____4. A curved mirror with an inward reflecting surface is known as ____.
a. concave mirror c. plano-concave
b. convex mirror d. plane mirror
_____5. The rear side mirror of a jeepney is an example of ________.
a. concave mirror c. plano-concave
b. convex mirror d. plane mirror
_____6. If an object is placed between the vertex and the focal point, what kind of image
is produced?
a. concave mirror c. plano-concave
b. convex mirror d. plane mirror
_____7. What kind of mirror is used by dentist in checking of dentures?
a. concave mirror c. plano-concave
b. convex mirror d. plane mirror
_____8. The bouncing of light in a surface is known as _______.
a. reflection c. polarization
b. refraction d. dispersion
_____9. A mirror with curved reflecting surface is known as_______.
a. spherical mirror c. plano-concave
b. convex mirror only d. plane mirror
_____10. A reflection in a rough reflecting surface is called ____.
a. virtual c. regular
b. real d. diffused

In optics, when an incident light reaches the surface of an object, three things might
happen. The incident light may be reflected, absorbed or refracted depending on the material
used. On the other hand, mirrors are considered the most ancient tool that are used to
reflect incident rays.
There are two types of mirror namely:
1. Plane Mirror – mirror with flat reflecting surface. For light rays striking a plane
mirror, the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. The angle of the incidence is the
angle between the incident ray and the surface normal

The characteristics of the image formed by

a plane mirror are:
1. The image is virtual.
2. The image has the same distance from
the mirror as that of the object.
3. The image has the same size as that of
the object. This is why plane mirrors have a
magnification equal to 1.
4. The image formed is reversed from left
to right.

Stay in front of a mirror. Look at your

image. Describe the size of your image
compared to your actual size. Describe
the nature of the image formed by a
The image formed by a plane mirror is plane mirror.
always virtual (meaning that the light rays
do not actually come from the image),
upright, and of the same shape and size as
the object it is reflecting. A virtual image is
a copy of an object formed at the location
from which the light rays appear to come.
However, the image is a laterally-inverted
"mirror image" of the object. If a person is
reflected in a plane mirror, the image of
his right hand appears to be the left hand
of the image. A plane mirror always forms
a virtual image (behind the mirror). _________________________________
_________________________________
The image and object are the same _________________________________
distance from a plane mirror, the image
size is the same as the object size, and the
2.image
Spherical Mirror – mirror with a curved r
is upright.
 2. Spherical Mirror – mirror with a curved reflecting surface.

Source:https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=mirrors+quiz&rlz=1C1GTPM_enPH679
PH679&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiF48CE_vnPAhUHPo8KHZz_CW4Q_AUI
CCgB#tbm=isch&q=curved+mirrors

There are two main types of spherical mirror. These are;

a. Concave mirror – mirror with reflecting surface that is curved inward. It is also called
as a converging mirror because all reflected light rays will meet at the focal point.

Source: https://socratic.org/questions/is-a-concave-mirror-converging-or-diverging

b. Convex mirror - mirror with reflecting surface that is curved outward. It is also called
as a diverging mirror because all reflected light rays will be reflected outwards,
therefore they are not used to focus light.

THINK CRITICALLY
Source: https://socratic.org/questions/is-a-concave-mirror-converging-or-diverging
 Mirrors are useful in daily life and in technological applications. One of the
ordinances in Philippines is the use of color codes in tricycle’s sidecar. This
is mandated by local government to ensure the safety of passengers and
people in the community. Applying the properties of reflection, why is it
important for sidecars to have colors instead of the original stainless steel
type?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

RAY DIAGRAM FOR SPHERICAL MIRRORS

Guidelines for Rays Falling on the Concave and Convex Mirrors

1. When a ray strikes concave or convex mirrors obliquely at its pole, it is reflected
obliquely.
2. When a ray, parallel to principle axis strikes concave or convex mirrors, the reflected
ray passes through the focus on the principle axis.
3. When a ray, passing through focus strikes concave or convex mirrors, the reflected
ray will pass parallel to the principle axis.
4. A ray passing through the center of curvature of the spherical mirror will retrace its
path after reflection.

