Effect of fertility levels and planting methods on yield and

nutritional quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) varieties and its
residual effect on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench].

THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

Doctor of Philosophy
in
Agronomy

Supervisor Submitted by
Prof. Avijit Sen Marwan Abdu Ali Manea

DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY
VARANASI-221005
INDIA
I.D. No. PA – 0956 2014 Enrolment No. 313399
 Copyright @ Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi India (2014),
All right reserved.
 UNDERTAKING OF THE CANDIDATE
I, Marwan Abdu Ali Manea, research scholar under the supervision of Dr.
Avijit Sen, Professor and Head Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural
Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, give undertaking that the thesis entitled “Effect
of fertility levels and planting methods on yield and nutritional quality of baby
corn (Zea mays L.) varieties and its residual effect on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor
(L.) Moench]” submitted by me for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy is a record of
first hand research work done by me during the period of study.

I avail myself to responsibility such as an act will be taken on behalf of me,

mistakes, errors of fact and misinterpretation are of course entirely my own.

Date: May, 2014

Place: Varanasi (Marwan Abdu Ali Manea)
 Annexure – E
[See Clause XIII. 2 (b) (iii)]
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I, Marwan Abdu Ali Manea, I.D. No. PA-0956, Enrolment No. 313399 certify
that the work embodied in this Ph.D. thesis is my own bonafide work carried out by
me under the supervision of Dr Avijit Sen, for a period of five years from July, 2009
to May, 2014 at Agriculture Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.). The matter embodied in this Ph.D. thesis
has not been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma.

I declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given credit to and referred to

the research workers wherever their works have been cited in the text and the body of
the thesis. I further certify that I have not wilfully lifted up some other’s work, para,
text, data, results, etc, reported in the journals, books, magazines, reports,
dissertations, thesis, etc., or available at web- sites and included them in this Ph.D.
thesis and cited as my own work.

Date: May, 2014

Place; Varanasi (Marwan Abdu Ali Manea)

CERTIFICATE FROM THE SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is
correct to the best of my knowledge.

Supervisor’s signature
Dr. Avijit Sen
(Professor)

(Signature of the Head of the Department with seal)

Annexure – F
[See clause XIII. I (C) and XIII. 2 (b) (IV)]

COURSE WORK COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sri Marwan Abdu Ali Manea, a bonafide research
scholar of the Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, has
successfully completed the course work requirement which is a part of his Ph.D.
programme.

Date: May, 2014 (Signature of the Head of the Department)

Place: Varanasi
 COMPREHENSIVE WRITTEN EXAMINATION AS WELL AS
COMPREHENSIVE ORAL COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sri Marwan Abdu Ali Manea, a bonafide research
scholar of the Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, has
successfully completed the comprehensive written examination as well as
comprehensive oral which are a part of his Ph. D. programme.

Date: May, 2014 (Signature of the Head of the Department)

Place: Varanasi
 COURSE SEMINAR /PRE-SUBMISSION SEMINAR
COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sri Marwan Abdu Ali Manea, a bonafide research
scholar of the Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, has
successfully completed the course seminar/pre-submission seminar requirement
which is a part of his Ph. D. programme.

Date: May, 2014 (Signature of the Head of the Department)

Place: Varanasi
 Annexure – G
(See clause XIII. 2 (b) (v))

COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE

Title of the thesis: “Effect of fertility levels and planting methods on yield and
nutritional quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) varieties and its
residual effect on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]”

Candidates Name: Marwan Abdu Ali Manea

COPYRIGHT TRANSFER

The undersigned hereby assigns to the Banaras Hindu University all

right under copyright that may exist in and for the above thesis submitted for
the award of the Ph. D. degree.

(Marwan Abdu Ali Manea)

Note: However, the author may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce

material extracted verbatim from the thesis or derivative of the thesis for
author’s personal use provided that the source and the University’s copyright
notice are indicated.
 Effect of fertility levels and planting methods on yield and
nutritional quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) varieties and its
residual effect on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench].
)

By
Marwan Abdu Ali Manea
Thesis submitted to Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural
Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, in part fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
Agronomy
2014

APPROVED BY ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Chairman/Supervisor : Dr. Avijit Sen

(Professor)
Department of Agronomy

DRC Nominee : Dr. V. K. Srivastava

(Professor)
Department of Agronomy

Internal Subject Expert: Dr. Yashwant Singh

(Professor)
Department of Agronomy

External Subject Expert: Dr. S. K. Singh

(Professor)
Department of Soil Science and Agric. Chemistry

Subject Expert : Dr. R. N. Singh

(Professor)
Department of Agronomy

External Examiner :
 Acknowledgements

First and foremost, I must bow in great reverence to Almighty Allah, the Most
Gracious the Most Merciful, whose bounteous blessings enabled me to accomplish
this thesis. My great thanks and gratitude are to my country, the Republic of Yemen,
and to Ibb University for offering me the chance to conduct the present research.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Avijit Sen,

Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi. For his inspiring and ingenious guidance, incisive and articulate
criticism, cordial discussion, unending zeal and constant encouragement which assisted
me to overcome every problem that came in my way during the period of this
investigation and preparation of manuscript. I shall always remain deeply indebted to
him for his affectionating glance and generosity bestowed on me.

I would also like to express my deepest sense of gratitude to the members of the
research committee: Prof. V. K. Srivastava, Department of Agronomy, Prof. Yashwant
Singh, Department of Agronomy, Prof. S. K. Singh Department of Soil Science and
Agric. Chemistry and Prof. R. N. Singh, Department of Agronomy, for their valuable
comments and suggestions during my course of study.

I am highly grateful to Prof. R. P. Singh, Prof. Kalyan Singh, Prof. J. S. Bohra,

Prof. R. K. Singh , Prof. U. P. Singh, Prof. Ram Kumar Singh, Prof. J.P. Singh, , Prof.
T. Singh, Dr. J. K. Singh, Dr. M. K. Singh, Dr. R. N. Meena, Dr. S. K. Verma of the
Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi who extended every possible help and valuable criticism for
improving my skill at the time of need during course of investigation.
Acknowledgements

A word of appreciation goes to to Mr. Nandu Ram Yadav, Mr. Vijay Pratap
Singh, Mr. J. C. N. Tripathi and Mr. Shayam Sundar for whole hearted co-operation
and generous help at various stages of investigation.

With profound regards in a more personal sense, I owe deepest debts to my

friend Uma Nath Shukla, Rakesh Kumar (ICAR Scientist), Pravin Kumar Upadhayay,
for their vital support and spring their valuable time to compile and complete my
research work.

Without the help of seniors no one can learn the lesson of life and cannot teach
the same to loving juniors so, heartfelt and special thanks to my seniors Dr. Ashok
Kumar and Dr. Amitesh Kumar Singh for their co-operation during the study and
investigation.

I am highly thankful for the contribution rendered by my batchmates Virendra,

Vivek, Kaushal, Shobhit, Raghuveer Singh Meena, Rina Roy, Smita Singh Lalji and
Mahendra for their moral support, co-operation and priceless suggestions.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to Mr. Abdullkarem Ali Al-Zanen and Mr.

Jalal Al-Zanen for their endless love and unwavering support.

I deeply appreciate the efforts of Dr. Mujeeb Qasim for checking and editing my
thesis. I owe gratitude to my dear friends Dr. Musaed Naji, Dr. Sami Ahmed, Dr. Abed
Al-Beel, Dr. Mujeeb Qasim, Mr. Marwan Akeel, Dr. Muneer Ahmed, Dr. Ali Farhan,
Mr Abdullah Hammad, Mr. Saeed Hamoud, Mr. Walled Al-Ahdal, Mr. Anwar Ali,
and all others for their moral support and friendly cooperation.

My warmest and deepest appreciation should definitely be extended to my

Mother for her enduring encouragement and care, which I will always appreciate in my
heart, and to my brothers Gamal, Hatem, Mahran, and all my family members for their
Acknowledgements

unitarily help, love, affection, sacrifices untiring help, constant inspiration and making
memorably strong without which I could not materialize this dream.

My acknowledgements would not be complete unless I express my heartfelt

gratitude to my wife for her support, encouragement, and commitment throughout my
study and to my little sweethearts, Shuhd and Shadha, for bringing me joy and
inspiration every day.

Marwan Abdu Ali Manea

Varanasi (India)
Contents

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction …….……………………………………………………………………..1

Chapter 2: Review of literature …………………….……………………………………..………9

2. 1 Effect of fertility levels on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, quality, nutrient
content, nutrient removal, soil health and economics of baby corn……………………….9

2.1.1 Effect of fertility levels on growth parameters…………………………………………..10

2.1.2 Effect of fertility levels on yield and yield attribute…………………………………….14

2.1.3 Effect of fertility levels on quality parameters…………………………………………..17

2.1.4 Effect of fertility levels on nutrient removal………………………………………….….20

2. 2 Effect of planting methods and varieties on growth parameters, yield, yield attributes,
quality, nutrient contents, nutrient removal and economics of baby corn………………26

2.2. 1 Effect of planting methods and varieties on growth parameters…………………….…..26

2.2. 2 Effect of planting methods and varieties on yield and yield attributes……………….…27

2.2. 3 Effect of planting methods and varieties on quality parameters…………………………29

2.2. 4 Effect of planting methods and varieties on nutrient removal and soil health…………..30

2. 3 Residual effect of fertility levels on yield, yield attributes, nutrient contents, nutrient
removal, soil health and economics of sorghum……………….………….……………..31

2.3.1 Residual effect of fertility levels on yield and yield attributes……….………….………32

2.3.2 Residual effect of fertility levels on nutrient removal and soil health….…….…….……33

2.3.3 Residual effect of fertility levels on economics…………………………………..….…..34

2. 4 Residual effect of planting methods and baby corn varieties on yield attributes, yield,
nutrient contents, nutrient removal, soil health and economics of sorghum……….……35

2.4. 1 Effect of planting method and varieties on yield and yield attributes………………..….35

2.4. 2 Effect of planting method and varieties on nutrient contents, nutrient removal……...….36

2.4. 3 Effect of planting method and varieties on soil health………………………………..…36

2.4. 4 Effect of planting method and varieties on economics………………………………..…36

Contents

Chapter 3: Material and Methods……………………………………………………………..…38

3.1. Location: ………………………………………………..………………………………….38

3.2. Weather and Climate:……………………………………………………………………….38

3.2.1. Rainfall (mm)……………………………………………………………………………..39

3.2.2. Temperature (C)…………………………………………………………………………40

3.2.3. Relative Humidity (RH) (%)……………………………………………………………..40

3.2.4. Sun-shine duration (hrs day-1) …………………………………………….……………..47

3.2.5. Evaporation………………………………………………………………………………47

3.3. Soil Characteristics…………………………………………………………………………47

3.4. Cropping history of the experimental field…………………………………………………49

3.5. Experimental details………………………………………………………………………..49

3.5.1. 1st trial: Baby corn…………………………………………………………………….….50

Treatment combinations……………………………………………………….….……..51

3.6. Baby corn (Experiment 1)………………………………………………………….………53

3.6.1. Calendar of operation and cultural practices………………………………….………….53

3.6.2. Sampling procedure and observation……………………………………….……………56

3.6.3. Biometric observations ………………………………………………………….……….57

3.6.4. Yield and yield attributes……………………………………………………….………..58

3.6.5. Soil Analysis………………………………………………………………………..……60

3.6.6. Qualitative studies……………………………………………………………………….60

3.7. Sorghum (Experiment 2)…………………………………………………………………..62

3.7.1. 2nd trial: Sorghum……………………………………………………………………….62

3.7.2. Yield attributes and yield…………………………………………………………….…..64

3.7.3. Chemical analysis of plant simples………………………………………………………65

3.7.4. Soil analysis……………………………………………………………………………..66

Contents

3.8. Residual effect…………………………………………………………………………….67

3.9. Statistical analyses…………………………………………………………………..……..67

3.10. Sequence economics……………………………………………………………………….67

Chapter 4: Experimental findings…………………………………………………………….….68

4.1. Baby corn…………………..………………………………………………….………...68

4.1.1. Growth Characters…………………………………………………………………….…..68

4.1.1.1. Initial and final plant stands………………………………………………….…………68

4.1.1.2. Barren plant m-2…………………………………………………………………….…...69

4.1.1.3. Plant height…………………………………………………………………….………..72

4.1.1.4. Number of green leaves plant-1……………………………………………….…………73

4.1.1.5. Leaf area plant-1(cm2)………………………………………………………….………..79

4.1.1.6. Leaf area index (LAI)………………………………………………………….………..79

4.1.1.7. Dry matter production plant-1 (g)…………………………………………….………….80

4.1.1.8. Chlorophyll content of leaf (SPAD)………………………………………….…………83

4.1.2. Yield attributes……..……………………………………………………………………89

4.1.2.1. Length of baby corn (without husk) (cm)……………………………………………….89

4.1.2.2. Baby corn girth (without husk) (cm)……………………………………….……...……90

4.1.2.3. Baby corn weight (without husk) (g/cob)……………………………………………….91

4.1.2.4. Baby corn (with husk) weight (g/cob)…………………………………………………..91

4.1.2.5. No of cobs plant-1…………………………………………………………………….…92

4.1.2.6. Baby corn (without husk): baby corn (with husk) ratio…………………………….…..94

4.1.2.7. No of cobs ha-1 (picking wise)…………………………………………………….……95

4.1.3. Baby corn yield parameters…………………………………..…………………….…..103

4.1.3.1. Baby corn yield (without husk) (q/ha)………………………….………………….…..103

4.1.3.2. Baby corn yield (with husk) (q/ha)………………………………………………….…104

Contents

4.1.3.3. Baby corn stover yield (q/ha) ………………………………………………………..…105

4.1.4. Quality parameters……………………..………………………………………..….…..106

4.1.4.1. Protein content in baby corn (%)…………………………………………………...….106

4.1.4.2. Protein content in baby corn stover (%)…………………………...…………………..111

4.1.4.3. Carbohydrate content in baby corn (%)……………………………………...………...112

4.1.4.4. Sugar content in baby corn (%)…………………………………………………..……113

4.1.4.5. Starch content in baby corn (%)………………………………………………..………114

4.1.5. Nutrient contents (%)……………………..………………………………….…………118

4.1.5.1. Nitrogen content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)…………………………118

4.1.5.2. Nitrogen removal (kg ha-1)…………………………………………………………….119

4.1.5.3. Phosphorus content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)……………………...122

4.1.5.4. Phosphorus removal (kg ha-1)……………………………………………………….…123

4.1.5.5. Potassium content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)………………….……123

4.1.5.6. Potassium removal (kg ha-1)………………………………………………………..….126

4.1.5.7. Sulphur content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)……………………….…127

4.1.5.8. Sulphur removal (kg ha-1)……………………………………………………….…….129

4.1.5.9. Zinc content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)………………………….….129

4.1.5.10. Zinc removal (kg ha-1)………………………………………………………………..131

4.1.6. Economics of baby corn…………………………………………………………….…132

4.1.6.1. Gross return (₹/ha)………………………………………………………………….….132

4.1.6.2. Net returns (₹/ha)………………………………………………………………………134

4.1.6.3. Benefit: cost ratio………………………………………………………………………135

4.1.7. Soil nutrients status after harvesting of baby corn……………………………………….135

4.1.7.1. Available nitrogen in soil (kg ha-1)…………………………………………………….141

4.1.7.2. Available phosphorus in soil (kg ha-1)…………………………………………………142

Contents

4.1.7.3. Available potassium in soil (kg ha-1) ……………………………………………….….143

4.1.7.4. Available sulphur in soil (%) …………………………………………………………..143

4.1.7.5. Available zinc in soil (ppm)……………………………………………………………144

4.2. Sorghum...………………………………………………………………………………146

4.2.1. Yield attribute…..………………………………………………………………………146

4.2.1.1. Grain weight per ear (g)………………………………………………………………..146

4.2.1.2. Number of grains per plant…………………………………………………………….147

4.2.1.3. 1000-grain weight (g)………………………………………………………………….147

4.2.2. Sorghum yield…….……………………………………………………………………149

4.2.2.1. Sorghum grain yield (q ha-1) ………………………………………………………….149

4.2.2.2. Sorghum stover yield (q ha-1)………………………………………………………….150

4.2.3. Nutrient content and removal……………………………………………………….……154

4.2.3.1. N, P, K, S and Zn content in grain (%)………………………………………….……..154

4.2.3.2. N, P, K, S and Zn removal by grain (kg ha-1)…………………………………….……154

4.2.3.3. N, P, K, S and Zn content in straw (%)……………………………………….…….….155

4.2.3.4. N, P, K, S and Zn removal by straw (kg ha-1)……………………….……………..…..156

4.2.3.5. Total N, P, K, S and Zn removal (kg ha-1)…………………………………………..…157

4.2.4. Soil health after harvesting of sorghum……………………………………………….…163

4.3. Sequence study……………………………………………………………………….…165

4.3.1. Sequence economics………………………………………………………………….….165

4.3.1.1. Gross return (₹/ha)…………………..……………..………………………………..…165

4.3.1.2. Net return (₹/ha)………………………..……………………..……………………..…166

4.3.1.3. Benefit, cost ratio…………………………………………………………………..…..167

Chapter 5: Discussion…………………………………………………………………………..172

5. 1 Effect of weather conditions……………………………………………………………173

Contents

5. 2 Effects of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on growth parameters, yield,
yield attributes, quality, nutrient contents, nutrient removal and economics of baby
corn……………………………………………………………………………………..174

5.2. 1 Effect of fertility levels on growth characters of baby corn………………………..…..175

5.2. 2 Effect of planting methods and varieties on growth characters of baby corn ……….…177

5.2. 3 Effect of fertility levels on yield and yield attributes of baby corn……………………180

5.2. 4 Effect of planting methods and varieties on yield and yield attributes of baby corn…..181

5.2. 5 Effect of fertility levels on quality of baby corn……………………………………….185

5.2. 6 Effect of planting methods and varieties on quality parameters……………………….186

5.2. 7 Effect of fertility levels in nutrient content and their removal…………………………187

5.2. 8 Effect of planting methods and varieties on nutrients content and removal by baby corn
………………………………………………………………………………………….187

5.2. 9 Effect of fertility levels on economics of baby corn……………………………………188

5.2. 10 Effect of planting methods and varieties on economics of baby corn………………….189

5. 3 Residual effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on yield, yield attributes,
nutrient content, nutrient removal and soil health after harvesting of sorghum…….….189

5.3.1 Residual effect of fertility levels on yield and yield attribute of sorghum……………..189

5.3.2 Residual effect of planting methods and baby corn varieties on yield and yield attributes
of sorghum……………………………………………………………………………...190

5.3.3 Residual effect of fertility levels on nutrient content and their removal by sorghum
………………………………………………………………………………………….190

5.3.4 Residual effect of planting methods and baby corn varieties on nutrient content and
removal by sorghum……………………………………………………………………193

5.3.5 Residual effect of fertility levels on soil health after sorghum…………………………193

5.3.6 Residual effect of planting methods and baby corn varieties on soil health after sorghum
………………………………………………………………………………………….193

5. 4 Residual effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on sequence economics
………………………………………………………………………………………….194
Contents

5.4.1 Residual effect of fertility levels on sequence economics……………………………..194

5.4.2 Residual effect of planting methods and baby corn varieties on sequence economics...194

Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion…………………………………………………………..196

6.1. Objectives………………………………………………………………………………197

6.2. Experimental details……………………………………………………………………197

6.3. Results ………………………………………………………………………………….198

6.3. 1 Growth attributes……………………………………………………………………….198

6.3. 2 Baby corn yield…………………………………………………………………………199

6.3. 3 Nutrient removal………………………………………………………………………..199

6.3. 4 Quality parameters……………………………………………………………………...199

6.3. 5 Economics of baby corn………………………………………………………………..200

6.3. 6 Soil status after harvesting of baby corn……………………………………………….200

6.3. 7 Sorghum yield ………………………………………………………………………….200

6.3. 8 Soil status after harvesting of sorghum…………………………………………………200

6.3. 9 Nutrient content and removal …………………………………………………………..201

6.3. 10 Sequence economics (both crops)………………………………………………………201

6.4. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………..201

6.5. Recommendation……………………………………………………………………….202

6.6. Future thrust of research………………………………………………………………..203

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………….………………………………i-xxi

APPENDICES

List of publication

Paper I

Paper II

Curriculum Vitae
List of Tables

List of Tables
TABLE PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

Table ‎3.2.1: Meteorological data recorded at B.H.U. Agricultural farm during the crop season of
2010…………………………………………………………………………………….. 41

Table ‎3.2.2: Meteorological data recorded at B.H.U. Agricultural farm during the crop season of
2011….‎………………………………………………………………………….……….42

Table ‎3.3.1:‎Physical‎and‎chemical‎properties‎of‎experimental‎soil…………………………….‎48

Table ‎3.6.1: Details of field operations carried out‎for‎baby‎corn‎experiment………………….53

Table ‎3.7.1:‎Details‎of‎operations‎carried‎out‎sorghum‎experiment………………………..…..‎62

Table ‎3.7.3:‎Available‎nutrient‎in‎soil‎after‎harvesting‎of‎baby‎corn……………………………68

Table ‎4.1: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on initial plant stand, final
plant stand m-2 and barren plant m-2 of baby corn………………………………..……..70

Table ‎4.2: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on barren plants m-2……..………...71

Table ‎4.3: Interaction effect of planting methods and varieties on barren plant m-2…..…..…….71

Table ‎4.4: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on plant height (cm) at
different growth stages of baby corn……………………………..………………….….74

Table ‎4.5: Interaction effect of fertility levels and planting methods and fertility levels and
varieties on plant height (cm) at 60 DAS……………………………………………….75

Table ‎4.6: Interaction effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on plant height
(cm) at harvest………………………………………………………………….……….76

Table ‎4.7: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on number of green leaves
plant-1 at different growth stages of baby corn……………………..…………….……..78

Table ‎4.8: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on leaf area (cm2) per plant at
different growth stages of baby corn…………………………………………………….81
List of Tables

Table ‎4.9: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on leaf area index LAI at
different growth stages of baby corn………………………………………………….....82

Table ‎4.10: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on dry matter production
plant-1 (g) at different growth stages of baby corn……………………………...………84

Table ‎4.11: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on dry matter production plant-1 (g)
at different growth stages of baby corn………….…………………………………..…85

Table ‎4.12: Interaction effect of fertility levels and planting methods on dry matter production
plant-1 (g) at harvest of baby corn…………………………………………………….…86

Table ‎4.13: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on chlorophyll content at
different crop growth stages of baby corn…………………………………………….…88

Table ‎4.14: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on yield attributes of baby
corn ……………………………………………………………………….……………..93

Table ‎4.15: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on number of cobs /ha at 1st,
2nd and 3rd plucking………………………………………………………………………97

Table ‎4.16: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on number of (cobs /ha) at
4th and 5th plucking……………………………………………………………………....98

Table ‎4.17: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on number of cobs /haat 1st plucking
…………………………………………………………………………………………………....99

Table ‎4.18: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on yield of baby corn…...107

Table ‎4.19: Interaction effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on baby corn
(without husk), baby corn (with husk) and stover yields (q/ha)………………………..108

Table ‎4.20: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on quality attributes of baby
corn (on dry weight basis)………………………………………...……………………115

Table ‎4.21: Interaction effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on quality
parameters………………………………………………………………………………116
List of Tables

Table ‎4.22: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on sugar and starch content in baby
corn (%)……………………………………………………………………...…………117

Table ‎4.23: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on N content (%) and its
removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn (on dry weight basis)…………………………………120

Table ‎4.24: Interaction effect of fertility levels and planting methods on N content (%) in baby
corn (on dry weight basis)……………………………………………………………...121

Table ‎4.25: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on P content (%) and its
removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn (on dry weight basis)…………………………………124

Table ‎4.26: Interaction effect of fertility levels and planting methods on P content (%) in baby
corn (on dry weight basis)…………………………………………………………..…125

Table ‎4.27: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on K content (%) and its
removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn (on dry weight basis)…………………………………128

Table ‎4.28: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on S content (%) and its
removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn (on dry weight basis)…………………………………130

Table ‎4.29: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on Zn content (%) and its
removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn (on dry weight basis)…………………………………133

Table ‎4.30: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on economics of baby corn.
………………………………………………………………………………………….136

Table ‎4.31:‎Interaction‎effect‎of‎fertility‎levels‎and‎varieties‎on‎gross‎return‎(₹/ha)‎of baby corn.

………………………………………………………………………………………….137

Table ‎4.32:‎Interaction‎effect‎of‎fertility‎levels‎and‎varieties‎on‎net‎return‎(₹/ha)‎of‎baby‎corn.
………………………………………………………………………………………….138

Table ‎4.33: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on soil health after
harvesting of baby corn………………………………………………………………...145
List of Tables

Table ‎4.34: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding
baby corn on yield attribute of sorghum……………………….....……………………148

Table ‎4.35: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding
baby corn and on yield of sorghum………………………………….…………………151

Table ‎4.36: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding
baby corn on N content and its removal (kg ha-1) by sorghum…………………….…..158

Table ‎4.37: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding
baby corn on P content and its removal (kg ha-1) by sorghum……………………..…..159

Table ‎4.38: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding
baby corn on K content and its removal (kg ha-1) by sorghum……………………..….160

Table ‎4.39: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding
baby corn on S content and its removal (kg ha-1) by sorghum……………………..…..161

Table ‎4.40: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding
baby corn on Zn content and its removal (kg ha-1) by sorghum……………………..…162

Table ‎4.41: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding
baby corn on soil health after harvesting of sorghum………………………………….164

Table ‎4.42: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties in sequence
economics (baby corn + sorghum)………………………………………………….…168

Table ‎4.43:‎Interaction‎effect‎of‎fertility‎levels‎and‎varieties‎on‎gross‎return‎and‎net‎return‎(₹/ha)‎
of both crops (baby corn + sorghum). ………………………………………….………169
List of Figures

List of Figures

FIGURE PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

Figure‎3.2.1: Meteorological data at B.H.U. Agricultural farm during the crop season of 2010..
…………………………………………………….…………………………..45

Figure‎3.2.2: Meteorological data at B.H.U. Agricultural farm during the crop season of 2011..
…………………………………………………………………………………46

Figure‎3.5.1:‎Lay‎out‎of‎the‎experimental‎field……………………………………………..‎…52

Figure ‎4.1.1: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on plant height (cm) at
different growth stages of baby‎corn…………………………………………..77

Figure ‎4.1.2: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on dry matter production
plant-1 (g) at different growth stages of baby corn…………………………….87

Figure ‎4.1.3: Effect of fertility levels on number of cobs /ha……………………………….100

Figure ‎4.1.4: Effect of planting methods on number of cobs /ha…………………………....101

Figure ‎4.1.5: Effect of varieties on number of cobs /ha……………………………………..102

Figure ‎4.1.6: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on baby corn (with and
without husk) yields (q/ha)………………………………………….………..109

Figure ‎4.1.7: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on baby corn stover yield
(q/ha)………………………………………………………………….….…..110

Figure ‎4.1.8: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on economics of baby
corn.…………………………………………………………………….….…139

Figure ‎4.1.9: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on B/C ratio of baby corn.
……………………………………………………………………….…….…140

Figure ‎4.2.1: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding
baby corn on sorghum grain yield…………………………………….…..….152
List of Figures

Figure ‎4.2.2: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding
baby corn on sorghum stover yield………………………………………..….153

Figure ‎4.3.1: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties in sequence economics
(baby corn + sorghum)……………………………………………………..…170

Figure ‎4.3.2: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties in sequence economics
(baby corn + sorghum)…………………………………………………..……171

Figure ‎5.1: Baby corn yield as a function of applied fertilizer (kg/ha)………………….…...181

Figure ‎5.2: Functional relationship between sorghum grain yield (kg/ha) and fertility levels.
………………………………………………………………………………..190

Figure 5.3: Functional relationship between sorghum stover yield (kg/ha) and fertility levels.
………………………………………………………………………….…....191
List of Plates

List of Plates

PLATE PARTICULARS AFTER PAGE NO.

Plate 1 Baby corn residue applied to different treatments……………..63

Plate 2 General view of experiment at vegetative stage of baby corn

………………………………………………………………….……88

Plate 3 Detasseling operation in baby corn.......................................... 88

Plate 4 Cob plucking in baby corn ....................................................... 88

Plate 5 Baby corn (with husk) at M1V1F0 .............................................. 93

Plate 6 Baby corn (with husk) at M2V1F1 …………………...…………………………………93

Plate 7 Baby corn (without husk) at M1V1F0 ………………………………102
Plate 8 Baby corn (without husk) at M2V1F0 ……………………………....102
Plate 9 Baby corn (without husk) at M2V2F0 ………………………..….….102
Plate 10 Baby corn (without husk) at M2V2F3 ………………………...…….102
Plate 11 Baby corn (without husk) at M2V1F3 ………………………...…….102
Plate 12 General view of experiment at vegetative stage of sorghum (flat bed).
…………………………………………………………………..….149
Plate 13 General view of experiment at vegetative stage of sorghum (raised
bed) ………………………………………………………………...149
 ABBREVIATIONS
% - Percentage
C - Degree centigrade
@ - at the rate of
₹ - Rupees
B: C - Benefit: Cost ratio
CD - Critical Difference
Cm - Centimeter
DAP - Di- ammonium phosphate
DAS - Days after sowing
dS m-1 - deci Siemen per meter
e.g. - For example (exempli gratia)
EC - Electrical conductivity
et al. - And others ( et alibi)
etc. - And so forth (et cetera)
FB - Flat bed
g - Gram
ha. - Hectare
ha-1 - per hectare
i.e. - That is (idest)
K - Potassium
kg - Kilogram
mg - Milligram
mm - millimeter
MOP - Muriote of potash
MSL - Mean sea level
N - Nitrogen
NUE - Nitrogen use efficiency
No. - Number
NS - Non-significant
OC - Organic carbon
P - Phosphorus
PAR - Photosynthesis active radiation
PET - Potential evapo-transpiration
PRB - Permanent raised bed
PB - Permanent bed
ppm - Part per million
RDF - Recommended dose of fertilizers
S - Sulphur
SEdm± - Standard error of mean
t ha-1 - tonnes per hectare
t - Tonnes
T.S.S - Total soluble sugar
Viz. - Namely (videlicet)
Zn - Zinc
 PREFACE OF THE THESIS
Since this thesis is written as the final for doctoral degree in Agronomy. I hope
the results will be of interest to the agronomists and soil scientist for boosting the
sustainable production of maize grown for baby corn and its residual effect on sorghum.
The work described in the thesis was carried out between May, 2010 to May, 2014 at
Banaras Hindu University under the supervision of Dr. Avijit Sen, Professor and Head,
Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi.

Chapter 1 -The introduction part which provides much of the general background
and overview of current situation of production, productivity and importance of baby
corn and sorghum. This chapter justifies the reason for choosing this research topic, lastly
the objectives of the research work.

Chapter 2 - The review of literature deals with the important work done in the
past because it provides a conceptual frame work for carrying out as well as
understanding the outcome of present work.

Chapter 3 - The materials and methods details the methodology employed for
carrying the research work describing the materials and treatments and methods for
statistical analysis.

Chapter 4 - The experimental findings deal with the results of the research work
illustrated with help of tables and figures.

Chapter 5 - The discussion which explains the results obtained with appropriate
reasons and support.

Chapter 6 - The summary and conclusion gives brief description of the results of
the investigation

In the last, bibliography which has been consulted during the course of
investigation has been cited.
Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 1

Introduction

The second half of the 20th century has seen continuous growth in global maize
production and this has converted maize into the leading global cereal in terms of production
over the last decade (Zaidi et al., 2010). The global maize market had two distinguishing and
enduring features (Zaidi et al., 2010), first- two-thirds of global maize was used as feed over the
last 40 years and second- the share of maize traded globally remained relatively constant.
Presently world produces around 638.04 million tonnes of maize and is grown in an area of
about 140 million hectares (Guria, 2006). Over 43 million ha of maize grown in Asia produces
166 million tonnes with an average yield of 3.8 t/ha (Guria, 2006). At global level, India ranks
4th in area and 7th in production of maize. The area, production and productivity of maize in India
are 8.6 mha, 20.5 mt and 2.4 t/ha, respectively in 2010-11(DMR, 2012). Special corns viz. sweet
corn, pop corn, baby corn, high oil corn etc. assume tremendous market potential not only in
India but in international market and perfectly suitable for Para-urban agriculture. With the
advancement in science and technology, rise in standard of living, and supply of rice and wheat
through public distribution system, there is a change in traditional usage of maize as food and
increase in consumption of green ears as food, especially in and around towns and cities.
Baby corn is one such newly evolved vegetable which delicious and nutritive and
consumed as a natural food (Pandey et al., 1998). It is unfertilized maize ear which is harvested
within two to three days of silk emergence. The crop enters into the reproductive phase by 45–55
days of sowing and ends its life-cycle within 65–75 days (Pandey et al., 1998). Being a short
duration crop, it can be grown and harvested 3 to 4 times in a year.

The importance and use of this corn product is little known to the Indian farmers in spite
of the fact that it fetches very lucrative prices in the local and international markets

1
Chapter 1: Introduction

(Thavaprakaash et al., 2006). Young unfertilized cobs of baby corn are consumed as vegetable
and its consumption is considered eco-friendly because it is free from the residue of pesticides by
virtue of natural protection through many layers of husk (Pandey et al., 1998 and Singh and
Ghosh, 1999). Das et al. (2008) reported that 100 g of baby corn contains 89.1% moisture, 0.2 g
fat, 1.9 g protein, 8.2 mg carbohydrate, 0.06 g ash, 28.0 mg calcium, 86.0 mg phosphorus, and
11.0 mg of ascorbic acid.

Baby corn cultivation is solution to problems emerged from continuous rice-wheat

cropping system like Phalaris minor, water table and degradation of soil health etc. Baby corn
cultivation is an alternative to wheat in rabi season. In Varanasi region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh,
baby corn is rather a new introduction particularly as a pre kharif crop and efforts are required to
standardize and economize its cultivation.

Amongst agricultural inputs, fertilizers have played a vital role in achieving the goal of
food security in India. Having attained food security, the emphasis in recent times has shifted
from productivity enhancement based agricultural research to nutritional security and
sustainability issues.

Crop nutrition is an important aspect to achieve higher production of baby corn.

Continuous practice of the exhaustive crop sequences like rice-wheat with inadequate and
imbalanced nutrient use has led to the deterioration of soil fertility particularly due to mining of
major, secondary and micronutrients. In order to overcome these problems, it is necessary to
provide balanced nutrition to the crop which may sustain the soil fertility and provide higher
productivity. The production technology of baby corn differs from normal maize, mainly due to
its short duration and sole interest in producing more numbers of cobs per unit area (Pandey et
al., 1998). Among various agro- techniques, balanced and adequate supply of nutrients is the
major factor for harnessing higher production of baby corn.

Maize is an exhaustive crop and requires heavy application of nitrogen along with
phosphorous and potassium. The importance of nutrient (N, P and K) in maize becomes more
relevant when it is grown as baby corn in which demand is extreme because of high plant density
and very short duration (Kumar et al., 2000). It responds well to fertilizers and a crop producing
6.27 t/ha grain yield requires 168 kg N, 57 kg P2O5, 135 kg K2O and 30 kg Zn/ha (FAI, 2006).

2
Chapter 1: Introduction

Nitrogen is a vital plant nutrient and a major yield determining factor required for maize
production. It is very essential for plant growth and makes up 1 to 4 percent of dry matter of the
plants and performs as a component of many organic compounds viz. proteins, amino acid,
nucleic acid, nucleotides, enzymes, protoplasm, vitamins, hormones, alkaloids etc. and also
enhances the utilization of P and K. An adequate supply of N is associated with dark green
colour, high photosynthetic activity and vigorous growth (Mengel et al., 2001 and Onasanya et
al., 2009). When N supply is adequate and the conditions are favorable for growth, proteins are
formed from manufactured carbohydrates (Olsthoorn et al., 1991).

Phosphorus among other things is essential, for cell membranes, chloroplast and
mitochondria, ATP, ADP, nucleic acids, phospholipids and plays an important role in energy
transformations and metabolic processes in plant including root growth (Gill et al., 2009). It is
inevitable for cell differentiation and development of tissue. Phosphorus is essential for cell
division because it is a constituent element of nucleoprotein which is involved in the cell
reproduction processes. It is also a component of a chemical essential for the reactions of
carbohydrate synthesis and degradation. It is important for seed and fruit formation and crop
maturation. Phosphorus hastens the ripening of fruits thus counteracting the effect of excess
nitrogen application to the soil. It helps to strengthen the skeletal structure of the plant thereby
preventing lodging and also affects the quality of the grains. However, the requirement and
utilization of these nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in maize depends on environmental
factors like rainfall, varieties and expected yield (Onasanya et al., 2009).

The response of maize to nitrogen and phosphorus varies from variety to variety, location
to location and also depends on the availability of the nutrients (Onasanya et al., 2009).
Application of phosphorus above or below the optimum level affects the crop growth and yield
adversely. Variable levels of phosphorus (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 kg /ha) at a constant dose of
N increase various growth and reproductive parameters and the optimal dose of P appeared to be
120-150 kg ha-1 (Onasanya et al., 2009). The higher amounts of starch and protein contents of
maize grain were also recorded at higher P levels (Rashid and Iqbal, 2012).

Potassium is an essential macro-element required in large amounts for normal plant

growth, development, maintenance of osmotic potential and water uptake and had a positive
impact on stomata closure which increases tolerance to water stress. Moreover, it is involved in

3
Chapter 1: Introduction

activating a wide range of enzyme systems which regulate photosynthesis, water use efficiency,
nitrogen uptake and protein building (Cakmak et al., 1994 and Sawan et al., 2006). It increases
the photosynthetic rates of crop leaves, CO2 assimilation and facilitates carbon movement even
at high soil moisture conditions (Sangakkara et al., 2000). Furthermore, K helps in the
translocation of photosynthates from sources to sinks (Cakmak et al., 1994), maintains cellular
organizations by regulating permeability of cell membranes keeps protoplasm in a proper degree
of hydration and activates enzymes for resistance to plants against fungal and bacterial diseases
(Gill et al., 2009).

Sulphur is increasingly being recognized as the fourth major plant nutrient after nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium (Devi et al., 2012). Sulphur nutrition helps the plants to perform
many physiological functions like synthesis of sulphur containing amino acids namely, cystein,
cystine, methionine etc. Synthesis of protein occurs in the leaves, and sulphur deficiency causes
chlorosis in younger leaves. Some of the most important functions of S include its role in
specialized peptides, such as glutathione and thioredoxins, in redox reactions, and the role of
disulphide bond (S-S) formation in the stabilization of protein structure (Zhao et al., 1999). The
concentration of sulphur in vegetative tissue usually ranges between 0.2 and 0.5% on the dry
weight basis.

Zinc plays a significant role in various enzymatic and physiological activities and
performs many catalytic functions in plants besides transformation of carbohydrates, chlorophyll,
nitrogen metabolism and protein synthesis. It is a cofactor of over 300 enzymes and proteins
involved in cell division, nucleic acid metabolism and lipid metabolism (Marschner, 1995), apart
from being a component of a number of dehydrogenases, proteinases and peptidases. Zn therefor
influences electron transfer reactions including those of the Krebs cycle and hence affecting the
plant’s energy production.

Zinc deficiency is a major constraint to crop production in different regions throughout

the world. According to White and Zasoski (1999) the extent of Zn deficiency in soil is
comparable with the extent of macronutrient deficiencies in many countries (e.g. China, Turkey,
India and Australia). A Zn deficiency result in severe reductions in growth, grain yield and
seedling vigour, and enhances sensitivity of plants to pathogen (Srivastava, 2013). In India,
among micronutrients, Zn deficiency is the most widespread and about 45 % soils have deficient

4
Chapter 1: Introduction

Zn supply. In Uttar Pradesh about 64% of soils have been rated to be deficient in available Zn
which requires fertilization with Zn to achieve sustainable high productivity (Srivastava, 2013).
It is mainly associated with coarse textured soils having high pH, low organic carbon and high
CaCO3 (Nayyar et al., 1990).

Tillage-based planting methods have exhibited a positive effect on maize yield and
shown great promise in increasing productivity (Zhang et al., 2012). The raised bed planting
system with furrow irrigation increases nitrogen use efficiency by 10% or more by improving
nitrogen placement possibilities, soil physical status and water use efficiency on the one hand
and by reducing soil crust and crop lodging on the other (Wang et al., 2009). The cumulative
effects of all these factors lead to improved function of NPK that are involved in many physico-
chemical reactions in the plant, which enhance carbohydrate, sugars, starch, protein and
ultimately yield (Limon-Ortega et al., 2002 and Fahong et al., 2004).

Raised bed planting technology for wheat based cropping systems was developed in
Mexico by which a defined number of rows of wheat or other crops are planted on the tops of
beds with furrow irrigation between the beds (Wang et al., 2009). Bed planting increases water
productivity, reduces requirement of labour, fertilizer and seed (Sharma et al., 2002), production
cost (Sayre and Hobbs, 2004), and improves weed management practices (Connor et al., 2003
and Hobbs and Gupta, 2003) when the operations are mechanized. Furthermore, as the beds
remain permanently untilled, it saves associated costs, permits timely planting and provides
scopes for crop diversification (Sayre and Hobbs, 2004). While the potential benefits of beds in
the Indo-Gangetic plains have been known for some time (Dhillon et al., 2000), evaluation of
beds for commenced more recently. It is generally observed that crop lodging is less in ZT and
raised-bed planted due to higher root mass and depth than conventional tillage, more particularly
compared to rotavator tillage and broadcasting where roots remain surface feeders due to sub-
surface compaction (Jat et al., 2010). It can reduce weed problems and make management easier
if weeds are managed effectively in the initial 2-3 years. Besides, it may also reduce weed
emergence of some weed species because seeds at the soil surface are more prone to predation
(Jacob et al., 2006).

