MOTION
Motion is defined as a change in position of an object over time.
Motion is described in terms of displacement, distance, velocity,
acceleration, time and speed.
Ex: Motion of earth, Movements in atoms and molecules
DISTANCE
The total length of the actual path followed by an object is called as
distance.
It is denoted as‘s’
It is a Scalar quantity. It has only magnitude and no direction.
DISPLACEMENT
Displacement is the shortest distance between the initial and final
position of motion.
● Displacement is generally denoted by S or Δ x.
● It is a Vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction.
Displacement = ΔX = (Xf – Xi)
SCALAR QUANTITY
A scalar quantity is defined as the physical quantity with only
magnitude and no direction. Such physical quantities can be
described by their numerical value without directions.
Some examples of scalar include:
● Mass
● Speed
● Distance
● Time
VECTOR QUANTITY
A vector quantity is defined as the physical quantity that has both
directions as well as magnitude.
Examples of vector quantity include:
● Velocity
● Acceleration
● Displacement
● Momentum
REFERENCE POINT
A reference point is a place or object used for comparison to
determine if something is in motion. An object is in motion if it
changes position relative to a reference point.
UNIFORM MOTION
Uniform motion is defined as the object moves equal distances in
equal intervals of time.
Examples of uniform motion are the
● Movement of the fan’s blades
● The motion of the earth around the sun
NON UNIFORM MOTION
Non uniform motion is defined as object covers unequal distances in
equal interval of times.
Examples of non-uniform motion are
● Horse running
● Dragging a box from a path
● A train coming to its terminating spot
SPEED
Distance travelled by an object in unit time
● Speed is a scalar quantity.
● It depends only on magnitude and no direction
● Unit of speed and average speed is m/s
● The speed may be positive or zero but never negative
For uniform motion
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Speed (v) = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑠
v= 𝑡
For non-uniform motion
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
Average speed= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
VELOCITY
Velocity can be defined as the displacement of an object in unit
time.
● It is a vector quantity.
● The SI unit of velocity is m/s
● It can be positive, zero or negative
● It can be changed by changing the object’s speed, direction or
motion or both
● Speedometer is a device which is used to measure
instantaneous speed of a moving body
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Velocity (v) = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑋 𝑂𝑟 𝑆
V= 𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Vav = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
(𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 + 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦)
Average velocity vav= 2
𝑢+𝑣
= 2
ACCELERATION
Acceleration is the rate of change in velocity to the change in time. It
is denoted by symbol ‘a’
● The S.I unit for acceleration is m/s2
● It is a Vector quantity.
● It depends on both magnitude and direction
● The acceleration is taken to be Positive, if it is in the
direction of velocity, negative if it is opposite to the
direction of the velocity and zero when a body is moving
with a constant velocity
● If velocity of an object decreases with time, then it is said
to have negative acceleration. Negative acceleration is
also called deceleration or retardation.
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
When an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its
motion is called uniform circular motion.
Speed of an object v = 2πr / t
Where,
● r - Radius of a circle
22
● π - pi value is 7
● t - Time taken
● 2πr – Circumference of the circle
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
1.DISTANCE-TIME GRAPH
2.VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH
1.v-t graph for constant velocity
● The velocity is constant throughout the interval.
● So, the Acceleration is zero
2. i) V-t graph for uniformly accelerated motion
● If the body is in motion with uniform acceleration. That is
equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of
time.
● Then v-t graph will be a straight line.
● The velocity is changing at a constant rate or there is a
constant acceleration.
ii) v-t graph for uniformly decelerated motion
● Velocity time graph of a body whose initial speed is not zero
● If the velocity is decreasing with equal changes and in equal
intervals of time.
● The velocity is changing at a constant rate or there is a constant
acceleration.
iii) v-t graph for non-uniformly accelerated motion
(Graph 4)
● When the velocity of the body changes in an unequal distance
with equal interval of time.
● Hence, the v-t graph can have any shape.
EQUATION OF MOTION
Where,
● v - Final Velocity
● u - Initial velocity
● a - Acceleration
● t - Time taken
● s - Distance or Displacement travelled by an object