Image Formation by Concave Mirror

By changing the position of the object from the concave mirror, different types of images can
be formed.
Concave Mirror Ray Diagram

A. When an object is placed at infinity, a real

image is formed at the focus. The size of the
image is much smaller as compared to that of
the object. V

B. When an object is placed behind the

center of curvature, a real image is formed
between the center of curvature and focus.
The size of the image is smaller as compared
V
to that of the object.

C. When an object is placed at the center of

curvature and focus, the real image is formed
at the center of curvature. The size of the
image is same as compared to that of the
object. V

D. When an object is placed in between the

center of curvature and focus, the real image
is formed behind the center of curvature. The
size of the image is larger as compared to
V
that of the object.
E. When an object is placed at the focus, no
image is formed.

F. When an object is placed in between focus

and pole, a virtual and upright image is
formed. The size of the image is larger as
compared to that of the object.

SUMMARY

Position Of Object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

At infinity At the focus F Reduced Real and Inverted
Beyond the centre Between F and C Reduced Real and Inverted
of curvature C
At the centre of At C Same Size Real and Inverted
curvature C
Between C and F Beyond C Enlarged Real and Inverted
At F NO IMAGE

Image Formation by Convex Mirror

The image formed in a convex mirror is always virtual and erect, whatever be the
position of the object. In this section, let us look at the types of images formed by a convex
mirror.

A. When an object is placed at infinity, a

virtual image is formed at the focus. The size
of the image is much smaller as compared to
that of the object.
When an object is placed at a finite distance
from the mirror, a virtual image is formed
between vertex and focus of the convex
mirror. The size of the image is smaller as
compared to that of the object

SUMMARY
Position Of Object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
At the focus F,
At Infinity Reduced Virtual and Upright
behind the mirror
In front of the Between V and F,
Reduced Virtual and Upright
mirror behind the mirror

Let’s investigate!

Activity:

Most of the convenient stores or

supermarkets are using convex mirrors.

Explain why. Cite other examples which use

this kind of mirror.

Let’s Answer!

Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer.

1. A mirror with a flat surface is called _____.
A. Convex Mirror B. Concave Mirror C. Plane Mirror D. Flat Mirror
2. It has a reflecting surface that is curved inward. This is an example of a __________
mirror. A. Concave B. Convex C. Plane D. Magnifying
3. An image that you can see but does not really exist is called _______.
A. Real Image B. Fake Image C. Virtual Image D. Digital Image
4. Convex mirrors produce...
A. only virtual images B. virtual or real images C. only real images d. inverted images
5. An incident ray that is parallel to the principal axis...
A. will reflect parallel to the principal axis D. will reflect through the center of curvature
B. will refract through the focal point
C. will continue along the same path through the lens
 True or False: Write PAK if the statement is true and GANERN if it is false.
1. Concave mirrors can create virtual and real images.
2. Convex mirrors can create real images.
3. Concave mirrors can form real images
4. Concave mirrors can form virtual images
5. The point at which the light rays meet is called the focal point.

CURVED MIRRORS: Complete the table below.

A. Concave Mirror

Position Of Object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

At infinity At the focus F Real and Inverted
Beyond the centre Reduced
Between F and C Real and Inverted
of curvature C
At the centre of At C Same Size Real and Inverted
curvature C
Between C and F Beyond C Enlarged Real and Inverted
At F
Between F and V Behind the mirror Enlarged Real and Inverted
B. Convex Mirror

Position Of Object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

In front of the Between V and F, Upright and
Reduced
Mirror behind the mirror Virtual

Concave And Convex Lenses: Image Formation

Spherical lenses are the lenses formed by bounding two spherical transparent
surfaces together. In general there are two types of spherical lenses. So, lenses formed by
binding two spherical surfaces bulging outward are known as convex lenses while the lenses
formed by binding two spherical surfaces such that they are curved inward are known as
concave lenses.