India is the third largest producer of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in the
world (GOI, 2007) and ranks third in major food crop, especially in the central and peninsular

5
Chapter 1: Introduction

India. It is used in various forms, similar to rice as cooked food, malted flour for dosa, chapatti
and semolina etc. It is a very good dry and green fodder and a good concentrate feed for cattle
and poultry. Raw material is used for starch industries. It is used for preparation of sorghum
syrup (20–25% sugar) from sweet sorghum varieties and production of Jaggery. It contains high
amount of aconitic acid, which prevents the crystallization of sugar. It contains 72.6%
carbohydrate, 10–12% protein, 3% fat, 1.6% mineral and contains more fibre (Chandrasekaran et
al., 2010). It has the capacity to withstand drought or excess moisture (92% of sorghum is grown
under rainfed condition), and comes up well even in marginal soil under moisture stress. It
remains dormant during stress condition and resumes its growth, when optimum condition
occurs (Chandrasekaran et al., 2010).

The world annual sorghum production is over 60 million tonnes, of which Africa
produces about 20 million tonnes. This makes sorghum quantitatively the second most important
cereal grain in Africa after maize. It is cultivated in USA, Brazil, Argentina, China and India. In
India, it is staple food crop of north Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh and Rajasthan and cultivated in an area of 11.5 m ha with a production of 11.08 m t with
productivity of 950 kg/ha (Chandrasekaran et al., 2010). It is mainly grown as kharif crop and to
smaller extent as rabi crop in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
The area under cultivation is the highest in Maharashtra followed by Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh
and Andhra Pradesh (Chandrasekaran et al., 2010).

Crop residue management is a key consideration for optimizing fertility in conservation

tillage systems. India being an agriculture-dominant country produces more than 500 million
tonns of crop residues annually (IARI, 2012). These residues are used as animal feed, for
thatching of homes, and as a source of domestic and industrial fuel. A large portion of unused
crop residues are burnt in the fields primarily to clear the left-over straw and stubbles after the
harvest. Non availability of labour, high cost of residue removal from the field and increasing
use of combines in harvesting are main reasons behind burning of crop residues in the fields.
Burning of crop residues causes environmental pollution, is hazardous to human health, produces
greenhouse gases causing global warming and results in loss of plant nutrients like N, P, K and
S. Therefore, appropriate management of crop residues assumes a great significance (IARI,
2012). In areas where mechanical harvesting is practiced, a large quantity of crop residues are
left in the field, which can be recycled for nutrient supply. About 25% of nitrogen and
6
Chapter 1: Introduction

phosphorus, 75% of potassium and 50% of sulfur uptake by cereal crops are retained in crop
residues, making them valuable nutrient sources. Both rice and wheat are exhaustive feeders, and
the double cropping system is heavily depleting the soil of its nutrient content (Meena, 2012).

Importance of crop residues in reducing soil erosion, enhancing the soil physical
environment for plant growth and as a reserve for major crop nutrients have been amply
demonstrated (Doran et al., 1984). Crop residue plays an important role in maintaining soil
productivity and should not be considered as waste products.

Residue retention buffers diurnal fluctuations in soil temperature, keeps soils cool in
summer and warm in winter season (Jat et al., 2010). Thus, by reducing the extent of fluctuations
in soil temperature, surface mulches improve the comfort zone of plants and consequently roots
do not have to adjust to extreme fluctuations in day and night temperatures. Residue retention in
soil surface reduces the unproductive losses of soil moisture through evaporation from bare soil
surface, helps reduce weed infestation and temporary nitrogen immobilization due to
incorporation, builds up more organic carbon in the system, reduces soil erosion by dissipating
the beating action of rain drops (Jat et al., 2010). Surface retained residues have been seen to
significantly improve the performance of summer moong due to above enumerated effects.
Presences of residues on the surface, increases termite population which helps recycle residues
and act as early decomposers (Jat et al., 2010). Incorporation of crop residues improves tilth and
fertility of soil, reduces wind and water erosion, and prevents nutrient losses by run-off and
leaching (Shafi et al., 2007).

The quantity of crop residues needed to maintain soil productivity varies with climate,
topography, soil and management systems (Doran et al., 1984). Lindstrom et al. (1979)
calculated that 79 t of crop residues (58% of the total produced) could be removed from the land
in the 10 major corn producing states without exceeding allowable soil erosion loss for continued
long-term soil productivity. In the Great Plains, only 21% of the total crop residues could be
removed without seriously increasing soil erosion potential.

Effects of crop residue amount were sometimes modified by other management practices
such as type of tillage, fertilization and use of cover crops (Maskina et al., 1993). It has been
observed that returning increased amounts of crop residues to the soil increased soil organic

7
Chapter 1: Introduction

matter content, microbial activity, nutrient availability, water infiltration and storage, and crop
yields (Prasad and Power, 1991).

The present investigation entitled “Effect of fertility levels and planting methods on yield
and nutritional quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) varieties and its residual effect on sorghum
[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]” was, therefor planned and undertaken during the pre kharif and
kharif seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at the Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India with the following objectives:-

1. To study the effects of N, P, K, S and Zn fertilizer levels on yield and quality of baby
corn.
2. To study the removal of N, P, K, S and Zn by baby corn.
3. To study the response of baby corn variety to planting methods.
4. To study the residual effect of baby corn on the succeeding sorghum.

8
Chapter 2: Review of literature

Chapter 2

Review of literature

A conceptual frame work for the study based on the ideas and concepts gathered from
review work of existing literature of both theoretical and empirical nature will facilitate planning
the study in a comprehensive manner. It also helps to know the previous research carried out in
the area and acts as a torch for new research.
A brief review of literature pertaining to the present investigation entitled “Effect of fertility
levels and planting methods on yield and nutritional quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) varieties
and its residual effect on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]” has been reviewed under the
following heads.
2.1 Effect of fertility levels on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, quality, nutrient
content, nutrient removal, soil health and economics of baby corn.

2.2 Effect of planting methods and varieties on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield,
quality, nutrient content, nutrient removal, soil health and economics of baby corn.

2.3 Residual effect of fertility levels on yield attributes, yield, nutrient content, nutrient
removal, soil health and economics of sorghum.

2.4 Residual effect of planting methods and previous crop varieties on yield attributes, yield,
nutrient content, nutrient removal, soil health and economics of sorghum.

2. 1 Effect of fertility levels on growth parameters, yield attributes, yield, quality, nutrient

content, nutrient removal, soil health and economics of baby corn.

9
Chapter 2: Review of literature

2.1.1 Effect of fertility levels on growth parameters

Effect of N P K

A field study conducted at Jashipur (Orissa) showed that baby corn plant height increased
with higher rate of fertilizer application upto120-26.2-50 kg N-P-K ha-1 (Sahoo and Panda,
1997). Saha and Mondal (2006) at Kalyani reported maximum increase in plant height and leaf
area index of maize upto 100 % (150-60-40 kg N-P-K ha-1) of RDF. The growth parameters of
maize and wheat in terms of plant height and leaf area index varied significantly due to various
fertility levels and were found to be maximum when 100% of RDF was applied with farmyard
manure @ 10 tonnes/ha (Verma et al., 2006).
Increase in fertility upto 100 % of RDF recorded significant increase in growth characters
in sweet corn (Sahoo and Mahapatra, 2007) and in maize (Panwar, 2008). A field experiment
was conducted at Rajasthan to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management in baby corn
(Zea mays L.) and the results showed that maximum plant height and dry matter accumulation
were obtained under 75% of RDF + 2.25 tonnes vermicompost /ha along with biofertilizers over
rest of the treatments (Dadarwal et al., 2009). Law-Ogbomo and Law-Ogbomo, (2009)
conducted a field trials estimate the effect of NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of maize and
the results indicated that NPK fertilizer applications significantly increased plant height, stem
girth, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield, and the
optimum level of NPK fertilizer for successful production of maize grains was 60, 27.16, 49.80
kg NPK / ha. Experiment conducted during rainy seasons in order to evaluate and develop
integrated nutrient management package for quality protein maize in southern Rajasthan resulted
that application of 125% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) significantly enhanced growth,
over 100% and 75% RDF (Singh and Nepalia, 2009). At Bangalore, a field experiment on
hybrid maize NHH-2049 with varying fertility levels was carried out during rainy season by
Vishalu et al. (2009) and they observed that plant height, total dry matter production and net
assimilation rate were significantly higher with the application of 150% NPK over 100% NPK
(100-50-25 kg ha-1). Similarly Zende et al. (2009) at Dapoli, studied the nutrient management on
sweet corn cv. Sugar 75 and found that plant height and dry matter plant-1 were significantly
superior with 150% RDF to 100% RDF (225-60-60 kg NPK ha-1) and lower doses. A field
experiment was conducted during 2004–06 at New Delhi to evaluate the response of maize (Zea

10
Chapter 2: Review of literature

mays L.) –wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system to different nutrient management
practices and it was found that application of recommended dose of fertilizers (120 N+ 26 P + 32
K kg/ha) to maize resulted in maximum growth of maize (Kumar and Dhar, 2010). Aravinth et
al. (2011) worked at Annamalainagar and reported that the recommended dose of fertilizers +
vermicompost @ 5 tonnes/ ha produced maximum plant height, LAI and DMP over
recommended dose of NPK (150-60-40 kg / ha) and recommended NPK + FYM @ 12.5
tonnes/ha. Whereas Ghaffari et al. (2011) working at Faisalabad reported that application of
recommended dose of NPK 200-120-125 kg ha-1 + single spray of multi-nutrient @ 1.25L ha-1
substantially improved all the growth parameters of maize. Similarly Kumar and Bohra (2013)
observed that growth attributes like plant height, number of green leaves, stem girth, dry matter
plant−1, crop growth rate (CGR), were increased significantly by the application of 125% RDF
over 100% RDF (150-75-60 kg NPK ha−1).

Effect of nitrogen

Thakur and Sharma (1999) studied the effect of nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg N
-1
ha ) on plant height, yield of baby corn and green fodder yield and concluded that they were
significantly greater with the application of 200 kg N ha-1 in comparison to other levels of
nitrogen. Panwar and Munda (2006) carried out a field experiment during rainy season to study
the effect of different land configuration methods and nitrogen doses on growth, yield and
economics of baby corn (Zea mays L.), and noticed that application of 120 kg N ha-1 registered
significantly higher plant height and functional leaves but the plant height was at par with 80 kg
N ha-1. Mehta et al. (2011) found that plant height, leaf area, dry matter accumulation, crop
growth rate, relative growth rate of winter maize were maximum at 250 and 275 kg N/ha,
whereas Verma (2011) studied the effect of sowing dates and integrated nutrient management on
growth, yield and quality of winter maize and revealed that application of 150 kg of N ha-1
significantly enhanced the growth characters over 100 and 50 kg N ha-1. Bhatt (2012) carried out
an investigation on the response of sweet corn hybrid to varying plant densities and nitrogen
levels at Hyderabad and observed that plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter
accumulation increased due to increased level of nitrogen from 120 to 240 kg ha-1. Similarly in
Nigeria, Effa et al. (2012) evaluated the response of popcorn var. Ashland to graded levels of
nitrogen (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1) and noticed that plant height, leaf area index and total dry

11
Chapter 2: Review of literature

matter plant-1 increased with each increment of nitrogen level up to 120 kg ha-1. Jeet et al. (2012)
reported that application of nitrogen up to 150 kg N ha-1 could bring about significant
improvement in plant height and leaf area index (LAI) of maize, whereas Singh et al. (2012)
carried out a field experiment at Wadura, Sopore, to study the effect of crop geometry (60 cm ×
15 cm, 60 cm × 20 cm, 60 cm × 25 cm, 60 cm × 30 cm) and nitrogen levels (0, 30, 60, 90, 120
and 150 kg N/ha) on yield, yield attributes, nitrogen use efficiency, crop productivity, economics
and nitrogen balance of sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt) and found that nitrogen level
upto 120 kg/ha increased plant height and dry weight of sweet corn.

Effect of phosphorus

Arya and Singh (2001) from their trial on maize to different P rates (0, 13.2, 26.4 and
39.6 kg P ha-1) concluded that leaf area index, plant height and dry matter were highest at 39.6
kg P ha-1. In Argentina, Ge- Grazia et al. (2003) conducting an experiment on sweet corn with
three nitrogen levels (0, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1) and three phosphorus levels (0, 40 and 80 kg
P2O5 ha-1) and observed significant differences in leaf area and plant height with N fertilization
and in leaf length and biomass production with P fertilization, while Rasheed et al. (2004)
noticed significantly taller plants, higher flag leaf area and days to silking with 60 kg P ha-1 over
control. Gangaiah and Ahlawat (2008) carried out a field trial at New Delhi on chickpea-baby
corn sequence and observed that baby corn cv. PEHM-2 after chickpea fertilized with 26.4 kg P
ha-1 produced significantly taller plants over 13.2 kg P ha-1. Also Onasanya et al. (2009)
observed that the application of 120, 40 kg NP/ha significantly increased the growth and yield of
maize.

Effect of potassium

Kalpana and Krishnarajan, (2002) conducted a field experiment to study the effect of
dose and time of K application on yield and quality of baby corn and reported that plant height,
leaf area index and dry matter with 50 kg K ha-1 applied in three splits, as basal, 15 DAS and 30
DAS and 50 kg K ha-1 applied at ½ basal + ½ at 30 DAS were higher than of 40 kg K ha-1.
Asif et al. (2007) carried out a field experiment at Peshawar, Pakistan to study the
phenology and leaf area of spring maize (cv. Azam) to different levels of potassium (0, 30, 60
and 90 kg K ha-1) and reported that increasing in potassium levels enhanced tasseling, silking and
maturity, increased flag leaf area, average leaf area as well as grain yield. However, Saleem et al.

12
Chapter 2: Review of literature

(2011) conducted a field experiment with split doses of potassic fertilizer on maize and sorghum
and reported that application of potassium @ 0, 60 and 120 kg K2O ha-1 in single, two and three
splits had no significant effect on plant height.

Effect of sulphur

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur on growth,
yield and quality of double cross hybrid (DCH) maize (Cargil-707) and it was found that
application of 150 + 30 and 150 + 20 kg N and S /ha greatly increased the dry weight of plant
(Rasheed et al., 2004). Gordon and Pierzynski (2006) found that addition of S to the starter
fertilizer mix improved dry weight over that with N and P alone, while the addition of K and Zn
had no effect on early-season growth. Among the essential elements, sulphur is beneficial for
increasing the production and one of the major essential nutrients involved in syntheses of
chlorophyll, certain amino acids like methionine, cystine, cysteine and some plant hormones
such as thiamine and biotin (Rahman et al., 2007).
Jeet et al. (2012) reported that application of 45 kg S/ha significantly improved growth
attributes of quality protein maize at Varanasi in eastern Uttar Pradesh, India followed by 30 kg
S and 15 kg S/ha, respectively. In the interaction effect 45 kg S x 150 kg N/ha recorded taller
plant height (197.0 cm) than 15 kg S x 150 kg N/ha but remained at par with 30 kg S x 150 kg
N/ha. Similarly Kumar and Bohra (2013) observed that all the growth attributes of baby corn
increased significantly with 50 kg S ha−1 over control but remained at par with 25 kg S ha−1.

Effect of Zinc

Ashoka et al. (2009) at Raichur (Karnataka) assessing the effect of macro and micro-
nutrient application on baby corn cv. PAC-792 revealed that application of 150-75-45 kg NPK
ha-1 (RDF) + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ ha recorded significantly taller plants, number of functional leaf
plant-1 and dry matter production plant-1 over RDF alone. At Varanasi Kumar and Bohra (2013)
reported that application of 10 kg Zn ha−1 registered significantly higher values of all the growth
attributes over control, but it remained statistically at par with 5 kg Zn ha−1.

13
Chapter 2: Review of literature

2.1.2 Effect of fertility levels on yield and yield attribute

Effect of NPK

Sen et al. (1999) conducted a field trial in Varanasi to study the response of maize inbred
parental line CM lll to sowing time, fertility levels (N, P, K and Zn) and sowing pattern and
observed that early sowing (10 November), higher doses of fertilizers (150, 39.3, 50.01 and 10.5
kg/ha of N, P, K and Zn) and lower plant population (66 666 plants/ha) recorded the greatest
seed yield and yield attributing characters. Shao-wen et al. (2004) reported that N P K
significantly increased grain yield and total starch content of maize in comparison to PK, NK,
and NP alone. Kumar et al. (2005) and Kumar and Dhar (2010) worked at New Delhi to evaluate
the response of maize– wheat cropping system to different nutrient management practices and
noticed that application of recommended dose of fertilizers (120 N+ 26 P + 32 K kg/ha) to maize
resulted in maximum growth and yield. In Mayurbhanj Sahoo and Mahapatra (2005) conducted
an experiment to determine the fertilizer requirement for sweet corn and reported that the
application of 80 kg N, 17.5 kg P and 33.3 kg K/ha was most profitable for sweet corn during
rainy season. Kumar et al. (2006) reported that the application of recommended dose of fertilizer
(160 kg N, 26.2 kg P and 33.2 kg K /ha) gave significantly higher maize grain yield than other
fertility levels (0, 50 and 75% RDF).
Verma et al. (2006) concluded that application of 90, 30, 15 kg N, P2O5, K2O /ha + FYM
10 t ha could register 33.98 q ha-1 grain and 42.96 q ha-1 stover yields of maize but failed to
-1

differ significantly with 150% RDF. A field experiment was conducted at Mayurbhanj to
determine the planting density and fertility level for sweet corn and it was found that green cob,
fodder and fresh kernel yields were highest with 120, 26.2, 50 kg NPK/ha (Sahoo and
Mahapatra, 2007). Similarly Vishalu et al. (2009) observed that grain and stover yields of hybrid
maize were significantly higher with 150% NPK over 100% NPK i.e. (100-50-25 kg ha-1).
Law-Ogbomo and Law-Ogbomo (2009) reported from Nigeria that NPK fertilizer
applications significantly increased plant growth and yield and the optimum level of NPK for it
was found to be (60 kg N + 27.16 kg P + 49.80 kg K) / ha. Zende et al. (2009) revealed that
growth, yield attributes, yield, quality and economics of the sweet com were significantly
superior with 150% RDF over 100% RDF (225-60-60 kg N-P-K ha-1) and lower doses.

14
Chapter 2: Review of literature

Asghar et al. (2010) reported maximum maize yield by the application of (175-80-60 kg)
N P K ha-1. Balai et al. (2011) reported from Udaipur that application of 100% NPK was
superior to NP, N, farmyard manure 20 tonnes / ha and control.

Effect of Nitrogen

Oktem (2005) in Turkey reported that increasing nitrogen applications increased fresh ear
yield and the highest fresh ear yield of sweet corn (16.01 t ha-1) was obtained from 300 kg N ha-
1
. Increasing levels of nitrogen increased baby com as well as green fodder yields up to 80 kg
N/ha (Panwar and Munda, 2006). Whereas Das et al. (2008) reported that highest yield (51.48
q/ha) was found with plant spacing of 50×15 cm and 120 kg N/ha. In Iran working on maize,
Dahmardeh (2011) determined the effect of plant density and nitrogen rate on PAR absorption
and maize yield and noticed a significant increase in the grain yield and photosynthesic active
radiation (PAR) absorption with increasing nitrogen rate and the highest grain yield was obtained
at 350 kg ha-1. Mehta et al. (2011) reported significantly higher yield attributes in the crop
supplied with 275 kg N/ha. However, a number of warkers have reported that baby corn yield,
net returns and benefit: cost ratio could be increased by increasing the N rate up to 150 kg
Thakur et al, 1999; Verma, 2011 and Jeet et al, 2012. Wasaya et al. (2011) at Faisalabad
(Pakistan) reported that increasing nitrogen rate resulted in increased yield and yield components
of maize and the highest grains weight per cob, 1000-grain weight and grain yield was recorded
with 200 kg N ha-1.

An investigation on the response of sweet corn hybrid to varying plant densities and
nitrogen levels was conducted in Hyderabad, and it was found that all the yield attributes were
maximum at 240 kg N ha-1 (Bhatt, 2012).

According to Effa et al. (2012) maize var. Ashland recorded significantly higher grain
yield with increasing N rates up to 120 kg N ha-1,they noticed that respective doses of nitrogen
(40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1) increased yield by 12.6, 21.5 and 50.4 per cent over control. Singh, et
al. (2012) which worked on sweet corn cv. Madhuri at Wadura (JK) noticed that each successive
increase in nitrogen levels from 0-120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased number of cobs/ha,
number of kernels/cob, 1000 kernel weight, green cob weight and kernel recovery, which

15
Chapter 2: Review of literature

consequently improved the yield and return, while barrenness in cobs also declined with
increasing nitrogen levels.

Effect of phosphorus

A field experiment conducted to study the response of maize to NP fertilization in terms

of growth and yield revealed that yield components increased significantly when N alone or NP
together was applied and the maximum grain yield was obtained with 120 kg N and 90 kg P205
ha-1 while maximum harvest index (58.43%) was recorded with the application of 120 kg N ha-1
alone (Saeed et al. 2001). Grazia et al. (2003) reported significant differences in ear diameter and
biomass production of sweet corn with P fertilization. Sharar et al. (2003) reported from Pakistan
that NP combination (130-180 kg N-P/ha) significantly affected the number of grains cob-1,
1000- grains weight, grain yield and harvest index.
Singh and Nepalia (2009) conducted an experiment to evaluate and develop integrated
nutrient management package for quality protein maize in southern Rajasthan and found that
application of 125% recommended dose of N and P significantly enhanced yield components and
yield of maize (100% recommended dose of fertilizer was 90 kg N + 40 kg P2O5/ha). An
experiment carried out at Peshawar, revealed that application of 100 kg P ha-1 resulted in
maximum plant height, number of cobs plant-1, number of grain cob-1, thousand grain weight,
grain and biological yields (Masood et al. 2011). While Rashid and Iqbal (2012) reported that
yield and quality of maize fodder were improved with phosphorus application up to 53 kg P ha-1.

Effect of potassium

Kalpana and Krishnarajan (2002) worked in Coimbatore and found that baby corn yield
and yield components were significantly improved by the application of 50 kg K ha-1 in three
splits. An experiment was carried out to study the effect of higher application of nitrogen and
potassium over recommended level on growth, yield and yield attributes of late sown winter
maize at Varanasi and it was found that 180 kg N and 60 kg K2O ha-1 recorded significantly
higher growth and grain and stover yields (Singh et al. 2003). Asif et al. (2007) found an
increase in maize grain yield with an increase in K levels and the maximum yield was recorded
when K was applied at 90 kg ha-1. In Islamabad, Saleem et al. (2011) conducted a field
experiment to investigate the effect of split doses of potash fertilizer on maize and sorghum and

16
Chapter 2: Review of literature

found that the highest maize grain yield and sorghum grain and stalk yield were observed with
application of 120 kg/ha of K2O in three splits.

Effect of sulphur

Alam et al. (2003) observed that grain yield and 1000-grain weight of maize were
significantly higher at 20 kg S ha-1. Jeet et al. (2012) observed highest grain yield, net return and
benefit: cost ratio at 45 kg S ha-1. Singh et al. (2012) conducted an experiment to study the role
of sulphur and zinc on rice performance and showed that maximum rice yield was obtained by
the application of 30 kg sulphur and 6 kg zinc ha-1.

Effect of zinc

Singh and Ramkala (2003) conducted a greenhouse experiment in pots on mustard, with
five levels of zinc (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg kg-1 soil) and five levels of sulphur (0, 10, 20, 40 and
80 mg kg-1 soil) and observed that the highest yield was obtained when 40 mg S was applied in
combination with 20 mg Zn kg-1 soil. A field experiment was conducted at Raichur to study the
effect of micronutrients with or without organic manures on yield of baby corn – chickpea
sequence and it was found that application of RDF (150, 75, 40 kg N, P2O5, K2O ha-1) + 25 kg
ZnSO4 + 10 kg FeSO4 + 35 kg vermicompost recorded significantly higher yield and yield
components of baby corn (Ashoka et al., (2008 & 2009).
Kumar et al. (2011) found that application of 30 kg ZnSO4/ha significantly improved the
growth and yield of barley. Similar results were reported by Asif et al. (2013) who worked in
maize at Faisalabad, Pakistan. Peykarestan et al. (2012) also conducted a field experiment in Iran
to determine the effects of zinc rates and sowing dates on grain yield and yield-related plant
characteristics of popcorn, and indicated that suitable zinc dose and sowing date were 30 kg Zn
ha-1 and July 6th.

2.1.3 Effect of fertility levels on quality parameters

Effect of NPK

Ramachandrappa et al. (2004), observed the highest values of protein, sugars, N, P and
K content in baby corn with the application of 150+75+40 kg of N+P +K/ha. Zende et al. (2009)
also reported that protein (17.79%) and reducing sugar content of sweet corn were maximum

17
Chapter 2: Review of literature

with 150% RDF. At Varanasi Singh et al. (2010) found that significant increase in carbohydrate,
sugar, starch and protein in baby corn could be obtained by the application of 120 + 25.8 + 49.8
kg N+ P+ K/ha. Balai et al. (2011) reported that application of farmyard manure @ 10 tonnes/ha
with recommended dose of NPK (120, 60, 30 kg/ha) recorded the highest values of protein
(10.13%), carbohydrate (69.98%) and tryptophan (0.64 g 16 g/N) in maize. Ghaffari et al. (2011)
reported that crude oil content in grains could be statistically improved with multi- nutrients @
1.25 L ha-1 along with the recommended dose of fertilizer of 200-120-125 kg of N-P-K ha-1.
A field experiment was conducted at Hyderabad to study the influence of planting
methods, spacing and fertilizer doses on sweet corn (Zea mays) cv. Madhuri and the highest
protein and starch contents were noticed at a spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm and 150, 75, 45 kg N,
P2O5, K2O /ha (Durga et al., 2012). Similarly Lone et al. (2013) observed maximum total soluble
sugars (T.S.S) content (11.20) in baby corn with (225 N, 90 P2O5, 60 K2O kg/ha) + FYM at 6 t/
ha.

Effect of Nitrogen

O'Leary and Rehm (1990) reported that crude protein concentration in corn silage
significantly increased with the increasing levels of nitrogen up to 225 kg N ha-1. Significant
improvement in crude protein and crude fiber content of fodder maize were noted with 120 kg N
ha-1 by Ayub et al. (2003). Similarly, Keskin et al. (2005) in Turkey found that crude protein
content and crude protein yield of fodder maize increased with increasing nitrogen level up to
240 kg ha-l but remained at par with 160 kg ha-1.
Application of nitrogen up to 150 kg ha-1 can significantly increase total sugar, starch,
protein and crude protein content in baby corn (Muthukumar et al. 2005).
Bindhani et al. (2007) also reported that protein content and protein yield of baby corn
could be increased significantly by the application of nitrogen up to 120 kg ha-1. Muthukumar et
al. (2007) also noted that application of nitrogen in split doses at different timings had significant
influence on starch and protein contents (%) of baby corn. Siam et al. (2008) noticed that
application of 333 kg N/ ha significantly increased protein, oil, starch and sugars in maize grain.
Ayub et al. (2009) conducted a field experiment with 0, 60,120 and 180 kg N ha-1 on
forage yield and quality of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) and the result indicated that
the crude protein and ash contents increased with nitrogen application but dry matter and crude

18
Chapter 2: Review of literature

fiber contents remained unaffected with the maximum (8.67%) crude protein contents being
noted at180 kg N ha-1. According to Verma (2011) protein content in grain was highest with 150
kg N ha-1 followed by 100 N and 50 kg N ha-1. Alam (2012) reported that the highest protein
content in wheat grain and straw was observed at 160 kg N ha-1 and this was followed by 110
and 60 kg N ha-1. Similarly Mahdi et al. (2012) noted that significant increase in crude protein
content in fodder maize when N level was increased from 60 to 120 kg/ha.

Effect of phosphorus

In Pakistan Ayub et al. (2002) found that quality parameters of maize such as crude
protein, crude fibre and ash contents were influenced significantly by the application of NP
fertilizers. The maximum crude protein and crude fibre contents were observed at NP levels of
200+80 kg ha-1, all NP combinations registered higher crude protein, crude fibre and ash contents
over control. Ibrahim and Hala (2007) conducted a field experiment in Egypt to evaluate the
growth, yield and chemical constituents of corn (Zea maize L.) as affected by nitrogen and
phosphors fertilization under different irrigation intervals and they reported that the maximum
total P mg/g, total N mg/g, crude protein %, carbohydrate %, T.S.S. %, starch % and oil % were
obtained by using 285.71 kg N+ 83.33 kg P2O5 / ha which was followed by 190 kg N+ 59.52 kg
P2O5 / ha and 95.24 kg N+35.7 kg P2O5/ ha. Kumar et al. (2011) reported a significant influence
on the crude protein content in grain and stock up to 19.7 kg P/ha. Whereas, Rashid and Iqbal
(2012) conducted a field trial to study the effect of phosphorus on the yield and quality of maize
fodder on a clay loam (calcareous) soil and the results indicated that the maximum crude protein,
crude fiber and ash contents were 10.55, 21.63 and 7.26 % respectively with 57 kg P ha-1.

Effect of potassium

Kalpana and Krishnarajan (2002) noticed that increasing level of potassium application
up to 50 kg ha-1 significantly increased crude protein content in baby corn.
Keerthi et al. (2013) worked in sweet corn and noticed an increase in the grain protein
content by 2.65%, and 2.42% with application of (180-75-60 kg N, P and K ha-1 + application of
vermiwash thrice at 20, 35 & 50 DAS) and (180-75-60 kg N, P and K ha-1 + 30 kg N ha-1
through vermicompost) respectively over the same level supplied through chemical sources
(180-75-60 kg N, P and K ha-1) only, while the protein content was minimum where nutrients
were not applied.

19
Chapter 2: Review of literature

Effect of sulphur

Rasheed, et al. (2004) recorded the maximum maize grain protein (9.93%) and grain oil
content (4.88%) from 150, 20 kg N, S/ha. Srinivasarao et al. (2010) noticed an improvement in
carbohydrate, starch, sugars and protein contents in maize grain with increasing levels of sulfur
up to 45 kg ha−1. Jeet et al. (2012) working on quality protein maize reported that application 45
kg S ha-1 resulted the highest lysine (3.88%) tryptophan (0.78%) and protein content. While the
combination of 150 kg N ha-1 and 45 kg S ha-1 produced corn with the highest lysine (3.99%)
and tryptophan content (0.79%). Abd and Mona (2013) found that sulfur application caused an
increase in the peanut seed oil, protein content and protein yield.
Kumar and Bohra (2013) observed that increasing levels of sulfur up to 25 kg S ha−1
significantly increased carbohydrate, reducing and non-reducing sugar, starch and protein
content in baby corn.

Effect of zinc

Jaliya et al. (2008) reported a significant increase in the protein content and yield of
maize with Zn application at 30 kg ZnSO4/ha. Crude protein content, its yield and calcium
content of fodder maize recorded significant improvement with Zn application over control
(Mahdi et al., 2012).
Kumar and Bohra (2013) found that quality attributes like carbohydrate, starch, reducing
and non-reducing sugars and protein contents in baby corn were positively affected by the
increasing levels of zinc, while vitamin A and C contents in baby corn increased up to 10 kg Zn
ha−1.

2.1.4 Effect of fertility levels on nutrient removal

Uptake of N, P and K by baby corn (baby corn + green fodder) increased significantly
with successive increase in fertility level, with maximum N, P and K uptake being observed at
180+ 38.7+ 74.7 kg N+ P+ K /ha. Significant variation in available N, P and K in the soil after
harvest was observed with each successive increase in fertility level while the balance of N, P
and K over initial soil fertility was 5.10, 27.7 and -8.9 %, respectively with application of 180+
38.7+ 74.7 kg N+ P+ K/ha (Singh et al., 2009).

20
Chapter 2: Review of literature

Das et al. (2011) at Meghalaya, found that the extent of increase in N, P and K status in
soil with 100% inorganic treatment was 8, 28.4 and 7.53% over control, while the highest soil
organic carbon content at final harvest was recorded with 50% NPK + Azolla compost @ 5
tonnes/ha (1.52%). The highest N, P and K uptake by maize and mustard was recorded with
conjunctive application of 100% NPK + Azolla compost @ 2.5 tonnes/ha, followed by of 100%
NPK + farmyard manure @ 2.5 tonnes/ha. Sweet corn (Sugar-75) supplied with application of
(180-75-60 kg N, P and K ha-1 + vermiwash thrice at 20, 35 & 50 DAS) and (180-75-60 kg N, P
and K ha-1 + 30 kg N ha-1 through vermicompost) registered the highest N P K uptake by cob as
well as stover which were however, comparable but both significantly superior to rest of the
treatments tried. The highest values of available N, P2O5 and K2O in soil after harvesting the
crop were registered with the application of the highest dose of 180-75-60 kg N, P and K ha-1 +
30 kg N ha-1 through vermicompost (Keerthi et al. 2013).

Effect of nitrogen

According to Kar et al. (2006) application of 80 kg N/ha recorded the highest total N
uptake (91.2 kg/ha) by sweet corn. Panwar and Munda (2006) studied the effect of nitrogen
levels on the uptake of nutrients by baby corn and found that the uptake of nitrogen was
markedly increased with the increasing levels of nitrogen in baby corn up to 80 kg N ha-1.
Nitrogen content in baby corn and green fodder increased significantly with increasing
levels of nitrogen up to 120 kg ha-1 (Bindhani et al., 2007, 2008). Jeet et al. (2012) recorded
significantly higher N, P, K, and S content in grains and stover of maize and there uptake with
application of 150 kg N ha-1. Similarly, Mahdi et al. (2012) reported significantly higher N and
Zn content as well as uptake in fodder maize with application of increasing levels of nitrogen up
to 120 kg ha-1. Meena et al. (2013) reported significant increase in N, P, K content and total
uptake by maize with increasing levels of nitrogen application up to 150 kg N ha-1.

Effect of phosphorus

Orabi and Abdel-Aziz (1982) reported that the application of 112.5 kg P2O5/ha increased
significantly the phosphorus uptake by maize grain but it was at par with 25 kg ZnSO4/ha and 75
kg P2O5/ha together. Sharma et al. (2012) reported maximum P content in grain and N and P
content in straw with 120, 45 kg N, P ha-1, while N content in grain was non-significant with NP

21
Chapter 2: Review of literature

levels. Application of nitrogen in combination with P increased the availability of N & P in soil
and increased cation exchange capacity of roots which enhanced N & P absorption in plants.

Effect of potassium

The long-term experimentation conducted at Jabalpur (M.P.) in soybean-wheat-maize

fodder revealed that application of potassium at recommended level enhanced the uptake of
major, secondary and some of the micronutrients (Tiwari et al. 2002). Kalpana and Krishnarajan
(2002) noticed that application of 50 kg K ha-1 in 3 split recorded highly significant increase in K
removal as well as N uptake by baby corn. Raisi and Tohidi-Nejad (2012) observed the
maximum wheat leaf potassium content 2.38% was obtained by utilization of 250 kg ha-1
potassium sulphate.
Malek-Mohammadi et al. (2013) noticed the highest potassium concentration in wheat
grain (45.64 mg/kg) by the application of 180 kg potassium sulfate per hectare.

Effect of sulphur

Sarker et al. (2002) worked in soybean and noticed the highest S and B uptake found
when sulphur was applied @ 10 and 20 kg ha-1, respectively. Khan et al. (2006) observed that
increasing the rate of S from 0 to 120 kg ha-1 significantly increased SO4-S concentration in
maize leaves with the maximum SO4-S concentration being recorded at 120 kg ha-1. Devi et al.
(2012) reported highest sulphur uptake by soybean when was applied at 30 kg ha-1
Application of S has a great effect on soil physical and chemical properties, such as soil
bulk density, pore size distribution and soil water retention and sulfur content in peanut seeds
(Abd and Mona 2013). Application of sulfur, Zn and B together significantly increased the
nutrient uptake and registered the highest content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sulfur
in seeds of peanut. They also reported that the application of S, Zn and B increased the available
sulfur content in soil.

Effect of zinc

Orabi and Abdel-Aziz (1982) reported that the application of 25 kg ZnSO4/ha and 75 kg
P2O5/ha together significantly increased the phosphorus removal by maize grain and the increase
was about the same as the application of 112.5 kg P2O5/ha. Graham et al. (1999) reported that
rice grain Zn concentrations ranged from 15.9 to 58.4 mg kg−1. Ashoka et al. (2008) noticed that

22
Chapter 2: Review of literature

Zn application at 10 mg/kg soil caused significant increase in the Zn content and uptake by
sorghum over 5 mg/kg soil applicantion. Depending on soil Zn status, rice grain Zn
concentrations could range from 8 to 47 mg kg−1 in a single genotype (Wissuwa et al. 2006;
Wissuwa et al. 2008). Kumar et al. (2011) noticed significant increase in the N and Zn content of
barley (grain and straw) with the application of Zn with the highest content being recorded at 30
kg ZnSO4/ha. It was further observed that application of Zn brought about significant reduction
in P content of straw of barley. However P content in grain and K content in grain and straw
were not affected by the application of any level of Zn. Mahdi et al. (2012) reported that Zn and
N content and its removal increased significantly by Zn application. Abd and Mona (2013) found
that the highest zinc and boron content were recorded where combined application of sulfur,
boron and zinc, was made to peanut. Mohammadi et al. (2013) also noticed the highest
concentration of zinc in wheat seed (19.03 mg/kg) at 25 kg of zinc sulfate per ha.

Effect of fertility levels on economics

Effect of NPK

Kar et al. (2006) reported that the highest net returns (₹ 61,532/ha) and benefit: cost ratio
(3.76) in sweet corn were realized with 80 kg N/ha and this was followed by 60 and 40 kg N/ha.
Similarly Sahoo and Mahapatra (2007) reported maximum net profit of ₹ 45084/ha and benefit:
cost ratio (3.30), at the fertility level of 120, 26.2, 50 kg N, P, K/ha. Dadarwal et al. (2009)
recorded that the highest net returns and benefit: cost in baby corn were obtained with 75% NPK
+ 2.25 tonnes vermicompost/ha + biofertilizers.
Singh et al. (2010) found that net return and B: C ratio increased significantly with each
successive increase in fertility level and net returns and B:C ratio were highest (₹ 1,23,989 and
3.97) with the application of 180+ 38.7+ 74.7 kg N+ P+ K/ha. Das et al. (2011) reported that in
maize – mustard cropping system gross return was maximum (₹ 40 755/ha) with Azolla compost
5 tonnes/ha + farmyard manure 5 tonnes/ha, followed by 100% NPK+ Azolla compost at 2.5
tonnes/ha, while net returns /ha/day and B: C ratio were highest with 100% NPK + Azolla
compost at 2.5 tonnes/ha, followed by 100% NPK + farmyard manure at 2.5 tonnes/ha. Similarly
Lone et al. (2013) found that cultivation of baby corn variety VL-78 with an application of RDF
(90- 60- 40, kg N- P- K/ha) in combination with 6 t/ha FYM had a maximum B: C ratio of
1:1.59.

23
Chapter 2: Review of literature

Effect of nitrogen

Sarwar (1993) reported higher net return in maize with increase in nitrogen levels up to
200 kg ha-1, while Kar et al. (2006) reported that the net return and benefit: cost ratio increased
significantly with successive increase in nitrogen upto 80 kg N/ha. Sahoo and Panda (1999) also
reported similar economics owing to nitrogen nutrition in baby corn. Similarly Saeed et al.
(2001) found that the maximum net return (₹ 36960 ha-1) and gross return in maize (₹ 52057 ha-
1
) could be obtained by application of 120, 90 kg N, P/ha. Panwar and Munda (2006); Bindhani
et al. (2008) and Golada et al. (2013) reported a maximum net return and benefit: cost ratio with
application of 120 kg N ha-1 to baby corn. Jeet et al. (2012) noticed that application of 150 kg N
ha-1 resulted in the highest net returns (₹ 48720.39 ha-1) and B: C ratio 2.63 followed by 100 kg
N ha-1 and 50 kg N ha-1. Mahdi et al. (2012) noticed an improvement in net returns and B: C
ratio of fodder maize up to 120 kg N/ha.

Effect of phosphorus

Sahoo and Panda (2001) while working on baby corn found higher net return with
application of 26.2 kg P ha-1. Similarly Saeed et al. (2001) worked in maize and found maximum
net and gross returns by 120, 60 kg N, P2O5 ha-1. Similarly Jain and Dhama (2005) reported that
application of 26.4 kg P/ha to wheat had significant effect on net returns and benefit: cost ratio
and on succeeding pearlmillet and wheat-pearlmillet cropping system.
Application of P to barley registered an increase in net returns with the increasing levels
of P and the highest net returns (₹ 193 777 /ha) and B: C ratio (3.17) was obtained with the
application of 19.7 kg P / ha (Kumar et al. 2011). A field experiment was conducted at Jhalawar
(Rajasthan) to evaluate the effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity,
profitability, nutrient uptake and soil fertility in maize (Zea mays L.), and it revealed that the
application of 150 % RDF (60, 22.5 kg N, P/ha) registered significantly higher net return
(₹19,251/ha) and B: C ratio (1.90) (Tetarwal et al. 2011). Rajkumara et al. (2012) worked on
maize and reported the highest gross and net returns and B: C ratio with the application of 100%
(NP) through inorganics.

24
Chapter 2: Review of literature

Effect of potassium

Sahoo and Panda (1997) found that the application of 120, 26.2, 50 kg N, P, K ha-1 to
baby corn registered higher net. Kumar et al. (2006) found application of 75% of recommended
dose of fertilizers gave the maximum net return/rupee invested (₹ 2.76). Singh et al. (2010)
observed a significant increase in net return and B: C ratio in baby corn with the increasing
nutrient level up to 180, 38.7, 74.7 kg N, P, K ha-1.
Yadav et al. (2013) reported that the gross return increased from ₹ 45,628 ha-1 to ₹
48,136 ha-1 and net returns from ₹ 21,336 ha-1 to ₹ 23,546 ha-1 with the increase in levels of
potassium from 20 to 60 kg K2O ha-1.

