Formulas

→ Newton's laws
F (force) = m(mass) * a(acceleration)
P(Momentum)= m(mass)v(velocity)
Impulse force= Ft = Δp
F = m[(v-u)/t]
Ft =m (v-u) = pf - pi

→ Equations of motion:
u = initial velocity, v = final velocity, a = acceleration, s = displacement, t = time taken.
No s
No v
No t
Average speed = distance moved/time taken
Velocity = displacement/time taken
Acceleration = change in velocity/time taken for change

→ Pressure
Pressure is defined to be the amount of force exerted per area.
P= Force/Area
P in a liquid = density * gravitational acceleration (9.8) * depth
So to create a large amount of pressure, you can either exert a large force or exert a force over
a small area (or do both).
Units: N/m2

→ Work & Power

W = F *displacement (s)
P = W/t
P = Fv

→ Potential & Kinetic Energy

P.E. = mgh
K.E. = ½ mv2

→ Efficiency
Output / Input

→ Hooke’s law
Load= spring constant * extension
F= kx
Gravitational Force

F= Gm1m2/rxr
G= Gravitational Constant = 6.67x10(-11)
In the question, masses should be in Kg, r should be in meters

If m1=6x10^24 kg and m2=6x100 kg; r= 50 km; F=?

Kepler’s laws:

T^2 = c x D^3

Q. if the average distance between earth and sun is 8x10^30 and the average distance between
Mars and Sun is 10x10^30. If Orbital time for earth is 2 years, how much is the orbital time for
Mars?
A.) (T2)^2 =

T^2 / 2^2=10^3 /8^3

T^2 = 1000*4/512

Transformer Formulae:
1. Voltage and number of turns → V1/V2=N1/N2
2. Efficiency= (Output Power/Input Power)x100
50% efficiency
.5 = Output Power/Input Power
.5=Output Power/7500
Output Power = 3750
Current = 3750/50=75 A

Waves
Sin (i) x Na = Sin (r) x Nb
i=45, r=30 ; Na =1; Find Nb?
Nb = 1.41
What is the velocity of light in glass? Speed of light in vacuum = 2.99 x 10^8 m/s
Nb = speed of light in vacuum/ speed of light in glass
1.41 = 2.99x10^8/ v
Find v?
We observe that speed of light in the glass slab (medium) is 2.12 x 10^8 m/s
What is refractive index?
Convex mirror formula
1/v + 1/u = 1/f
Concave mirror formula
1/v + 1/u = 1/f

u=6cm f=12 cm. Find v?

1/v + ⅙ = 1/12
1/v = 1/12 - ⅙
1/v = -6/72
v= - 12 cm

Convex lenses formula

1/v - 1/u = 1/f
Concave lenses formula
1/v - 1/u = 1/f

f=+12 for convex mirror always

f=-12 for concave mirror always
U = is always negative
 1. For concave lenses and mirrors, always take f as negative
2. For convex lenses and mirrors always take f as positive
3. Always take u as negative
4. Find v

If v is positive, it means that image is virtual (upright)

If v is negative, it means that image is real (inverted)

Magnification = v/u

Focal Length = Radius of Curvature/2

Use the above formula whenever “F” is not given and “radius of curvature” is given.