Convex lenses are also known as

converging lens since the rays converge
after falling on the convex lens while the
concave lenses are known as diverging
lenses as the rays diverge after falling on
the concave lens. In this article, we will
learn about image formation by concave
and convex lenses.

Guidelines for rays falling on the concave and convex lenses

1. When a ray strikes concave or convex lenses obliquely at its pole, it continues to
follow its path.
2. When a ray, parallel to principal axis strikes concave or convex lenses, the reflected
ray passes through a focus on the principle axis.
 3. When a ray, passing through focus strikes concave or convex lenses, the reflected ray
will pass parallel to the principal axis.

Image Formation by Concave and Convex Lenses:

A. Convex Lenses

When an object is placed at infinity, the real

image is formed at the focus. The size of the
image is much smaller as compared to that
of the object.

When an object is at the center of curvature,

the real image is formed at the other center
of curvature. The size of the image is same as
compared to that of the object.

When an object is placed behind the center

of curvature, the real image is formed
between the center of curvature and focus.
The size of the image is same as compared to
that of the object.

When an object is placed in between the

center of curvature and focus, the real image
is the formed behind the center of curvature.
The size of the image is smaller as compared
to that of the object.

When an object is placed at the focus, no

image is formed .
 When an object is placed in between focus
and pole, a virtual image is formed. The size
of the image is larger as compared to that of
the object.

B. Concave Lenses

When an object is placed at infinity, a virtual

image is formed at the focus. The size of the
image is much smaller as compared to that
of the object.

When an object is placed at a finite distance

from the lens, a virtual image is formed
between pole and focus of the convex lens.
The size of the image is smaller as compared
to that of the object.

Summary: Image Formation in Lenses

A. Convex Lens
Position Of Object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image
At infinity At F2 Reduced Real and Inverted
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Reduced Real and Inverted

At 2F1 At 2F2 Same Size Real and Inverted

Between 2F1 and F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged Real and Inverted
At focus F1 NO IMAGE
B. Concave Lens

Position Of Object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

At 2F1 Between F and the Reduced Virtual and
optical center Upright
At F1 Between F and the Reduced Virtual and
optical center Upright
Between F1 &O Between F and the Reduced Virtual and
optical center Upright
 Concept Micro: Complete the paragraph below.

In lenses, an image is formed when light refracts as it

encounters a boundary between two different materials. A
______
lens is a transparent material that refracts light to create
an image. There are two main types of lenses, the ________
concave
and ________
convex lens. A _________
convex lens is thicker at the middle
than its edges. A __________
concave lens is thinner in the middle
than its edges. We can predict the image formation in lenses
through rays/Ray tracing
__________.


Complete the table below.

A. Convex Lens

Position Of Object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

At infinity At F2 Reduced Real and Inverted
Beyond 2F1 Between F2 and 2F2 Reduced
Real and Inverted

At 2F1 At 2F2 Same Size Real and Inverted

Between 2F1 and F1 Beyond 2F2 Enlarged Real and Inverted
At focus F1 NO IMAGE

B. Concave Lens

Position Of Object Position of Image Size of Image Nature of Image

At 2F1 Between F and the Reduced Virtual and
optical center Upright
At F1 Between F and the Virtual and
Reduced
optical center Upright
Between F1 &O Between F and the Reduced Virtual and
optical center Upright
Week 8: Identify ways in which the properties of mirrors and lenses determine their use in
optical instruments (e.g., cameras and binoculars); S10FE-IIh52

WORD HUNT: Find optical instruments below.