Effect of sulphur

Devi et al. (2012) reported that higher net return the application of 30 kg sulphur per
hectare was at par with 40 kg per hectare, while the benefit: cost ratio was significantly higher
with the application of 30 kg per hectare over other levels of sulphur. Similarly Jeet et al. (2012)
noticed that the highest net return and B: C ratio were obtained with 45 kg S ha-1 and the
combination between 150 kg N ha-1 × 45 kg S ha-1 resulted in the highest net returns of ₹
56075.52 ha-1 and B: C ratio 2.68 in maize. Also Kumar and Bohra (2013) which significantly
higher gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio at 50 kg S ha−1 over control but remained
comparable with 25 kg S ha−1.

Effect of zinc

Jain and Dhama (2005) reported significant increase in net returns and benefit: cost ratio
of wheat succeeding pearlmillet and wheat- pearlmillet system with increase in Zn level up to 6
kg/ha. Ashoka et al. (2008) reported that net return and B: C ratio has a greater impact on the
practical utility and acceptance of the technology and significantly the highest gross return (₹
96,838 ha-1), net returns (₹ 76,889 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.85) were recorded with the application
of RDF + 25 kg ZnSO4 + 10 kg FeSO4 + 35 kg Vermicompost compared to RDF and all other
treatments except RDF with the micronutrients along with FYM. Kumar et al. (2011) noticed
that the highest net returns in barley were recorded with the application of 30 kg ZnSO4 /ha but
the highest value of B: C ratio was recorded with the application of 10 kg ZnSO4 /ha.

25
Chapter 2: Review of literature

Ghaffari et al. (2011) found that the application of 200- 120-125 kg N-P-K ha-1 + single
spray of multi-nutrient (a solution mixture of micronutrients i.e; Zn = 2%, Fe = 1%, B = 1%, Mn
= 1%, Cu = 0.2% and macronutrients N = 1%, K2O = 2%, S = 2%) @ 1.25L ha-1 recorded the
highest benefit: cost ratio and net return over the rest of the treatments. Mahdi et al. (2012)
worked in maize and found that Zn application caused marked improvement in net returns and B:
C ratio and the combination between N and Zn fetched higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio
than other treatments. Similarly Kumar and Bohra (2013) reported that application of 10 kg Zn
ha−1 registered maximum gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio over control but
remained statistically at par with 5 kg Zn ha−1.

2. 2 Effect of planting methods and varieties on growth parameters, yield, yield

attributes, quality, nutrient contents, nutrient removal and economics of baby corn

2.2. 1 Effect of planting methods and varieties on growth parameters

Effect of planting methods

Fahong et al. (2004) noticed that bed planting reduced plant height and led to decreased
humidity within the canopy, which appears to have resulted in corresponding decrease in crop
lodging and disease incidences. Mahajan et al. (2007) conducted a field experiment to determine
the effect of mulch in relation to irrigation and planting methods on soil temperature, weed
control, baby corn growth, water use and yield and results indicated that bed planting had greater
plant height, earlier picking of baby corn. Mehta et al. (2011) reported that plant height, leaf
area, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, relative growth rate of maize were maximum at
the bed planted crop and at 250 and 275 kg N/ha.

Effect of varieties

Sukanya et al. (1999) conducted a field trial at Bangalore to study the effect of varieties
and spacings on growth, development and yield of baby com and the results showed that variety
VBC-705 recorded higher plants height, leaf area per plant and dry matter per plant at grand
growth stage than ITC-ZENECA and C-6. In Thailand Kasikranan et al. (2001) carried out a
field experiment and the results indicated that the best three cultivars in plant growth were SW 2,
KKU 922 and Baby corn #1, respectively and these cultivars could possibly be considered as the

26
Chapter 2: Review of literature

leading cultivars adapted well to the environment. Whereas Khan et al. (2002) noticed that maize
cultivars Platinum and Agaity-85 produced highest leaf area index and higher biological yield
than Akbar and Golden. Almeida et al. (2005) from Brazil, obtained the greatest plant height and
fresh mass of the above-ground part by the cultivar DKB 333 B, and the greatest ear insertion
height was shown by cultivar AG 1051, which exceeded all cultivars except DKB 333 B, AG
405, and DKB 435. There were no differences between cultivars with regard to leaf area, stalk
diameter, dry mass of the above-ground part of the plant, and fresh and dry masses of the root
system. According to Keskin et al. (2005), among forage corn cultivars Frassino cultivar had the
greatest dry matter yield (17257 kg ha-1) followed by P-3335 and P-3394 cultivars, while Arifiye
cultivar had the lowest dry matter yield. Asghar et al. (2010) carried out a field experiment and
found that there were no significant differences between maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Golden
and Sultan in respect to plant growth parameters.
A field study was conducted to evaluate the performance of baby corn genotypes under
high rainfall conditions of Goa, and the results indicated that there were significant differences in
plant height, number of leaves per plant and maximum and minimum stem girth among 14 baby
corn varieties. DHM-105 recorded tallest plants but it was on par with COBC-1 and DHM-111,
while DHM-111 produced the highest number of leaves per plant which was at par with PEHM-
2, Golden Baby (Golden Seeds), Mridula, PEHM-5, DHM-115 and G-5406. The maximum and
minimum stem girths were observed in Mridula and VLBC-1, respectively (Ramachandrudu et
al., 2010). While Jeet et al. (2012) reported that the QPM hybrid Shaktiman-4 had higher plant
height 171.68 cm than Shaktiman-2. Kheibari et al. (2012) from Iran reported significant
difference in plant growth parameters among baby corn genotypes.

2.2. 2 Effect of planting methods and varieties on yield and yield attributes

Effect of planting method

Fahong et al. (2004) found that the dry biomass yields for Jimai 19 and Yannong 19 were
15,570 and 16,134 kg ha-1, respectively, under the raised bed planting system, and the grain
yields for the two varieties were increased by 10.0- 13.4% in bed planting over flat planting.
Hossain et al. (2006) recorded that the higher yield attributes, grain yield, straw yield and harvest
index of wheat produced under bed planting than conventional methods. Limon-Ortega et al.
(2006) found that the use of permanent beds with crop residues as stubble, all left or partially

27
Chapter 2: Review of literature

removed, produced the highest grain yields through a greater number of spikes/m2. Mahajan et
al. (2007) noticed that bed planting caused 34.9% and 49.0% increase in baby corn and green
fodder yields respectively over ridge planting method, number of baby corns/plant and husked
cob weight in bed planting method were found to be higher.
Singh et al. (2010) found an increase in yield components of wheat like number of grain
spike-1 by (21%) and 1000-grain weight by (11%) under permanent raised bed compared with
conventional flat bed. Zhang et al. (2012) reported that stem and leaf biomass were increased in
raised bed planting than to flat planting, also yields were higher in raised bed planting than in flat
beds.

Effect of varieties

According to Sukanya et al. (1999), ITC-ZENECA produced significantly higher green

fodder yield (36. 71 t/ha) than YBC-705 (26.16 t/ha). Baby corn variety YBC-705 produced
significantly higher baby com yield (37 .85 q/ha) compared to the composite C-6 (25. 90 q/ha)
and ITC-ZENECA (21.48 q/ha). Kasikranan et al. (2001) reported the highest baby corn fresh
weights with CMB, followed by KKU 922, while the ratios between whole cob (with husk) and
baby corn were highest with SSW, followed by SW2 and KKU 922, respectively. While Khan et
al. (2002) reported that the Platinum and Agaity-85 produced greater number of grains cob-1,
1000-grain weight, harvest index (%) and grain yield as compared to Akbar and Golden
cultivars. Pandey et al. (2002) recorded that 'VL Makka 42' produced the heaviest baby corn (5.1
g), maximum baby corn/plant (2.24), baby corn length (6.3 cm) and baby corn girth (3.5 cm),
and had the lowest green cob: baby corn weight ratio (4.1) and barren plants percentage (8.4%).
Limon-Ortega et al. (2008) reported from the results of their trials that the planting system on
narrow raised beds was a variety-specific system as only three out of eight varieties (Nahuatl
F2000, Tlaxcala F2000 and Romoga F96) showed an adequate performance.
Zende et al. (2009) reported that all the yield attributes of Sweet Corn Sugar-75 were
significantly improved by the application of 337.5, 90, 90 kg N, P, K /ha.
Asghar et al. (2010) found that there were no significant difference between maize (Zea
mays L.) cultivars Golden and Sultan in respect of yield and yield attributes. Similarly Chauhan
and Mohan (2010) found a genetic variability among the genotypes in respect of yield attributes
and yields of baby corn. Ramachandrudu et al. (2010) reported that Golden Baby (Nunhems),

28
Chapter 2: Review of literature

Pop-135 and PEHM-2 were identified as the best dehusked cob yielders. However, among them
performance of the hybrid Golden Baby (Nunhems) has been found as the most promising for
key characters like dehusked cob weight, dehusked cob length, dehusked cob diameter, ratio of
dehusked cob weight to green cob weight and dehusked cob yield per hectare.
According to Almeida et al. (2005); Kheibari et al. (2012) and Simic et al. (2012)
significant differences among cultivars with respect to the number and mass of marketable (with
and without husked) baby corn ear were found, while there were no differences among cultivars
with regard to fresh and dry baby corn ear weight. Castro et al. (2013) noticed that the cultivar
BRS 2020 was the best for producing marketable dehusked and husked ears of baby corn, while
the cultivar AG 1051 was the best in terms of marketable husked baby corn.

2.2. 3 Effect of planting methods and varieties on quality parameters

Effect of planting methods

Mandal et al. (2004) reported that rice crop residues are highly siliceous, and have the
potential of transforming electrochemical properties of acidic soils that reduces P fixation, while
residue incorporation results in more microbial activity than residue removal or burning. Mehta
et al. (2011) recorded that the biochemical parameters. viz; chlorophyll content and activities of
various enzymes (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase and acid invertase) estimated from the
leaves at pre- and post-anthesis stage were maximum among the bed planted crop and the crop
supplied with higher doses of nitrogen.

Effect of varieties

Fahong et al. (2004) also recorded an increase in protein content of wheat grain when it
was grown on raised bed. Keskin et al. (2005) reported that among forage corn cultivars P-3394
and P-3335 cultivars had higher crude protein content in companion to Arifiye and Frassino.
Similarly Zende et al. (2009) found that the protein content in Sweet Corn Sugar-75 grains had a
maximum value of 17.79% with 337.5, 90, 90 kg N, P, K /ha. While the reducing sugar content
was significantly increased by FYM @20 tonnes/ha and 337.5, 90, 90 kg N, P, K /ha.

29
Chapter 2: Review of literature

2.2. 4 Effect of planting methods and varieties on nutrient removal and soil
health

Effect of planting methods

Limon-Ortega et al. (2000) reported that the planting on permanent raised beds
eliminated soil surface crusting problems improved soil physical status and nitrogen use
efficiency (NUE) by more than 10% because of nitrogen placement possibilities. Fahong et al.
(2004) conducted a field experiment in China and noticed that raised bed planting decreased the
soil surface exposed to flooding by 40%, which eliminated surface soil crusting on the top of the
bed. The soil porosity with bed planting was larger than flat planting, resulting in lower soil bulk
density for raised bed, especially for the top 0–10 cm soil profile. Over the time with additional
irrigations, the porosity of the flat planting was reduced and bulk density increased as compared
to raised bed planting. Raised bed planting increased the nitrogen use efficiency by 12.7 and
13.7% over flat bed planting. Limon-Ortega et al. (2006) noticed that the degree of aggregation
and stability was larger for permanent beds. Singh et al. (2010) noticed that N and P content
(mg/kg) of grain and stover by pigeonpea under permanent raised bed were higher than flat bed.
They also observed that growing of pigeonpea and wheat on permanent raised bed increased OC
content in the 0–20 cm and 20– 40 cm soil layers.

Effect of varieties

Fahong et al. (2004) found that the nitrogen use efficiency for bed planting was 23.1%
with wheat varieties Jimai19 (19, and 21.6%) and Yannong 19 and was consistently and
markedly higher for both wheat varieties (Jimai19 and Yannong 19) with bed planting. Gordon
and Pierzynski (2006) found that starter fertilizer improved the P uptake (maize grain and stover
at maturity) of Pioneer 3346 and DeKalb 591, but had no effect on Pioneer 3563 and DeKalb
646, while Pioneer 3563 and DeKalb 646 had higher concentrations of P and K than Pioneer
3346 and DeKalb 591. They also found that the corn hybrids Pioneer 3563 and DeKalb 646 had
the ability to continue root growth and nutrient uptake at lower soil temperatures than Pioneer
3346 and DeKalb 591. However, Zende et al. (2009) reported that Sweet Corn Sugar-75 with
application of 337.5, 90, 90 kg NPK /ha recorded the highest N and K uptake, while the highest
P uptake was recorded with 225, 60, 60 kg NPK/ha.

30
Chapter 2: Review of literature

Effect of planting methods and varieties on economics

Effect of planting methods

Aquino (1998) from Mexico reported less cost of cultivation with bed planting and the
combination of lower costs and higher yields resulted in a greater net profit for bed planting
(14% higher). Limon-Ortega et al. (2000) reported that the adoption of raised beds could save
about 30% of water and 10% of N fertilizers, thus reducing the costs of production. Similar
results were also reported by earlier study of Fahong et al. (2004). Singh et al. (2010) noticed
that the total cost of cultivation of the pigeonpea–wheat system was higher under flat bed (on an
average US$ 520 ha-1) as compared to permanent raised bed (on average US$ 409 ha-1). The
gross returns as well as net returns of wheat and pigeonpea were affected by the planting
techniques and fertilizer treatments; in pigeonpea both gross returns and net returns were greater
(25% and 40%, respectively) under permanent raised bed than flat bed, while in wheat, gross
returns was almost similar under both the planting techniques but the net returns under flat bed
was 20% less than permanent raised bed.

Effect of varieties

While Pandey et al. (2002) reported the highest baby corn yield (1,428 kg/ha), net return
(₹ 24,980/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.48) was recorded in 'VL Makka 42' whereas maize
composite 'VL Makka 16' was the next best variety for baby corn yield and monetary returns.
Zende et al. (2009) found that the application of 337.5 – 90- 90 kg N-P-K/ha to Sweet Corn
Sugar-75 recorded maximum gross and net returns of 201913.58 and 123637.76 ₹/ha with B: C
ratio of 2.59. Lone et al. (2013) reported that cultivation of baby corn variety VL-78 under
temperate conditions with an application of 90, 60, 40 kg NPK/ha in combination with 6 t/ha
FYM revealed a maximum B: C ratio of 1:1.59, with better cost of cultivation.

2. 3 Residual effect of fertility levels on yield, yield attributes, nutrient contents,

nutrient removal, soil health and economics of sorghum.

The nature of crop residues and their management has a profound influence on the
nutrient-supplying power of soils over the short term (next growing season) and long term (next
several years). The impact of previous crop residue on nutrient availability to subsequent crops

31
Chapter 2: Review of literature

has received much attention in crop production-rotation systems throughout the world (Schoenau
and Campbell, 1996).

2.3.1 Residual effect of fertility levels on yield and yield attributes

Sharma et al. (1995) reported that sesbania green manuring and mungbean residue
increased grain yield of rice by 0.4 and 0.3 t ha-1 and of spring wheat by 0.6 and 0.7 t ha-1
respectively when no urea-N was applied to rice and 40 kg urea-N ha-1 as a basal starter dose was
applied to wheat. Similarly, Kouyaté et al. (2000) also reported an increase in cereal grain and
stover yields by 37 and 49%, respectively when crop residues were incorporated. Ghuman and
Sur (2001) noticed that the grain yield of maize and wheat were less in the first two years under
minimum tillage with 3 Mg ha-1 crop residue mulch of the previous crop compared to
conventional tillage and minimum tillage without application of residue. However subsequently,
the grain yields were greater in the minimum tillage with 3 Mg ha-1 crop residue mulch of the
previous crop. While Kumar and Goh (2002) reported that mulched and burned treatments
produced significantly higher grain yields of the second wheat crop as compared to other
management treatments.
Residue retention increased shoot biomass and grain yields of both the summer and
winter crops in seven of the eight seasons and biomass yields of the sorghum and maize were
also increased by N fertilizer, applied either to the crop itself (140% increase) or to the previous
wheat crop (32% increase) (Shah et al., 2003). Tejada and Gonzalez (2003) found that
application of crushed- cotton- gin- residues- compost resulted in higher wheat yield parameters.
The yield parameters of the second experimental season were also better than those of the first
experimental season, due to the residual effect of the organic matter after its application in the
first season.
Govaerts et al. (2005) reported highest wheat yield for zero tillage with crop rotation and
full residue retention and the lowest yield under zero tillage with rotation and residue removal.
Moreover, in years of erratic rainfall, zero tillage with residue retention performed better.
According to Malhi and Lemke (2007) straw retention increased seed (by 62%), straw (by 43%)
yields, and root mass (by 11%) compared to straw removal for barley in 2002, wheat in 2004,
and seed and straw yield for pea in 2003. Shafi et al. (2007) reported that crop residues
incorporation significantly increased grain yield of maize compared with the residues removed

32
Chapter 2: Review of literature

treatment. Singh et al. (2010) found significant interaction between P rates and planting
technique which indicated that gain in wheat yield due to fertilizer P was greater under
permanent raised bed with residue on the surface than that under flat bed with residue
incorporated in the soil. Arif et al. (2011) reported that yield and yield components of maize
were higher in legume-cereal (chickpea-maize) cropping system supplemented with N which
showed the residual advantage of legume on the following crop. They also noticed that fertilizer
N applied to previous wheat showed carry over effect on the following maize.

2.3.2 Residual effect of fertility levels on nutrient removal and soil health

Ghuman and Sur (2001) while working in maize and wheat at Punjab found increased
organic matter content, water retention, infiltration, soil aggregation and decreased bulk density
of the surface soil under the minimum tillage with 3 Mg ha-1 crop residue mulch of the previous
crop. Kumar and Goh (2002) noticed that mulching showed significantly greater N uptake than
other treatments and the differences in N uptake were reflected in the grain yield of second
sequential wheat crop. Similarly Tejada and Gonzalez (2003) found that the application of
crushed- cotton- gin- residues- compost to the soil brought about an increase in soil microbial
activity, structural stability, porosity, mineralization of organic matter with a higher NO3--N
concentration in soil and consequent increase in NO3--N uptake by plants. Surekha et al. (2003)
noticed that recycling of crop residues by incorporation significantly increased soil available K,
total N and organic carbon over control, while bulk density decreased with residue incorporation.
Jain and Dhama (2005) found that the residual effect of Zn up to 6 kg/ha significantly
increased N and K uptake by 36.1 and 29.5% in grains and by 16.8% in stover (only K uptake) of
pearlmillet. Limon-Ortega et al. (2006) reported that under long-term permanent beds all
residues retained as stubble from wheat and maize in rotation improved soil aggregation and
stability and increased C and N from the soil microbial biomass over time.
Permanent raised bed planting with retention of crop residues results in more stable
macro-aggregates, increased retention of C and N in the micro-aggregates and improvements in
other soil properties. The total N content was 1.14 times greater in straw retained PB than in
straw burned PB, the N-mineralization rate was similar for both treatments. The K concentration
showed an opposite trend with 1.65 and 1.43 times greater in the 0–5 cm and 5–20 cm
respectively, compared to conventionally tilled beds. However, tillage practice had no significant

33
Chapter 2: Review of literature

effect on the extractable concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu and Al in the 0–5 cm soil layer, but the
amount of Zn was significantly lower in conventionally tilled beds with residue incorporation
compared to permanent raised beds. Removal of straw had no effect on the concentration of Zn
and Al (Govaerts et al., 2007).
De Vita et al. (2007) reported that the greater bulk density under no-tillage with residue
retention, increased soil water, reduced water evaporation from the soil surface, enhanced
available water for the crop, and increased soil organic C. In Canada Malhi and Lemke (2007)
found that the straw retention had greater mass of N and C in seed, straw and root for barley in
2002, pea in 2003 and wheat in 2004.
Shafi et al. (2007) observed that crop residues incorporation resulted in 34.2 and 24.3%
increase in soil mineral N over the residues removed treatment during 2000 and 2001,
respectively.
Anyanzwa et al. (2010) reported that incorporation of crop residues (maize stover, wheat
straw, bean trash and improved fallows) into soils is associated with improved N levels in soils
and subsequent high maize and bean yields. Singh et al. (2010) noticed that the residue left in the
field after pigeonpea had 16% greater N and 11% greater P recycling in permanent raised bed
than flat bed. They also reported that after completion of the third pigeonpea–wheat crop cycle,
the nitrate N (NO3-N) content of the surface soil was greater under permanent raised bed with
residue in the surface than in the flat bed with incorporation of the residue in the soil.

2.3.3 Residual effect of fertility levels on economics

Limon-Ortega et al. (2002) and (2006) reported that the implementation of permanent
beds system with crop residues can be considered as an alternative practice that improves soil
quality and yields with the concomitant reduction in operational costs. Kumar and Goh (2002)
and Shah et al. (2003) found that the retention of crop residues in the field adds to the N
economy of the cropping system and enhances crop productivity. Jain and Dhama (2005)
reported that application of 26.4 kg P/ha to wheat had significant effect on net returns of wheat,
succeeding pearlmillet and wheat-pearlmillet cropping system and the magnitude of increase was
37.6, 38.0 and 37.7% over control. They also recorded the highest benefit: cost ratio (2.95: 1,
2.32:1 and 2.72:1 respectively), wheat, succeeding pearlmillet and wheat-pearlmillet system.

34
Chapter 2: Review of literature

2. 4 Residual effect of planting methods and baby corn varieties on yield attributes, yield,
nutrient contents, nutrient removal, soil health and economics of sorghum.

The impact of previous crop residue on yield and nutrient availability to subsequent crops
has received much attention in crop production-rotation systems throughout the world.

2.4. 1 Effect of planting method and varieties on yield and yield attributes

Sharma and Prasad (1999) found that incorporation of mungbean residue significantly
increased rice yield over fallow by 0.6-0.8 t ha-1 y-1 and wheat yield by 0.5 t ha-1 y-1. Sukanya et
al. (1999) reported that baby corn variety VBC-605 recorded higher plants height, leaf area per
plant and dry matter per plant at grand growth stage and recorded higher baby corn yield (37.85
q/ha). Limon-Ortega et al. (2000) observed that residue retention has an additional advantage of
higher soil biota over no straw retention.
Ghuman and Sur (2001) observed higher wheat and maize yields under minimum tillage
with crop residue than conventional tillage. Fischer et al. (2002) recorded that maize-wheat
rotation under zero-tillage was superior to the other tillage- residue combinations.
Retaining the residue mulch affects grain yield, soil moisture retention, nutrient use
efficiency and soil health/biota and improves soil physical properties and hydraulic conductivity
over time. Even if 25–50% of the residue is retained, it is generally sufficient to contribute to the
effects described above (Meisner et al. 2005). Similarly Sayre et al. (2005) also reported an
increase in wheat- maize yields with straw retention. Zhongming et al. (2005) found that increase
in wheat yield on raised beds by 34–46% over flat bed under irrigation of 2100–2850 m3/ha, but
when the irrigation exceeded 3600 m3/ha the yield difference was not significant. Shafi et al.
(2007) found an increase in maize grain yield by 23.7% and stover yield by 26.7% due to residue
incorporation. Limon-Ortega et al. (2008) indicated that the planting system on narrow raised
beds is a variety- specific system as only three out of eight varieties showed an adequate
performance. For the specific case of the Central Highlands of Mexico, the most adequate
varieties were Nahuatl F2000, Tlaxcala F2000 and Romoga F96. Hossain (2013) reported that
the highest grain-biomass ratio of boro rice was obtained from treatment at permanent raised bed
(two rows) followed by permanent raised bed (three rows) with alternate wetting and drying
irrigation (AWD).

35
Chapter 2: Review of literature

2.4. 2 Effect of planting method and varieties on nutrient contents, nutrient removal

Limon-Ortega et al. (2000) recorded an improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)

improved by more than 10% because of improved nitrogen placement possibilities. Ghuman and
Sur (2001) found that N uptake was significantly lower in the minimum tillage without residue
than minimum tillage with 3 Mg ha-1 crop residue mulch of the previous crop and conventional
tillage without residue. Singh et al. (2010) found that pigeonpea on permanent raised bed (PRB)
had greater N and P recycling (11–23% N and 8–14% P) through its residue comprising root,
stubble and leaf. The total N and P uptake by pigeonpea under flat bed (FB) were lower than
PRB, while the N and P content of grain and stover, remained similar under two planting
techniques

2.4. 3 Effect of planting method and varieties on soil health

Permanent beds provide the first real opportunity to reduce tillage and retain residues,
which leads to marked improvements in soil physical, chemical and biological parameters and
water use efficiency (Sayre, 1999). Limon-Ortega et al. (2000) reported that the soil surface crust
problems were eliminated and soil physical status was greatly improved, nitrogen use efficiency
(NUE) was increased by more than 10% through improved nitrogen placement possibilities.
Ghuman and Sur (2001) found an increased organic matter content, water retention, infiltration
and aggregation, and decreased bulk density of the surface soil under minimum tillage with 3 Mg
ha-1 crop residue mulch of the previous crop over minimum tillage without residue and
conventional tillage without residue.
Major benefits of residue retention and direct seeding are increase in water infiltration
(usually leading to higher water use efficiency), reduction in soil erosion, build-up of soil organic
matter, carbon sequestration, and improved soil chemical, physical, and biological fertility (Wall,
2001). Singh et al. (2010) observed that growing of pigeonpea and wheat crops on PRB
increased OC contents in the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers over its initial content (0.42 and
0.35%, respectively).

2.4. 4 Effect of planting method and varieties on economics

Mollah et al. (2009) worked in new crop establishment method for wheat in rice-wheat
cropping system and found that the cost of cultivation was lower and gross return, gross margin

36
Chapter 2: Review of literature

and benefit-cost ratio were higher in bed planting. Similarly Singh et al. (2010) noticed that the
optimum doses of fertilizer N and P for wheat in the pigeonpea–wheat system were smaller (128
kg N and 28 kg P ha-1) under permanent raised bed (PRB) than flat bed (FB) (152 kg N and 30
kg P ha-1) owing to increased N and P supply, greater P use efficiency and a better crop growth
environment. The annual net returns of the pigeonpea–wheat system were greater by US$ 210
ha-1 under PRB, and the crop also required less specific energy compared to the FB planting.

37
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

Chapter 3

Materials and Methods

The present investigation entitled “Effect of fertility levels and planting methods on yield
and nutritional quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) varieties and its residual effect on sorghum
[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]” was conducted during the pre-kharif and kharif seasons of
2010-11 and 2011-12 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (India). The materials used, experimental
procedure followed and techniques adopted in the experiments are described in this chapter.

3.1. Location:
The Agricultural Research Farm of the Institute is situated at a distance of about 10 km
away from Varanasi railway station in south eastern part of Varanasi city. The geographical
situation of the farm is 250 18‟N latitude, 880 03‟E longitude and at an altitude of 75.7 meters
from the mean sea level in the Northern Gangetic Alluvial plains. The experimental site was
fairly uniform in topography and well drained.

3.2. Weather and Climate:

Varanasi is a part of North-East Plain Zone of Eastern Uttar Pradesh which falls in a sub-
tropical climatic zone, often subjected to extremes of weather condition i.e. extremely hot
summer and cold winter. The temperature begins to rise from middle of February and reaches its
maximum by May and June but has a tendency to decrease from July onwards touching the
minimum in December and January. The maximum temperature usually fluctuates between
23.2C to 41.4C while minimum temperature varies from 9.3 to 28.2C. Occasionally extreme of
minimum and maximum temperature variations are realized. The period between March to May
remains generally dry. The onset of monsoon in this region normally takes place during third

38
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

week of June and ceases by the end of September or sometimes up to first week of October. The
region also experiences (although not regularly) winter showers due cyclonic rains in the months
of January and February. The average annual rainfall (1941 to 1996) of Varanasi region is
1081.4 mm and the mean annual potential evapo-transpiration (PET) is 1525 mm. The average
relative humidity of the area is 68 percent with a maximum of 81 percent during July to
September and a minimum of 38 per cent during April to early June. The percentage distribution
of annual rainfall amounts to 87.33 percent during rainy season from June to October and 12.67
per cent during post monsoon season or post rainy season.

The meteorological data during the experimental period for both the years were recorded week
wise from the meteorological observatory of the Research Farm, and presented in Table 3.2.1
and Table 3.2.2 and graphically shown in Figure. 3.2.2 and Figure. 3.2.2.

3.2.1. Rainfall (mm)

Total rainfall received during 2010 and 2011 in was 748.6 mm and 1222.2 mm, respectively (
Figure 3.2.1 and Figure 3.2.2) which was 38.75% higher in 2011 than 2010. However, the total
rainfall received during the first experimental year (May-December 2010) was recorded to be
730.40 mm out of which the crop of baby corn (Pro-Agro 4212) and Sweet Corn (Sugar-75)
received 158.2 mm. whereas, the crop of sorghum availed 469.2 mm. During second year of
experimentation (2011) the crop of baby corn (Pro-Agro 4212) and Sweet Corn (Sugar-75)
received 450.5 mm while, sorghum crop received 34.6 mm rainfall. The distribution of rainfall
was comparatively more uniform in first year as compared to second year. The month wise
distribution of the rainfall obviously indicated that July (197.2 mm), August (265.6 mm) and
September (232.2 mm) of first year received less rainfall than July (165 mm), August (294.4
mm) and September (436.6 mm) of the second year. The number of rainy week during first and
second year remained 12, but differed in pattern of distribution, intensity and amount of rainfall
during 2011. The second year experimental crop faced heavy rainfall and water stagnation in the
field particularly during sowing time. The distribution pattern of rainfall as depicted in
Figure 3.2.1 and Figure 3.2.2 clearly indicated that relatively more rain was received during 2011
than 2010.

39
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.2.2. Temperature (C)

The weekly mean maximum temperature ranged from 23 to 42.5C with an average of
32.8C during the first experimental year (2010), During baby corn growing period it ranged
from 33 -42.5C, while succeeding sorghum experienced comparatively cooler temperature
ranging from 23.0-34.6C. on the other hand the weekly mean maximum temperature ranged
from 16.5C to 40.7C with an average of 31.5C during the second experimental year (2011). It
ranged from 31.5- 40.7C during the crop growth of baby corn, while sorghum faced cooler
temperature ranging from 16.5-33.1C. The weekly mean minimum temperature ranged from
7.9C to 29.9C with an average of 23.17C during the first experimental year (2010) and during
baby corn growing period it varied between 26.8-29.9C while sorghum received markedly
cooler temperature ranging from 11-27.5C during the first experimental year (2010). Similarly
the weekly mean minimum temperature ranged from 7.2 to 29C with an average of 22.5C
during the second experimental year (2011). The baby corn experienced 25.9-28.3C, while
sorghum faced cooler temperature of 7.2-29C. The mean fluctuation in the maximum and
minimum temperature was almost normal during both the years.

3.2.3. Relative Humidity (RH) (%)

The weekly mean maximum relative humidity during the first experimental year (2010) ranged
from 38 to 92 per cent with an average of 76.32 per cent and it ranged from 38 to 86 per cent
during the crop cycle of baby corn and 78 to 92 per cent in case of sorghum during the year
2010. The weekly mean maximum relative humidity during the second year (2011), ranged from
57 to 96 per cent with an average of 83.6 per cent, and it varied from 57 to 85 per cent during
baby corn growth period and 83 to 96 per cent during sorghum crop in 2011. The weekly mean
minimum relative humidity during the first experimental year (2010) ranged from 19 to 77 per
cent with an average of 48.82 per cent. The crop of baby corn faced 19 to 71 per cent, while the
crop of sorghum sustained 31 to 77 per cent of weekly mean minimum relative humidity during
2010, whereas, in the second experimental year (2011), it ranged from 22 to 85 per cent with an
average of 55.6 per cent. The weekly mean minimum relative humidity ranged from 22 to 77 per
cent during the crop cycle of baby corn and 33 to 77 per cent in case of sorghum during 2011.
The relative humidity indicated considerable variation throughout the growing season during

40
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

both the years. Data also indicated that the second year was comparatively more humid as
compared to the first year.

Table 3.2.1: Meteorological data recorded at B.H.U. Agricultural farm during the crop season of
2010.
Temperature
R.H. (%) Wind
Week Rainfall (0C) Sunshine Evaporation
Month & Date Speed
No. (mm) -1 (hr day-1) (mm)
MAX MIN MAX MIN (km hr )

19 May 07-13 1.8 39.6 24.7 49 21 5.5 9.2 7.7

20* May 14-20 0 42.5 27.3 48 19 4.6 9.4 8.2
21 May 21-27 0 40 28.1 59 36 7.2 9.3 8.5
22 May 28-03 6.6 40.8 27.4 53 27 6.1 6.5 9.3
23 June 04-10 0 40.8 28.9 38 24 8.8 8.3 10.3
24 June 11-17 0.6 39.7 29.3 53 26 6.5 9.8 8.3
25 June 18-24 1.2 39.6 29.9 60 39 5.9 9 7.8
26 June 25-1 1.8 38.5 28.8 68 43 5.5 6 7
27 July 02-08 7.8 33.1 29.6 61 44 8.2 8.2 7.9
28 July 09-15 89.2 35.5 27.3 82 62 6.3 4.7 5.5
29 July 16-22 51 33 26.8 86 71 4.3 10.2 3.9
30 July 23-29 49.2 33.1 26.7 86 71 4.9 5.5 3.8
31 July 30-05 52 33.1 26.9 85 68 5.5 6.1 3.8
32** August 06-12 35.4 34.6 26.9 78 56 4.8 8 3.6
33 August 13-19 69.4 32.3 26.7 89 63 2 3 2.5
34 August 20-26 84.4 31.5 25.9 89 73 2.3 2.7 2.4
35 August 27-02 24.4 33.1 27.5 89 73 3.8 5.1 3.4
36 September 03-09 50.2 33.2 27 84 71 5 7.7 3.9
37 September 10-16 150.2 31.8 25.4 92 77 2.4 3.8 2.5
38 September 17-23 31.8 31 25.3 87 74 5.2 3.8 2.4
39 September 24-30 0 32.7 24 81 56 2.7 8.7 2.4
40 October 01-07 0 32.6 24.4 80 57 1 8.3 3.5
41 October 08-14 0 32.7 22.2 79 51 3.1 8.8 3.4
42 October 15-21 17.2 31.2 24.2 89 66 3.5 4.5 2.3
43 October 22-28 0 31.1 19.4 79 44 1.7 7.7 2.7
44 October 29-04 0 28.4 16.8 82 47 1.2 7.2 2.6
45 November 05-11 0 30.7 19.3 82 46 2.8 7.6 2.4
46 November 12-18 0 30.1 18.4 85 44 0.8 7.4 1.8

41
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

47 November 19-25 0.6 28 16.5 80 40 2.9 6.8 2.2

48 November 26-02 5.6 25.3 15.7 87 31 2.2 4.9 1.9
49 December 03-09 0 24.9 12.1 86 36 0.9 5.8 1.4
50 December 10-16 0 23.7 11 83 38 2.6 7 1.8
51 December 17-23 0 23 7.9 79 31 2.9 8 1.8
52 December 24-30 0 24.7 9.4 87 35 0.7 7.5 1.1
*Growing period of baby corn, **Growing period of Sorghum

Table 3.2.2: Meteorological data recorded at B.H.U. Agricultural farm during the crop season of
2011.
Temperature (°C) R.H. (%)
Wind
Sun-shine
Week Month & Rainfall Speed Evaporation
(Max) (Min) (Max) (Min) duration
No. Date (mm) (km/ (mm)
(hr/day)
hr)

May 07-
19* 1.6 40.3 25.9 60 25 5.3 10.2 8.9
13

20 May 14-20 3.8 40.7 27.2 68 35 5.6 9.6 8.2

21 May 21-27 6 38.6 26.4 63 22 6.4 9.6 8.4

22 May 28-03 0 38.5 27.9 62 29 4.8 10.1 8.3

23 June 04-10 0 40.5 27.4 57 27 5.5 9.7 9.9

24 June 11-17 57.2 35.3 28.2 72 56 5 6.2 8.7

25 June 18-24 108.1 31.9 25.9 83 69 8.5 3.9 5.4

26 June 25-1 130 32.2 26.6 85 69 5.2 2.3 3.7

27 July 02-08 25 33.7 26.8 81 66 6.5 6.1 5.1

28 July 09-15 6.2 34.7 28.3 79 59 4.2 7.6 5.2

29 July 16-22 114.2 31.5 26.4 88 77 3.9 4.8 2.4

30 July 23-29 19.6 32 26.5 85 69 4.9 5.1 3.7

42
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

31 July 30-05 1.8 30.8 27.4 88 81 1.9 2.8 2.9

August
32 06-12
183 28.9 25.8 94 85 3.1 0.5 2
August
33 13-19
106.6 30.3 26 88 82 6 3.4 2.4

August
34 20-26
2.8 33 27.4 88 68 5.9 6 3.2

August
35 27-02
0.2 32.5 27.4 84 69 7.3 9.5 5.4
September
36 03-09
42.8 32 26.2 88 71 4.9 5.4 3.4

September
37 10-16
28.6 30.5 26.3 88 77 3.4 5.6 3

September
38- 17-23
68.8 30.7 29 93 74 3.2 4.7 2.7
September
39 24-30
296.4 30 24.3 88 74 5.9 5.2 2.6
October
40 01-07
0 31.1 23.8 84 55 3.1 9.3 3.6
October
41 08-14
0 33.1 23.5 83 49 1.6 8.3 2.9
October
42 15-21
3.6 31.7 20.4 84 38 1.5 8.6 2.9
October
43** 22-28
0 31.6 19.9 84 53 0.9 7.7 2.6
October
44 29-04
0 30.8 16 88 33 2.3 7.9 2.5
November
45 05-11
0 30.3 16 90 34 1.1 7.5 2.2
November
46 12-18
0 29.6 16.1 90 41 1.6 6.9 2.7
November
47 19-25
0 29.9 15.4 93 43 1 7.4 1.9
November
48 26-02
0 26.1 12.9 90 41 1.3 5.9 3.6
December
49 03-09
0 28.8 14 94 49 1 5.9 1.4
December
50 10-16
0 21.5 10.3 95 64 1.3 4.6 1.5
December
51 17-23
0 16.5 7.5 96 65 2.1 2.3 1.2
December
52 24-30
0 22.3 7.2 91 41 1.2 6.6 1.6

53 January 28.2 20.3 13 92 79 7.1 3.9 1.7

1-7
Jan
54 0 18.6 10.6 89 56 4.7 3.1 1.8
8--14
January
55 0 22 10.6 86 56 3.5 6.4 2.8
15-21

43
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

January
56 0 21.6 8.3 86 43 3.1 7.2 2.9
22-28
January
57 0 22.7 8.5 88 38 2.2 8.2 2.5
29-04
February
58 0 23 10.4 79 48 3 8.5 2.2
05-11
February
59 0 24.3 10.2 86 51 2.6 7.8 2.2
12--18
February
60 0 30.3 13.6 83 41 4.5 9.7 3.2
19-25
February
61 0 27.8 12.2 72 32 4.7 9.8 3.5
26-04
March
62 0 29.7 14.5 74 36 2.7 8.6 4
05-11
March
63 6.4 28.1 14.5 75 62 3.9 7.7 3.8
12--18
*Growing period of baby corn, **Growing period of Sorghum

44
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

Fig. 3.2.1: Meteorological data at B.H.U. Agricultural farm during the crop season of 2010.

Wind Speed (km/ hr) Evaporation (mm) Rainfall (mm) Temperature (Max) (°C)

Temperature(Min) (°C) R.H. (Max) (%) R.H. (Min) (%) Sunshine (hr day-1)
Temperature (C), Relative humidty (%), Sun-shine duration

100 160

90
140

80

Wind speed (km/hr), Evaporation

120
70

(mm), Rainfall (mm)

100
60
(hrs/day)

50 80

40
60

30
40
20

20
10

0 0

Number of weeks

45
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

Fig. ‎3.2.2: Meteorological data at B.H.U. Agricultural farm during the crop season of 2011.

Wind Speed (km/ hr) Evaporation (mm) Rainfall (mm) Sun-shine duration (hr/day)
Temperature (Max) (°C) Temperature(Min) (°C) R.H. (Max) (%) R.H. (Min) (%)

120 350
Temperature (C), Relative humidty (%), Sunshine (hr /day)

300
100

Wind speed (km/hr), Evaporation

250
80

(mm), Rainfall (mm)

200

60

150

40
100

20
50

0 0

Number of weeks

46
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.2.4. Sun-shine duration (hrs day-1) (Figure 3.2.1and Figure 3.2.2)

The average duration of bright sunshine during the year 2010 was 7.05 hr day-1 and it
varied during the crop growth period, it was 8.14 hr day-1 for baby corn but it was lower (6.25 hr
day-1) during the growth period of sorghum. The average duration of bright sunshine during the
year 2011 was 7.0 hr day-1 and did not vary much during the crop growth period. It was 6.7 and
6.99 hr day-1 for baby corn Pro-Agro 4212 variety and Sweet Corn Sugar-75 respectively but
again it was lower 6.48 hr day-1 for the growth period of sorghum. The average sunshine hours
per day showed a variation of 2.7 to 10.2 hrs and 1.5 to 10.1 hrs, in 2010 and 2011 respectively
during the period of investigation.

3.2.5. Evaporation
The evaporation data recorded from United States Weather Bureau Class A Pan
Evaporimeter revealed that there was mean weekly evaporation of 7.67 mm day-1 during the crop
cycle of baby corn (Pro-Agro 4212 and Sweet Corn Sugar-75) and 2.58 mm day-1 during the
cultivation of sorghum, for experimental year 2010. The crop of baby corn in the second year of
investigation experienced 6.53 mm day-1 in case of baby corn of evaporation but it was reduced
for sorghum which was 2.49 mm day-1 in the year 2011. The total evaporation during crop
growth period was 144 mm in the year 2010 and 136.1 mm in the year 2011 indicating more
evaporation during first year as compared to second year.

3.3. Soil Characteristics

Soil of the experimental cite was sandy clay loam in texture, deep, well drained,
moderate in fertility with low in available nitrogen, medium available phosphorus and potassium
along with neutral reaction. The physico-chemical properties of the experimental field were
worked out before the beginning of the study. Random soil samples as per the methodology of
(Black et al., 1965) from depth of 0-30 cm were collected and brought to the laboratory, air dried
and crushed to pass through 20 mm mesh sieve. Representative samples were placed on standard
procedures for analysis and found the values of physical and chemical constants. The results thus
obtained are presented in Table 3.3.1.

47
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

Table 3.3.1: Physical and chemical properties of experimental soil

Particulars Value
Method employed
Soil properties (%) 2010 2011
Physical analysis
Sand 50.82 51.09

Silt 27.51 26.93

Hydrometric method (Bouyoucos, 1962)
Clay 21.67 21.98
Sandy clay
Textural class
loam
Bulk density (kg m-3) 1.41 1.43 Core sampler (Black et al., 1965)

Particle density (kg m-3) 2.6 2.62 Pycnometer (Black et al., 1965)

Field capacity (%) 19.56 19.58 Keen‟s box (Black et al., 1965)
Permanent wilting point
5.64 5.59 Sunflower Method (Black et al., 1965)
(%)
Chemical analysis
Soil pH (1:2.5 soil :
7.3 7.32 Glass electrode pH meter (Jackson, 1973)
water suspension)
Electrical Conductivity Systronics electrical conductivity meter
0.30 0.31
(dSm-1 at 25°C) (Jackson, 1973)
Organic Carbon (%) 0.42 0.43 Walkley and Black method (Jackson, 1973)
Available Nitrogen Alkaline permanganate method (Subbiah and
199.25 206.34
(N kg ha-1) Asija, 1956)
Available Phosphorus 0.5 M NaHCO3 Olsen‟s Colorimetric method
18.65 19.25
(P kg ha-1) (Olsen et al., 1954)
Available Potassium (K
203.56 210.64 Flame Photometer method (Jackson, 1973)
kg ha-1)
Available Sulphur Turbidimetric method (Chesnin and Yien,
18.19 18.96
(S kg ha-1) 1951)
Extraction with DTPA solution (Lindsay and
Available zinc (ppm) 0.51 0.52
Norvell, 1978)

On the basis of above analyses it was inferred that soil was low in organic carbon and
nitrogen, but medium in phosphorus and potassium. However, soil was having optimum range of
pH and EC that favoured better crop management during both the year of investigation.

48
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.4. Cropping history of the experimental field

The productive potentials of the experimental field can be judged from the cropping
history. The details of the cropping history of experimental field preceding the period up to last 6
years are given below 0(Table 3.4)

Table ‎3.4: Cropping history of the experimental field

Year Kharif Rabi

2004-2005 Rice Wheat

2005-2006 Rice Wheat

2006-2007 Rice Wheat

2007-2008 Rice Wheat

2008-2009 Rice Wheat

2009-2010 Rice Wheat

2010-2011 Baby corn* Sorghum*

2011-2012 Baby corn* Sorghum*

*
Experimental crops

3.5. Experimental details

The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with 4 fertility levels (F0, F1, F2 and F3) in main
plot and 2 varieties (Hybrid Corn Pro-Agro4212 and Sweet Corn Sugar-75) with 2 planting
methods (flat bed and raised bed) in sub plot for baby corn. Treatments were allocated to each
plot randomly and replicated four times. Main plot and sub plot treatments were randomized
separately. The experimental details are given bellow and layout plan are depicted in Figure
3.5.1.

49
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.5.1. 1st trial: Baby corn

(A) Fertility levels (N+P+K+Zn+S) Symbol

(i) No fertilizer (Control) = F0

(ii) 50% RDF = F1

(iii) 100% RDF = F2

(iv) 150% RDF = F3

Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) 150N+90P2O5+90K2O+10Zn+40S kg ha-1

(B) Varieties Symbol

(i) Hybrid Corn (Pro-Agro 4212) = V1

(ii) Sweet Corn (Sugar-75) = V2

(C) Methods Symbol

(i) Flat bed = M1

(ii) Raised bed = M2

Main plot treatment : Fertility levels = 4

Sub plot treatment : Varieties x Methods = 4

No. of treatment combinations : 16

No. of replication : 4

Total no. of plots : 64

Plot size : 4.02m x 4m.

Plant spacing : 32x25cm (raised bed)

50
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

: 30x25cm (flat bed)

Irrigation channel

Main irrigation channels : 1.5 m

Sub irrigation channels : 1.0 m

Experimental design : Split- Plot Design

Treatment combinations

T1 =V1M1F0 T9 =V2M1F0

T2 = V1M1F1 T10=V2M1F1

T3 = V1M1F2 T11=V2M1F2

T4= V1M1F3 T12=V2M1F3

T5 = V1M2F0 T13=V2M2F0

T6= V1M2F1 T14=V2M2F1

T7 = V1M2F2 T15=V2M2F2

T8 =V1M2F3 T16=V2M2F3

51
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

Figure. ‎3.5.1: Lay out of the experimental field

F0 F3 F2 F1 F2 F0 F1 F3
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
       
I.C 1m I.C. 1m
M2V2 M2V1 M1V2 M1V1 M2V1 M1V1 M2V2 M1V2
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

IC 1.5m
M2V1 M1V2 M1V1 M2V2 M1V1 M2V1 M1V2 M2V2
1m 1m 1m 1m
R4

R3
M1V2 M1V1 M2V2 M2V1 M2V2 M1V2 M1V1 M2V1
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m
M1V1 M2V2 M2V1 M1V2 M1V2 M2V2 M2V1 M1V1

1m I.C.
I.C. 1.5m I.C. 1.5m
M1V1 M2V1 M1V2 M2V2 M1V2 M1V1 M2V2 M2V1
1m 1m 1m 1m
M2V2 M1V1 M2V1 M1V2 IC 1.5m M1V1 M1V2 M2V1 M2V2
R1

R2
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m
M2V1 M1V2 M2V2 M1V1 M2V1 M2V2 M1V1 M1V2
1m 1m 1m 1m
M1V2 M2V2 M1V1 M2V1 M2V2 M2V1 M1V2 M1V1
I.C. 1m I.C. 1m
F2 F1 F0 F3 F0 F1 F3 F2
N
F0= No Fertilizer M1= Flat Bed RDF= 150 N+ 90 P2O5 + 90 K2O + 40 S + 10 Zn
F1= 50% of RDF M2= Raised Bed
S F2= 100% of RDF V1= Hybrid Corn Pro-Agro 4212
F3=150% of RDF V2= Sweet Corn Sugar-75

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.6. Baby corn (Experiment 1)

3.6.1. Calendar of operation and cultural practices

Details of field operations for baby corn during the entire period of experimentation are
described below and summery of that is given in Table 3.6.1.

Table 3.6.1: Details of field operations carried out for baby corn experiment
S.No. Operations Date

2010-11 2011-12

1. Pre sowing irrigation 14.05.10 11.05.11

2. Land preparation 15.05.10 12.05.11
3. Harrowing and planking 15.05.10 12.05.11
4. Lay out preparation 17.05.10 13.05.11
5. Fertilizer application
a. Basal application 18.05.10 14.05.11
b. Top dressing 12-06-10 09.06.11
6. Seed sowing 18.05.10 14.05.11
7. Gap filling and thinning 27.05.10 24.05.11
8. Weeding 11.06.10-15.06.10 07.06.11-10.06.11
9. Earthing up 18.06.10 14-06-11
10. Irrigation
a. 1st 25.05.10 23.05.11
b. 2nd 07.06.10 02.06.11
c. 3rd 16.06.10 11.06.11
d. 4th 24.06.10 20.06.11
e. 5th 03.07.10
11. Detasseling 01.07.10-14.07.10 28.06.11-13.07.11
12. Cob plucking 03.07.10-19.07.10 01.07.11-17.07.11
13. Harvesting (stover) 19.07.10 17.07.11

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.6.1.1. Field preparation

The experimental site was ploughed by tractor drawn MB plough followed by two
harrowings after the harvest of winter crop. Before laying out the experiment, the field was
worked up with disc harrow and once with cultivator. Each ploughing was followed by planking
to break the clods of the field. Weeds and stubbles of previous crop were removed and the field
was levelled and planked. Finally the ridges were made by the bed planter. Thereafter lay out
was done according to prepared plan of layout (design) are depicted in Figure. 3.5.1.

3.6.1.2. Varieties used

Baby corn varieties

Pro-Agro 4212 (Hybrid Corn): It is characterized by wide leaf angle between blade and
stem, absence of anthocyanin coloration of brace roots, base of glumes, leaf sheath and silk, wide
angle between main axis and lateral branches, early anthesis, long length of ears without husk,
cylindrical ear, purple coloration of glumes of cob, tall plant length

Sugar-75 (Sweet Corn): It has very good plant vigour, height and recommended for
winter sowing. It has the following characteristics features
Maturity - 80 to 90 days,
Fruit- Long uniform cylindrical cob with excellent tip filling,
Kernel- Golden yellow colour,
Taste- Very sweet (TSS about 16%),
Yield- High yield potentiality.
3.6.1.3. Seed and sowing

Baby corn:
20 seeds from each variety were tested before sowing to ascertain its germination (%) and
after that the required amount of seed per plot as per the treatment were calculated weighed.
Seeds were sown both in flat bed and in the raised bed at a spacing of 30╳25 and 32╳25 cm
respectively and a depth of 5 cm. Seed rate was 40 kg/ ha for Pro-Agro 4212 and 30 kg /ha for
Sugar-75. The crop was sown on 18th & 14th May, respectively in first year and second year of
experimentation.

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.6.1.4. Fertilizer

3.6.1.4.1. Sources of Fertilizer

Nitrogen : Urea (N- 46%) & Di- ammonium phosphate

Phosphorus : DAP (P2O5- 46% and N-18%) Di- ammonium phosphate

Potassium : MOP (K2O-60%) Muriote of potash

Sulphur : Elemental sulphur (S-80%)

Zinc : Zinc oxide (Zn-80%)

3.6.1.4.2. Fertilizer application

N, P, K, S and Zn were applied as per treatment through urea, DAP, MOP, elemental
sulphur and zinc oxide. Half of the recommended dose of nitrogen and full doses of P, K and Zn
were applied as basal and rest half of nitrogen was top dressed through urea at knee high stage
of the crop at optimum soil moisture condition. The full dose of sulphur was incorporated into
the soil uniformly in accordance with treatments through elemental sulphur about 25 days prior
to sowing of the crop.

3.6.1.5. Irrigation

First light irrigation was applied at 7 & 9 DAS in the first and second year respectively
and subsequent irrigations were given at 9 to 12 days interval during both the years when
depletion of soil moisture were felt due to high evaporation and no rains. Over all the, crop
received 4 and 5 post sowing irrigations during first and second year, respectively.
3.6.1.6. Gap filling & thinning

In order to maintain uniform plant population across the field gap filling and thinning
were done within 9 days after sowing. As and were it was required.

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.6.1.7. Earthing

Earthing up was done at 30 DAS coinciding with knee high stage to prevent any crop
lodging.

3.6.1.8. Weed control and interculture operations

Hand weeding was done at 25 DAS to remove the weeds and this was followed by light
scrapping to provide proper aeration to the plant roots during both the years.

3.6.1.9. Protection measures

Uniform application of Furadon @ 5 kg ha-1 at the tip of the stem was done to control
shoot borers (Chilo partellus and Sesamia inferens) at 25 DAS during both the years of
investigation.

3.6.1.10. Detasseling
Detasseling, an important practice in baby corn cultivation was performed immediately
after appearance of tassel to avoid any pollination and subsequent fertilization. This operation is
necessary for getting good quality baby corn. This was done by holding the tassels firmly with
hand and breaking it at the neck from all the plants immediately after their appearance.
3.6.1.11. Harvesting
The baby cobs were removed at green stage from net plot area of each plot. The weight of
green cobs and baby corn plot-1 were recorded and expressed in kg and finally converted into in t
ha-1. After removing green cobs from the plant, green fodder was harvested and weight was
taken per plot in kg and expressed in t ha-1.

3.6.2. Sampling procedure and observation

An appropriate sample is one that provides an estimate or a sample value which is as
close as possible to the value that would have been obtained had all plant in the plot been
measured to get the plot value. The difference between the sample value and plot value
constitutes sampling error and a good sampling technique is one that gives a small sampling
error. Error of any sample estimates generally decreases with the size of sampling and number of

56
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

sampling unit per plot and the sampling design. However, an increase in either the size or the
number of sampling unit almost always results in an increase in cost. Therefore, the choices of an
appropriate sampling technique is primarily concerned with maintaining the proper balance
between the sizes of the sampling unit and design to achieve the maximum precision at minimum
cost. Single plot as a sampling unit and five plants per plant are appropriate number of plants
according to requirement for experimental plot as a sample size and random sampling techniques
(Gomez and Gomez, 1984) were adopted for recording growth and yield attributes of the test
crop. However, for dry matter plant-1 observation, destructive sampling was done from the
sampling rows.

3.6.3. Biometric observations

3.6.3.1. Growth characters
Observation on growth characters viz., initial plant stand plot-1, plant height (cm), number
of leaf plant-1, leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll content and dry weight plant-1 (g) at
15,30,45,60 DAS and at harvest were recorded during both the years of experimentation.

3.6.3.1.1. Initial plant stand m-2

The initial plant populations were recorded at 15 DAS from each plot and converted into
plant per m2 and subjected to statistical analysis.
3.6.3.1.2. Final plants stand m-2
The final plant population were recorded from each plot at the time of cob harvest,
converted to per m2 and subjected to statistical analysis.
3.6.3.1.3. Plant height (cm)
The height of five randomly tagged plants from sampling area were measured at
successive stages of crop growth starting from 15, 30, 45, 60, DAS and at harvest. Plant height of
the baby corn was recorded with the help of meter scale from base of plant to the tip of upper
most leaf of the plant, averaged and expressed in cm.

3.6.3.1.4. Dry matter production

Randomly selected 5 plants (at 15, 30, 45, 60 DAS and at harvest ) from sampling area
rows in each plot were cut at ground level, sun dried and then transferred to a thermostatically

57
Chapter 3: Material and Methods

controlled dry oven, regulated at a temperature of 70C for 48 hours and weighed to work out the
dry matter production plant-1.
3.6.3.1.5. Number of leaves plant-1
The number of functional leaves plant-1 were counted at 15, 30, 45, 60 DAS and at
harvest and expressed as average number of leaf plant-1.
3.6.3.1.6. Leaf area (cm2)
The length and width (at the broadest point) of leaves were recorded, and manipulated by
a conversion factor of 0.73308 to get the actual leaf area (McKee, 1964) and then multiplied by
the number of leaves to get the total leaf area plant-1.
3.6.3.1.7. Leaf area index
Myneni et al. (1997) defined LAI as the maximum projected leaf area per unit ground
area. Leaf area index was computed for each treatment using the formula given below:

Total leaf area per plant

LAI 
Land area occupied by plant

3.6.3.1.8. Chlorophyll content

The SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) -502 chlorophyll/ SPAD meter (Minolta
corporation Ramsey, N.J.) was used for rapid and non-destructive estimation of extractable
chlorophyll in leaves at 30 and 45 DAS. This instrument uses a silicon photo-iodide for
transmittance of light emitted by two lights emitting diode-through leaf sample, one with peak
emittance at 650 nm, where absorbance by chlorophyll is high and relatively unaffected by
carotene and another with peak emittance at 950 nm, where absorbance by chlorophyll is
negligible. The SPAD reading is correlated with leaf chlorophyll concentration and calculated
from the transmittance through leaf tissue at these two wavelengths. It is a simple portable,
diagnostic tool, which measures relative greenness/chlorophyll content of leaves. For taking
SPAD reading, topmost fully expanded leaf from sample plants (three plants from centre three
rows) were selected and expressed in SPAD unit.

3.6.4. Yield and yield attributes

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.6.4.1. Baby corn length (cm)

Five cobs were selected at random from the tagged plants in each harvest and the length
of each baby corn was measured after dehusking the cob. Baby corn length was computed by
averaging the mean of all harvest.

3.6.4.2. Baby corn girth (cm)

The girth of each of five randomly selected baby cob used for measuring the baby corn
length in each harvest was measured after dehusking with vernier caliper and then average baby
corn girth was worked out treatment wise.

3.6.4.3. Barren plants m-2

Number of plants not bearing baby corns were counted from each plot separately and
finally converted into per m2.

3.6.4.4. Number of cobs plant-1

Five plants in each plot tagged for recording growth observations were used for this
purpose and total number of cobs from each plant were recorded up to final harvest of crop and
averaged to get number of cobs plant-1.

3.6.4.5. Number of cobs ha-1

Total number of cobs from each plot per picking / plucking were calculated and recorded
up to final harvest of crop and averaged to get number of cob ha-1. Although dates of plucking
cobs were different for different varieties, it was considered on period basis only and denoted as
1st plucking, 2nd plucking etc. till harvest. However, in both the varieties average interval of
plucking was maintained at 2 days.

3.6.4.6. Baby corn (with husk) weight (g) cob-1

Baby corn weight with husk of same five tagged plant for each harvest were recorded
individually, summed and averaged for determination of baby corn weight plant-1 (g).

3.6.4.7. Baby corn (without husk) weight (g) cob-1

The cobs of each harvest were dehusked and their fresh weights were recorded, averaged
and expressed as baby corn (without husk) weight (g) plant-1.

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.6.4.8. Baby corn (with husk): baby corn (without husk) ratio
Total baby corn (with husk) weight and baby corn (without husk) weight recorded separately
from each plot were used for calculating their ratio.

3.6.4.9. Baby corn (with husk) and baby corn (without husk) yield (q ha-1)
The baby corn (with husk) and baby corn (without husk) yield obtained and summed for
total yield were expressed separately in kg plot-1 and presented in q ha-1.

3.6.4.10. Stover yield (q ha-1)

The plants were cut from ground level after removal of cobs and stover yield noted in kg
plot-1 and converted into q ha-1.

3.6.5. Soil Analysis

The soil samples collected before sowing and after harvesting of the crops were air dried
and powdered in a mortar to pass through a 2 mm sieve. They were then stored in labeled and
scaled polythene bags for chemical estimation. The physical and chemical properties were
determined by methods given in Table 3.3.1.

3.6.6. Qualitative studies

3.6.6.1. Plant analysis

The plant samples (baby corn and stover) were collected for chemical estimation of N, P,
K, S and Zn. The leaves stem and baby corn were dried in an oven at 65 ± 5 0C and then ground
thoroughly in a Willey mill to pass through 30 mesh sieve. The powdered materials were
collected in butter paper bag used for chemical analysis.

3.6.6.1.1. Nitrogen content (%) in baby corn and stover

Nitrogen content was estimated using the modified Kjeldahl method (Jackson, 1973).

3.6.6.1.2. Phosphorus content (%) in baby corn and stover

Phosphorus was estimated by Vandomolybdo-phosphoric acid yellow colour method
using the Barton‟s reagent as suggested by Jackson (1973).

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.6.6.1.3. Potassium content (%) in baby corn and stover

The potassium was determined with the help of flame photometer (Jackson, 1958).

3.6.6.1.4. Sulphur content (%) in baby corn and stover

The sulphur content was determined by Turbidimetric method (Chesnin and Yien, 1951).

3.6.6.1.5. Zinc content (%) in baby corn and stover

The zinc was determined with the help of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method
(Lindsay and Norvell, 1978).

3.6.6.1.6. Nutrient removal (kg ha-1)

The nutrient removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn and stover were obtained by multiplying
baby corn and fodder dry yield with their respective nutrient content (%). Since fresh baby corn
and its fodder contains very high amount of moisture, fresh baby corn as well as stover were
converted into dry yield. The total nutrient removal was determined by their summation. Total N,
P, K, S and Zn removal were calculated for each treatment separately and expressed in kg ha-1.

3.6.6.1.7. Protein content

Protein content in baby cob and stover were worked out by multiplying the nitrogen
content with the factor 6.25 (Humphries, 1956).

3.6.6.1.8. Carbohydrate content

The carbohydrate content in baby corn was estimated as per the methodology of Hedge
and Hofreiter (1962).

3.6.6.1.9. Sugar content

The sugar content in baby corn was determined as per method described by Dubois et al.
(1956).
3.6.6.1.10. Starch content
The starch content in baby corn was determined as per method described by (Dekker and
Richards, 1971).

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.7. Sorghum (Experiment 2)

3.7.1. 2nd trial: Sorghum

After harvesting of the baby corn the whole plant biomass was cut at ground level and
spread over the respective plots in small pieces. Sorghum was planted in the some lay out after
harvesting of baby corn without any fertilizer to observe the residual effect.

Year of Experimentation: Consecutive two years i.e. 2010-11 and 2011-12

No. of treatment combinations : 16

No. of replication : 4

Total no. of plots : 64

Plot size : 4.02m x 4m.

Experimental design : Split- Plot Design

Crop : Sorghum

Sorghum variety : DHANARASI SRSH-909

3.7.1.1. Calendar of operation and cultural practices

Details of field operations for sorghum during the entire period of experimentation are
described below and presented in Table 3.7.1.

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

Table 3.7.1.1: Details of operations carried out sorghum experiment

S.No. Operations Date

2010-11 2011-12
1. Glyphosate application 28.07.10 17.09.11
2. Seed sowing 07.08.10 24.10.11
3. Gap filling 15.08.10 02.11.11
4. Thinning 19.08.10 06.11.11
5. Furdon granules 29.08.10 16.11.11
6. First hand weeding 11.09.10-23.09.10 23.11.11-27.11.11
Second hand weeding 12.10.10-23.10.10 26.12.11-30.12.11
7. Earthing up 02.09.10 19.11.11
8. Irrigation As when needed As when needed
9. Harvesting 26.12.10 14.03.12
10. Threshing 30-31.12.10 18-19.03.12

3.7.1.2. Field preparation and residual application

After harvesting of baby corn the whole plant biomass of each plot was chopped and
distributed between rows and then glyphosate was applied to control annual and perennial
grasses and broad-leaved weeds. Like that of the first crop the row were opened with kudal and
the seeds of sorghum (DHANARASI SRSH-909) were dibbled.

3.7.1.3. Seed sowing

25 seeds were tested in petri-dish before sowing to ascertain its germination (%) and
viability and after that required amount of seed per plot were calculated and weighed. Seeds were
sown by opening rows with kudal. Seeds were sown in flat bed and raised bed by opening rows
(same rows of baby corn) raised bed without disturbing on the previous design of the field. Two
or three seeds per hill at 15 cm apart were dibbled to a depth of 4 to 5 cm. The seeds of sorghum
(DHANARASI SRSH-909) were dibbled on 4th August 2010 and 24th October 2011. Two to

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

three seeds per hill were dibbled. Sawing of sorghum in the second year was delayed because of
heavy rain which destroyed the crop establishment thrice in a row.

3.7.1.4. Gap filling and thinning

Gap filling was taken up 8 days after sowing to maintain optimum plant population,
while thinning was carried out 12 days after sowing by retaining the healthy seedling.

3.7.1.5. Weeding and earthing up

The weeds were removed by two manual weedings at four week and eight week crop
stages, while earthing up was done at 25 and 50 days during both the years of investigation.

3.7.1.6. Irrigation
The crop was irrigated as and when required.

3.7.1.7. Plant protection

Furadon granules (at the rate of 5 kg ha-1) were applied into the whorls of each plant at 22
days after sowing to control the incidence of shoot fly.

3.7.1.8. Harvesting and threshing

The crop was harvested on 26th December, 2010 and 14th March 2011. The stalks from
net plot were cut close to the ground level and ears were separated. The ears from net plot were
sun-dried, threshed and grain yield per plot was recorded after 7 days of sun drying. The stover
was harvested and weight was taken and expressed in q ha-1.

3.7.2. Yield attributes and yield

3.7.2.1. Grain weight per plant (g)

The grains from the sun dried ears of five plants were separated and the weight of the
grains was recorded. The average grain weight per plant was expressed as gram per plant.

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.7.2.2. 1000-grain weight (g)

Thousand grains from each treatment were counted randomly weighed and expressed in g.

3.7.2.3. Number of grains per ear

Grain number ear-1 was calculated by counting the number of grains from the sun dried of
five ears and the average grain number ear-1 was recorded.

3.7.2.4. Grain yield (q ha -1)

Plants from each net plot were harvested at physiological maturity and ear heads were
separated, air dried, threshed, cleaned and weighed. Grain yield ha-1 was worked out and
expressed in q ha-1

3.7.2.5. Stover yield (q ha-1)

Stover yield of sorghum was recorded after harvesting the stalks from each net plot
except grain and expressed on per hectare basis.

3.7.3. Chemical analysis of plant simples

3.7.3.1. Collection and preparation of plant samples
The plant samples (grain and green fodder) were collected for chemical estimation of N, P, K, S
and Zn. The green fodder samples and grain were dried in an oven at 65 ± 5 C and then ground
thoroughly in a Willey mill to pass through 30 mesh sieves. The powdered material collected in
butter paper bag was used for chemical analysis

3.7.3.2. Nitrogen content in grain and straw (%)

Nitrogen content was estimated using the modified Kjeldahl method Jackson (1973).

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.7.3.3. Phosphorus content in grain and straw (%)

Phosphorus was estimated by Vandomolybdo-phosphoric acid yellow colour method

using the Barton‟s reagent as suggested by Jackson (1973).

3.7.3.4. Potassium content in grain and straw (%)

The potassium was determined with the help of flame photometer (Jackson, 1958).

3.7.3.5. Sulphur content in grain and straw (%)

The sulphur content was determined by Turbidimetric method (Chesnin and Yien, 1951).

3.7.3.6. Zinc content in grain and straw (%)

The zinc was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry method (Lindsay and
Norvell, 1978).

3.7.3.7. Nutrient removal by grain and straw of crop (kg ha-1)

Removal of N, P, K, S, Zn, (kg ha-1) by sorghum grain and straw were estimated by
multiplying sorghum grain and straw dry yield with their respective nutrient content (%) and
total nutrient removal was determined by their summation.

3.7.4. Soil analysis

3.7.4.1. Preparation of soil samples

The physico-chemical properties of the experimental field were worked out before the
beginning of the study. Random soil samples (Black et al., 1965) after harvest of the crops were
collected from the depth of 0-30 cm and brought to the laboratory, air dried and crushed to pass
through 20 mm mesh sieve. Representative samples were placed on standard procedures for
analysis and found the values of physical and chemical constants. The results are presented in
Table 4.30.

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Chapter 3: Material and Methods

3.8. Residual effect

3.9. Statistical analyses

The data collected from the experiment at harvest were subjected to statistical analyses as
described by Gomez and Gomez (1984). The level of significance used for „F‟ tests was P=0.05.
Year wise data as well as pooled data were analyzed. Critical Difference (CD) values were
calculated at 5 per cent probability level, where the F test was found to be significant. The results
are presented in tabular farms and wherever necessary, depicted in figures.

3.10. Sequence economics

The price of inputs and market price of the output (current) of both crops were considered
to work out the cost of cultivation and gross returns. The net return ha-1 was calculated by
deducting the cost of cultivation ha-1 from gross income.

Benefit: Cost ratio was worked out as follows:

Gross income output a (₹ ha-1)
B: C ratio = ————————————————
Cost of cultivation a input (₹ ha-1)

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Chapter 4

Experimental findings
The present investigation entitled “Effect of fertility levels and planting methods
on yield and nutritional quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) Varieties and its residual
effect on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]” was carried out during the pre-kharif
and kharif seasons of 2010-11 and 2011-12 at the agricultural research farm of Banaras
Hindu University. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to present the experimental
results obtained during the course of investigation through tables and illustrated by
graphs and figures at appropriate places wherever considered necessary. Data on the
growth, yield parameters, yield, quality and removal of N, P, K, S and Zn as well as
nutrient status of the experimental site as affected by different treatments applied to baby
corn were recorded at the respective stages (15, 30, 45, 60 and at harvest). Residual
effects of the treatments applied to baby corn were noted on the yield attributes and yield
of sorghum and nutrient status of the soil after harvesting of the crop. Economics of both
baby corn and succeeding sorghum were also worked out and the data thus, obtained
were analyzed using standard statistical procedure. Main effects have been described first
and interaction effects if significant are narrated thereafter.

4.1. Baby corn

4.1.1. Growth Characters

4.1.1.1. Initial and final plant stand

Fertility levels

It was clear from Table 4.1 that the initial plant stand of baby corn recorded at 15
DAS did not differ to the level of significance under different fertility levels during both

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

the years. However, significant difference in final plant stand of baby corn was observed
due to different fertility levels at harvest with the highest being observed at F3 level of
fertility during both the years.

Planting methods

A critical analysis of the data clearly indicated that raised bed though slightly
improved the initial and final plant stand of baby corn failed to bring about any
significant differences at any stage of the crop.

Varieties

The varieties also could not evince any significant difference between themselves
in the plant stand at any stage of the crop.
Interaction
Interaction could not reach the level of significance during any of the years.

4.1.1.2. Barren plant m-2

Data presented in Table 4.1 clearly indicated that barren plant m-2 was
significantly affected due to fertility levels, planting methods and varieties during both
the years of experimentation.

Fertility levels

A critical examination of the data indicated significant decrease in barren plant m-2
with increasing fertility levels. Significant reduction of barren plant m-2 were associated
with 150% RDF (F3) followed by 100% RDF (F2), 50% RDF (F1) and control.

Planting methods

Significant effect of planting methods in barren plant m2 was observed. Raised

bed method recorded lesser number of barren plant m-2 by 3.45% and 3.57% in
comparison to flat bed method during 2010 and 2011 respectively.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Varieties

Significant decline in barren plant m-2 was found with Pro-Agro 4212 during both
the years. As compared to Pro-Agro 4212, Sweet Corn Sugar-75 recorded 13.11% and
13.56% higher barren plants during 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Interaction

It was clear from the data (Table 4.2 and Table 4.3) that the combination between
fertility levels and varieties affected the number of barren plant m-2. The interaction
between 150% RDF (F3) and Pro-Agro 4212 recorded the lowest number of barren plant
m-2 (0.39 and 0.38) followed by 150% RDF (F3), while the highest number was noted
with the interaction between F0 (control) and Sweet Corn Sugar-75 (0.80 and 0.77).

Table 4.1: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on initial plant stand,
final plant stand m-2 and barren plant m-2 of baby corn.

Initial plant stand Final plant stand

Barren plant m-2
Treatments m-2 m-2
2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011
F0 Control 12.15 12.20 11.89 11.96 0.75 0.72
F150 % of RDF 12.40 12.64 12.11 12.38 0.60 0.58
F2 100 % of RDF 12.51 12.78 12.31 12.56 0.52 0.51
F3 150% of RDF 13.12 13.19 12.88 12.89 0.41 0.40
SEdm± 0.30 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.01 0.01
CD (P=0.05) NS NS 0.67 0.62 0.04 0.03

M1 (Flat bed) 12.46 12.65 12.23 12.41 0.58 0.56

M2 (Raised bed) 12.63 12.75 12.36 12.50 0.56 0.54
SEdm± 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.01 0.005
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS 0.02 0.013

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 12.65 12.88 12.38 12.58 0.53 0.51

V2 (Sugar-75) 12.44 12.52 12.21 12.32 0.61 0.59
SEdm± 0.16 0.13 0.11 0.12 0.01 0.005
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS 0.02 0.013
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.2: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on barren plants m-2.
2010 2011
Treatments F0 F1 50% F2 100% F3 150% F0 F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%
Pooled Pooled
Control of RDF of RDF of RDF Control of RDF of RDF of RDF
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 0.69 0.55 0.49 0.39 0.53 0.67 0.54 0.47 0.38 0.51
V2 (Sugar-75) 0.80 0.65 0.55 0.43 0.61 0.77 0.62 0.55 0.42 0.59
SEdm± 0.01 0.01
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 0.03 0.03
SEdm± 0.01 0.01
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 0.07 0.05
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

Table 4.3: Interaction effect of planting methods and varieties on barren plant m-2.
2010 2011
Treatments
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) V2 (Sugar-75) Pooled V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) V2 (Sugar-75) Pooled
M1 (Flat bed) 0.56 0.60 0.58 0.54 0.58 0.56
M2 (Raised bed) 0.50 0.62 0.56 0.49 0.60 0.54
SEdm± 0.01 0.01
CD (P=0.05) 0.02 0.02
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

71
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

4.1.1.3. Plant height

The data on plant height as affected by different fertility levels, planting methods
and varieties recorded at 15, 30, 45, 60 DAS and at harvest and presented in Table 4.4
and Figure 4.1.1, clearly revealed that plant height increased as growth progressed from
15 DAS to harvest during both the years, irrespective of experimental variables. Plant
height remained higher during second year (2011) in comparison to first year at all the
stages of plant growth.

Fertility Levels

It was apparent from the data (Table 4.4) that with an increase in fertility levels
there was increase in plant height. Significant differences in plant height due to different
fertility levels were observed. At harvest, application of 150% RDF (F3) recorded
significantly higher plant height (227.77 and 232.32 cm) compared to 100% RDF (212.66
and 222.14 cm), 50% RDF (188.52 and 202.74 cm) and control (170.43 and 175.71 cm),
which recorded the lowest plant height. At 15 DAS the maximum plant height was
recorded from 150% RDF (F3), which was at par with 100% RDF (F2) but significantly
superior to 50 and 0% RDF. However, at 45 and 60 DAS 150% RDF (F3) recorded
maximum plant height and remained superior to all other treatments during both the years
of study.

Planting methods

Significant differences in plant height were observed due to planting methods at

all the plant growth stages in both the years of investigation. The tallest plant was
recorded with raised bed system which was significantly superior to flat bed from
beginning to end.

Variety

A perusal of the data showed marked improvement in plant height with Pro-Agro
4212 at all the growth stages over Sweet Corn Sugar-75 during both the years of study.

Interaction

Interaction effect between fertility levels ╳ planting methods and fertility levels ╳
varieties were found to be significant at 60 DAS and harvest. Higher plant height was
72
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

observed at 150% RDF (F3) with raised bed donting over all other treatments at 60 DAS
(Table 4.5) and harvest (Table 4.6) during both the years of experiments. Perusal of data
(Table 4.5 andTable 4.6 further revealed the combination of 150% RDF (F3) and Pro-
Agro 4212 recorded the highest plant height over the other combinations except the
combination between 100% RDF (F2) and Pro-Agro 4212 where it remained statically at
par with each other.

4.1.1.4. Number of green leaves plant-1

It was apparent from the data (Table 4.7) that the different treatments differed
significantly in affecting the number of green leaves at 45, 60 DAS and at harvest during
both the years of experiments.

Fertility levels

The data revealed that there was progressive in the number of green leaves plant-1
under different fertility levels with the advancement of plant age during both the years.
Significantly more number of green leaves per plant was obtained with 150%
RDF (F3) which was superior to 50% RDF (F1) and control but remained at par with
100% RDF (F2) at 45, 60 DAS and at harvest during both the years of experimentation.

Planting methods

The data (Table 4.7) revealed that planting methods failed to influence the
number of green leaves per plant at 15 and 30 DAS of the two years trial but it founded
that raised bed method significantly superior flat bed method at 45, 60 DAS and at
harvest during both the years.

Varieties

Marked variation in number of green leaves per plant between the varieties was
observed. Pro-Agro 4212 produced greats number of green leaves than Sugar-75 at all
stages of growth.

Interaction

None of the interaction was found significant with respect to number of green
leaves per plant at any of the growth stages of the test crop.

73
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.4: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on plant height (cm) at different growth stages of baby corn.

15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS At harvest

Treatments
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
F0 Control 14.28 16.10 15.19 39.20 39.59 39.40 93.60 98.48 96.04 161.94 166.25 164.10 170.43 175.71 173.07
F1 50 % of RDF 14.82 16.66 15.74 46.87 47.68 47.28 119.94 128.35 124.15 187.30 196.58 191.94 188.52 202.74 195.63
F2 100 % of RDF 16.25 17.80 17.03 50.66 53.03 51.85 135.14 144.36 139.75 204.58 211.76 208.17 212.66 222.14 217.40
F3 150% of RDF 17.35 19.01 18.18 54.89 59.54 57.22 152.03 164.81 158.42 216.82 226.77 221.79 227.77 232.32 230.04
SEdm± 0.48 0.41 0.45 0.73 1.20 0.97 3.36 3.04 3.20 2.52 2.64 2.58 2.66 2.71 2.69
CD (P=0.05) 1.54 1.32 1.43 2.35 3.84 3.09 10.75 9.74 10.25 8.07 8.44 8.26 8.52 8.67 8.59

M1 (Flat bed) 15.24 16.73 15.99 47.20 47.77 47.48 122.11 130.07 126.09 185.70 193.99 189.85 191.65 200.44 196.04
M2 (Raised bed) 16.11 18.06 17.08 48.62 52.15 50.39 128.24 137.94 133.09 199.62 206.69 203.15 208.04 216.01 212.03
SEdm± 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.47 0.81 0.64 1.90 2.10 2.00 2.32 2.42 2.37 2.43 2.50 2.46
CD (P=0.05) 0.75 0.81 0.78 1.34 2.33 1.84 5.45 6.02 5.73 6.65 6.94 6.80 6.97 7.16 7.06

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 16.51 18.22 17.36 48.85 53.85 51.35 129.25 140.53 134.89 205.30 214.27 209.78 211.84 223.04 217.44
V2 (Sugar-75) 14.84 16.56 15.70 46.96 46.08 46.52 121.10 127.48 124.29 180.02 186.41 183.22 187.84 193.41 190.63
SEdm± 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.47 0.81 0.64 1.90 2.10 2.00 2.32 2.42 2.37 2.43 2.50 2.46
CD (P=0.05) 0.75 0.81 0.78 1.34 2.33 1.84 5.45 6.02 5.73 6.65 6.94 6.80 6.97 7.16 7.06
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

74
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.5: Interaction effect of fertility levels and planting methods and fertility levels and varieties on plant height (cm) at 60 DAS

2010 2011
Treatments F3
F0 F1 50% F2 100% F3 150% F0 F1 50% F2 100%
Pooled 150% of Pooled
Control of RDF of RDF of RDF Control of RDF of RDF
RDF
Fertility levels ╳ planting methods
M1 (Flat bed) 154.96 184.53 201.40 201.90 185.70 160.89 194.15 209.13 211.80 193.99
M2 (Raised bed) 168.92 190.07 207.75 231.74 199.62 171.62 199.01 214.39 241.74 206.69
SEdm± 4.64 4.84
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 13.30 13.88
SEdm± 4.64 4.84
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main
17.50 12.28
treatment
Fertility levels ╳
varieties
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 172.28 191.64 224.78 232.50 205.30 176.42 202.32 233.93 244.40 214.27
V2 (Sugar-75) 151.61 182.96 184.38 201.14 180.02 156.08 190.84 189.59 209.14 186.41
SEdm± 4.64 4.84
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 13.30 13.88
SEdm± 4.64 4.84
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main
17.50 12.28
treatment
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

75
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.6: Interaction effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on plant hight (cm) at harvest
2010 2011
Treatments F0 F1 50% F2 100% F3 150% F0 F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%
Pooled Pooled
Control of RDF of RDF of RDF Control of RDF of RDF of RDF
Fertility levels ╳ planting methods

M1 (Flat bed) 165.14 185.47 207.97 208.00 191.65 167.33 199.04 219.29 216.09 200.44
M2 (Raised bed) 175.72 191.57 217.36 247.53 208.04 184.09 206.44 224.98 248.54 216.01
SEdm± 4.86 4.99
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 13.94 14.32
SEdm± 4.86 4.99
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 18.39 18.82
Fertility levels ╳ varieties
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 180.26 194.26 232.52 240.34 211.84 187.19 208.29 245.41 251.27 223.04
V2 (Sugar-75) 160.60 182.78 192.81 215.19 187.84 164.23 197.19 198.87 213.36 193.41
SEdm± 4.86 4.99
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 13.94 14.32
SEdm± 4.86 4.99
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 18.39 18.82
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

76
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.1.1: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on plant height (cm) at different growth stages of baby corn.

15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS At harvest

250
Plant height

200

150

100

50

77
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.7: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on number of green leaves plant-1 at different growth stages of baby
corn.
15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS At harvest
Treatments
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
F0 Control 4.50 4.63 4.56 8.03 8.09 8.06 9.03 9.10 9.06 10.07 10.19 10.13 10.14 10.43 10.28
F150 % of RDF 4.72 4.80 4.76 8.22 8.27 8.24 10.01 10.10 10.06 10.95 11.05 11.00 11.01 11.26 11.14
F2 100 % of RDF 4.87 4.91 4.89 8.36 8.39 8.37 11.32 11.46 11.39 12.18 12.31 12.24 12.28 12.39 12.33
F3 150% of RDF 5.20 5.29 5.25 9.12 9.16 9.14 12.40 12.48 12.46 12.70 13.05 13.00 13.08 13.19 13.14
SEdm± 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.24 0.16 0.20 0.42 0.33 0.38 0.16 0.37 0.27 0.34 0.34 0.34
CD (P=0.05) 0.20 0.13 0.17 0.75 0.52 0.64 1.36 1.04 1.20 0.53 1.18 0.85 1.09 1.10 1.10

M1 (Flat bed) 4.77 4.85 4.81 8.36 8.37 8.37 10.43 10.50 10.47 11.22 11.31 11.30 11.34 11.52 11.43
M2 (Raised bed) 4.88 4.96 4.92 8.50 8.58 8.54 10.95 11.07 11.02 11.73 11.99 11.89 11.92 12.12 12.02
SEdm± 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.14 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.20
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.48 0.55 0.52 0.45 0.58 0.52 0.58 0.59 0.58

V1 (Pro-Agro
4.92 5.02 4.97 8.67 8.73 8.70 11.23 11.21 11.22 11.99 12.05 12.05 11.98 12.17 12.08
4212)
V2 (Sugar-75) 4.73 4.80 4.76 8.20 8.23 8.21 10.15 10.36 10.26 10.96 11.25 11.14 11.27 11.47 11.37
SEdm± 0.057 0.05 0.051 0.14 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.20
CD (P=0.05) 0.16 0.13 0.147 0.40 0.32 0.36 0.48 0.55 0.52 0.45 0.58 0.52 0.58 0.59 0.58
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

78
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

4.1.1.5. Leaf area plant-1(cm2)

Scanning of the data recorded on leaf area at all the growth stages (Table 4.8)
clearly indicated that leaf area plant-1 was significantly affected by various treatments
except planting methods at 15 and 30 during both the experimental years.