M G A F D B G F A C Q Z A S A A G
I J F Y F G K H S G W X S D S S F
C E R H G Y E J D F E C D F H D R
R D E J H K P W F R R V F G N F E
O I D N J M O E G T T C A M E R A
S E C M U N C F H Y Y B V Q F C W
C S V E T H S D J U U N C V B D S
O C B D E J I C K I I M X B H G D
P B N W A U R V L O O J D N U H F
E Q T S Q E E B T J P H F M I N G
W A E D W D P H R B L B G H K R H
S Z L E S F R Y E S K N H T M T Y
G H E R X G G U W D J M J R T Y T
H J S F C T B J Q A H J K F F H R
I K C G V Y B I N O C U L A R S V
O I O Y B H F R D D G G T D V S B
P P P H G B G F F F F F H C B D N
N R E G T N H D G G D D N V N F M
B S Q H R M J V H H S S G B M G J
V D S N E L G N I Y F I N G A M Y

OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS

The human eye has some limitations. To compensate for these limitations, several
instruments were developed in accordance with the principles of refraction by lenses and
reflection by mirrors.

1. Magnifying Glass
A magnifying lens or a simple microscope is an optical instrument, we use for the magnification
of small objects to get a clear image or vision. It is a convex lens having a short focal length. This
microscope is at a small distance from the object for the magnification and hence this forms a
virtual image. The simple microscope enables us to view very small letters and figures.
Watchmakers also make use of these. This lens forms a virtual, upright and enlarged image.
.

2. Compound Microscope
With a compound microscope, we get very large values of magnification. We use this
microscope to see microscopic objects like microorganisms. It comprises of two convex lenses
and magnification occurs in both of these lenses. The components of a compound microscope
are eyepiece, objective lens, fine and rough adjustment screw.
It has two convex lenses namely objective lens and eyepiece. The objective lens produce
an image that is real, inverted and enlarged, which becomes the object of the eyepiece. The
eyepiece, in turn, produces an enlarged, virtual and upright final image.

3. Telescope
A telescope is a device that enables us to see distant objects. It has two types. One is the
reflecting type and another one is the refracting type.
A. Reflecting telescopes are the ones which do not use lenses at all. They use mirrors to
focus the light together. The type of mirror used is a concave mirror. Mirrors also bend the light
together, except that they do it by reflecting the light instead of bending it.
B. Refracting telescopes work by using two lenses to focus the light and make it look like
the object is closer to you than it really is. Both the lenses are in a shape of ‘convex’. Convex
lenses work by bending light inwards. It works as the same way with compound microscope.
 The object being viewed is usually far away and hence the first image is formed just
beyond the principal focus of the objective. The first image is real, inverted and smaller. It
normally lies just inside the focal point of the eyepiece. The eyepiece produces a magnified
virtual final image at infinity.

4. Camera
The camera is the man’s answer to the eye’s inability to produce permanent record
of the image formed at the retina. Lenses direct the light in a camera. It works like the human
eye. The image is smaller, inverted and real.

5. Binoculars
Binoculars or field glasses are two telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point in
the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing
distant objects.
 How to make a pinhole camera?
What You Need:
 Pringles can.  Straight pin
 Waxed paper  Ruler
 construction paper  Marker
 Tape (masking or electrical)  cutter
What You Do: 5. For a pinhole camera to work, the only
1. Use a ruler to measure two inches up light must come in through the pinhole.
from the bottom of the chip can, and mark Make your camera ‘light-tight’ by
the spot. Do this several more times wrapping it construction paper. Now you
around the can, and then connect the are ready to use your camera!
marks so you have a line going all the way
around. Cut the can in two pieces along
this line.
2. Make a hole in the center of the metal
bottom of the can.
3. Cut a circle out of waxed paper and tape
it over the top of the short part of the can.
This will be your viewing screen, or ‘film.’
4. Put the long part of the can back on top
of the short part and tape the two pieces
together so they form one tube again.

Question: Describe the image formed by the pinhole camera.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

People may use a magnifying glass due to these reasons: the objects are
too small or the eyes have defects. This optical device has two sides, one that
produces a larger image and the other that makes it smaller.
How we use this lens in real life determines our perspective and faith in
God. Those who magnify God’s blessings become more fulfilled and satisfied. On
the other hand, those who magnify problems end up miserable and eventually
become detached from the Creator.
Let us magnify God by making Him larger in our hearts and blessings will
converge into our lives.
Matching Type: Match Column A with column B.

No. A B
1. _

a. It has two convex lenses and it is use for

magnifying objects that cannot be seen by
the human eye.