Fertility Levels

Increasing fertility levels showed corresponding improvement in the leaf area of

baby corn. Fertility levels at 150% RDF (F3) resulted in significant increase in leaf area
of baby corn over all other treatments at different crop growth stages during both the
years of experiment. Overall the effect of fertility levels on leaf area was in the order of
F3> F2> F1> F0 and the difference was significant at all the stages of growth.

Planting methods

As compared to flat bed planting method, raised bed significantly enhanced leaf
area at all the growth stages of baby corn throughout the present investigation. However,
the differences were not significant at 15 and 30 DAS.

Varieties

Significant differences in leaf area due to varieties were recorded at all the stages
of growth. Pro-Agro 4212 recorded higher leaf area than Sugar-75 at all the growth
stages of baby corn. However, the difference was not significant at 15 DAS in 2010.

Interaction

None of the interactions could reach the level of significance during any of the
years.

4.1.1.6. Leaf area index (LAI)

The leaf area index as affected by various treatments at different growth stages
(15, 30, 45, 60, DAS and at harvest) are presented in Table 4.9.

Fertility levels

Increasing fertility levels showed corresponding improvement in the leaf area

index in baby corn. 150% RDF (F3) brought about significant increase in leaf area index

79
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

over all other treatments followed by 100% RDF (F2) at all the stages of crop growth
during 2010 and 2011. The lowest LAI was recorded in no fertilizer (F0).

Planting methods

Favorable improvement in leaf area index of baby corn was recorded with raised
bed system at all crop growth stages but this improvement was non-significant at 15 and
30 DAS in comparison to flat bed system during both the years.

Varieties

As compared to Sweet Corn Sugar-75, Pro-Agro 4212 significantly enhanced leaf

area index at all the growth stages of baby corn throughout the present investigation
except at 15 DAS.

Interaction

None of the interaction could reach the level of significance during any of the
years of investigation.

4.1.1.7. Dry matter production plant-1 (g)

The data pertaining to dry matter production per plant as affected by different
fertility levels of (N, P, K, S and Zn), planting methods and varieties recorded at 15, 30,
45, 60 DAS and at harvest are summarized in Table 4.10 and Figure 4.1.2. Dry matter
gradually increased up to harvest stage. Perusal of data reveled significant variation on
dry matter production due to various treatments at all the growth stages during both the
years of experimentation.

Fertility levels

The result showed significant variation in dry matter production due to different
fertility levels at all growth stages. The application of 150% RDF (F3) produced the
highest dry matter as compared to other doses but remained at per with 100% RDF (F2) at
15 DAS in 2010. Overall the effect of fertility levels on dry matter production was in the
order of F3> F2> F1> F0.

80
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.8: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on leaf area (cm2) per plant at different growth stages of baby corn.

15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS At harvest

Treatments
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
F0 Control 73.3 78.3 75.8 770.7 853.9 812.3 1771.6 1906.4 1839.0 2798.2 2908.1 2853.2 3002.6 3330.0 3166.3
F150 % of RDF 109.3 115.4 112.4 964.9 990.4 977.7 2405.4 2628.0 2516.7 3862.5 3989.0 3925.7 3905.6 4231.6 4068.6
F2 100 % of RDF 125.2 130.6 127.9 1214.4 1249.0 1231.7 3085.8 3380.7 3233.2 4427.3 4622.0 4524.7 4614.9 5052.1 4833.5
F3 150% of RDF 140.4 145.8 143.1 1498.1 1533.9 1516.0 4067.2 4255.8 4161.5 5256.4 5428.4 5342.4 5325.7 5776.9 5551.3
SEdm± 2.7 3.1 2.9 32.0 32.7 32.4 168.0 160.7 164.4 145.6 150.9 148.3 136.9 188.4 162.6
CD (P=0.05) 8.5 10.0 9.3 102.5 104.7 103.6 537.6 514.2 525.9 465.8 482.9 474.3 437.9 602.6 520.2

M1 (Flat bed) 110.4 115.5 112.9 1086.4 1151.8 1119.1 2626.7 2854.6 2740.6 3812.9 3954.4 3883.7 3981.8 4334.8 4158.3
M2 (Raised bed) 113.7 119.6 116.6 1137.6 1161.8 1149.7 3038.3 3230.9 3134.6 4359.3 4519.4 4439.3 4442.6 4860.6 4651.6
SEdm± 2.1 1.9 2.0 22.1 24.0 23.1 95.4 81.6 88.5 107.6 111.4 109.5 89.1 103.7 96.4
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 273.6 234.0 253.8 308.5 319.5 314.0 255.4 297.5 276.5

V1 (Pro-Agro4212) 113.6 120.6 117.1 1157.0 1221.0 1189.0 3146.6 3371.8 3259.2 4550.5 4721.9 4636.2 4568.1 4976.0 4772.1
V2 (Sugar-75) 110.5 114.4 112.5 1067.0 1092.6 1079.8 2518.4 2713.6 2616.0 3621.7 3751.8 3686.8 3856.3 4219.3 4037.8
SEdm± 2.1 1.9 2.0 22.1 24.0 23.1 95.4 81.6 88.5 107.6 111.4 109.5 89.1 103.7 96.4
CD (P=0.05) NS 5.5 NS 63.4 68.8 66.1 273.6 234.0 253.8 308.5 319.5 314.0 255.4 297.5 276.5
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

81
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.9: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on leaf area index LAI at different growth stages of baby corn.

15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS At harvest

Treatments
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
F0 Control 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.88 0.98 0.93 2.02 2.18 2.10 3.20 3.32 3.26 3.43 3.81 3.62
F1 50 % of RDF 0.12 0.13 0.13 1.10 1.13 1.12 2.75 3.00 2.88 4.41 4.56 4.49 4.46 4.84 4.65
F2 100 % of RDF 0.14 0.15 0.15 1.39 1.43 1.41 3.53 3.86 3.70 5.06 5.28 5.17 5.27 5.77 5.52
F3 150% of RDF 0.16 0.17 0.16 1.71 1.75 1.73 4.65 4.86 4.76 6.01 6.20 6.10 6.09 6.60 6.34
SEdm± 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.19 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.17 0.25 0.16 0.22 0.19
CD (P=0.05) 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.61 0.59 0.60 0.53 0.55 0.79 0.50 0.69 0.59

M1 (Flat bed) 0.13 0.13 0.13 1.24 1.32 1.28 3.00 3.26 3.13 4.36 4.52 4.42 4.55 4.95 4.75
M2 (Raised bed) 0.13 0.14 0.13 1.30 1.33 1.31 3.47 3.69 3.58 4.98 5.16 5.08 5.08 5.55 5.32
SEdm± 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.10 0.12 0.11
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 0.31 0.27 0.29 0.35 0.37 0.44 0.29 0.34 0.32

V1 (Pro-Agro
0.13 0.14 0.13 1.32 1.40 1.36 3.60 3.85 3.72 5.20 5.40 5.21 5.22 5.69 5.45
4212)
V2 (Sugar-75 ) 0.13 0.13 0.13 1.22 1.25 1.23 2.88 3.10 2.99 4.14 4.29 4.29 4.41 4.82 4.61
SEdm± 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.10 0.12 0.11
CD (P=0.05) NS 0.006 NS 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.31 0.27 0.29 0.35 0.37 0.44 0.29 0.34 0.32
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

82
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Planting methods

Perusal of the data (Table 4.10) further revealed that raised bed system improved
the dry matter production over flat bed and finally at harvest it registered an increase of
7.04% over flat bed.

Varieties

Significant variation in dry matter production due to varieties was observed at all
the growth stages during both the years of experimentation. Pro-Agro 4212 produced
greater dry matter than Sweet Corn Sugar-75 at all baby corn growth stages and finally at
harvest it registered an increase of 13.24% than Sweet Corn Sugar-75.

Interaction

Fertility levels were found to interact significantly with both varieties (at 30, 60
and harvest) and planting methods (at 60 and harvest) in increasing the dry matter of the
plant during both the years (Table 4.11 and Table 4.12). Significantly higher dry matter
production was recorded in the combination between 150% RDF (F3) and raised bed
method at 60 DAS and at harvest during both the years. Also Pro-Agro 4212 at F3 (150%
RDF) fertility level produced higher dry matter production than other combinations
during both the years.

4.1.1.8. Chlorophyll content of leaf (SPAD)

The data on chlorophyll content of leaf (SPAD value) as affected by different

levels of fertility, planting methods and varieties recorded at 30, 45 and 60 DAS are
presented in Table 4.13.

Fertility levels

The relevant data revealed that leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value) recorded at
30, 45 and 60 DAS differed significantly due to different fertility levels. The leaf
chlorophyll content increased significantly with each successive increment in the fertility
levels from 0 to 150% RDF at 30, 45 and 60 DAS. It was evident from the data (Table
4.13) that maximum chlorophyll content (SPAD value) was recorded with the application
of 150% RDF (F3) followed by 100% RDF (F2), while and the lowest

83
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.10: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on dry matter production plant-1 (g) at different growth stages of
baby corn.

15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS At harvest

Treatments
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
Fertility levels
F0 Control 3.65 3.96 4.27 10.21 11.85 11.03 31.57 34.74 33.15 107.30 114.64 110.97 136.27 142.88 139.57
F1 50 % of RDF 4.06 4.41 4.24 15.34 17.08 16.21 39.20 41.93 40.57 134.61 143.52 139.06 170.94 188.09 179.52
F2 100 % of RDF 4.33 4.65 4.49 20.94 21.82 21.38 46.51 51.97 49.24 145.64 171.95 158.79 185.02 199.23 192.13
F3 150% of RDF 4.59 5.06 4.85 24.08 24.52 24.30 54.63 63.19 58.91 158.00 186.33 172.17 200.68 218.90 209.79
SEdm± 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.55 0.59 0.57 1.30 0.80 1.05 1.80 2.04 1.92 2.28 2.45 2.36
CD (P=0.05) 0.38 0.41 0.40 1.77 1.90 1.83 4.15 2.56 3.36 5.74 6.52 6.13 7.28 7.83 7.56
Planting methods
M1 (Flat bed) 4.05 4.41 4.24 17.18 18.36 17.77 41.55 46.77 44.16 131.91 147.71 139.81 167.72 179.63 173.67
M2 (Raised bed) 4.23 4.63 4.44 18.10 19.27 18.69 44.40 49.14 46.77 140.87 160.51 150.69 178.74 194.92 186.83
SEdm± 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.68 0.78 0.73 1.64 1.95 1.80 2.09 2.25 2.17
CD (P=0.05) 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.77 0.83 0.80 1.95 2.24 2.09 4.71 5.59 5.15 5.99 6.47 6.23
Varieties
V1 (Pro-Agro4212) 4.43 4.81 4.63 19.29 19.76 19.53 46.35 50.65 48.50 145.11 162.69 153.90 185.30 200.77 193.03
V2 (Sugar-75) 3.86 4.23 4.05 15.99 17.87 16.93 39.60 45.26 42.43 127.67 145.53 136.60 161.15 173.79 167.47
SEdm± 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.68 0.78 0.73 1.64 1.95 1.80 2.09 2.25 2.17
CD (P=0.05) 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.77 0.83 0.80 1.95 2.24 2.09 4.71 5.59 5.15 5.99 6.47 6.23
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

84
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.11: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on dry matter production plant-1 (g) at different growth stages of baby corn.
2010 2011
Treatments F0 F1 50% F2 100% F3 150% F0 F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%
Pooled Pooled
Control of RDF of RDF of RDF Control of RDF of RDF of RDF
Fertility levels ╳ varieties (at 30 DAS)
V1(Pro-Agro 4212) 11.00 16.35 23.76 26.05 19.29 12.65 18.16 22.73 25.50 19.76
V2 (Sugar-75) 9.41 14.33 18.11 22.11 15.99 11.05 16.00 20.90 23.53 17.87
SEdm± 0.54 0.58
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 1.54 NS
SEdm± 0.54 0.58
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main 2.93 NS
treatment
Fertility levels ╳ varieties (at 60 DAS)
V1(Pro-Agro 4212) 113.25 137.74 160.04 169.40 145.11 118.20 147.96 183.23 201.37 162.69
V2 (Sugar-75) 101.35 131.47 131.24 146.60 127.67 111.07 139.07 160.67 171.29 145.53
SEdm± 3.28 3.90
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 9.42 11.18
SEdm± 3.28 3.90
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 12.42 14.47
Fertility levels ╳ varieties (at harvest)
V1(Pro-Agro 4212) 144.61 175.93 204.39 216.29 185.30 150.79 196.08 218.93 237.25 200.77
V2 (Sugar-75) 127.94 165.95 165.65 185.08 161.15 134.96 180.10 179.53 200.55 173.79
SEdm± 4.17 4.51
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 11.97 12.93
SEdm± 4.17 4.51
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main 15.77 17.00

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

treatment
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

Table 4.12: Interaction effect of fertility levels and planting methods on dry matter production plant-1 (g) at harvest of baby corn.
2010 2011
F2
Treatments F0 F1 50% F3 150% F0 F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%
100% Pooled Pooled
Control of RDF of RDF Control of RDF of RDF of RDF
of RDF
Fertility levels ╳ planting methods (at 60 DAS)
M1 (Flat bed) 103.74 132.82 143.66 147.41 131.91 112.27 139.59 165.67 173.29 147.71
M2 (Raised bed) 110.86 136.40 147.62 168.59 140.87 117.01 147.44 178.23 199.37 160.51
SEdm± 3.28 3.90
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 9.42 11.18
SEdm± 3.28 3.90
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 12.42 14.47
Fertility levels ╳ planting methods (at harvest)

M1 (Flat bed) 131.88 168.82 182.73 187.44 167.72 138.14 182.21 196.52 201.66 179.63
M2 (Raised bed) 140.67 173.06 187.32 213.93 178.74 147.62 193.97 201.94 236.15 194.92
SEdm± 4.17 4.51

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 11.97 12.93

SEdm± 4.17 4.51

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 15.77 17.00
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

86
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

87
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.1.2: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on dry matter production plant-1 (g) at different growth stages of
baby corn.

15 DAS 30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS At harvest

250

200
Dry matter production

150

100

50

88
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Chlorophyll was recorded at F0 (no fertilizer) at 30, 45 and 60 DAS during both the years
of experimentation.

Planting methods

Raised bed method registered significant difference in respect of chlorophyll

content (SPAD value) at 60 DAS only while at 30 and 45 DAS it remained statically at
par with each other during both the years.

Table 4.13: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on chlorophyll content
at different crop growth stages of baby corn

30 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS

Treatments
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
F0 Control 36.52 37.06 36.79 38.25 39.15 38.70 38.95 39.80 39.37
F150 % of RDF 41.56 42.17 41.86 44.32 44.60 44.46 44.70 45.30 45.00
F2 100 % of RDF 43.56 44.80 44.18 47.85 48.04 47.95 48.35 48.51 48.43
F3 150% of RDF 46.62 47.28 46.95 50.69 51.17 50.93 51.28 51.59 51.44
SEdm± 0.74 0.76 0.75 0.82 0.70 0.76 0.80 0.54 0.67
CD (P=0.05) 2.35 2.43 2.39 2.62 2.23 2.42 2.55 1.73 2.14

M1 (Flat bed) 41.93 42.47 42.20 44.97 45.41 45.19 45.06 45.43 45.24
M2 (Raised bed) 42.20 43.19 42.69 45.58 46.07 45.83 46.58 47.17 46.87
SEdm± 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.39
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 1.16 1.08 1.12

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 44.00 44.73 44.36 46.88 47.43 47.16 47.99 48.39 48.19
V2 (Sugar-75) 40.13 40.93 40.53 43.67 44.05 43.86 43.64 44.22 43.93
SEdm± 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.39 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.39
CD (P=0.05) 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.12 1.08 1.10 1.16 1.08 1.12
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

88
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Varieties

A critical examination of data revealed that chlorophyll content (SPAD value)

varied significantly between the varieties and Pro-Agro 4212 showed higher content than
Sweet Corn Sugar-75 at 30, 45 and 60 DAS during both the years of study.

Interaction

Interaction effect among the variables failed to reach the level of significance at
any of the stages in any of the years.

4.1.2. Yield attributes

Data on yield attributes i.e. length and girth of baby corn (without husk) (cm),
number of cobs plant-1, baby corn (with and without husk) weight (g) and baby corn (with
husk): baby corn (without husk) ratio have been presented in Table 4.14.

4.1.2.1. Length of baby corn (without husk) (cm)

The data pertaining to length of baby corn (without husk) as affected by different
fertility levels, planting methods and varieties are presented in Table 4.14.

Fertility levels

A perusal of the data showed marked difference in baby corn length due to
different fertility levels. Increase in fertility levels correspondingly increased the baby
corn length up to the highest fertility level of 150% RDF (F3) (9.42 and 9.91 cm) during
2010 and 2011 respectively which was significantly superior to all other treatments.
Further baby corn length was found higher during second year (2011) in comparison to
first year (2010).

Planting methods

The relevant data revealed that the planting methods also influenced significantly
baby corn length. Raised bed method recorded significantly higher baby corn (without
husk) length by 6.48 and 4.97% over flat bed method during 2010 and 2011 respectively.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Varieties

Perusal of the data showed marked improvement in baby corn length with Pro-
Agro 4212 registering 7.82 and 8.18% more length than Sweet Corn Sugar-75 during
2010 and 2011 respectively.

Interaction

None of the interaction could reach the level of significance during any of the
years.

4.1.2.2. Baby corn girth (without husk) (cm)

Data pertaining to this parameter presented in Table 4.14, indicated that

application of different fertility levels, planting methods and varieties had significant
influence on baby corn (without husk) girth during both the years of investigation.
Fertility levels

Among the fertility levels, 150% RDF (F3) registered maximum baby corn girth
(4.09 and 4.16 cm) and it was significantly superior to all other levels. The response of
baby corn girth to different fertility levels was in the order of F3> F2> F1> F0.

Planting methods

In case of planting methods the raised bed method was found to be the best in
producing baby corn with more girth than flat bed method. Raised bed method registered
5.63 and 6.13% higher girth than flat bed.

Varieties

A critical analysis of the data clearly indicated that Pro-Agro 4212 recorded
significantly higher baby corn girth which was about 10.73 and 9.92 % more than Sweet
Corn Sugar-75 during 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Interaction

None of the interaction was found significant in any of the years.

90
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

4.1.2.3. Baby corn weight (without husk) (g/cob)

Perusal of the data on baby corn (without husk) weight as affected by different
levels of fertility, planting methods and varieties are furnished in Table 4.14.

Fertility levels

It was clear from the data (Table 4.14) that fertility levels resulted in significant
variation in baby corn weight. Increasing fertility levels brought about significant
improvement in baby corn weight during both the years. The maximum baby corn weight
was recorded with 150% RDF (7.12 and 7.93 g) which was significantly greater than
100% RDF (6.61 and 7.17 g), 50% RDF (6.17 and 6.38 g) and control (5.32 and 5.40 g)
during 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Planting methods

Data pertaining to baby corn weight as influenced by different planting methods

are presented in Table 4.14. Raised bed method showed a positive influence on baby corn
weight (6.49 and 6.89 g) as compared to flat bed method (6.12 and 6.55 g).

Varieties

Pro-Agro 4212 exhibited marked improvement in baby corn weight by

producing9.61% and 8.92% heavier corn than Sweet Corn Sugar-75 during 2010 and
2011 respectively.

Interaction

None of the interaction was found significant in respect to baby corn weight
during both the years.

4.1.2.4. Baby corn (with husk) weight (g/cob)

Data presented in Table 4.14 clearly indicated the effect of fertility levels,
planting methods and varieties in baby corn weight in both the years.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Fertility levels

It was apparent from the data (Table 4.14) that baby corn weight increased
significantly due to different fertility levels during both the years. Maximum weight was
recorded at 150% RDF (F3), which was significantly superior to all other treatments. On
an average, baby corn weight remained higher during second year (2011) in comparison
to first year (2010).

Planting methods

An examination of data (Table 4.14) revealed that raised bed method caused
significant effect on baby corn weight which was increased by 4.98% and 4.75% over flat
bed method in first and second year respectively.

Varieties

Baby corn weight differed significantly due to different varieties. Pro-Agro 4212
recorded significantly higher baby corn weight (32.95 and 36.29 g) as compared to Sweet
Corn Sugar-75 (30.47 and 33.47 g) in 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Interaction

None of the interaction was found significant with respect to baby corn weight in
any of the years.

4.1.2.5. No of cobs plant-1

Data associated with number of cobs plant-1 as affected by fertility levels, planting
methods and varieties during both the years of trial are presented in Table 4.14.

Fertility levels

Perusal of data (Table 4.14) revealed significant variation in number of cobs

plant-1 due to the levels of fertility. The maximum number of cobs plant-1 were observed
with the application of 150% RDF (F3), which remained significantly superior to 100%
RDF (F2), 50% RDF (F1) and no fertilizer (F0) during both the years of investigation. The
increase was 36.52% more than no fertilizer.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.14: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on yield attributes of baby corn
Baby corn length Baby corn girth Baby corn weight Baby corn (with
Baby corn weight
(without husk) (without husk) (without husk) No of cobs plant-1
husk) : baby corn
Treatments (with husk) (g/cob)
(cm) (cm) (g/cob) (without husk)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
F0 Control 7.55 7.97 7.76 3.07 3.11 3.09 5.32 5.40 5.36 24.32 25.63 24.98 1.76 1.81 1.79 4.59 4.77 4.68
F150 % of RDF 8.09 8.37 8.23 3.42 3.46 3.44 6.17 6.38 6.28 28.82 31.71 30.27 2.15 2.20 2.18 4.69 4.99 4.84
F2 100 % of RDF 8.74 9.12 8.93 3.78 3.82 3.80 6.61 7.17 6.89 34.08 38.26 36.17 2.43 2.54 2.49 5.20 5.36 5.28
F3 150% of RDF 9.42 9.91 9.66 4.09 4.16 4.13 7.12 7.93 7.53 39.62 43.93 41.77 2.72 2.92 2.82 5.61 5.58 5.60
SEdm± 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.08 0.11 0.09 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.53 0.72 0.63 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.16 0.11
CD (P=0.05) 0.59 0.54 0.57 0.25 0.34 0.30 0.47 0.56 0.51 1.70 2.31 2.01 0.18 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.51 0.35

M1 (Flat bed) 8.16 8.62 8.39 3.49 3.52 3.50 6.12 6.55 6.34 30.90 34.03 32.47 2.20 2.27 2.23 5.02 5.18 5.10
M2 (Raised bed) 8.73 9.07 8.90 3.69 3.75 3.72 6.49 6.89 6.69 32.52 35.73 34.13 2.33 2.47 2.40 5.02 5.18 5.10
SEdm± 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.38 0.49 0.43 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.10 0.11
CD (P=0.05) 0.48 0.42 0.45 0.19 0.22 0.20 0.32 0.31 0.31 1.10 1.39 1.25 0.13 0.09 0.11 NS NS NS

V1 (Pro-Agro
8.79 9.22 9.01 3.79 3.83 3.85 6.63 7.04 6.83 32.95 36.29 34.62 2.36 2.52 2.44 4.98 5.15 5.07
4212)
V2 (Sugar-75) 8.10 8.47 8.28 3.39 3.45 3.38 5.99 6.41 6.20 30.47 33.47 31.97 2.17 2.23 2.20 5.07 5.20 5.14
SEdm± 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.38 0.49 0.43 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.10 0.11
CD (P=0.05) 0.48 0.42 0.45 0.19 0.22 0.20 0.32 0.31 0.31 1.10 1.39 1.25 0.13 0.09 0.11 NS NS NS
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

93
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Planting methods

It was clearly evident from the data that planting methods brought about
significant variation in number of cobs plant-1. Number of cobs plant-1 was recorded with
raised bed method which remained superior to flat bed method during both the years of
study.

Varieties

An inspection of the data revealed that varieties also significantly influenced the
number of cobs plant-1. Pro-Agro 4212 produced maximum number of cobs plant-1 (2.36
and 2.52) which was significantly superior to Sweet Corn Sugar-75 during 2010 and 2011
respectively.

Interaction

None of the interactions could exert significant influence on number of cobs plant-1
in any of the years.

4.1.2.6. Baby corn (without husk): baby corn (with husk) ratio.

A glance of data on baby corn (without husk): baby corn (with husk) ratio as
influenced by different levels of fertility, planting methods and varieties are presented in
Table 4.14.

Fertility levels

Fertility levels exerted a positive influence on baby corn (without husk): baby
corn (with husk) ratio during both the years. Baby corn (without husk): baby corn (with
husk) ratio increased correspondingly with an increase in the fertility levels up to 150%
RDF (F3) which recorded the highest ratio (5.58 and 5.60) during both the years.

Planting methods

Planting methods could not exert significant influence on baby corn (without
husk): baby corn (with husk) ratio in either of the years.

94
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Varieties

Varieties also failed to exert significant influence on baby corn (without husk):
baby corn (with husk) ratio in any of the years.

Interaction

None of the interactions could exert significant influence in the baby corn
(without husk): baby corn (with husk) ratio in any of the years.

4.1.2.7. No of cobs ha-1 (picking wise)

Data presented in Table 4.15,Table 4.16Table 4.17 and illustrated graphically in

Figure 4.1.3,Figure 4.1.4 Figure 4.1.5 clearly indicated significant effect of fertility
levels, planting methods and varieties in number of cobs ha-1 in each picking during both
the years.

Fertility levels

It was clearly evident from the data (Table 4.15 and Table 4.16) that there was
significant variation in number of cobs ha-1 due to the levels of fertility. The maximum
number of cobs ha-1 was observed with the application of 150% RDF (F3), which
remained significantly superior to all other treatments at all the individual harvests. The
increases were 57.68% at 1st, 51.65% at 2nd, 59.88% at 3rd, 58.75% at 4th and 61.16% at
5th harvest more than control. Out of all the harvests, the maximum number of cobs was
found at 3rd picking.

Planting methods

An examination of the data (Table 4.15 and Table 4.16) revealed that planting
methods brought about significant variation in number of cobs ha-1 at all the plucking.
Number of cobs ha-1 recorded with raised bed method remained superior to flat bed
method at all individual harvests with the highest being observed at 3rd plucking.

Varieties

95
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Varieties also significantly influenced the number of cobs ha-1 at all the plucking
(Fig. 4.5). Pro-Agro 4212 produced higher number of cobs ha-1 and it was significantly
superior to Sweet Corn Sugar-75. The increases were 41.33% at 1st, 17.89% at 2nd,
13.75% at 3rd, 15.16% at 4th and 26.09% at 5th plucking more than Sweet Corn Sugar-75.
Similar trend in number of cobs / plucking was also observed in this case.

Interaction

The interaction between fertility levels and varieties at 1st harvest registered
significant influence on number of cobs ha-1 during both the years. Pro-Agro 4212
interacted significantly with F3 fertility level and produced higher number of cobs than
other levels. Overall Pro-Agro 4212 recorded 58.77% and 61.04% more cobs at F3 Level
of fertility over control and 43.36% and 45.18% more than Sugar-75 during 1st and 2nd
years respectively.

96
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.15: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on number of cobs /ha at 1st, 2nd and 3rd plucking.
No. of cobs at first plucking No. of cobs at second plucking No. of cobs at third plucking
Treatments (cobs /ha) (cobs /ha) (cobs /ha)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
F0 Control 10883.08 12671.02 11777.05 18190.30 21144.28 19667.29 24953.36 29578.67 27266.01
F1 50 % of RDF 16246.89 18734.45 17490.67 21338.62 24370.33 22854.48 37157.96 41005.90 39081.93
F2 100 % of RDF 18928.79 21921.64 20425.22 28101.68 32999.06 30550.37 51616.91 55464.86 53540.89
F3 150% of RDF 25691.85 29967.35 27829.60 38401.74 42949.31 40675.53 64443.40 71478.54 67960.97
SEdm± 1333.21 1681.71 1507.46 760.33 1584.89 1172.61 1193.22 1969.11 1581.17
CD (P=0.05) 4265.19 5380.08 4822.63 2432.44 5070.36 3751.40 3817.33 6299.52 5058.43

M1 (Flat bed) 16363.49 19181.44 17772.46 25128.26 29015.08 27071.67 42560.63 47185.94 44873.29
M2 (Raised bed) 19511.81 22465.79 20988.80 27887.90 31716.42 29802.16 46525.18 51578.04 49051.61
SEdm± 772.38 1079.50 925.94 723.51 818.54 771.03 940.01 1482.94 1211.47
CD (P=0.05) 2215.31 3096.16 2655.74 2075.14 2347.69 2211.42 2696.08 4253.29 3474.69

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 22601.83 26255.44 24428.64 29209.42 33251.71 31230.56 47768.96 53093.90 50431.43
V2 (Sugar-75) 13273.48 15391.79 14332.63 23806.75 27479.79 25643.27 41316.85 45670.08 43493.47
SEdm± 772.38 1079.50 925.94 723.51 818.54 771.03 940.01 1482.94 1211.47
CD (P=0.05) 2215.31 3096.16 2655.74 2075.14 2347.69 2211.42 2696.08 4253.29 3474.69
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

97
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.16: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on number of (cobs /ha) at 4th and 5th plucking.
No. of cobs at fourth plucking No. of cobs at fifth plucking
Treatments (cobs /ha) (cobs /ha)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
F0 Control 22115.98 26274.87 24195.43 13837.06 16402.36 15119.71
F1 50 % of RDF 29656.40 33620.96 31638.68 17101.99 19667.29 18384.64
F2 100 % of RDF 46330.84 50645.21 48488.02 22621.27 25769.59 24195.43
F3 150% of RDF 55659.20 61644.90 58652.05 37391.17 40461.75 38926.46
SEdm± 778.66 1705.14 1241.90 1328.61 1411.67 1370.14
CD (P=0.05) 2491.06 5455.03 3973.05 4250.46 4516.20 4383.33

M1 (Flat bed) 36263.99 40267.41 38265.70 21183.15 23981.65 22582.40

M2 (Raised bed) 40617.22 45825.56 43221.39 24292.60 27168.84 25730.72
SEdm± 1109.46 1475.05 1292.25 763.68 941.17 852.42
CD (P=0.05) 3182.09 4230.67 3706.38 2190.35 2699.41 2444.88

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212 ) 41491.76 46680.66 44086.21 26177.70 29384.33 27781.01

V2 (Sugar-75) 35389.46 39412.31 37400.88 19298.04 21766.17 20532.10
SEdm± 1109.46 1475.05 1292.25 763.68 941.17 852.42
CD (P=0.05) 3182.09 4230.67 3706.38 2190.35 2699.41 2444.88
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

98
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.17: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on number of cobs /ha at 1st plucking.

2010 2011

Treatments F1 50% F2 100% F3 150% F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%

F0 Control Pooled F0 Control Pooled
of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 13526.12 19667.29 24409.20 32804.72 22601.83 15080.84 22776.74 28451.49 38712.68 26255.44

V2 (Sugar-75 ) 8240.05 12826.49 13448.38 18578.98 13273.48 10261.19 14692.16 15391.79 21222.01 15391.79

SEdm± 1544.76 2159.00

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean

4430.61 6192.33
treatment

SEdm± 1544.76 2159.00

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main

7473.79 9795.68
treatment

RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

99
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.1.3: Effect of fertility levels on number of cobs /ha

F0 Control F1 50 % of RDF F2 100 % of RDF F3 150% of RDF

80000

70000

60000
No. of cobs

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

100
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.1.4: Effect of planting methods on number of cobs /ha

M1 (Flat bed) M2 (Raised bed)

60000

50000

40000
No of cobs

30000

20000

10000

101
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.1.5: Effect of varieties on number of cobs /ha

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212 ) V2 (Sugar-75)

60000

50000
No of cobs

40000

30000

20000

10000

102
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

4.1.3. Baby corn yield parameters

4.1.3.1. Baby corn yield (without husk) (q/ha)

The data on total baby corn (without husk) yield as influenced by fertility levels,
planting methods and varieties are presented in Table 4.18 and illustrated graphically in
Figure 4.1.6.

Fertility levels

An examination of the data (Table 4.18) revealed that the maximum baby corn
yield (18.74 and 19.57 q/ha) was obtained by the application of 150% RDF (F3) during
both the years. The treatment 150% RDF (F3) proved its superiority over all other
treatments. Overall the effect of fertility levels on baby corn (without husk) yield were in
the order of F3> F2> F1> F0 and the difference were significant at all levels of fertilizer.
F3 fertility level recorded 52.19 and 51.81% higher yield than F0 (control) and 29.38%
and 28.94% more yield over all the 3 treatments in general during first and second year
respectively.

Planting methods

It was evident from the data presented in Table 4.18 that planting methods
brought about significant variation in baby corn yield and raised bed method produced
significantly higher baby corn yield than flat bed method during both the years of
investigation. The increase was 7.89 and 7.90% during 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Varieties

It was clear from the data that varieties also caused significant variation in baby
corn yield. Pro-Agro 4212 increased baby corn (without husk) yield by 18.46% in 2010
and 18.48% in 2011 over Sweet Corn Sugar-75 and it was found to be statistically
significant also.

Interaction

As regards interactions (Table 4.19), fertility levels and varieties interacted

significantly to increase the baby corn yield during both the years. Pro-Agro 4212 at

103
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

150% RDF (F3) recorded the highest baby corn (21.41 and 22.35 q/ha) yield and
exhibited distinct superiority over other combinations. This was followed by the
combination between 100% RDF (F3) and Pro-Agro 4212. However, the interaction
effect between fertility levels and planting methods was not found to be significant in any
of the years.

4.1.3.2. Baby corn yield (with husk) (q/ha)

A glance of the data on baby corn yield (with husk) as influenced by different
fertility levels, planting methods and varieties are presented in Table 4.18 and illustrated
graphically in Figure 4.1.6.

Fertility levels

It was evident from the data that baby corn yield was correspondingly with
increasing fertility levels during both the years of experimentation. However, the
maximum baby corn yield (100.70 and 103.19 q/ha) was observed with the application of
150% RDF (F3) during followed by F2. Overall the effect of fertility levels on baby corn
yield was in the order of F3> F2> F1> F0 and the difference was significant at all the
levels of fertility. In general F3 recorded 50.92 and 51.00% increase in yield over F0.

Planting methods

A close examination of the data further revealed significant variation in baby corn
yield by planting methods. Raised bed method recorded significantly higher baby corn
yield than flat bed method and it was found to be to the tune of 8.47 and 7.91% in first
and second year respectively.

Varieties

As compared to Sweet Corn Sugar-75, Pro-Agro 4212 significantly enhanced the

baby corn yield by 18.48 and 17.58% during both the years.

Interaction

The interaction (Table 4.19) effect between fertility levels and varieties were
found significant in affecting baby corn yield (with husk). The combination between

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150% RDF (F3) and Pro-Agro 4212 produced the highest yield (114.12 and 117.08 q/ha)
and remained superior to other combinations during both the years. However, the
interaction between fertility levels and planting methods was found non-significant
during both the years.

4.1.3.3. Baby corn stover yield (q/ha)

The data on total baby corn stover yield as influenced by levels of fertility,
planting methods and verities were summarized in Table 4.18 and graphically illustrated
in Figure 4.1.7.

Fertility levels

It was evident from the data that significantly greater stover yield was recorded at
each level of fertility over the producing one up to 150% RDF (F3) during both the years.
Application of 150% RDF (F3) produced higher stover yield than other treatments during
both the experimental years. The highest stover yield was found with 150% RDF (F3)
which was 7.95 % and 20.32 % higher than F2 and F1 during 2010 and 10.60 % and 24.75
% higher than F2 and F1 during 2011 respectively.

Planting methods

It was apparent from the data (Table 4.18) that stover yield increased significantly
due to different planting methods. Raised bed method had significant increase in baby
corn stover yield which was 7.43% and 7.12% more than flat bed method in 2010 and
2011 respectively.

Varieties

As compared to Sweet Corn Sugar-75, Pro-Agro 4212 enhanced the stover yield
by 15.58% and 15.66% in 2010 and 2011 respectively and it was found statistically
significant.

Interaction

It was evident from the data (Table 4.19) that the interaction between fertility
levels and varieties was significant with respect to stover yield during both the years. Pro-

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Agro 4212 at 150% RDF (F3) recorded the highest stover yield and exhibited distinct
superiority over other combinations of fertility and varieties. However, the interaction
between fertility levels and planting methods was not found to be significant in any of the
years.

4.1.4. Quality parameters

The data related to protein, carbohydrate, sugar and starch contents of baby corn
as influenced by fertility levels, planting methods and varieties are furnished in Table
4.20.

4.1.4.1. Protein content in baby corn (%)

Data pertaining to protein content in baby corn indicated that fertility levels,
planting methods and varieties had significant influence on this parameter during both the
years of investigation.

Fertility levels

Fertility levels significantly influenced protein content in baby corn and

maximum protein content was recorded at 150% RDF (F3), which was significantly
superior to other doses. The response of the protein content (%) to different fertility
levels was in the order of F3> F2> F1> F0 during both the years of investigation.

Planting methods

It was evident from the data (Table 4.20) that protein content increased markedly
with raised bed method over flat bed method. As compared to flat bed, raised bed method
improved protein content in baby corn by 2.64% in 2010 and 4.91% in 2011.

Varieties

It was evident from the data that protein content increased significantly in Pro-
Agro 4212 over Sweet Corn Sugar-75. As compared to Sweet Corn Sugar-75, Pro-Agro
4212 improved protein content in baby corn by 5.68% and 5.55% in 2010 and 2011
respectively.

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 Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.18: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on yield of baby corn.

Baby corn yield (q/ha) Baby corn yield (q/ha)

Stover yield (q/ha)
Treatments (without husk) (with husk)

2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 8.96 9.24 9.10 49.42 50.56 49.99 177.21 183.80 180.51
F1 50% of RDF 14.03 14.91 14.47 76.70 78.60 77.65 253.49 280.20 266.85
F2 100 % of RDF 16.71 17.14 16.68 91.27 93.45 92.36 323.71 332.87 328.29
F3 150% of RDF 19.21 20.06 19.64 100.70 103.19 101.94 351.67 372.35 362.01
SEdm± 0.49 0.52 0.51 2.66 2.73 2.70 9.01 9.77 9.39
CD (P=0.05) 1.57 1.66 1.62 8.51 8.73 8.62 28.81 31.25 30.03

M1 (Flat bed) 13.99 14.70 14.35 76.01 78.09 77.05 265.85 281.51 273.68
M2 (Raised bed) 15.21 15.98 15.60 83.04 84.80 83.92 287.19 303.10 295.14
SEdm± 0.31 0.33 0.32 1.75 1.79 1.77 5.94 6.34 6.14
CD (P=0.05) 0.89 0.94 0.92 5.01 5.14 5.08 17.04 18.20 17.62

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 16.09 16.90 16.50 87.19 88.89 88.04 299.89 317.14 308.51
V2 (Sugar-75 ) 13.11 13.77 13.44 71.86 74.01 72.93 253.16 267.47 260.32
SEdm± 0.31 0.33 0.32 1.75 1.79 1.77 5.94 6.34 5.94
CD (P=0.05) 0.89 0.94 0.92 5.01 5.14 5.08 17.04 18.20 5.94
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.19: Interaction effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on baby corn (without husk), baby corn (with husk) and
stover yields (q/ha).
2010 2011
Treatments F1 50% F2 100% F3 150% F0 F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%
F0 Control pooled pooled
of RDF of RDF of RDF Control of RDF of RDF of RDF
Baby corn (without husk)
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 9.72 15.19 17.51 21.41 15.96 10.23 16.31 17.87 22.35 16.69
V2 (Sugar-75 ) 8.19 12.86 14.91 16.07 13.01 8.62 13.81 15.21 16.78 13.61
SEdm± 0.62 0.64
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 1.77 1.83
SEdm± 0.62 0.64
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 2.83 2.95
Baby corn (with husk)
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 52.96 82.87 98.01 114.92 87.19 53.97 84.50 100.01 117.08 88.89
V2 (Sugar-75 ) 45.89 70.53 84.54 86.47 71.86 47.15 72.70 86.89 89.30 74.01
SEdm± 3.50 3.58
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 10.03 10.28
SEdm± 3.50 3.58
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 15.65 16.04
Stover yield
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 186.26 269.76 346.09 397.43 299.89 195.50 299.26 353.94 419.84 317.14
V2 (Sugar-75 ) 168.17 237.22 301.32 305.92 253.16 172.10 261.14 311.81 324.85 267.47
SEdm± 11.88 12.69
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 34.08 36.40
SEdm± 11.88 12.69
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 53.04 57.17
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.1.6: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on baby corn (with and without husk) yields (q/ha).

Baby corn (without husk) yield (q/ha) Baby corn (with husk) yield (q/ha)

120

100

80
Yield (q/ha)

60

40

20

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.1.7: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on baby corn stover yield (q/ha).

Stover yield (q/ha)

400

350

300
Baby corn stover yield (q/ha)

250

200

150

100

50

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Interaction

Perusal of the interaction (Table 4.21) revealed that fertility and planting methods
interacted significantly protein content in baby corn during both the years. Combined
application of 150% RDF (F3) and raised bed recorded the highest protein content and
exhibited distinct superiority over other combinations of fertility levels and planting
methods but remained at par with 150% RDF (F3) and flat bed in 2010. However, the
interaction between fertility levels and varieties did not reach the level of significance
with respect to protein content during both the years of study.

4.1.4.2. Protein content in baby corn stover (%)

A critical analysis of data summarized in Table 4.20 revealed that protein content
of total stover was positively affected by fertility, planting methods and varieties during
both the years.

Fertility levels

Fertility levels had a profound influence on protein content in stover during the
present study. There was a progressive increase in protein content in stover with the
increasing level of fertilizer from 0 to 150% RDF. Application of 150% RDF (F3)
recorded in significantly higher protein content than other treatments. The response of the
protein content in stover (%) to different fertility levels was in the order of F3> F2> F1>
F0.

Planting methods

A critical analysis of the data clearly indicated that planting methods had a
marked effect on protein content (%) in stover. Raised bed caused significant effect in
increasing the protein content as compared to flat bed during both the years.

Varieties

Perusal of the data (Table 4.20) revealed that Pro-Agro 4212 increased the protein
content (%) in stover over Sweet Corn Sugr-75 by 5.78% and 5.34% in 2010 and 2011
respectively.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Interaction

It was apparent from the data (Table 4.21) that the interaction between fertility
levels and planting methods brought about significant improvement in protein content in
stover during both the years. 150% RDF (F3) on raised bed registered the highest protein
content during both the years. However, the interaction between fertility levels and
varieties could not evince any significant influence on protein content in any of the years.

4.1.4.3. Carbohydrate content in baby corn (%)

It was clear from the data (Table 4.20) that carbohydrate content (%) in baby corn
was significantly affected by fertility levels and varieties during both the years.

Fertility levels

There was a progressive increase in carbohydrate content (%) with each

successive increase in the level of fertility up to 150% RDF (F3). Application of 150%
RDF (F3) resulted in significantly higher carbohydrate content (%) over 100% RDF (F2),
50% RDF (F1) and control (F0). The highest carbohydrate content (%) was found with
150% RDF (F3) which was 5.21 % and 8.76 % higher than F2 and F1 during 2010 and
4.79 % and 8.89 % higher 2011 respectively.

Planting methods

Planting methods could not evince any additional advantage in augmenting

carbohydrate content of the corn in any of the years.

Varieties

Perusal of the data manifested marked effect of varieties on this attribute. Sweet
Corn Sugar-75 improved carbohydrate content (%) by 8.97% in 2010 and 8.95% in 2011
over Pro-Agro 4212.

Interaction

Interaction (Table 4.21) between fertility levels and varieties was found
significant in respect of carbohydrate content (%) during both the years. 150% RDF (F3)

112
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

interacted significantly with Sweet corn Sugar-75 and recorded the highest carbohydrate
content (82.53 and 83.40%) in the first and second year respectively. However, the
interaction between fertility levels and planting methods could not exert significant
influence on this attribute in any of the two years of trial.

4.1.4.4. Sugar content in baby corn (%)

Data pertaining to sugar content in baby corn (%) as influenced by different

fertility levels, planting methods and varieties are presented in Table 4.20.

Fertility levels

An examination of the data revealed that increasing fertility levels brought about
significant improvement in sugar content of baby corn (%) during both the years. The
maximum sugar content in baby corn (%) was recorded with 150% RDF (F3) which
remained significantly greater than all other treatments.

Planting methods

Like carbohydrate content, planting methods failed to evince any marked effect in
sugar content of baby corn also.

Varieties

Varieties on the other hand, however, could bring about marked influence in sugar
content during both years of investigation. Sweet Corn Sugar-75 registered the highest
sugar content which was 45.77% and 45.75% higher than Pro-Agro 4212 in 2010 and
2011 respectively.

Interaction

Fertility levels and varieties interacted significantly in affecting sugar content of

baby corn (Table 4.22) during both the years. Combination of 150% RDF (F3) and Sweet
Corn Sugar-75 evinced the highest sugar content and exhibited distinct superiority over
other combinations. However, the interaction between fertility levels and planting
methods could not exert any significant effect on sugar content during any of the years.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

4.1.4.5. Starch content in baby corn (%)

It was clear from the data (Table 4.20) that starch content in baby corn (%) was
significantly affected by fertility levels and varieties in both the years.

Fertility levels

A cursory glance of the data revealed that all the fertility levels exerted marked
variation in starch content of baby corn. Application of 150% RDF (F3) resulted in
significant increase in starch content over all other treatments during both the years, and
it was found to be the highest among all the treatments.

Planting methods

During both the years planting methods failed to bring about any significant
variation in this attribute.

Varieties

Significant differences in starch content between the varieties were observed

during both the years and Sweet Corn Sugar-75 recorded 13.37% in 2010 and 15.69% in
2011 more starch than Pro-Agro 4212.

Interaction

As regards interaction (Table 4.22) it was found to be significant between fertility

levels and varieties during both the years. Application of 150% RDF (F3) on Sweet Corn
Sugar-75 resulted in significantly higher starch content in baby corn than other
combinations.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.20: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on quality attributes of baby corn (on dry weight basis).

Protein content in baby Protein content in

Carbohydrate (%) Sugar content (%) Starch content (%)
Treatments corn (%) stover (%)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
F0 Control 9.65 10.14 9.89 6.27 6.43 6.35 62.76 63.59 63.18 1.51 1.55 1.53 63.87 64.97 64.42
F1 50 % of RDF 12.10 12.62 12.36 7.25 7.42 7.34 73.71 74.16 73.94 1.74 1.77 1.76 65.03 66.10 65.56
F2 100 % of RDF 13.39 14.03 13.71 8.09 8.38 8.23 76.58 77.50 77.04 1.89 1.92 1.91 67.75 69.03 68.39
F3 150% of RDF 15.35 15.68 15.52 8.98 9.35 9.16 80.79 81.40 81.10 2.09 2.13 2.11 70.85 73.02 71.93
SEdm± 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.09 0.04 0.06 0.58 0.66 0.62 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.82 0.80 0.81
CD (P=0.05) 0.49 0.40 0.44 0.29 0.11 0.20 1.86 2.10 1.98 0.07 0.03 0.05 2.63 2.55 2.59

M1 (Flat bed) 12.46 12.79 12.62 7.54 7.68 7.61 73.16 73.66 73.41 1.79 1.84 1.82 66.52 67.82 67.17
M2 (Raised bed) 12.79 13.45 13.12 7.75 8.11 7.93 73.76 74.67 74.21 1.82 1.85 1.83 67.23 68.74 67.98
SEdm± 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.43 0.46 0.44
CD (P=0.05) 0.25 0.20 0.23 0.15 0.17 0.16 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 12.99 13.49 13.24 7.88 8.11 7.99 70.01 70.69 70.35 1.27 1.30 1.28 62.08 62.47 62.27
V2 (Sugar-75) 12.26 12.74 12.50 7.42 7.68 7.55 76.91 77.64 77.28 2.34 2.39 2.37 71.67 74.09 72.88
SEdm± 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.39 0.38 0.39 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.43 0.46 0.44
CD (P=0.05) 0.25 0.20 0.23 0.15 0.17 0.16 1.11 1.10 1.11 0.05 0.04 0.04 1.22 1.31 1.26
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.21: Interaction effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on quality parameters.
2010 2011
Treatments F1 50% F2 100% F3 150% F1 50% of F2 100% F3 150%
F0 Control Pooled F0 Control Pooled
of RDF of RDF of RDF RDF of RDF of RDF
Protein content in baby corn
M1 (Raised bed) 9.36 11.93 13.27 15.26 12.46 9.95 12.40 13.88 14.91 12.79
M2 (Flat bed) 9.94 12.28 13.51 15.44 12.79 10.32 12.83 14.19 16.45 13.45
SEdm± 0.18 0.14
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment NS 0.40
SEdm± 0.18 0.14
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment NS 0.69
Protein content in stover
M1 (Raised bed) 6.09 7.15 8.02 8.93 7.54 6.37 7.29 8.28 8.79 7.68
M2 (Flat bed) 6.46 7.35 8.16 9.03 7.75 6.50 7.56 8.48 9.91 8.11
SEdm± 0.10 0.12
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment NS 0.35
SEdm± 0.10 0.12
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment NS 0.38
Carbohydrate content in baby corn
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 58.25 68.88 73.87 79.06 70.01 59.56 68.80 75.00 79.40 70.69
V2 (Sugar-75) 67.28 78.55 79.30 82.53 76.91 67.63 79.52 80.00 83.40 77.64
SEdm± 0.77 0.77
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 2.22 2.21
SEdm± 0.77 0.77
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 3.43 3.69
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.22: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on sugar and starch content in baby corn (%).
2010 2011
Treatments F1 50% F2 100% F3 150% F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%
F0 Control Pooled F0 Control Pooled
of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF
Sugar content in baby corn
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 1.00 1.20 1.43 1.45 1.27 1.06 1.17 1.32 1.63 1.30
V2 (Sugar-75) 2.02 2.28 2.35 2.73 2.34 2.05 2.37 2.52 2.62 2.39
SEdm± 0.03 0.03

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 0.10 0.07

SEdm± 0.03 0.03

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 0.14 0.08
Starch content in baby corn
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 57.92 61.30 64.02 65.09 62.08 59.36 59.20 62.03 69.27 62.47
V2 (Sugar-75) 69.82 68.76 71.49 76.61 71.67 70.57 73.00 76.02 76.78 74.09
SEdm± 0.85 0.91

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 2.44 2.62

SEdm± 0.85 0.91

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 4.45 4.44
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Interaction

As regards interaction (Table 4.22) it was found to be significant between fertility

levels and varieties during both the years. Application of 150% RDF (F3) on Sweet Corn
Sugar-75 resulted in significantly higher starch content in baby corn than other
combinations.

4.1.5. Nutrient contents (%)

4.1.5.1. Nitrogen content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)

The data pertaining to the N content (%) in baby corn (without husk) and stover
as affected by the fertility levels, planting methods and varieties are presented in (Table
4.23).

Fertility levels

Perusal of the data indicated that by increasing fertility levels from no fertilizer to
150% of RDF nitrogen content in baby corn and stover was significantly increased during
both the years of investigation. Higher nitrogen content (2.48 and 1.47%) in baby corn
and stover was observed with 150% RDF (F3) which was significantly superior to all
other treatments during both the years.

Planting methods

The scanning of data (Table 4.23) indicated that nitrogen content in baby corn
(without husk) and stover was significantly influenced due to various planting methods.
Raised bed resulted in higher nitrogen content (2.10 and 1.27% than flat bed during both
the years of study.

Varieties

As compared to Sweet Corn Sugar-75, Pro-Agro 4212 increased nitrogen content

in baby corn and stover by 5.77 and 5.56% in 2010 and 5.55 and 5.38% in 2011
respectively.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Interaction

It was clear from the data (Table 4.24) that the combination between planting
methods and fertility levels registered significant nitrogen content in baby corn and stover
in 2011 but it was not significant in 2010. The combination between raised bed and 150%
of RDF (F3) recorded significantly higher nitrogen content in baby corn and stover than
other treatments.

4.1.5.2. Nitrogen removal (kg ha-1)

It was clear from the data (Table 4.23) that N removal by baby corn, stover and
consequent total removal were significantly affected by fertility levels, planting methods
and varieties during both the years of investigation.

Fertility levels

An insight into the data (Table 4.23) clearly highlighted marked effect at all
the levels of fertility on this attribute. Amount of nitrogen removal was increased
by an increase in fertility levels up to 150% of RDF (F3) which remained
significantly superior to all other treatments during both the years of study.

Planting method
Raised bed planting method favorably influenced the removal of nitrogen over
flat bed during both the years. Total N removal by raised bed planting was 7.36% higher
than flat bed.

Varieties
Varieties caused significant effect in N removal by baby corn, stover and total
removal by baby corn. Maximum N removal was recorded in Pro-Agro 4212 which was
significantly higher and 12.88% more than Sweet Corn Sugar-75 during both the years.

Interaction
The interaction of the experimental variables, however, could not evince any
marked effect on this attribute in any of the years.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.23: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on N content (%) and its removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn (on dry
weight basis).
N removal by baby
N content in baby corn N content in stover N removal by stover Total N removal
corn (without husk)
Treatments (without husk) (%) (%) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
(kg ha-1)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 1.54 1.62 1.58 1.00 1.03 1.02 3.05 3.29 3.17 52.28 54.89 53.58 55.32 58.18 56.75
F1 50 % of RDF 1.94 2.02 1.98 1.16 1.19 1.17 4.12 4.36 4.24 65.02 69.91 67.46 69.14 74.27 71.71
F2 100 % of RDF 2.14 2.25 2.19 1.29 1.34 1.32 4.78 5.13 4.96 79.57 87.86 83.71 84.35 92.99 88.67
F3 150% of RDF 2.46 2.51 2.48 1.44 1.50 1.47 5.76 6.16 5.96 95.13 103.57 99.35 100.89 109.73 105.31
SEdm± 0.025 0.020 0.022 0.015 0.006 0.010 0.137 0.149 0.143 2.005 2.285 2.145 2.13 2.42 2.28
CD (P=0.05) 0.079 0.064 0.071 0.046 0.018 0.032 0.438 0.478 0.458 6.416 7.310 6.863 6.82 7.75 7.28
M1 (Flat bed) 1.99 2.05 2.02 1.21 1.23 1.22 4.26 4.50 4.38 70.41 75.89 73.15 74.68 80.39 77.53
M2 (Raised bed) 2.05 2.15 2.10 1.24 1.30 1.27 4.59 4.97 4.78 75.59 82.22 78.90 80.18 87.19 83.69
SEdm± 0.014 0.011 0.013 0.008 0.010 0.009 0.077 0.091 0.084 1.197 1.409 1.303 1.26 1.47 1.36
CD (P=0.05) 0.040 0.032 0.036 0.024 0.028 0.026 0.222 0.260 0.241 3.434 4.041 3.737 3.61 4.22 3.91
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 2.08 2.16 2.12 1.26 1.30 1.28 4.75 5.08 4.92 78.38 84.10 81.24 83.13 89.18 86.16
V2 (Sugar-75 ) 1.96 2.04 2.00 1.19 1.23 1.21 4.10 4.39 4.25 67.62 74.01 70.82 71.73 78.40 75.06
SEdm± 0.014 0.011 0.013 0.008 0.010 0.009 0.077 0.091 0.084 1.197 1.409 1.303 1.26 1.47 1.36
CD (P=0.05) 0.040 0.032 0.036 0.024 0.028 0.026 0.222 0.260 0.241 3.434 4.041 3.737 3.61 4.22 3.91
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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 Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.24: Interaction effect of fertility levels and planting methods on N content (%) in baby corn (on dry weight basis).

2010 2011
Treatments F1 50% of F2 100% F3 150% F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%
Pooled F0 Pooled
F0 Control
RDF of RDF of RDF Control of RDF of RDF of RDF
Fertility levels ╳ planting methods in baby corn (without husk)
M1 (Flat bed) 1.50 1.91 2.12 2.44 1.99 1.59 1.98 2.22 2.39 2.05
M2 (Raised bed) 1.59 1.96 2.16 2.47 2.05 1.65 2.05 2.27 2.63 2.15
SEdm± 0.03 0.02
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same main treatment NS 0.06
SEdm± 0.03 0.02
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment NS 0.11
Fertility levels ╳ planting methods in biomass
M1 (Flat bed) 0.97 1.14 1.28 1.43 1.21 1.02 1.17 1.32 1.41 1.23
M2 (Raised bed) 1.03 1.18 1.31 1.45 1.24 1.04 1.21 1.36 1.59 1.30
SEdm± 0.02 0.02
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same main treatment NS 0.06
SEdm± 0.02 0.02
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment NS 0.06
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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4.1.5.3. Phosphorus content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)

The data on total phosphorus content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)
as influenced by different fertility, planting methods and varieties are presented in Table
4.25.

Fertility levels

A close analysis of the data revealed that fertility levels had a marked effect on
phosphorus content of baby corn (without husk) and its stover. 150% of RDF (F3) proved
its distinct superiority over all other treatments during both the years of experimentation
in enriching the baby corn with higher P content.

Planting methods

A critical analysis of the data indicated that raised bed produced baby corn with
higher phosphorus content than flat bed during both the years of experimentation and it
was found to be 6.98% higher.

Varieties

As compared to Sweet Corn Sugar-75, Pro-Agro 4212 increased the phosphorus

content in baby corn by 7.14 and 11.11% and stover by 5.00 and 4.76% in 2010 and 2011
respectively and the difference was found to be significant also.

Interaction

The interaction (Table 4.26) between fertility levels and planting methods was
found significant in respect to phosphorus content in baby corn (without husk) and stover
in 2011 but it was not significant in 2010. Application of 150% RDF to raised bed
planted crop showed the highest phosphorus content in baby corn (without husk) and
stover in 2011, which was 47.37% higher than F0 (control).

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4.1.5.4. Phosphorus removal (kg ha-1)

The data on removal of phosphorus by baby corn, stover as well as total P

removal as affected by different levels of fertility, planting methods and varieties are
summarized in Table 4.25.

Fertility levels
A close analysis of the data (Table 4.25) revealed that application of different
levels of fertilizers caused marked effect in P removal by baby corn and stover. The
application of 150% RDF (F3) proved its distinct superiority over all other treatments
during both the years. Each successive increment of fertilizer up to the highest level
150% RDF resulted in enhanced P removal.

Planting methods
Significant differences were recorded due to planting methods in respect of
phosphorous removal by baby corn. Raised bed registered higher P removal than flat bed
during both the years.

Varieties
Pro-Agro 4212 registered higher P removal and it was 14.08% more than Sugar-75.

Interaction

None of the interactions was found significant in respect of phosphorous removal

by baby corn, in any of the years.

4.1.5.5. Potassium content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)

It was clear from the data presented in Table 4.27 that potassium content in baby
corn (without husk) and stover was markedly influenced by different levels of fertility,
planting methods and varieties during both the years of study.

Fertility levels

Perusal of the data Error! Reference source not found.revealed significant

variation in potassium content in baby corn (without husk) and stover due to application

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of different levels of fertility. Application of 150% of RDF (F3) produced baby corn and
stover with higher K content

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.25: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on P content (%) and its removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn (on dry
weight basis).
P content in baby corn P removal by baby corn P removal by stover Total P removal
P content in stover (%)
Treatments (without husk) (%) (without husk) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 0.30 0.32 0.31 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.60 0.65 0.62 7.50 8.30 7.90 8.10 8.94 8.52
F1 50 % of RDF 0.36 0.37 0.36 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.76 0.80 0.78 10.23 11.74 10.98 10.99 12.54 11.76
F2 100 % of RDF 0.45 0.47 0.46 0.21 0.22 0.22 1.01 1.07 1.04 12.98 15.72 14.35 13.99 16.79 15.39
F3 150% of RDF 0.51 0.54 0.52 0.24 0.25 0.24 1.20 1.32 1.26 15.78 19.17 17.47 16.97 20.48 18.73
SEdm± 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.021 0.029 0.025 0.262 0.418 0.340 0.28 0.45 0.36
CD (P=0.05) 0.016 0.010 0.013 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.066 0.094 0.080 0.837 1.339 1.088 0.89 1.43 1.16

M1 (Flat bed) 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.85 0.89 0.87 11.12 13.21 12.16 11.97 14.10 13.04
M2 (Raised bed) 0.42 0.44 0.43 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.93 1.02 0.98 12.12 14.25 13.19 13.05 15.28 14.16
SEdm± 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.015 0.018 0.016 0.194 0.242 0.218 0.21 0.26 0.23
CD (P=0.05) 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.042 0.052 0.047 0.555 0.695 0.625 0.59 0.74 0.66

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 0.42 0.45 0.43 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.96 1.05 1.01 12.51 14.73 13.62 13.47 15.79 14.63
V2 (Sugar-75) 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.82 0.86 0.84 10.73 12.73 11.73 11.56 13.59 12.57
SEdm± 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.015 0.018 0.016 0.194 0.242 0.218 0.21 0.26 0.23
CD (P=0.05) 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.042 0.052 0.047 0.555 0.695 0.625 0.59 0.74 0.66
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Table 4.26: Interaction effect of fertility levels and planting methods on P content (%) in baby corn (on dry weight basis).

2010 2011
Treatments F1 50% F2 100% of F3 150% F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%
Pooled F0 Pooled
F0 Control
of RDF RDF of RDF Control of RDF of RDF of RDF

M1 (Flat bed) 0.30 0.35 0.44 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.35 0.46 0.51 0.40
M2 (Raised bed) 0.31 0.36 0.46 0.52 0.42 0.33 0.38 0.48 0.57 0.44
SEdm± 0.01 0.01
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment NS 0.02
SEdm± 0.01 0.01
CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment NS 0.02
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

During both the years and it remained significantly superior to other doses. The lowest of
potassium content in baby corn and stover was recorded in plants with no application of
fertilizer (F0).

Planting methods

Planting methods recorded significant variation in potassium content in baby corn

and stover during both the years of investigation. Raised bed method registered higher
potassium content by (0.42 and 0.20%) and (0.44 and 0.21%) than flat bed method during
2010 and 2011 respectively.

Varieties
The perusal of data exhibited significant variation in potassium content in baby
corn and stover due to different varieties. Pro-Agro 4212 produced higher potassium
content in baby corn and stover with higher K content during both the years and it
remained significantly superior to Sweet Corn Sugar-75.

Interaction

All the variables were independent in their effect on K content resulting in no

significant on interaction.

4.1.5.6. Potassium removal (kg ha-1)

The data recorded on potassium removal by baby corn, stover as well as total K
removal as affected by different fertility levels, planting methods and varieties has been
presented on Table 4.27.

Fertility levels
Fertility levels manifested a profound effect on removal of potassium by baby
corn during both the years of study. The application of 150% RDF (F3) recorded
significantly higher K removal than other treatments during both the years and it was in
the order of F3> F2> F1> F0.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Planting methods
The effect of planting methods on potassium removal was found to be significant
during experimentation. Between the two methods, raised bed recorded higher potassium
removal than flat bed which was to the tune of 13.40% (on pooled data basis).

Varieties
It was evident from the data that potassium removal in respect to baby corn,
stover and total was higher with Pro-Agro 4212 than Sweet Corn Sugar-75 during both
the years.

Interaction
The interaction of the experimental variables, however, could not evince any
marked effect on this attribute in any of the years.

4.1.5.7. Sulphur content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)

It was clear from the data (Table 4.28) that fertility levels, planting methods and
varieties exerted significant effect on sulphur content in baby corn and stover (%) during
both the years of study.
Fertility levels
Perusal of the data showed that 150% RDF (F3) significantly increased sulphur
content in baby corn and stover (%) over all other treatments and it was followed by
100% RDF (F2) during both the years.
Planting methods
Scrutiny of the data indicated that raised bed planting also significantly increased
sulphur content in baby corn and stover (%) over flat bed and the increment was observed
to be 3.29 and 4.56% respectively.
Varieties
The data further showed significant variation in sulphur content in baby corn and
stover (%) due to varieties. Pro-Agro 4212 exhibited 6.04 and 10.26% superior sulphur
content in baby corn and stover (%) than Sweet Corn Sugar-75 and it was found to be
significant also.

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Table 4.27: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on K content (%) and its removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn (on dry
weight basis).
K removal by baby corn
K content in baby corn K content in stover K removal by stover Total K removal
(without husk)
Treatments (without husk) (%) (%) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
(kg ha-1)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 0.86 0.91 0.88 0.96 0.98 1.21 1.70 1.84 1.77 50.09 52.34 51.21 51.79 54.18 52.98
F1 50 % of RDF 1.01 1.08 1.05 1.12 1.08 1.10 2.15 2.33 2.24 62.50 71.39 66.95 64.66 73.73 69.19
F2 100 % of RDF 1.17 1.20 1.18 1.30 1.20 1.25 2.61 2.73 2.67 80.08 91.01 85.55 82.69 93.75 88.22
F3 150% of RDF 1.26 1.27 1.26 1.40 1.27 1.33 2.95 3.10 3.02 92.84 105.40 99.12 95.78 108.50 102.14
SEdm± 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.062 0.066 0.064 1.715 2.110 1.912 1.77 2.18 1.97
CD (P=0.05) 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.040 0.197 0.211 0.204 5.485 6.749 6.117 5.65 6.96 6.31

M1 (Flat bed) 1.06 1.10 1.08 1.18 1.24 1.21 2.26 2.40 2.33 69.06 76.97 73.02 71.32 79.38 75.35
M2 (Raised bed) 1.09 1.13 1.11 1.21 1.28 1.24 2.44 2.60 2.52 73.69 83.10 78.40 76.13 85.70 80.92
SEdm± 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.041 0.044 0.042 1.193 1.348 1.270 1.22 1.39 1.31
CD (P=0.05) 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.019 0.026 0.022 0.116 0.125 0.121 3.422 3.866 3.644 3.51 3.99 3.75

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 1.11 1.15 1.13 1.23 1.30 1.26 2.53 2.69 2.61 76.34 85.93 81.13 78.86 88.62 83.74
V2 (Sugar-75) 1.04 1.08 1.06 1.17 1.22 1.19 2.18 2.31 2.25 66.42 74.14 70.28 68.59 76.46 72.52
SEdm± 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.041 0.044 0.042 1.193 1.348 1.270 1.22 1.39 1.31
CD (P=0.05) 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.019 0.026 0.022 0.116 0.125 0.121 3.422 3.866 3.644 3.51 3.99 3.75
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Interaction
The interaction effect among the three variables in respect of sulphur content was
not found to be significant in any of the years.

4.1.5.8. Sulphur removal (kg ha-1)

The data on sulphur removal by baby corn, its stover and total removal are
summarized in Table 4.28. The scanning of data revealed marked variation due to fertility
levels, planting methods and varieties on sulphur removal during both the years of study.

Fertility levels
Each increase in fertility level caused significant increase in sulphur removal by
baby corn, up to 150% of RDF (F3). The maximum sulphur removal was recorded with
150% of RDF (F3) which was significantly higher than all other treatments and it was in
the order of F3> F2> F1> F0.

Planting methods
Analysis of the data revealed marked variation in sulphur removal by baby corn
due to different planting methods during both the years of experimentation. Raised bed
resulted in higher sulphur removal than flat bed and it was found to be 8.21%.

Varieties
Pro-Agro 4212 recorded (15.30%) higher sulphur removal than Sugar-75 and it
was found to be statistically significant also.

Interaction
The interaction of the experimental variables however, could not evince any
significant effect on sulphur removal.

4.1.5.9. Zinc content in baby corn (without husk) and stover (%)

A close examination of the data presented in Table 4.29 showed that different
levels of fertility, planting methods and varieties brought about marked variation in zinc
content of baby corn (without husk) and stover (%) during both the years of investigation.

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Table 4.28: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on S content (%) and its removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn (on dry weight basis).
S removal by baby corn
S content in baby corn S removal by stover Total S removal
S content in stover (%) (without husk)
Treatments (without husk) (%) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
(kg ha-1)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 0.118 0.125 0.12 0.064 0.067 0.065 0.23 0.25 0.24 3.30 3.70 3.50 3.53 3.95 3.74
F1 50 % of RDF 0.139 0.168 0.15 0.070 0.075 0.072 0.30 0.36 0.33 3.90 4.59 4.25 4.20 4.95 4.58
F2 100 % of RDF 0.170 0.187 0.18 0.078 0.080 0.079 0.38 0.43 0.40 4.80 5.73 5.27 5.18 6.15 5.67
F3 150% of RDF 0.213 0.228 0.22 0.086 0.087 0.086 0.50 0.56 0.53 5.65 6.80 6.23 6.15 7.36 6.75
SEdm± 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.108 0.160 0.134 0.12 0.17 0.14
CD (P=0.05) 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.030 0.035 0.033 0.344 0.520 0.432 0.37 0.55 0.46

M1 (Flat bed) 0.158 0.174 0.17 0.073 0.075 0.074 0.34 0.38 0.36 4.25 4.96 4.60 4.58 5.34 4.96
M2 (Raised bed) 0.162 0.180 0.17 0.076 0.079 0.077 0.37 0.42 0.39 4.58 5.45 5.02 4.95 5.87 5.41
SEdm± 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.072 0.120 0.096 0.08 0.12 0.10
CD (P=0.05) 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.017 0.019 0.018 0.206 0.330 0.268 0.22 0.35 0.28

V1 (Pro-Agro4212) 0.165 0.183 0.17 0.079 0.081 0.080 0.38 0.43 0.40 4.73 5.69 5.21 5.11 6.12 5.61
V2 (Sugar-75) 0.155 0.171 0.16 0.070 0.073 0.072 0.33 0.37 0.35 4.10 4.72 4.41 4.42 5.09 4.76
SEdm± 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.072 0.120 0.096 0.08 0.12 0.10
CD (P=0.05) 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.017 0.019 0.018 0.206 0.330 0.268 0.22 0.35 0.28
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Fertility levels

It was clear from the data that increasing fertility levels correspondingly increased
the zinc content in baby corn and its stover (%) during both the years of investigation.
150% RDF (F3) recorded the highest zinc content and it was in the order of F3> F2> F1>
F0.

Planting methods
Perusal of the data showed that raised bed planting significantly increased zinc
content in baby corn over flat bed system and the increase was to the tune of 3.75 and
3.77% in first and second year respectively.

Varieties
Between the varieties Pro-Agro 4212 showed higher zinc content in baby corn by
6.76 and 6.52% in 2010 and 2011 respectively than Sugar-75.

Interaction
None of the interactions could exert significant influence on zinc content in baby
corn in any of the years.

4.1.5.10. Zinc removal (kg ha-1)

Data on zinc removal by baby corn (without husk), its stover and total removal as
influenced by fertility levels, planting methods and varieties are presented in Table 4.29.
Perusal of data indicated that different fertility levels, planting methods and varieties
marked variation in zinc removal during both the years of experimentation.

Fertility levels
An analysis of the data revealed marked variation in zinc removal by baby corn,
due to different fertility levels. 150% of RDF (F3) exhibited significantly higher zinc
removal than other treatments during both the years and it was in the order of F3> F2>
F1> F0.

Planting methods
Raised bed recorded (5.97%) higher zinc removal than flat bed method during
both the years of investigation.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Varieties
An analysis of the data revealed marked variation in zinc removal by baby corn,
due to varieties during both the years of experimentation. Pro-Agro 4212 exhibited
(11.51%) higher zinc removal than Sweet Corn Sugar-75 and the difference touched the
level of significance also.

Interaction
None of the interactions could exert significant influence on zinc removal by baby
corn, in any of the years of study.

4.1.6. Economics of baby corn

Data pertaining economic aspect of baby corn cultivation have been presented in
Table 4.30 and illustrated graphically in Figure 4.1.8 and Figure 4.1.9 . It was clear from
data that irrespective of the treatments, gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio
were comparatively higher during second year than that of first year of experimentation.

4.1.6.1. Gross return (₹/ha)

Data in relation to gross return as affected by fertility levels, planting methods

and varieties during both the years of experimentation are presented in Table 4.30.

Fertility levels
Perusal of data indicated that 150% of RDF (F3) recorded the highest gross return
among all the treatments. Application of 150% of RDF (F3) showed a gross return of ₹
187419.12 and ₹ 195659.39 in 2010 and 2011 respectively which remained significantly
superior to all other treatments.

Planting methods
The data revealed marked variation in gross return due to different planting
methods during both the years of experimentation. Raised bed recorded (7.91%) higher
gross return than flat bed during both the years.
Varieties
Pro-Agro 4212 registered (18.45%) higher gross return than Sugar-75 during both
the years of investigation.

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Table 4.29: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on Zn content (%) and its removal (kg ha-1) by baby corn (on dry
weight basis).
Zn Content in baby corn Zn removal by baby corn Zn removal by stover Total Zn removal
Zn Content in stover (%)
Treatments (without husk) (%) (without husk) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 0.0029 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.158 0.166 0.163 0.164 0.173 0.168

F150 % of RDF 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.199 0.220 0.210 0.206 0.227 0.217

F2 100 % of RDF 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.288 0.322 0.305 0.297 0.331 0.314

F3 150% of RDF 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.351 0.399 0.375 0.360 0.409 0.385

SEdm± 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0056 0.0065 0.006 0.0058 0.0067 0.0062

CD (P=0.05) 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 0.0180 0.0207 0.0193 0.0185 0.0213 0.0199

M1 (Flat bed) 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.242 0.268 0.255 0.249 0.276 0.263

M2 (Raised bed) 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.257 0.286 0.271 0.265 0.294 0.279

SEdm± 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00003 0.00002 0.00003 0.00013 0.00014 0.00013 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.004

CD (P=0.05) 0.00007 0.00007 0.00007 0.00009 0.00007 0.00008 0.00037 0.0004 0.0004 0.012 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.012

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.266 0.294 0.279 0.273 0.302 0.287

V2 (Sugar-75) 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.234 0.260 0.247 0.241 0.268 0.254

SEdm± 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00003 0.00002 0.00003 0.00013 0.00014 0.00013 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.004

CD (P=0.05) 0.00007 0.00007 0.00007 0.00009 0.00007 0.00008 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.011 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.012

RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Interaction
The interaction between fertility levels and varieties recorded significant effect in
gross return (Table 4.31). The combination between 150% of RDF (F3) and Pro-Agro
4212 resulted in the highest gross return among all the treatments. However, the
interaction between fertility levels and planting methods failed to register any significant
effect in respect to gross return in any of the years of experimentation.

4.1.6.2. Net returns (₹/ha)

Summary of the data on net return as influenced by different levels of fertility,

planting methods and varieties during the both years are presented in Table 4.30 and
illustrated graphically in Figure 4.1.8.

Fertility levels
An insight into the data clearly highlighted marked effect of all the variables on
net return of the crop. Among fertility levels, 150% of RDF (F3) registered maximum net
return (₹ 131534.68 and ₹ 139774.96) during 2010 and 2011, respectively, which
remained significantly superior to other doses except 100% RDF (F2) which was at par
with 150% of RDF (F3) in 2010. The response of the crop in its net return to different
fertility levels was in the order of F3> F2> F1> F0. Overall F3 registered 61.91% higher
net return than control.

Planting methods
Perusal of data indicated that raised bed planting method recorded (11.26%)
higher net return than flat bed during both the years of experimentation.
Varieties
Pro-Agro 4212 gave higher net return (₹ 120990.38 ha-1 and ₹ 128820.03 ha-1)
than Sweet Corn Sugar-75 (₹ 76619.18 ha-1 and ₹ 83019.36 ha-1) in 2010 and 2011
respectively and the increase was found to be (36.10%) on pooled data basis of the net
return.

Interaction
The interaction between fertility levels and varieties (Table 4.32) recorded
significant effect in respect to net return. Pro-Agro 4212 at 150% of RDF (F3) registered

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

(₹ 165560.60 and ₹ 174982.00) the highest net return among all the treatments. However,
the interaction between fertility levels and planting methods in respect to net return was
not significant during any of the years.

4.1.6.3. Benefit: cost ratio

Data on benefit: cost ratio as affected by different variables like levels of fertility,
planting methods and varieties during both the years of study are presented in Table 4.30.

Fertility levels
A keen examination of the data revealed that benefit: cost ratio increased with
increasing levels of fertility during both the years of study. In general, 150% of RDF (F3)
registered the highest benefit: cost ratio but remained at per with 100% (F2) and 50% of
RDF (F1) during both the years. On an average on each rupee increment there was a
benefit of ₹ 3.55 in F3.

Planting methods
Higher benefit cost ratio was recorded with raised bed planting method (3.29 and
3.45) compared to flat bed (3.04 and 3.19) during 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Varieties
Pro-Agro 4212 recorded higher benefit cost ratio by (3.96 and 4.15) than Sugar-
75 during 2010 and 2011 respectively.
Interaction
None of the interactions could reach the level of significance in respect to benefit
cost ratio during any of the years of investigation.

4.1.7. Soil nutrients status after harvesting of baby corn

Fertility levels
Data on Physico-chemical properties of soil after harvesting of baby corn as
influenced by fertility levels, planting methods and varieties are presented in Table 4.33.
It was evident from the data that soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) and OC of soil
could not differ significantly due to various fertility levels during any of the years.
However, soil organic carbon (OC) after harvesting of baby corn although increased with

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.30: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on economics of baby corn.

Cost of cultivation (₹/ha) Gross return (₹/ha) Net return (₹/ha) B/C Ratio
Treatments
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled
F0 Control 37849.60 37849.60 37849.60 89567.19 92401.35 90984.27 51717.59 54551.75 53134.67 2.50 2.58 2.54

F1 50 % of RDF 43518.50 43518.50 43518.50 140285.31 149118.21 144701.76 96766.81 105599.71 101183.26 3.36 3.58 3.47

F2 100 % of RDF 49188.28 49188.28 49188.28 162087.67 171399.71 166743.69 112899.39 122211.43 117555.41 3.41 3.61 3.51

F3 150% of RDF 54852.44 54852.44 54852.44 192104.60 200550.88 196327.74 137252.16 145698.44 141475.30 3.63 3.79 3.71

SEdm± 4911.62 5187.09 5049.36 4911.62 5187.09 5049.36 0.11 0.11 0.11

CD (P=0.05) 15713.13 16594.41 16153.77 15713.13 16594.41 16153.77 0.35 0.37 0.36

M1 (Flat Bed) 46352.20 46352.20 46352.20 139905.01 146974.10 143439.56 93552.81 100621.89 97087.35 3.09 3.25 3.17

M2 (Raised Bed) 46352.20 46352.20 46352.20 152117.37 159760.97 155939.17 105765.17 113408.77 109586.97 3.36 3.53 3.45

SEdm± 3107.00 3275.26 3191.13 3107.00 3275.26 3191.13 0.07 0.07 0.07

CD (P=0.05) 8911.34 9393.93 9152.64 8911.34 9393.93 9152.64 0.19 0.20 0.20

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 39021.80 39021.80 39021.80 160932.52 169022.85 164977.69 121910.72 130001.05 125955.89 4.05 4.25 4.15

V2 (Sugar-75) 53682.60 53682.60 53682.60 131089.86 137712.22 134401.04 77407.26 84029.62 80718.44 2.41 2.53 2.47

SEdm± 3107.00 3275.26 3191.13 3107.00 3275.26 3191.13 0.07 0.07 0.07

CD (P=0.05) 8911.34 9393.93 9152.64 8911.34 9393.93 9152.64 0.19 0.20 0.20

RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.31: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on gross return (₹/ha) of baby corn.
2010 2011
Treatments F1 50% F2 100% F3 150% F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%
F0 Control Pooled F0 Control Pooled
of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 97220.63 151928.75 175113.25 214114.60 159594.31 102343.95 163128.87 178658.69 223536.07 166916.89

V2 (Sugar-75) 81913.75 128641.88 149062.08 160723.65 130085.34 86230.24 138120.03 152082.46 167782.72 136053.86

SEdm± 6178.20 6365.13

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 17720.02 18256.16

SEdm± 6178.20 6365.13

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 28259.37 29525.49

RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.32: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on net return (₹/ha) of baby corn.
2010 2011
Treatments F1 50% F2 100% F3 150% F1 50% F2 100% F3 150%
F0 Control Pooled F0 Control Pooled
of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF of RDF

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 66701.43 115740.65 133255.38 166592.56 120572.50 71824.75 126940.77 136800.82 176014.03 127895.09

V2 (Sugar-75) 36733.75 77792.98 92543.41 98540.81 76402.74 41050.24 87271.13 95563.78 105599.88 82371.26

SEdm± 6178.20 6365.13

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment vs same mean treatment 17720.02 18256.16

SEdm± 6178.20 6365.13

CD (P=0.05) different sub treatment for different main treatment 28259.37 29525.49

RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.1.8: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on economics of baby corn.

Gross return (₹/ha) Net return (₹/ha)

200000

180000

160000

140000

120000
(₹/ha)

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.1.9: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on B/C ratio of baby corn.

B/C Ratio

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

An increase of fertility levels but could not touch the level of significance in any of the
years.

Planting methods
Organic carbon (OC), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in soil after harvest of
crop could not differ significantly due to planting methods throughout the present
investigation.
Varieties
Electrical conductivity (EC) and pH in soil after harvest of baby corn could not
differ significantly due to varieties throughout the present study. Organic carbon (OC) in
Pro-Agro 4212 although found to be than Sweet Corn Sugar-75 during both the years but
could not touch the level of significance.

Interaction

None of the interactions could exert significant influence on pH, electrical

conductivity (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in soil after harvest of baby corn in any of the
years.

4.1.7.1. Available nitrogen in soil (kg ha-1)

The data related to residual available N in soil after crop harvest as affected by
fertility levels, planting methods and varieties are presented in Table 4.33.

Fertility levels
Perusal of the data indicated that available nitrogen in soil after harvesting of
baby corn increased with increasing levels of fertility during both the years of study.
Application of 150% of RDF (F3) recorded the highest available nitrogen (kg/ha) in soil
followed by 100% of RDF (F2) in both the years.

Planting methods
It was evident from the data that raised bed planting method had significantly
more available nitrogen (kg/ha) in soil after harvesting of baby corn as compared to flat
bed.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Varieties
Pro-Agro 4212 recorded 5.42 and 6.34% higher available nitrogen (kg/ha) in soil
than Sugar-75 during 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Interaction
None of the interactions could exert significant influence on available nitrogen
(kg/ha) in soil after harvesting of baby corn during both the years of investigation.

4.1.7.2. Available phosphorus in soil (kg ha-1)

The data related to available P in soil after harvesting of baby corn as affected by
fertility levels, planting methods and varieties are presented in Table 4.33.

Fertility levels
A keen examination of the data revealed that available phosphorus in soil after
harvesting of baby corn increased with increasing fertility levels during both the years of
study. In general, 150% of RDF (F3) registered the highest available phosphorus in soil
and it was in the order of F3> F2> F1> F0.
Planting methods
Raised bed planting system depicted greater available P status in soil after baby
corn harvest and it was 3.41 and 4.71% more than flat bed method in 2010 and 2011
respectively.
Varieties
Pro-Agro 4212 recorded higher available P status in soil after harvesting of baby
corn than Sweet Corn Sugar-75 and it was 4.31 and 11.13% more during 2010 and 2011
respectively.
Interaction
The interaction between fertility levels and planting methods could not exert
significant influence on available phosphorus (kg/ha) in soil after harvest of baby corn
during both the years. Similarly the interaction between fertility levels and varieties also
failed to reach the level of significance.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

4.1.7.3. Available potassium in soil (kg ha-1)

Data pertaining to available potassium in soil after harvesting of baby corn as

affected by fertility levels, planting methods and varieties are been presented in Table
4.33.