2._ b. It is use to view distant objects especially

celestial bodies.

3._ c. It works like the human eye.

4._ d. It is also known as simple microscope

which has a single convex lens.

5._ e. It allows the viewer to use both eyes

when viewing distant objects.
Week 9: Demonstrate the generation of electricity by movement of a magnet through a coil;
S10FE-IIi53

Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction is the process of producing voltage and current without

the use of power supply or battery.

Try Me: Inquiry Lab

A. Can an Electric Current from a battery make a magnet?

Remove the insulation from the ends of the copper wire. Wrap the wire (25 turns)
around a nail then hook up a battery and a push button. Pick up some tacks or metal
paper clip with the nail. Hold the push button down then try to pick up some tacks
with the nail. Release the push button --- are the tacks still attracted to the nail?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Electromagnetic Induction is the process of using magnetic fields to produce voltage,

and in a closed circuit, a current. So how much voltage (emf) can be induced into the coil by
just using magnetism? Well this is determined by the following 3 different factors|:

1). Increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil

2). Increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and the magnet.
3). Increasing the strength of the magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Induction: when a DC current passes through a long straight

conductor a magnetizing force and a static magnetic field is developed around it. If the wire is
then wound into a coil, the magnetic field is greatly intensified producing a static magnetic
field around itself forming the shape of a bar magnet giving a distinct North and South pole.
 The magnetic flux developed around the coil being proportional to the amount of
current flowing in the coils windings as shown. If additional layers of wire are wound upon the
same coil with the same current flowing through them, the static magnetic field strength
would be increased. Likewise, if we kept the bar magnet stationary and moved the coil back
and forth within the magnetic field an electric current would be induced in the coil. Then by
either moving the wire or changing the magnetic field we can induce a voltage and current
within the coil and this process is known as Electromagnetic Induction and is the basic
principle of operation of transformers, motors and generators.

Electromagnetic Induction was first discovered way back in the 1830’s by Michael
Faraday. Faraday noticed that when he moved a permanent magnet in and out of a coil or a
single loop of wire it induced an Electromotive Force or emf, in other words a Voltage, and
therefore a current was produced.

Lenz’s Law

Lenz’s Law states that:” the direction of an induced emf is such that it will always
oppose the change that is causing it”. In other words, an induced current will always OPPOSE
the motion or change which started the induced current in the first place and this idea is
found in the analysis of Inductance.

Lenz’s law is one of the basic laws in electromagnetic induction for determining the
direction of flow of induced currents and is related to the law of conservation of energy.

Simple Electric Motor

It is a device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. It employs coil

positioned in magnetic fields. When current passes through the coils, forces on the wires
rotate the coils. The maximum rotation of the coil in a motor the coil (armature) rotates
through many complete turns. In the armature of a motor, the current is made to change
direction with each half turn of the armature.
How does a simple motor works?

1. The metal, needles, and wire created a closed loop circuit that can carry current. Current
flows from the negative terminal of the battery, through the circuit, and to the positive
terminal of the battery. Current in a closed loop also creates its own magnetic field, which
you can determine by the “Right Hand Rule.” Making a “thumbs up” sign with your right hand,
the thumb points in the direction of the current, and the curve of the fingers show which way
the magnetic field is oriented.

2. Current travels through the coil you created, which is called the armature of the motor.
This current induces a magnetic field in the coil, which helps explain why the coil spins.

3. Magnets have two poles, north and south. North-south interactions stick together and
north-north and south-south interactions repel each other. Because the magnetic field
created by the current in the wire is not perpendicular to the magnet taped to the battery, at
least some part of the wire’s magnetic field will repel and cause the coil to continue to spin.

4. There is a need to periodically break the circuit so that it pulses on and off in time with the
rotation of the coil. Otherwise, the copper coil’s magnetic field would align with the magnet’s
magnetic field and stop moving because both fields would attract each other. The way we set
up our engine makes it so that whenever current is moving through the coil (giving it a
magnetic field), the coil is in a good position to be repelled by the stationary magnet’s
magnetic field. Whenever the coil isn’t being actively repelled (during those split second
intervals where the circuit is switched off), momentum carries it around until it’s in the right
position to complete the circuit, induce a new magnetic field, and be repelled by the
stationary magnet again.