Fertility levels
Perusal of data indicated that available potassium in soil after harvesting of baby
corn increased with increasing levels of fertility during both the years of study. F3 (150%
of RDF) registered the highest available potassium in soil after harvesting of baby corn
and this was followed by F2, F1 and F0 respectively.

Planting methods

Planting methods affected the available potassium in soil after harvesting of baby
corn during both the years. Raised bed planting showed maximum available potassium in
the soil and this was significantly more than flat bed.
Varieties
Available potassium in soil after harvesting of baby corn was significantly
influenced due to varieties. Pro-Agro 4212 recorded significantly higher available
potassium in soil after harvesting of baby corn than Sweet Corn Sugar-75.
Interaction
None of the interactions could exert significant influence on available potassium
in soil after harvesting of baby corn in any of the years.

4.1.7.4. Available sulphur in soil (%)

Data pertaining to available sulphur in soil after harvesting of baby corn as

influenced by fertility levels, planting methods and varieties showed significant variation
during the both the years of study in (Table 4.33).
Fertility levels
The effect of fertility level on S status in soil after baby corn harvest varied with
variation in fertility levels. Each increase in fertility level brought about a progressive
increase in available S in soil. The rate of improvement in available S due to increase in

143
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

fertility levels was in the order of F3 > F2 > F1> F0 and 150% of RDF (F3) recorded the
greatest available S in soil after harvest of baby corn.
Planting methods
An insight into the data indicated that between planting methods, raised bed
planting registered significantly higher sulphur in soil after harvesting of baby corn than
flat bed during both years of investigation.
Varieties
As compared to Sweet Corn Sugar-75, Pro-Agro 4212 recorded higher available
sulphur (kg ha-1) in soil after harvesting of baby corn and it was 4.53 and 4.49% more
during 2010 and 2011 respectively.
Interaction
None of the interactions was found significant in any of the years.

4.1.7.5. Available zinc in soil (ppm)

Data related to available zinc in soil after harvesting of baby corn as affected by
different levels of fertility, planting methods and varieties are presented in Table 4.33.

Fertility levels
Perusal of the data indicated that increasing fertility levels significantly increased
zinc availability in soil after harvesting of baby corn. Each increase in fertility level
brought about corresponding higher available Zn in soil. The improvement in available
Zn due to increase in fertility level was in the order of F3 > F2 > F1> F0 during both the
years. The highest quantity of available zinc after harvesting of baby corn was observed
with 150% of RDF (F3) which remained significantly superior to over all other
treatments.

Planting methods
Planting methods significantly influenced the available zinc in soil after
harvesting of baby corn. Raised bed planting method recorded the highest available zinc
in soil which was significantly superior to flat bed during both the years.

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 Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.33: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on soil health after harvesting of baby corn.
pH EC (ds/m) OC% N kg ha-1 P kg ha-1 K kg ha-1 S% Zn ppm
Treatments
2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011
Fertility Levels

F0 Control 7.25 7.29 0.33 0.34 0.440 0.456 179.79 185.49 14.21 15.17 189.67 193.23 15.95 16.94 0.49 0.51
F1 50 % of RDF 7.28 7.31 0.34 0.35 0.443 0.461 199.33 206.75 17.59 19.58 198.86 204.69 17.88 18.46 0.50 0.52
F2 100 % of RDF 7.33 7.34 0.34 0.36 0.446 0.463 212.00 221.52 20.83 23.54 228.20 234.74 20.92 21.52 0.53 0.54
F3 150% of RDF 7.35 7.37 0.35 0.36 0.448 0.467 221.35 232.67 24.48 25.53 238.70 245.35 22.06 22.78 0.55 0.56
SEdm± 0.071 0.089 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 2.459 2.048 0.204 0.237 2.596 2.079 0.210 0.21 0.005 0.005
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 7.866 6.551 0.652 0.757 8.306 6.653 0.671 0.66 0.016 0.016
Planting Method
M1 (Flat bed) 7.30 7.33 0.34 0.35 0.445 0.461 198.78 207.44 18.94 20.45 209.33 217.05 18.82 19.54 0.52 0.53
M2 (Raised bed) 7.30 7.32 0.34 0.36 0.443 0.463 207.46 215.78 19.61 21.46 218.38 221.95 19.59 20.31 0.52 0.54
SEdm± 0.04 0.06 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 1.64 1.15 0.15 0.12 1.74 0.99 0.11 0.11 0.002 0.003
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 4.70 3.31 0.42 0.33 5.00 2.84 0.33 0.30 0.007 0.01
Variety
V1 ( Pro-agro 4212) 7.34 7.36 0.34 0.35 0.444 0.464 208.78 218.19 19.70 22.19 220.65 223.33 19.65 20.38 0.52 0.54
V2 (Sugar-75) 7.27 7.29 0.34 0.35 0.444 0.460 197.46 205.02 18.85 19.72 207.06 215.67 18.76 19.47 0.51 0.53
SEdm± 0.04 0.06 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.002 1.64 1.15 0.15 0.12 1.74 0.99 0.11 0.11 0.002 0.003
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 4.70 3.31 0.42 0.33 5.00 2.84 0.33 0.30 0.007 0.01
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Varieties

Varieties brought about significant variation in available zinc in soil and the
maximum was recorded with Pro-Agro 4212 which was significantly superior to Sweet
Corn Sugar-75 during both the years of investigation.
Interaction

Interaction could not exert significant influence on available zinc in soil after
harvesting of baby corn in any of the years.

4.2. Sorghum

4.2.1. Yield attribute

4.2.1.1. Grain weight per ear (g)

Data on grain weight per ear (g) as influenced by various treatments are presented
in Table 4.35. A study of the data indicated that grain weight per ear (g) were
comparatively higher in 2011 than 2010.

Residual fertility levels

Residual fertility levels favorably influenced sorghum grain weight per ear (g)
during both the years. Each successive increment in fertilizer up to the highest level
150% of RDF (F3) applied to the preceding crop resulted in marked increase on sorghum
grain weight per ear (g). Residual 150% of RDF (F3) produced the highest sorghum grain
weight per ear (g) and it remained superior to all other treatments during both the years of
study.
Effect of planting methods
Although raised bed planting method recorded higher sorghum grain weight per
ear (g) than flat bed, it failed to exert significant influence during both the years.
Effect of previous crop varieties
Previous crop varieties also could not exert significant influence on sorghum
grain weight per ear (g) during both the years.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Interaction
None of the interactions could make significant influence on sorghum grain
weight per ear (g) in any of the years.

4.2.1.2. Number of grains per plant

Data pertaining to number of grains per plant as influenced by various treatments

are presented in Table 4.35. Data evinced higher number of grains per plant during the
second year of experimentation as compared to the first year.

Residual fertility levels

Inspection of the data revealed that residual fertility levels significantly influenced
the number of grains per plant during both the years. Residual 150% RDF (F3) produced
maximum number of grains per plant (1504.27 and 1573.86) and it was significantly
superior to all other treatments.
Effect of planting methods
Planting methods could not exert any significant influence on number of grains
per plant in any of the years.
Effect of previous crop varieties

Previous crop varieties also could not exert significant influence on number of
grains per plant during both years of experiment.

Interaction
None of the interactions could reach the significant level on number of grains per
plant in any of the years.

4.2.1.3. 1000-grain weight (g)

Data related to 1000-grain weight as affected by various treatments during both

the years of trial are presented in Table 4.35.

Residual fertility levels

Among residual fertility levels, maximum 1000-grain weight (g) (31.82 and 37.15
g) was recorded under residual fertilizer 150% of RDF (F3) which remained significantly
superior to all other levels like 100% of RDF (F2), 50% of RDF (F1) and control (F0).

147
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.34: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding baby corn on yield attribute of sorghum.

No of grain per plant 1000 grain weight (g) Grain weight per ear (g)
Treatments
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 0% of RDF 827.51 889.49 858.50 24.62 28.23 26.43 16.69 20.18 18.44
F1 50 % of RDF 1174.32 1190.19 1182.25 27.81 30.70 29.26 23.33 30.90 27.12
F2 100 % of RDF 1227.13 1244.01 1235.57 31.50 33.64 32.57 29.95 40.90 35.42
F3 150% of RDF 1504.27 1573.86 1539.07 31.82 37.15 34.49 34.87 57.86 46.37
SEdm± 49.52 38.30 43.91 1.14 0.45 0.80 1.28 1.59 1.43
CD (P=0.05) 158.42 122.54 140.48 3.66 1.43 2.55 4.09 5.08 4.59

M1 (Flat Bed) 1161.62 1194.53 1178.07 28.35 32.07 30.21 25.68 36.86 31.27
M2 (Raised Bed) 1204.99 1254.25 1229.62 29.53 32.79 31.16 26.75 38.06 32.40
SEdm± 26.05 31.91 28.98 0.63 0.31 0.47 0.66 0.86 0.76
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 1215.70 1247.94 1231.82 29.75 32.86 31.31 27.05 38.42 32.74
V2 (Sugar-75) 1150.91 1200.83 1175.87 28.12 32.00 30.06 25.37 36.50 30.94
SEdm± 26.05 31.91 28.98 0.63 0.31 0.47 0.66 0.86 0.76
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Effect of planting methods

Planting methods failed to bring about any significant influence on 1000-grain
weight in any of the years.
Effect of previous crop varieties
Previous crop varieties also could not exert any significant influence on 1000-
grain weight in any of the years.
Interaction
None of the interactions was found significant on 1000-grain weight in any of the
years.

4.2.2. Sorghum yield

4.2.2.1. Sorghum grain yield (q ha-1)

The sorghum grain yield (q ha-1) as influenced by various treatments is presented

in Table 4.35 and illustrated graphically in Figure 4.2.1.

Residual fertility levels

A close examination of data indicated that residual fertility levels caused
significant variation in sorghum grain yield. The highest grain yield was recorded with
residual fertilizer 150% of RDF (F3) which remained significantly superior to all other
treatments during both the years. Overall F3 recorded 47.71 and 33.48% increase in grain
yield over control during 2010 and 2011 respectively.
Effect of planting methods
As compared to flat bed planting method, raised bed recorded (6.82 and 6.49%)
higher sorghum grain yield during 2010 and 2011 respectively.
Effect of previous crop varieties
Previous crop variety failed to exert any significant influence on sorghum grain
yield during both the years of experimentation.
Interaction
None of the interactions was found to have any significant influence on sorghum
yield during both the years.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

4.2.2.2. Sorghum stover yield (q ha-1)

Data related to sorghum stover yield as influenced by various treatments are

presented in Table 4.35 and illustrated graphically in Figure 4.2.2.

Residual fertility levels

It was evident from the data that increasing fertility levels for the previous crop
registered progressive improvement in sorghum stover yield. Residual 150% of RDF (F3)
recorded the highest stover yield over all other treatments.

Effect of planting methods

It was evident from the data that planting methods registered improvement in
sorghum stover yield. Raised bed recorded increase in sorghum stover yield by 7.45%
and 6.45% higher stover yield than flat bed in the years 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Effect of previous crop varieties

Previous crop variety could not reach the level of significance in significant
influencing the sorghum stover yield during any of the years of experimentation.

Interaction
None of the interactions was found significant in any of the years.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.35: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding baby corn on yield of sorghum.

Grain yield (q ha-1) Stover yield (q ha-1)

Treatments
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 7.25 9.24 8.25 150.33 155.35 152.84

F1 50 % of RDF 9.31 10.96 10.13 162.01 169.45 165.73
F2 100 % of RDF 10.61 12.14 11.38 176.63 182.52 179.57
F3 150% of RDF 11.81 13.09 12.45 198.26 203.04 200.65
SEdm± 0.33 0.17 0.25 5.06 6.23 5.64
CD (P=0.05) 1.06 0.54 0.80 16.18 19.93 18.06

M1 (Flat Bed) 9.39 10.90 10.14 165.08 171.65 168.37

M2 (Raised Bed) 10.10 11.82 10.96 178.53 183.53 181.03
SEdm± 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.95 3.94 3.45
CD (P=0.05) 0.58 0.56 0.57 8.48 11.31 9.89

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 10.03 11.64 10.84 175.56 181.90 178.73

V2 (Sugar-75) 9.46 11.08 10.27 168.05 173.29 170.67
SEdm± 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.95 3.94 3.45
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.2.1: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding baby corn on sorghum grain yield.

Sorghum grain yield (q /ha) 2010 Sorghum grain yield (q /ha) 2011
14

12
Sorghum grain yield (q/ha)

10

152
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.2.2: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding baby corn on sorghum stover yield.

Stover yield (q /ha) 2010 Stover yield (q /ha) 2011

250

200
Soreghum stover yield (q/ha)

150

100

50

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

4.2.3. Nutrient content and removal

4.2.3.1. N, P, K, S and Zn content in grain (%)

Data pertaining to nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) content in grain (%) as affected
by residual fertility levels, planting methods and previous crop variety are presented in
Table 4.36Table 4.37Table 4.38Table 4.39,Table 4.40 and Table 4.40.

Residual fertility levels

The beneficial effect of residual fertility levels (applied to baby corn) on nutrients
(N, P, K, S and Zn) content in grain of succeeding sorghum was reflected very well
during both the years of investigation. The highest N, P, K, S and Zn content in grain was
recorded with residual 150% of RDF (F3) which remained significantly superior to all
other treatments during both the years.
Effect of planting methods
It was evident from the data (Table 4.36Table 4.37Table 4.38Table 4.39,Table
4.40 and Table 4.40) that planting methods could not register any significant
improvement in nutrient (N, P, K, S and Zn) content in grain although under bed planting
marginal increase in N, P, K, S and Zn content in grain over flat bed was recorded.
Effect of previous crop varieties
Previous crop variety also could not significantly influence nutrients (N, P, K, S
and Zn) content in grain during any of the years of experimentation.
Interaction
None of the interactions could exert significant influence on nutrients (N, P, K, S
and Zn) content in grain during both the years.

4.2.3.2. N, P, K, S and Zn removal by grain (kg ha-1)

Data pertaining to nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) removal by grain (kg ha-1) as
affected by residual fertility levels, planting methods and previous crop varieties were
presented in Table 4.36Table 4.37Table 4.38Table 4.39,Table 4.40 and Table 4.40.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Residual fertility levels

It was evident from the data (Table 4.36Table 4.37Table 4.38Table 4.39,Table
4.40 and Table 4.40) that residual fertility levels resulted in significant variation in
nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) removal by grain. The greater value was recorded with
residual 150 % of RDF (F3) which was significantly superior over all other treatments in
both the years of study.
Effect of planting methods
Nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) removal by grain (kg ha-1) as influenced by planting
methods could not reach the level of significance. However, highest value of N, P, K, S
and Zn removal in grain were recorded with raised bed planting method in 2010 and
2011.
Effect of previous crop varieties
Nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) removal by grain (kg ha-1) as influenced by the
effect of previous crop varieties could not reach the level of significance during any of
the years of experiments.
Interaction
None of the interactions could exert significant influence on nutrients (N, P, K, S
and Zn) removal by grain (kg ha-1) in any of the years.

4.2.3.3. N, P, K, S and Zn content in straw (%)

Data related to nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) content in straw (%) as affected by
various treatments during both the years of trial are presented in Table 4.36Table
4.37Table 4.38Table 4.39 ,Table 4.40 and Table 4.40.

Residual fertility levels

Nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) content in straw due to residual fertility levels
varied with variation in the levels during both the year of investigation. Each increase in
residual fertility level brought about a progressive increase in N, P, K, S and Zn content
in straw. The rate of improvement in N, P, K, S and Zn content in straw due to increase in
residual fertility level was in order of F3 > F2 > F1> F0 and 150% of RDF (F3) recorded
the greatest N, P, K, S and Zn content in straw.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Effect of planting methods

Planting methods could not significantly influence the nutrients (N, P, K, S and
Zn) content in straw during both the years of study.
Effect of previous crop varieties
Previous crop varieties could not exert any significant influence on nutrients (N,
P, K, S and Zn) content in straw in both the years of investigation.

Interaction

None of the interaction was found significant in affecting the nutrients (N, P, K, S
and Zn) content in straw during both the years.

4.2.3.4. N, P, K, S and Zn removal by straw (kg ha-1)

Data pertaining to nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) removal by straw (kg ha-1) as
affected by residual fertility levels, planting methods and previous crop varieties are
presented in Table 4.36Table 4.37Table 4.38Table 4.39,Table 4.40 and Table 4.40.

Residual fertility levels

Nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) removal by straw (kg ha-1) were significantly
affected by the residual fertility levels (applied to baby corn) during both the years. The
highest N, P, K, S and Zn removals in straw (kg ha-1) were recorded at 150% of RDF (F3)
residual fertility level which were significantly superior to all other treatments in both the
years. The rate of N, P, K, S and Zn removal by straw (kg ha-1) due to residual fertility
level were in order of F3 > F2 > F1> F0 during both the years
Effect of planting methods
Planting methods could not exert any significant effect on nutrients (N, P, K, S
and Zn) removals by straw (kg ha-1) during both the years of investigation.
Effect of previous crop varieties
Previous crop varieties also failed to exert any significant effect on nutrients (N,
P, K, S and Zn) removals by straw (kg ha-1) during both the years of study
Interaction

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

None of the interactions was found significant on nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn)
removals by straw (kg ha-1) during both the years.

4.2.3.5. Total N, P, K, S and Zn removal (kg ha-1)

The total N, P, K, S and Zn removal (kg ha-1) as influenced by different

treatments is presented in Table 4.36Table 4.37Table 4.38Table 4.39,Table 4.40 and
Table 4.40.

Residual fertility levels

Data clearly revealed that residual fertility levels at 150% of RDF (F3) registered
the maximum total N, P, K, S and Zn removal (kg ha-1) which remained significantly
superior to other doses. The response of total N, P, K, S and Zn removal (kg ha-1) to
different residual fertility levels were in the order of F3> F2> F1> F0.
Effect of planting methods
The effect of planting methods in respect of total N, P, K, S and Zn removal (kg
ha-1) were found to be non-significant during both the years.
Effect of previous crop varieties
The effect of previous crop varieties in respect of total N, P, K, S and Zn removal
(kg ha-1) were found to be non-significant during both the years of study.
Interaction
Interactions also were found non-significant on total N, P, K, S and Zn removal
(kg ha-1) during both the years.

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Table 4.36: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding baby corn on N content and its removal
(kg ha-1) by sorghum.
N Content in grain N Content in straw N Removal by grain N Removal by straw Total N removal
Treatments (%) (%) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 0.939 1.096 1.017 0.364 0.422 0.393 18.150 25.641 21.896 14.027 18.274 16.151 32.178 43.915 38.046
F1 50 % of RDF 1.184 1.289 1.237 0.448 0.520 0.484 29.221 34.682 31.952 21.173 27.683 24.428 50.393 62.366 56.379
F2 100 % of RDF 1.366 1.500 1.433 0.477 0.590 0.533 38.284 42.567 40.426 25.646 35.689 30.668 63.931 78.256 71.093
F3 150% of RDF 1.416 1.571 1.493 0.531 0.621 0.576 43.499 47.812 45.655 32.210 42.110 37.160 75.709 89.922 82.815
SEdm± 0.011 0.013 0.012 0.006 0.002 0.004 0.789 0.630 0.710 0.845 1.240 1.043 1.369 1.814 1.592
CD (P=0.05) 0.036 0.043 0.039 0.018 0.008 0.013 2.525 2.017 2.271 2.704 3.968 3.336 4.379 5.805 5.092

M1 (Flat bed) 1.222 1.361 1.291 0.453 0.536 0.495 31.854 37.401 34.628 23.063 30.694 26.879 54.917 68.096 61.507
M2 (Raised bed) 1.230 1.367 1.299 0.457 0.541 0.499 32.723 37.950 35.336 23.465 31.183 27.324 56.188 69.133 62.661
SEdm± 0.010 0.007 0.009 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.668 0.641 0.654 0.353 0.526 0.439 0.751 0.919 0.835
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

V1 (Pro-Agro
1.234 1.371 1.302 0.460 0.544 0.502 32.950 38.360 35.655 23.660 31.523 27.591 56.609 69.883 63.246
4212)
V2 (Sugar-75 ) 1.218 1.357 1.288 0.451 0.533 0.492 31.627 36.991 34.309 22.869 30.354 26.611 54.496 67.346 60.921
SEdm± 0.010 0.007 0.009 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.668 0.641 0.654 0.353 0.526 0.439 0.751 0.919 0.835
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Table 4.37: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding baby corn on P content and its
removal (kg ha-1) by sorghum.

P Content in grain P Content in straw P Removal by grain P Removal by straw Total P removal
Treatments (%) (%) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 0.132 0.173 0.152 0.087 0.109 0.098 2.537 4.057 3.297 3.334 4.709 4.022 5.872 8.766 7.319
F1 50 % of RDF 0.174 0.196 0.185 0.131 0.146 0.139 4.282 5.257 4.770 6.196 7.786 6.991 10.478 13.043 11.761
F2 100 % of RDF 0.230 0.246 0.238 0.164 0.165 0.164 6.442 7.010 6.726 8.799 9.994 9.397 15.241 17.005 16.123
F3 150% of RDF 0.275 0.293 0.284 0.173 0.184 0.179 8.442 8.913 8.678 10.532 12.502 11.517 18.974 21.415 20.195
SEdm± 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.084 0.125 0.104 0.265 0.351 0.308 0.277 0.424 0.351
CD (P=0.05) 0.009 0.006 0.007 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.268 0.398 0.333 0.849 1.123 0.986 0.885 1.358 1.121

M1 (Flat bed) 0.202 0.227 0.214 0.138 0.151 0.144 5.347 6.257 5.802 7.150 8.685 7.917 12.497 14.942 13.720
M2 (Raised bed) 0.204 0.228 0.216 0.139 0.152 0.146 5.504 6.361 5.933 7.281 8.811 8.046 12.785 15.172 13.979
SEdm± 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.095 0.111 0.103 0.116 0.140 0.128 0.130 0.172 0.151
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 0.204 0.228 0.216 0.139 0.152 0.146 5.534 6.427 5.980 7.288 8.884 8.086 12.822 15.310 14.066
V2 (Sugar-75) 0.201 0.226 0.213 0.138 0.150 0.144 5.318 6.192 5.755 7.143 8.612 7.878 12.461 14.804 13.633
SEdm± 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.095 0.111 0.103 0.116 0.140 0.128 0.130 0.172 0.151
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Table 4.38: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding baby corn on K content and its removal
(kg ha-1) by sorghum.
K Content in grain K Content in straw K Removal by grain K Removal by straw Total K Removal
Treatments (%) (%) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 0.20 0.22 0.21 1.02 1.11 1.07 3.80 5.21 4.50 39.41 48.09 43.75 43.21 53.30 48.25
F1 50 % of RDF 0.25 0.26 0.26 1.17 1.21 1.19 6.21 7.10 6.65 55.11 64.46 59.78 61.31 71.56 66.44
F2 100 % of RDF 0.29 0.3 0.29 1.29 1.32 1.31 8.01 8.45 8.23 69.30 80.06 74.68 77.31 88.51 82.91
F3 150% of RDF 0.31 0.33 0.32 1.43 1.46 1.44 9.38 9.88 9.63 86.92 98.72 92.82 96.30 108.61 102.45
SEdm± 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.006 0.01 0.14 0.11 0.13 2.02 2.65 2.34 2.06 2.72 2.39
CD (P=0.05) 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.02 0.02 0.021 0.46 0.34 0.40 6.47 8.49 7.48 6.580 8.70 7.64

M1 (Flat bed) 0.26 0.28 0.27 1.22 1.27 1.25 6.74 7.60 7.16 62.15 72.41 67.28 68.89 80.00 74.44
M2 (Raised bed) 0.26 0.28 0.27 1.23 1.28 1.26 6.96 7.73 7.34 63.22 73.26 68.24 70.18 80.99 75.58
SEdm± 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.128 0.14 0.13 0.96 1.21 1.09 0.94 1.20 1.07
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 0.26 0.28 0.27 1.24 1.28 1.26 6.98 7.80 7.39 63.54 72.41 67.97 70.52 81.62 76.07
V2 (Sugar-75) 0.29 0.28 0.27 1.22 1.27 1.25 6.71 7.52 7.12 61.82 73.26 67.54 68.54 79.36 73.95
SEdm± 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.96 1.208 1.09 0.943 1.20 1.07
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Table 4.39: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding baby corn on S content and its
removal (kg ha-1) by sorghum.

S Removal by grain S Removal by straw Total S removal

S Content in grain (%) S Content in straw (%)
Treatments (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 0.059 0.065 0.062 0.019 0.025 0.022 1.128 1.522 1.325 0.732 1.069 0.901 1.861 2.591 2.226
F1 50 % of RDF 0.075 0.093 0.084 0.026 0.034 0.030 1.846 2.513 2.179 1.207 1.837 1.522 3.053 4.350 3.702
F2 100 % of RDF 0.086 0.102 0.094 0.034 0.043 0.039 2.408 2.913 2.661 1.843 2.625 2.234 4.251 5.538 4.895
F3 150% of RDF 0.116 0.125 0.120 0.039 0.047 0.043 3.552 3.790 3.671 2.400 3.180 2.790 5.952 6.970 6.461
SEdm± 0.0012 0.0009 0.0011 0.0003 0.0005 0.0004 0.0503 0.0455 0.0479 0.0493 0.1041 0.0767 0.0792 0.1308 0.1050
CD (P=0.05) 0.0040 0.0028 0.0034 0.0009 0.0017 0.0013 0.1609 0.1456 0.1532 0.1577 0.3330 0.2454 0.2534 0.4184 0.3359

M1 (Flat bed) 0.084 0.096 0.090 0.029 0.037 0.033 2.206 2.659 2.432 1.530 2.154 1.842 3.735 4.813 4.274
M2 (Raised bed) 0.084 0.097 0.090 0.030 0.038 0.034 2.262 2.710 2.486 1.562 2.202 1.882 3.823 4.911 4.367
SEdm± 0.0010 0.0007 0.0008 0.0004 0.0003 0.0004 0.0408 0.0497 0.0452 0.0342 0.0404 0.0373 0.0465 0.0558 0.0512
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 0.084 0.097 0.091 0.030 0.038 0.034 2.274 2.739 2.507 1.571 2.218 1.895 3.845 4.957 4.401
V2 (Sugar-75) 0.083 0.095 0.089 0.029 0.037 0.033 2.193 2.630 2.411 1.520 2.138 1.829 3.713 4.767 4.240
SEdm± 0.0010 0.0007 0.0008 0.0004 0.0003 0.0004 0.0408 0.0497 0.0452 0.0342 0.0404 0.0373 0.0465 0.0558 0.0512
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Table 4.40: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding baby corn on Zn content and its
removal (kg ha-1) by sorghum.

Zn Removal by grain Zn Removal by straw Total Zn removal

Zn Content in grain (%) Zn Content in straw (%)
Treatments (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1) (kg ha-1)
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 0.0021 0.0022 0.0022 0.0021 0.0025 0.0023 0.0404 0.0522 0.0463 0.0796 0.1068 0.0932 0.1200 0.1590 0.1395
F1 50 % of RDF 0.0023 0.0027 0.0025 0.0026 0.0028 0.0027 0.0557 0.0729 0.0643 0.1204 0.1514 0.1359 0.1761 0.2243 0.2002

F2 100 % of RDF 0.0026 0.0032 0.0029 0.0034 0.0035 0.0034 0.0731 0.0896 0.0814 0.1802 0.2087 0.1945 0.2533 0.2984 0.2758

F3 150% of RDF 0.0027 0.0034 0.0031 0.0038 0.0041 0.0039 0.0844 0.1033 0.0939 0.2298 0.2765 0.2531 0.3142 0.3799 0.3470

SEdm± 0.00002 0.00001 0.00002 0.00002 0.00003 0.00002 0.00141 0.00129 0.00135 0.00426 0.00681 0.00553 0.00507 0.00772 0.00639

CD (P=0.05) 0.00007 0.00004 0.00005 0.00006 0.00009 0.00008 0.00451 0.00412 0.00431 0.01363 0.02178 0.01770 0.01621 0.02470 0.02045

M1 (Flat bed) 0.0024 0.0029 0.0026 0.0029 0.0032 0.0031 0.0624 0.0786 0.0705 0.1512 0.1840 0.1676 0.2136 0.2626 0.2381

M2 (Raised bed) 0.0024 0.0029 0.0027 0.0030 0.0032 0.0031 0.0644 0.0804 0.0724 0.1538 0.1877 0.1707 0.2182 0.2681 0.2431

SEdm± 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.0011 0.00136 0.00123 0.00233 0.00335 0.00284 0.00238 0.00342 0.0029

CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 0.0024 0.0029 0.0027 0.0030 0.0032 0.0031 0.0647 0.0811 0.0729 0.1542 0.1888 0.1715 0.2189 0.2699 0.2444

V2 (Sugar-75) 0.0024 0.0029 0.0026 0.0029 0.0032 0.0031 0.0621 0.0780 0.0700 0.1508 0.1829 0.1668 0.2128 0.2609 0.2368

SEdm± 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.0011 0.00136 0.00123 0.00233 0.00335 0.00284 0.00238 0.00342 0.0029

CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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4.2.4. Soil health after harvesting of sorghum

Perusal of the data showed that soil chemical properties after harvesting of
sorghum as influenced by residual baby corn stover, planting methods and previous crop
varieties presented in (Table 4.41).

Residual fertility levels

It was evident from data (Table 4.41) that residual fertility levels brought about
significant variation in pH, available (N, P, K, S and Zn) in soil. The greatest values were
recorded with residual 150 % of RDF (F3) which remained significantly superior to all
other treatments, but remained at par with 100% RDF (F2) and 50% RDF (F1) in case of
soil pH in both the years of experimentation.

Effect of planting methods

It was evident from data that planting methods resulted in significant variation in
available nitrogen in soil only. Raised bed planting system recorded significantly higher
N kg/ ha in soil after harvesting of sorghum than flat bed method during both the years of
study.
Effect of previous crop varieties
The effect of previous crop varieties in respect soil pH, OC and available (N, P,
K, S and Zn) were found to be non-significant in both the years of study.

Interaction
Interactions also were found non-significant in respect of soil pH, OC and
available (N, P, K, S and Zn) during both the years.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.41: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties of preceding baby corn on soil health after harvesting of sorghum.
pH OC% N kg ha-1 P kg ha-1 K kg ha-1 S% Zn ppm
Treatments
2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011 2010 2011
Fertility Levels
F0 Control 7.15 7.16 0.429 0.443 174.29 179.97 13.87 14.94 181.55 189.19 14.47 16.55 0.47 0.50
F1 50 % of RDF 7.29 7.32 0.431 0.447 193.50 211.43 17.25 19.02 196.09 201.88 17.69 18.28 0.48 0.51
F2 100 % of RDF 7.42 7.44 0.434 0.449 217.78 227.53 20.27 22.51 232.21 236.45 21.44 21.95 0.52 0.53
F3 150% of RDF 7.47 7.49 0.439 0.452 228.93 235.29 24.05 24.60 241.89 250.22 22.98 23.14 0.55 0.55
SEdm± 0.07 0.07 0.002 0.004 2.02 2.37 0.19 0.33 1.64 2.26 0.18 0.16 0.005 0.005
CD (P=0.05) 0.22 0.24 NS NS 6.46 7.59 0.61 1.05 5.26 7.25 0.57 0.51 0.015 0.017
Planting Method
M1 (Flat bed) 7.30 7.34 0.432 0.447 201.31 211.35 18.69 20.09 212.20 218.77 19.03 19.91 0.50 0.52
M2 (Raised bed) 7.36 7.38 0.434 0.448 205.94 215.75 19.03 20.44 213.67 220.10 19.26 20.05 0.51 0.53
SEdm± 0.04 0.04 0.003 0.003 1.49 1.05 0.13 0.15 1.23 0.85 0.13 0.12 0.003 0.003
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS 4.28 3.03 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Variety
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 7.38 7.41 0.435 0.449 205.66 215.05 19.03 20.46 214.42 220.57 19.31 20.11 0.51 0.53
V2 (Sugar-75) 7.28 7.30 0.432 0.447 201.59 212.06 18.69 20.07 211.45 218.30 18.98 19.84 0.50 0.52
SEdm± 0.04 0.04 0.003 0.003 1.49 1.05 0.13 0.15 1.23 0.85 0.13 0.12 0.003 0.003
CD (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

4.3. Sequence study

4.3.1. Sequence economics

Data pertaining to sequence economics of baby corn and sorghum have been
presented in Table 4.42 and illustrated graphically in Figure 4.3.1 and Figure 4.3.2 .

4.3.1.1. Gross return (₹/ha)

Fertility levels

An analysis of the data revealed marked variation in gross return due to different
fertility levels applied to baby corn during both the years of experimentation. 150% of
RDF (F3) resulted in significantly higher gross return than other treatment and the
response of gross return to different fertility levels was in the order of F3> F2> F1> F0. On
an average F3 registered 25.48% higher yield than other treatments.

Planting methods

An insight into the data highlighted marked variation in gross return due to
different planting methods during both the years of study. Raised bed resulted higher
gross return than flat bed and it was found to 7.51% higher on pooled data basis.

Varieties

It was evident from the data that gross return increased markedly with Pro-Agro
4212 over Sweet Corn Sugar-75. As compared to Sweet Corn Sugar-75, Pro-Agro 4212
improved gross return by 13.35% and the increase was significant also.

Interaction

The interaction between fertility levels and baby corn varieties (Table 4.43) was
found to be significant with respect to gross return during both the years. Application of
150% RDF (F3) to Pro-Agro 4212 recorded the highest gross return and exhibited distinct
superiority over other combinations of fertility levels and varieties. However, the

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

interaction between fertility levels and planting methods failed to differ significantly with
respect to gross return during both the years of study.

4.3.1.2. Net return (₹/ha)

Data on net return as affected by different fertility levels, planting methods and
varieties during both the years of study are presented in Table 4.42 and illustrated
graphically in Figure 4.3.1.

Fertility levels

Perusal of the data indicated significant variation in net return due to different
fertility levels applied to baby corn and its residual effect on sorghum. Application of
150% of RDF (F3) resulted in significantly higher total net return than other treatments
during both the years and it was found to be 29.64% higher than other treatments in
general.

Planting methods

Similarly marked effect of planting methods was also observed on net return of
both crops during both the years of study. Raised bed recorded 10.93% higher net return
than flat bed.

Varieties

It was evident from the data that net return increased markedly with Pro-Agro
4212 over Sweet Corn Sugar-75. Pro-Agro 4212 showed higher net return (₹ 184721.75
ha-1) compared to Sweet Corn Sugar-75 (₹ 135085.64 ha-1).

Interaction

The interaction between fertility levels and varieties (Table 4.43) recorded
significant effect in respect to net return during both the years. The interaction between
150% RDF (F3) and Pro-Agro 4212 recorded the highest net return and exhibited distinct
superiority over other combinations of fertility levels and varieties. However, the
interaction between fertility levels and planting methods did not differ significantly with
respect to net return during both the years.
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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

4.3.1.3. Benefit, cost ratio

It was clear from the data (Table 4.42 and Figure 4.3.2) that benefit: cost ratio of
both crops was significantly affected by fertility levels, planting methods and varieties in
both the years.

Fertility levels

The data clearly indicated that increasing fertility levels registered improvement
in benefit: cost ratio of both crops. Application of 150% of RDF (F3) to baby corn
recorded increase in benefit: cost ratio of both crops over control but it was at par with
100% RDF (F2).

Planting methods

Perusal of data (Table 4.42) indicated significant effect of planting methods on

benefit: cost ratio of both crops during both the years. Raised bed planting method
recorded higher benefit: cost ratio than flat bed.

Varieties

Pro-Agro 4212 recorded higher benefit: cost ratio of both crops (3.17 and 3.53)
compared to Sweet Corn Sugar-75 (2.32 and 2.57) during 2010 and 2011 respectively.

Interaction

The interaction of the experimental variables, however, could not evince any
marked effect on this attribute in any of the years.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.42: Cumulative effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties in sequence economics (baby corn + sorghum).
Cost of cultivation (₹/ha) Gross return (₹/ha) Net return (₹/ha) B/C Ratio
Treatments
2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled 2010 2011 Pooled

F0 Control 71690.10 71181.61 71435.86 158973.60 181203.07 170088.34 87283.50 110021.46 98652.48 2.25 2.59 2.42
F1 50 % of RDF 81237.13 80770.58 81003.85 221311.61 248687.45 234999.53 140074.48 167916.87 153995.67 2.76 3.12 2.94
F2 100 % of RDF 90482.03 88611.49 89546.76 260861.28 280962.15 270911.71 170379.25 192350.66 181364.96 2.92 3.21 3.06
F3 150% of RDF 97607.94 95918.38 96763.16 293656.41 311073.22 302364.81 196048.47 215154.84 205601.65 3.05 3.29 3.17
SEdm± 4753.69 7069.63 5911.66 4753.69 7069.63 5911.66 0.06 0.09 0.07
CD (P=0.05) 15207.89 22617.01 18912.45 15207.89 22617.01 18912.45 0.18 0.29 0.22

M1 (Flat Bed) 84954.30 83820.52 84387.41 224339.51 245749.21 235044.36 139385.21 161928.70 150656.95 2.64 2.95 2.79
M2 (Raised Bed) 85554.30 84420.52 84987.41 243061.94 265213.73 254137.83 157507.64 180793.21 169150.43 2.85 3.16 3.00
SEdm± 3306.67 4054.76 3680.71 3306.67 4054.76 3680.71 0.04 0.05 0.04
CD (P=0.05) 9484.02 11629.68 10556.85 9484.02 11629.68 10556.85 0.11 0.14 0.12

V1 (Pro-Agro
77923.90 76790.12 77357.01 250565.86 273591.65 262078.75 172641.96 196801.53 184721.75 3.17 3.53 3.35
4212)
V2 (Sugar-75 ) 92584.70 91450.92 92017.81 216835.59 237371.30 227103.44 124250.89 145920.38 135085.64 2.32 2.57 2.45
SEdm± 3306.67 4054.76 3680.71 3306.67 4054.76 3680.71 0.04 0.05 0.04
CD (P=0.05) 9484.02 11629.68 10556.85 9484.02 11629.68 10556.85 0.11 0.14 0.12
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Table 4.43: Interaction effect of fertility levels and varieties on gross return and net return (₹/ha) of both crops (baby corn + sorghum).

2010 2011
Treatments F1 50% of F2 100% F3 150% F1 50% of F2 100% F3 150%
F0 Control Pooled F0 Control Pooled
RDF of RDF of RDF RDF of RDF of RDF

Gross return
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 167522.23 234221.28 277768.05 322751.88 250565.86 192874.73 263527.73 296574.91 341389.21 273591.65
V2 (Sugar-75) 150424.97 208401.94 243954.51 264560.93 216835.59 169531.41 233847.16 265349.39 280757.22 237371.30
SEdm± 6613.33 8109.53
CD1 (P=0.05) 18968.05 NS
SEdm± 6613.33 8109.53
CD2 (P=0.05) 28634.09 NS
Net return
V1 (Pro-Agro 4212) 103162.53 160314.55 194616.42 232474.35 172641.96 129023.52 190087.55 215293.82 252801.23 196801.53
V2 (Sugar-75) 71404.47 119834.41 146142.08 159622.59 124250.89 91019.40 145746.18 169407.50 177508.44 145920.38
SEdm± 6613.33 8109.53
CD (P=0.05) 18968.05 NS
SEdm± 6613.33 8109.53
CD (P=0.05) 28634.09 NS
RDF: 150, 90, 90, 40, 10 kg/ha of N, P, K, S and Zn.

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Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.3.1: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties in sequence economics (baby corn + sorghum)

Gross return (₹/ha) Net return (₹/ha)

300000

250000

200000
₹/ha

150000

100000

50000

169
Chapter 4: Experimental findings

Figure 4.3.2: Effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties in sequence economics (baby corn + sorghum)

B/C Ratio 2010 B/C Ratio 2011

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

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Plate 1: Baby corn residue applied to different treatments
Plate 2: General view of experment at vegetative stage of baby corn
Plate 3: Detasseling operation in baby corn

Plate 4: Cob plucking in baby corn

Plate 5. Baby corn(with husk) at M1V1F0

Plate 6. Baby corn(with husk) at M2V1F1

Plate 7. Baby corn(without husk) at M1V1F0

Plate 8. Baby corn(without husk) at M2V1F0

Plate 9. Baby corn (without husk) at M2V2F0
Plate 10. Baby corn (without husk) at M2V2F3

Plate 11. Baby corn (without husk) at M2V1F3

Plate 12: General view of experiment at vegetative stage of sorghum (flat bed).
Plate 13: General view of experiment at vegetative stage of sorghum (raised bed).
Chapter 5: Discussion

Chapter 5

Discussion

Performance of any crop is the product of successful completion of growth and

developmental activities of individual plants which in turn depends upon the genetic potential of
the cultivar and the environmental condition prevailing during its ontogeny. However, under the
given set of agro-climatic conditions, exploitation of maximum yield potential is possible only
by maintaining the micro- plant environment at optimum level through certain agronomic
manipulation which is quite crucial for enhancing the crop productivity on sustainable basis.
There should be a proper balance between species and resources to achieve higher productivity.
The growth and development of plant is also greatly influenced by genotype, planting methods
and nutrients. Among various inputs, mineral nutrition of plants is the key input which makes
maximum contribution to crop productivity. Nearly 55% of increase in food grain production
during last two decades has come through increasing levels of fertilizer application. However,
total annual removal of nutrient by crop and cropping system being much higher than the amount
added through fertilizers, it has resulted in negative nutrient balance in the soil. Therefore,
prompt effort is needed, not only to increase and stabilize the crop production but also to
enhance the nutrient use efficiency which shows great influence on crop production. The
productivity of baby corn entirely depends on extent of successful completion of crop growth,
genetic potential and its proper integration with environmental conditions in which it is grown.
Besides all these factors governing crop responses, the crop component and its residual
influence on soils are also of prime importance. Hence diversification /intensification of
prevailing cropping system, by including a short duration crop during the gap between harvesting
of wheat and initiation of rice transplanting is required to improve the potential of this system
both in terms of production and economics. Realizing and recognizing the worthiness of all these
facts, the present investigation entitled “Effect of fertility levels and planting methods on yield

172
Chapter 5: Discussion

and nutritional quality of baby corn (Zea mays L.) varieties and its residual effect on sorghum
[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]” was undertaken during pre kharif and kharif seasons of 2010
and 2011 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh (India). In the present chapter, an attempt has been made to
discuss and explain the salient findings in light of established theories and principles.