5. Once moving, the coil can continue to spin until the battery is dead. The reason that the
magnet only spins in one direction is because spinning in the wrong direction will not cause
the magnetic fields to repel each other but attract.
Simple Generator

If an electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy, then a generator

is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy.
A generator produces electric current by rotating a coil within a stationary magnetic field.
Generators are very useful in an electric power generation system.

How does a generator work?

1. Instead of continuously moving the magnet in the coil, it is more practical rotating or
turning the loop of wires across the magnetic field.

2. A handle connected to the loop must be turned to rotate the coil.

3. The magnetic field passing to the cross section of the loop changes as the coil rotates.

4. The changing magnetic field of the loop produces a changing induced current which can be
used later as a source of electrical energy.

5. Since the loop is rotating, the direction of the induced voltage and current reverses every
half cycle. Thus, the induced voltage and current produced by generator are alternating
voltage and current (AC current and AC voltage). This is AC generator.

6. Using a commutator, just like in electric motor, where it reverses the direction of the
induced current every half cycle, direct voltage and current (DC voltage and DC current) are
produced. This is a DC generator.

Study the diagram below and find out how similar or different generators
are from motors.

.
Exercise: Match column A with column B

A B
1. Magnet A. Transfers the current from the wire coil to the brushes
2. Armature B. Transfer current from the commutator
Remains stationary while the commutator spins
3. Commutator C. Rotates through the magnetic field, cutting the lines of
magnetic force
4. Brushes D. Transfers mechanical energy to the generator and
turns the coil through the magnetic field
5. Shaft E. Produces magnetic field through which the coil is
rotated

 An electric motor is a device that converts electrical energy into

rotational mechanical energy. A simple DC motor can be assembled
using a single coil that rotates in a magnetic field.
 An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. A simple electric generator is made when a coil or
any closed loop of conductor moves through or cuts across magnetic
field lines.
 Electromagnetic induction is a process in which electric current is
generated in a conductor by a moving or changing magnetic field.

Life is a journey of choices. It is a path that leads to many directions. One

has to consider the fact that real life offers not only the north and the south, as it
also presents the west and the east and the angles in between. When making a
choice, be ready to be attached and then detached from the people that may
come your way. Anticipate repulsions and detour, Life without such experiences is
a futile one because deflections could give you towards your “pole”.

If you could hardly find the answers to your questions, stay still. Like a
magnet, suspend yourself in a string and observe an act of submission. This way,
you acknowledge the presence of a more powerful magnet; for God is the
compass and whoever comes along His path will never be strayed but will enjoy a
truthful life.
References:

Angeles, Delfin C. et. al. (2014). Science Vistas 10. Salesiana Books.

Department of Education. Bureau of Secondary Education (2013). Science Grade 10 Learner’s

Module, Rex Bookstore Inc.

Espinosa, Allen et.al. (2015).Discover Science 10. Diwa Learning Systems.

Ferriols-Pavico, Josefina et.al (2015). Exploring Life through Science. Phoenix Publishing
House.

Forteza, Rex et. al. (2012). Science Links 10. Rex Bookstore Inc.

Paneza, Gloria D.V. et. al. (2015). Spiral Science 10. Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House, Inc.

Electronic Sources:

https://kids.wng.org/node/4403,

https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-physical-science-flexbook-
2.0/section/18.2/primary/lesson/properties-of-electromagnetic-waves-ms-ps

https://byjus.com/physics/waves/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LSnCvey6Rao&t=1s

https://youtu.be/lTjSdnEcJV8

https://sciencenotes.org/waves-word-search/

http://www.thesciencevault.net

http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/The-Science-Vault

http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html

http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/EDDOCS/Wavelengths_for_Colors.html

http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/blue-sky/