5. 1 Effect of weather conditions

It is a well known fact that, the quantity and quality of growth of a plant is controlled by
genetic potential and the existing environment acting on its internal physiological and
biochemical processes. The only way in which environmental factors such as moisture,
temperature and nutrients can affect growth is by influencing internal processes and conditions.

In general, plants growing in natural environment are often prevented from expressing
their full genetic potential if they are subjected to various limitations and constraints. Every crop
requires a definite set of favourable environmental condition for its proper growth and
development. Matching the crop phenology to the prevailing external environment is thus
imperative to exploit maximum yield potential of a crop. If weather element deviates from
optimum limits and fluctuations are too wide, the plants may fail to maintain their rhythm of
growth and thereby yield. Therefore, a thorough study of weather condition was made during the
present experimentation. The weather details (rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, sunshine
duration and evaporation) were recorded during the field study which are presented in Tables
3.2.1 and 3.2.2 and depicted in Figures 3.2.1 and 3.2.2.

The experimental crops were grown during pre kharif and kharif seasons and regular
need based supply of irrigation was assured to meet the crop demand to maintain the optimum
level of humidity and temperature within the field for proper growth and development of the
crops. During baby corn growth period total rainfall received was 158.2 and 450.5 mm but most
of it (140.2 and 383.5 mm) coincided with the picking of baby corn cobs during both the years.
Therefore, the positive effect of good precipitation during first year particularly that after 15th
July could not be exploited while the growth and yield attributes of baby corn and its stover yield
were found comparatively better during second year of the investigation (2011). Because of
congenial weather conditions viz. temperature, relative humidity, sunshine, and lower

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Chapter 5: Discussion

evaporation during second year, which led to higher photosynthetic efficiency and consequent
better performance of crop.

The grain and stover yields of succeeding sorghum crop in this study were also found
better in second year (2011). The crop of second experimental year faced heavy rainfall and
water stagnation in the field particularly during 18th June to 30th September and this delayed the
sowing of sorghum. The availability of higher soil moisture, moderate weakly mean maximum
temperature (16.5-33.1°C), more sunshine hours and higher relative humidity in 2011 helped
faster decomposition of the residue and availability of the nutrient to the second crop which
affected the yield and yield attributes of sorghum.

5. 2 Effects of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on growth parameters, yield,
yield attributes, quality, nutrient contents, nutrient removal and economics of baby corn

Nitrogen plays a vital role in the activities of every living cell. It affects cell division and
elongation by virtue of being an essential part of diverse types of metabolically active
compounds like amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, prophyrins, flavins, purines, nucleotides,
enzymes, co-enzymes and alkaloids (Mengel et al., 2001). Therefore, greater availability of
nitrogen at higher fertility levels might have improved protein synthesis and photosynthesis
leading to rapid cell division and cell enlargement, which ultimately resulted in vigorous plant
growth.
Phosphorus is an important plant macronutrient, making up about 0.2% of a plant’s dry
weight. It is a key component of molecules like nucleic acids, phospholipids and ATP, and plants
cannot grow without a reliable supply of this nutrient (Schachtman et al., 1998). It is also
necessary for a series of bio-chemical reactions concerning metabolism of carbohydrates,
proteins, fats, transfer of energy within the organization of cell and transformation of hereditary
characteristics (Sharma et al., 2012). Energy from photosynthesis and the metabolism of
carbohydrates is stored in phosphate compounds for later use in growth and reproduction (Ayub
et al., 2002). Further, it has often been found to be a life-limiting element in natural ecosystems
when it remain bound in highly insoluble compounds and becomes unavailable to plant. High
soil pH (>7.6) and high quantities of CaCO3 result in precipitation of P, which reduces the
soluble P supply (Amanullah et al., 2009). The reduction in the rate of leaf expansion and in

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Chapter 5: Discussion

photosynthetic rate per unit of leaf area with P deficiency was observed by (Rodríguez et al.,
1998).
Potassium is an essential macro-element required in large amount for normal plant
growth and development. It is required for maintenance of osmotic potential and water uptake
and has a positive impact on stomatal closure which increases tolerance to water stress. It is also
involved in activating a wide range of enzyme systems which regulate photosynthesis, water use
efficiency, nitrogen uptake and protein building (Cakmak et al., 1994 and Sawan et al., 2006). It
increases the photosynthetic rate, CO2 assimilation, facilitates carbon movement even at high soil
moisture conditions (Sangakkara et al., 2000) and translocates photosynthates from source to
sink (Cakmak et al., 1994).
Sulphur on the other hand being a constituent of sulphur containing amino acids and
other metabolites and plays a pivotal role in various plant growth and development of processes.
It is increasingly being recognized as the fourth major plant nutrient after nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium (Devi et al., 2012). Some of the most important functions of S include its role in
specialized peptides, such as glutathione and thioredoxins, in redox reactions, in disulphide bond
(S-S) formation for stabilization of protein structure (Zhao et al., 1999).
Zinc is an essential element for both plants and animals. It is a cofactor of over 300
enzymes and proteins involved in cell division, nucleic acid metabolism, carbohydrate and lipid
metabolism and protein synthesis (Marschner, 1995). Zn influences electron transfer reactions
including those of the Krebs cycle and affects the plant’s energy production.

5.2. 1 Effect of fertility levels on growth characters of baby corn

Different growth parameters (plant height, number of green leaves, leaf area, LAI, dry
matter production and chlorophyll content) were found to have a marked improvement at almost
all the stages of crop growth due to the levels of fertilizer. Among the fertility levels F3 (150%
RDF) brought about the highest growth of plant during both the years. This supports the well-
established fact that combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur and zinc
in adequate quantity are beneficial for growth and development of the crop (Singh, et al., 2010
and Kumar and Bohra, 2013).
In the present study, fertility levels recorded a positive effect in the plant stand. Initial
plant stand of baby corn recorded at 15 DAS although did not differ significantly due to different

175
Chapter 5: Discussion

fertility levels, final stand at harvest differed significantly and it was found to be in the order of
F3 >F2 >F1>F0. Greats availability of nutrients at 150% RDF (F3) resulted in more number of
plants up to the final phase of the crop. Sahoo and Panda (2001) and Sahoo (2011) also reported
beneficial effect of balanced nutrition on the plant stand in baby corn.
The data (Table 4.1) indicated significant decrease in barren plant /m2 with increasing
fertility levels. Significant reduction of barren plant was found with 150% RDF (F3) and this was
followed by 100% RDF (F2), 50% RDF (F1) and control. Enhancement of available nutrients in
soil through higher fertility level encourages higher cob setting consequent reduction in number
of barren plant (Panwar and Munda, 2006). These results were in conformity with the findings of
Thakur et al. (1997); Sahoo and Mahapatra (2007) and Singh, et al. (2010).
Plant height is a useful index of plant development to give an idea of dry matter
production leading to ultimate yield. As expected the data on the periodic plant height of baby
corn recorded at 15 days interval up to harvest revealed that plant height increased with time, and
it remained higher during second year in comparison to first year. The highest plant height was
recorded with 150% RDF (F3) which might be due to greats availability of nitrogen at higher
fertilizer dose. This in turn improved protein synthesis and photosynthesis leading to rapid cell
division and cell enlargement, which ultimately resulted in higher vertical plant growth (Novoa
and Loomis, 1981). Similar effects of higher rate of fertilizer have also been realized on growth
characters of baby corn by several workers (Thakur et al., 1997; Panwar and Munda, 2006;
Bindhani et al., 2007; Ibrahim and Hala, 2007; Bindhani et al., 2008 and Kumar and Bohra,
2013).
The number of green leaves per plant (recorded at 15, 30, 45, 60 DAS and at harvest)
increased significantly with increasing level of N, P, K, S and Zn at all the stages of growth and
the maximum number of green leaves was associated with the highest level of fertilizer 150%
RDF (F3). Higher dose of fertilizer 150% RDF (F3) accelerated growth over the lower doses and
maintained more number of green leaves (plant-1) along with higher leaf area and leaf area index.
This variation was mainly due to higher absorption of nutrients and higher photosynthetic
activity and was in conformity with the findings of Panwar and Munda (2006); Ashoka et al.
(2009); Law-Ogbomo and Law-Ogbomo (2009); Zende et al. (2009) and Kumar and Bohra
(2013).

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Chapter 5: Discussion

The dry matter plant-1 increased markedly with the application of 150% RDF (F3) at all
the growth stage except at 15 DAS and was found to be the highest among all the doses. Overall
the effect of fertility levels on dry matter production was in the order of F3> F2> F1> F0 (Table
4.10, 4.11 and 4.12). The initial slow growth was primarily due to lower assimilating surface
leading to lower rate of photosynthesis, and consequent less dry matter plant-1, while adequate
and balanced fertilization promoted the plant growth parameters viz. plant height, number of
green leaf, leaf area index and photosynthetic activity and ultimately produced higher dry matter
plant-1 at later stages. (Muthukumar et al., 2005; Kumar and Ahlawat, 2006; Dadarwal et al.,
2009 and Zende et al., 2009).
Chlorophyll content (SPAD value) recorded at 30, 45 and 60 DAS increased consistently
with the advancement of crop growth. The chlorophyll content increased significantly with each
successive increment in fertility level from 0 to 150% RDF (Table 4.13) and the maximum
(SPAD value) was recorded at the application of 150% RDF (F3) followed by 100% RDF (F2),
50% RDF and no fertilizer. The higher leaf chlorophyll level is associated with the more efficient
N removal and better photosynthetic leaf function, especially during late growth stage which
may leads to a longer ‘‘stay-green’’ period and corresponding higher yield (Byju and Anand,
2009).

5.2. 2 Effect of planting methods and varieties on growth characters of baby corn

The growth parameters viz., plant height, number of green leaves, leaf area, LAI, dry
matter production and chlorophyll content (SPAD values) were all marked by improved at
almost all the stages of growth due to planting methods. Raised bed system increased these
attributes better than flat bed during both the years of investigation (Table 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9,
4.10 and 4.13).

The significant effect of planting methods on barren plant /m2 was recorded (Table 4.1).
A close examination of the data clearly indicated that there was a reduction in the number of
barren plant /m2 by 2.88% and 3.35% in raised bed method over flat bed method during 2010
and 2011, respectively. It is possible that raised bed method might have enhanced the magnitude
of nutrients in maize grown for baby corn.

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Chapter 5: Discussion

Raised bed produced significantly higher plant height than flat bed at different plant
growth stages (Table 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6). The advantages of beds include improved soil structure
due to less compaction through control trafficking, reduced waterlogging and better surface
drainage. In addition to this improved fertilizer placement and consequent higher availability of
nutrients to plant particularly nitrogen increase photosynthetic activity and protein synthesis.
This causes rapid cell division and cell enlargement which leads to greats plant height (Mahajan
et al., 2007 and Mehta et al., 2011).

The number of green leaves per plant at late growth stage (Table 4.7) was affected
significantly by planting methods during both the years. The maximum number of green leaves
was found with raised bed method might be due to more efficient distribution of available
nitrogen in plant that occurs with bed planting (Fahong et al., 2004). Exposure of more surface
area to the incident solar radiation in raised bed increase the soil temperature which bring about
major modifications in the canopy microclimate. These canopy microclimate modifications lead
to changes in stem characteristics like strong stem, resistance to pests and more efficient
photosenthates and higher observation of nutrients (Fahong et al., 2004; Dahmardeh, 2011 and
Zhang et al., 2012).

Favorable improvement in leaf area (cm2) and leaf area index of baby corn were recorded
with raised bed system and the maximum leaf area (cm2) and leaf area index were recorded at
harvest. Raised bed planting is associated with improved soil structure due to reduced
compaction by controlled traffic, more aerated rhizosphere, better surface drainage, better
placement of fertilizer, reduction in the loss of nitrogen, more efficient N uptake and better leaf
function, especially during the growth period which leads to an increase in cell elongation and
divisions. Higher leaf area (cm2) and LAI were the resultant effect of all there advantages.
Similar finding were also reported by Fahong et al. (2004); Choudhury et al. (2007) and Mehta
et al. (2011).

Planting methods caused marked improvement in dry matter production (Table 4.10) and
raised bed system registered the maximum dry matter of plant. This was due to more vigorous
growth consisting of higher number of leaves, leaf area index and nutrient uptake (Sukanya et
al., 1999; Kasikranan et al., 2001 and Mehta et al., 2011).

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Chapter 5: Discussion

Higher leaf chlorophyll levels for bed planting at late growth stage was associated with
more efficient N uptake with better photosynthetic leaf function. Fahong et al. (2004) reported
that the chlorophyll levels, as measured by the SPAD meter, were consistently higher for bed
planted wheat especially during the later stages of the grain-fill period.

A good variety must have stable performance and broad adaptation in addition to high
potential. In present experiment both Pro Agro 4212 and Sweet Corn Sugar-75 were tested for
evaluating their suitability for baby corn.

A close examination of the data clearly indicated significant decline in barren plant m-2
with Pro-Agro 4212 during both the years (Table 4.1). As compared to Pro-Agro 4212, Sweet
Corn Sugar-75 recorded 12.42% and 12.76% higher barren plants during 2010 and 2011,
respectively.

The growth of Pro Agro 4212 in terms of plant height and number of green leaf /plant at
all the growth stages (Table 4.4, 4.5, 4.6 and 4.7) were superior over Sugar-75. Higher plant
height and more number of green leaf /plant indicate genotypic variation between the varieties.
This type of genetic variation among varieties was also reported by Khan et al. (2002) and
Ramachandrudu et al. (2010).

Perusal of the data indicated existence of significant differences in leaf area and leaf area
index due to varieties (Table 4.8 and 4.9). As compared to Sweet Corn sugar-75, Pro-Agro 4212
significantly enhanced leaf area and LAI of baby corn. Increased plant growth due to inherent
genetic potential and higher source- sink relationship, ensures greats leaf area and LAI (Sukanya
et al., 1999). Similar results were also reported by Kasikranan et al. (2001) and Khan et al.
(2002).

Similarly Pro-Agro 4212 registered higher dry matter production than Sweet Corn Sugar-
75. Higher plant height, more number of green leaves per plant and leaf area index led to more
dry matter production. Sukanya et al. (1999); Kasikranan et al. (2001) and Gordon and
Pierzynski (2006) also reported significant variation in dry matter production of maize due to
different varieties.

Chlorophyll content in Pro-Agro 4212 was found to be higher chlorophyll content varies
from variety to variety (Table 4.13) and is highly correlated to N content (Byju and Anand,

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Chapter 5: Discussion

2009). With higher N- content and inbuilt varietal potential, Pro-Agro 4212 recorded higher
chlorophyll content.

5.2. 3 Effect of fertility levels on yield and yield attributes of baby corn

Yield attributes of baby corn viz. length of baby corn, weight of baby corn (with and
without husk), girth of baby corn, number of baby corn plant-1 and baby corn (without husk):
baby corn (with husk) ratio were markedly affected by the fertility levels (Table 4.14).
Increase in fertility level correspondingly increased the baby corn length and girth
(without husk) up to 150% RDF (F3) which was significantly superior to all other treatments.
High fertility levels caused more number of green leaves and leaf area plant-1 leading to greater
photosynthate accumulation which might have enhanced length and girth of baby corn. Similar,
results were also noted in baby corn by Sahoo and Panda (1997); Bindhani et al. (2008) and
Golada et al. (2013).
Enhanced levels of fertilizer had favorable effect on number of baby corn plant-1. The highest
number of baby corn plant-1 was recorded under the highest level of fertilizer (150% RDF) which
surpassed all the lower levels of fertilizer. Higher number of baby corn plant-1 is consistently
associated with the plant growth parameters viz., plant height, number of leaf plant-1, leaf area
index and dry matter production (Saha and Mondal, 2006). The results were in conformity with
the findings of Zende et al. (2009); Singh, et al. (2010); Aravinth et al. (2011) and Lone et al.
(2013).
An increase in baby corn weight for every unit increase in the level of fertilizers applied upto
150% RDF was observed. The maximum baby corn (with and without husk) weight was
recorded with 150% RDF (F3) and it remained significantly higher than all other levels. This
improvement in yield attributes was the result of higher nutrient uptake, enhanced source sink
ratio and improved vegetative growth in terms of leaf area index and dry matter production.
Higher fertility levels insured enhanced supply of photosynthates for formation of baby corns, its
length, girth and weight (with and without husk) in the present study. These findings were in
close agreement with those reported by Sahoo and Mahapatra (2007); Panwar (2008); Singh, et
al. (2010) and Sobhana et al. (2012).
Increase in fertility levels correspondingly increased the number of cobs ha-1 at individual
harvests. The maximum number of cobs ha-1 was noted with 150% RDF (F3) at all the pluckings

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Chapter 5: Discussion

which were found to be significantly superior to all other treatments. The highest number of cobs
was harvested at 3rd plucking. Higher growth parameters under (F3) led to higher number of cobs
ha-1 and at 3rd picking both varieties produced the highest number of cobs ha-1.
It was evident from the data (Table 4.18 and 4.19) that higher fertility levels registered
improvement in baby corn (with and without husk) yield. Application of 150% RDF (F3)
registered maximum yield among all the fertilizer levels. Higher leaf area intercepted more
radiation which resulted in more dry matter production. Higher cob weight and yield of crop
were the resultant effect of more efficient dry matter partitioning with crop (Ramachandrappa et
al., 2004; Sahoo and Mahapatra, 2005, 2007 and Dadarwal et al., 2009).
The highest stover yield was obtained with the application of 150% RDF (F3) and it was
superior to other treatments except 100% RDF (F2) in 2010. Higher growth parameters under this
treatment led to higher stover yield. Sahoo and Mahapatra (2005); Saha and Mondal (2006) and
Singh, et al. (2010) also obtained higher stover yield at higher fertility level.

5.2.3. 1 Functional relationship in baby corn

Functional relationship between fertility levels and baby corn yield was found to be
quadratic in nature (Figure 5.1). The computed R2 values of 0.9871 during 2010 and 2011
respectively which indicated that the total variation in the mean yield could be explained by
the quadratic regression equation estimated.

5.2. 4 Effect of planting methods and varieties on yield and yield attributes of baby corn

The planting methods influenced significantly baby corn length and girth. The raised bed
method recorded significantly higher baby corn (without husk) length and girth over flat bed
method (Table 4.14). This might be due to the improvement in growth parameters which resulted
in significant increase in yield attributes of baby corn. Similar findings were also reported by Kar
et al. (2006); Shakarami and Rafiee (2009) and Mehta et al. (2011).

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Chapter 5: Discussion

Figure 5.1: Baby corn yield as a function of applied fertilizer (kg/ha)

Baby corn yield (Without husk) (kg/ha) pooled data

2500

pooled data
Baby corn yield (without husk) (kg/ha)

2000 y = -0.0017x2 + 2.7308x + 929.6

R² = 0.9871

1500

1000

500

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Fertility levels

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Chapter 5: Discussion

A close examination of the data reported that planting method brought about significant
variation in number of baby corn plant-1 (Table 4.14). The maximum number of baby corn plant-1
and weight of baby corn (with and without husk) were recorded with raised bed method. Raised
bed improved the nutrients availability and soil structure for better plant growth, higher
photosynthetic rate and accumulation of more assimilates with a corresponding effect on yields
and yield attribute. Hossain et al. (2006); Mahajan et al. (2007); Singh et al. (2010) and Mehta et
al. (2011) observed similar effect of planting methods on the yield and yield attributes of crops.

Higher number of cobs ha-1 was harvested with raised bed methods at all the individual
plucking and the highest was noticed at 3rd plucking (Table 4.15 and 4.16). The increase in
number of cobs ha-1 on raised bed were 15.32%, 9.16%, 8.52%, 11.47% and 12.24% at 1st, 2nd,
3rd, 4th and 5th plucking over flat bed respectively. Similar trend was found in case of varieties
also where Pro-Agro 4212 registered higher productivity. This indicates that the varieties
reached there peak at 3rd harvest in producing cobs after which the production showed a
declining trend.

Yielding ability is one of the most important parameters in a crop which depends upon
the development of other plant characters, viz leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, dry
matter accumulation and plant growth. It was evident from the data (Table 4.18) that baby corn
yields (with and without husk) were correspondingly improved by the raised bed method and the
maximum baby corn yield (with and without husk) was observed with raised bed method.

This causes greater depth of surface soil, less surface crusting and rapid reaeration of the
root-zone following irrigation or rainfall. In this way raised bed provides better access of root to
nutrients and water because of more favourable root-zone condition. This ultimately provides
improved seed bed conditions and allows better crop emergence followed by enhanced growth
and yield (Choudhury et al., 2007). These findings are in close agreement with those reported by
Fahong et al. (2004); Mahajan et al. (2007) and Mehta et al. (2011).

It was apparent from the data (Table 4.18) that baby corn stover yield increased
significantly due to different planting methods. Raised bed method significantly increased baby
corn stover yield by 7.43% and 7.12% over flat bed method in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Plant
production is closely associated with the supply of nutrients, such as N and P and raised bed
improves the availability of nutrients to the plant by improving the soil structure (Limon-Ortega

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Chapter 5: Discussion

et al., 2006), temperature (Jin et al., 2007), moisture, organic matter, microbial activities and
enzymatic activities (Zhang et al., 2012), which in turn improve the plant growth and yield.

This has been observed in other studies (Limon-Ortega et al., 2002; Govaerts et al., 2007)
and is consistent with the findings that maize leaf and stem stover in raised bed planting were
higher than those in flat planting (Zhang et al., 2012).

A critical analysis of the data showed improvement in baby corn (without husk) length
and girth with Pro-Agro 4212 over Sweet Corn Sugar-75 (Table 4.14). The elevated stature of
yield attributes might be due to higher level of stover accrual and efficient translocation of
metabolites to the sink. These findings were in close proximity with that of Prathyusha et al.
(2012) and Castro et al. (2013). Who reported significant different among varieties in respect of
yield attributes of baby corn.

It was apparent from the data (Table 4.14) that different varieties significantly influenced
the number of baby corn plant-1. Pro-Agro 4212 produced maximum number of baby corn plant-1
which was significantly superior to Sweet Corn Sugar-75. Number of baby corn plant-1 as well as
baby corn (with and without husk) weight is the key characters, which decide the yield level. The
increasing number of baby corn plant-1 might be due to its inherent genetic potential and good
source-sink relationship which improved the plant growth characters like plant height, leaf area
and dry matter production and finally increased the number of baby corn plant-1 (Chauhan and
Mohan, 2010). These results were in line with the findings of Ramachandrudu et al. (2010) and
Sobhana et al. (2012).

It was evident from the data that varieties differed significantly in baby corn (with and
without husk) weight (Table 4.14) and Pro-Agro 4212 recorded significantly higher baby corn
(with and without husk) weight. Genetic make up of the varieties might have played its role in
making differences in the partitioning of photosynthates between them and ultimately reflecting
on yield and yield attributes. These findings were in conformity with the results of
Ramachandrudu et al. (2010) and Sobhana et al. (2012).

Glances of the data on baby corn (with and without husk) yields as influenced by
varieties are presented in Table 4.18 and 4.19. Varieties brought about significant variation in
baby corn (with and without husk) yield and the critical examination of data showed that Pro-
Agro 4212 increased baby corn (with and without husk) yield over Sweet Corn Sugar-75. Higher

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Chapter 5: Discussion

growth characteristics like plant height, number of green leaves plant-1, dry matter production,
LAI and yield attributes like number of baby corns plant-1, weight of baby corn (with and
without husk), baby corn length and baby corn girth were found in Pro-Agro 4212 and this led to
higher yield. The findings of the present investigation were in close conformity with the
observations of Sukanya et al. (1999); Limon-Ortega et al. (2008); Ramachandrudu et al. (2010);
Sahoo (2011); kheibari et al. (2012) and Castro et al. (2013).

It was clearly evident from the data (Table 4.18) that varieties brought about significant
variation in baby corn stover yield and maximum stover yield was recorded with Pro-Agro 4212.
This may be attributed to the significantly superior growth components viz., plant height, leaf
area, number of leaves per plant and dry matter production at harvest observed in Pro-Agro
4212. The conformity of result of present investigation was also reported by Sukanya et al.
(1999); Chauhan and Mohan (2010); Ramachandrudu et al. (2010); Sahoo (2011); kheibari et al.
(2012) and Sharma et al. (2012).

5.2. 5 Effect of fertility levels on quality of baby corn

Perusal of the data found significant enhancement in quality attributes viz. carbohydrate,
sugar, starch and protein content in baby corn influenced by fertility levels (Table 4.20). The
quality attributes increased significantly with an increase in fertility levels up to 150% RDF (F3).
The response of quality attributes in baby corn to different fertility levels was in the order of F3 >
F2 > F1 > F0. Nitrogen often plays a great role in the synthesis of protein by enhancement the
amino acid formation (Mengel et al., 2001), while phosphorus is the constituents of enzyme
nitrogenase, which converts NO-3 into protein (Gill et al., 2009), It was therefor quite obvious
that higher availability of N and P would result in enhanced carbohydrate in plant which on
conversation would produce more protein in the presence of nitrogenase enzymes. Potassium on
the other hand promotes photosynthetic activity, flow of assimilates, translocation and storage of
assimilates in plant system (Cakmak et al., 1994). Consequently, NPK due to their involvement
in physico-chemical reactions in plant enhanced the values of carbohydrate, sugar, starch and
protein contents in plant parts. The conformity of this result was also recorded by Rasheed et al.
(2004); Zende et al. (2009) and Durga et al. (2012) in their studies who reported that these
quality attributes were improved by NPK fertilization.

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Chapter 5: Discussion

Sulphur is an essential constituent of cysteine, methionine, several co-enzymes and all

proteins which contain cysteine or methionine (Zhao et al., 1999), which enhances the N uptake.
S increased the N content of plant by increasing its uptake (Bharathi and Poongothai, 2008).
Zinc plays an important role in the regulation of the stomatal aperture size, which maintains a
high K content in guard cells (Sharma, et al., 1995). Zinc also affects IAA, enzymes, enhances
synthesis of proteins and nucleic acid and facilitates utilization of N, P and K present in the soil
thereby leading to greater absorption and translocation of nutrients to different plant parts which
ultimately results in higher concentration of N, P, K, S and Zn (Stoyanova and Doncheva, 2002).

5.2. 6 Effect of planting methods and varieties on quality parameters

Data pertaining to quality attributes viz. protein (baby corn and stover) carbohydrate,
sugar and starch content in baby corn were markedly improved by planting methods. As
compared to flat bed, raised bed method recorded the highest protein content in baby corn.

In respect of carbohydrate, sugar and starch, raised bed although registered an increase in
their content it could not touch the level of significance.

Raised bed facilitated incorporation and availability of band placed nutrients, both in
basal and post-emergence applications, because of better soil structure,aeration, drainage,
temperature etc. (Fahong et al., 2004; Govaerts et al., 2005 and Limon-Ortega, 2011). These
results corroborated the findings of Fahong et al. (2004) and Sayre et al. (2005), who reported an
increase in protein content in raised bed than flat bed, while Singh et al. (2009) and Jeet et al.
(2012) reported increase of quality parameters with an increase in the availability of nutrients for
baby corn.

It was apparent from the data (Table 4.20) that varieties differed significantly in protein
content in baby corn. Perusal of the data revealed that Pro-Agro 4212 had higher protein content
than Sweet Corn Sugr-75. Pro-Agro 4212 proved itself to be highly efficient in translocation of
N, taken up by the plant into the cob and stover. Fahong et al. (2004); Gordon and Pierzynski
(2006); Limon-Ortega et al. (2008) and Chauhan and Mohan (2010) also reported different
protein content with different varieties. However quality attributes viz. carbohydrate, sugar and
starch contents were found to be higher in Sweet corn Sugar-75 than Pro-Agro 4212. This
variation in the quality parameters between the varieties was due to genetic behavior of the

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Chapter 5: Discussion

varieties tested. Tracy and Hallauer (1994); Wong et al. (1994); Azanza et al. (1996) and Suarni
and Frirmansyah (2008) reported that the sugar content is the most clearly recognizable
component of sweet corn quality, and recorded variation of sugar, starch and carbohydrate
content with varieties.

5.2. 7 Effect of fertility levels in nutrient content and their removal

There was a linear relationship between nutrients removal and fertility levels over no
fertilizer. Data clearly revealed that application of 150% RDF (F3) registered the maximum N, P,
K, S and Zn content and removals in baby corn which remained significantly superior to other
doses (Table 4.23, 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.27. 4.28 and 4.29). The response of N, P, K, S and Zn
content and removals to different fertility levels was in the order of F3> F2> F1> F0. This was
mainly due to higher availability as well as better absorption of these nutrients from soil and
increased crop stover production (Singh, et al., 2010). It was also true to the findings of Ashoka
et al. (2009) and Das et al. (2011) who reported that the nutrient content and their removal were
improved by the increase in levels of fertilizer.
The content of all the nutrients was more in baby corn than in stover yield except K and Zn,
which were higher in stover than baby corn. This might be because of the fact that only a limited
amount of K and Zn was translocated to baby corn due to their smaller sink size and much has
remained accumulated in stover (Kumar and Bohra, 2013).
The fertility level 150% RDF (F3) produced more healthy and vigorous plants as it was
witnessed in the form of height, active leaf and higher leaf area index and dry matter production.
Such healthy and vigorous plants were accompanied with higher concentration of N, P, K, S and
Zn and their greater removal. Saha and Mondal (2006); Singh et al. (2009) and Sobhana et al.
(2012) also reported greats growth and development of maize by higher fertility level.

5.2. 8 Effect of planting methods and varieties on nutrients content and removal by
baby corn

An examination of the data further revealed that the nutrient (N, P, K, S and Zn) content and
their removal by baby corn (Table 4.23, 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.27. 4.28 and 4.29) were markedly
different in planting methods. Raised bed resulted in higher nutrient content in baby corn N by
37.4 and 35.64%, P by 41.18 and 40.74%, K by 31.75 and 28.35%, S by 42.86 and 43.48% and
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Chapter 5: Discussion

Zn by 27.41 and 25.74% and in stover yield N by 30.56 and 31.33%, P by 40 and 37.5%, K by
31.43 and 22.83%, S by 33.3 and 33.33% and Zn by 42.75 and 42.99% over flat bed during 2010
and 2011 respectively, which led to higher nutrient removal by baby corn. The effect of planting
methods in nutrients content and their removal by plant were also recorded in the study of
Govaerts et al. (2006); Govaerts et al. (2007); Khaleque et al. (2008) and Singh et al. (2010).

An analysis of the data revealed marked variation in nutrient content and their removal by
baby corn and its stover due to varieties (Table 4.23, 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.27. 4.28 and 4.29). Pro-
Agro 4212 registered higher nutrient content and removal than Sweet Corn Sugar-75. Genetic
make-up of the varieties makes differences in the partitioning of photosynthates and the varieties
possessing higher partitioning efficiency would obviously take up more nutrients for their more
yield which Pro-Agro 4212 showed. Similar results were recorded by Gordon and Pierzynski
(2006) and Chauhan et al. (2009) who reported variation in P, K content and their uptake in
different varieties, which Khaleque et al. (2008) and Wang et al. (2009) reported the same effect
of verities on N content and its uptake in wheat and Wissuwa et al., (2008) on Zn content and its
uptake in rice.

5.2. 9 Effect of fertility levels on economics of baby corn

The economics in terms of cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost
ratio (Table 4.30, 4.31 and 4.32) revealed that increasing fertility levels considerably enhanced
cost of cultivation, gross and net returns and benefit: cost ratio and the maximum was recorded
with the application of 150% RDF (F3). These enhancements in cost of cultivation were due to
increase in quantity of inputs their application and their total cost. Among fertility levels, 150%
RDF (F3) registered maximum net return which remained significantly superior to other doses.
150% RDF (F3) registered the highest benefit: cost ratio i.e. with the investment of ₹ 1, benefit of
₹ 3.71 was received.

The improved yields of baby corn (without husk) with increasing fertility levels enhanced
the returns and benefit: cost ratio. These results were close proximity with Sahoo and Mahapatra
(2005); Singh, et al. (2010) and Kumar and Bohra (2013). They reported an increase in the
economics of baby corn with increase fertility levels.

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Chapter 5: Discussion

5.2. 10 Effect of planting methods and varieties on economics of baby corn

Perusal of data (Table 4.30) indicated variation in gross return, net return and benefit:
cost ratio due to different planting methods during both the years of experimentation. Raised bed
showed higher gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio than flat bed. Higher baby corn
(without husk) yield was recorded in raised bed than flat bed method. Sayre et al. (2005) and
Limon-Ortega, (2011) reported increase in the yield of wheat-maize cropping system, reducing
the cost of cultivation and increase the net return in permanent raised bed system.

Perusal of data (Table 4.30) indicated that Pro-Agro 4212 resulted in higher gross, net
return and benefit: cost ratio. This indicated that the economics was governed mainly by grain
yield and the baby corn (without husk) yield being higher with Pro-Agro 4212 could register
higher net return and benefit: cost ratio.

5. 3 Residual effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on yield, yield attributes,
nutrient content, nutrient removal and soil health after harvesting of sorghum.

5.3.1 Residual effect of fertility levels on yield and yield attribute of sorghum

It was evident from the data (Table 4.34) that higher fertility levels registered greats
sorghum yield (grain and stover) and yield attributes viz., grain weight per ear, number of grains
per plant and 1000-grain weight. 150% RDF (F3) recorded the highest sorghum yield (grain and
stover) and yield attributes viz., grain weight per ear, number of grains per plant and 1000-grain
weight which were significantly superior to all other treatments. This might be due to the effect
of residue which provided adequate groundcover and contributed effectively to the improvement
of soil chemical, physical and biological properties. Cabangon et al. (2005) and Sayre et al.
(2005) reported increase wheat- maize yields with straw retention probably because of mulching
effect on conservation of soil moisture, less weed growth, and efficient use of fertilizers.
Ghuman and Sur (2001) on the other hand observed in case of maize- wheat system yields were
lower in the minimum tillage with crop residue than conventional tillage without residue. Also
Malhi and Lemke (2007) reported that straw retention increased seed (by 62%), straw (by 43%)
and root mass (by 11%) for barley in 2002, wheat in 2004, and for pea in 2003. Similarly Shafi et
al. (2007) found an increase in maize grain yield by 23.7% and stover yield by 26.7% due to
residue retention and incorporation.

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Chapter 5: Discussion

5.3.1.1 Functional relationship in sorghum

The relationship between fertility and grain yield of sorghum (Figure 5.2) was found to
be linear within the giving range of levels during both the years. The simple linear correlation
coefficients r were 0.9819 and 0.9815 during 2010 and 2011 respectively indicating that 98% of
the variation in the yield can be explained by the linear function of fertility levels. Similarly the
relationship between fertility and stover yield was found to be linear and the simple linear
correlation coefficients r were 0.9851 (pooled data).

5.3.2 Residual effect of planting methods and baby corn varieties on yield and yield
attributes of sorghum

Raised bed recorded significantly higher grain and stover yields during both the years.
Raised beds planting system with residue retention has the potential of storing N and making it
available to the subsequent crop, in contrast to flat bed method that induces a flush of N release
right after tillage (Govaerts et al., 2006). This result was confirmed with the finding of Singh et
al. (2009), Wang et al. (2009) and Singh et al. (2010).

5.3.3 Residual effect of fertility levels on nutrient content and their removal by
sorghum

It was evident from data (Table 4.35, 4.36, 4.37, 4.38 and 4.39) that residual fertility levels
resulted in significant variation in N, P, K, S and Zn contents (%) in grain and straw of sorghum.
The highest value was recorded with residual 150 % of RDF (F3) which was significantly
superior to all other treatments. Similarly residual fertility levels recorded significant variation in
N, P, K, S and Zn removal by grain and straw of sorghum (kg ha-1) and the highest values were
found with residual application of 150% of RDF (F3). The high nutrient content in grain and
straw and its removal with residual application of 150% of RDF (F3) may be associated with the
effect of crop residues in soil properties viz., physical, chemical and biological properties (Sayre
et al., 2001). Anyanzwa et al. (2010) noticed that the crop residues had an additive effect on crop
production, soil organic carbon and soil total nitrogen. Similar effect of crop residue in nutrients
content and uptake has been reported by Singh and Sharma (2000); Ghuman and Sur (2001);
Mubarak et al. (2002) and Malhi and Lemke (2007).

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Chapter 5: Discussion

Figure 5.2: Functional relationship between sorghum grain yield (kg/ha) and fertility levels.

Sorghum grain yield (kg/ ha) 2010 Sorghum grain yield (kg/ ha) 2011
1400
y = 0.67x + 944.8 2011
r = 0.9815
1200 2010

1000
Sorghum grain yield (kg/ha)

800 y = 0.7884x + 749.8

r = 0.9819

600

400

200

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Fertility levels

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Chapter 5: Discussion

Figure 5.3: Functional relationship between sorghum stover yield (kg/ha) and fertility levels.

Sorghum stover yield (kg/ ha)

22000

y = 0.0828x + 151.11
20000
r = 0.9851
Sorghum stover yield (kg/ha)

18000

16000

14000

12000

10000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Fertility levels

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Chapter 5: Discussion

5.3.4 Residual effect of planting methods and baby corn varieties on nutrient content
and removal by sorghum

The N, P, K, S and Zn content in sorghum grain and straw as well as their removal was
highest with raised bed and Pro-Agro 4212 but it could not reach the level of significance. Long-
term use of permanent bed with residues retained from wheat and maize in rotation improves soil
aggregation and stability and increases C and N from the soil microbial biomass and nutrient
uptake over time (Fahong et al., 2004; Meisner et al., 2005; Limon-Ortega et al., 2006 and Singh
et al., 2010).

5.3.5 Residual effect of fertility levels on soil health after sorghum

Crop residue is very important for maintaining the tilth, fertility, productivity, controlling
wind and water erosion and preventing nutrients losses by run-off and leaching. The variation in
residual nutrient content of the soil is well known due to differential absorption of nutrients by
the plants. The nutrient profiles depend on balance between influx and replenishment of ions and
degree of the soil nutrient depletion, which is related to rate and amount of nutrients released
from soil solid phase to soil solution (Anyanzwa et al., 2010). Plants can mobilize large
quantities of nutrients from soil solution apart from applied nutrient. Data (Table 4.40) on
physico-chemical properties of soil viz. pH and available N, P, K, S and Zn in soil after
harvesting of sorghum recorded significant difference due to application of various fertility
levels. Application of 150% RDF (F3) recorded the highest available N, P, K, S and Zn in soil
and it remained superior to all other treatments. The increase in available nutrient in soil is
generally attributed to the fact that crop residue incorporation increases the availability of
nutrient in soil through decomposition of the residues which release nutrients to the soil with
positive effect on soil physical, chemical and biological properties (Du Preez et al., 2001; Shafi
et al., 2007 and Anyanzwa et al., 2010).

5.3.6 Residual effect of planting methods and baby corn varieties on soil health after
sorghum

Soil pH, OC and available P, K, S and Zn in soil failed to reach the level of significance in
respect to planting method and varieties during both the years. However available nitrogen

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Chapter 5: Discussion

recorded significant deference with raised bed method over flat bed, but it failed to reach the
level of significance in respect of varieties. The implementation of permanent bed system with
crop residues can be considered as an alternative practice that improves soil quality and yields
over time. Long-term trials recorded significant effect of crop residue in permanent raised bed in
soil health (Fahong et al., 2004; Sayre and Hobbs, 2004; Meisner et al., 2005; Limon-Ortega et
al., 2006; Govaerts et al., 2007 and Malhi and Lemke, 2007).

5. 4 Residual effect of fertility levels, planting methods and varieties on sequence economics

5.4.1 Residual effect of fertility levels on sequence economics

Perusal of the data found significant enhancement in sequence economics viz. cost of
cultivation, gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio of baby corn and sorghum influenced
by fertility levels (Table 4.41 and 4.42). the data revealed that an increase in sequence economics
with each increment in fertility levels and the application of 150% RDF (F3) registered the
highest cost of cultivation, gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio. The increase in cost
of cultivation was due to increase in quantity of inputs their application and their total cost.
Application of 150% RDF (F3) registered the maximum gross and net returns and remained
significantly superior to other treatments. Overall 150% RDF (F3) recorded an increase in gross
and net return by 43.75 and 52.98% over control respectively. Also 150% RDF (F3) recorded the
highest benefit: cost ratio but it was at par with 100% RDF (F2) and 50% RDF (F1) in 2011 and
with 100% RDF (F2) in 2010. These enhancements in sequence economics were due to improve
the baby corn and sorghum yields with increasing fertility levels. These results were in
conformity with Jain and Dhama (2005) and Limon-Ortega et al. (2006). They reported an
increase in the sequence economics with increase fertility levels and residue application.

5.4.2 Residual effect of planting methods and baby corn varieties on sequence
economics

An analysis of the data revealed marked variation in sequence economics vis. cost of
cultivation, gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio of baby corn and sorghum due to
different planting methods. Raised bed registered higher gross return by 7.5%, net return by
10.93 and benefit cost ratio by 7.00% than flat bed. The increase in raised bed cost of cultivation

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Chapter 5: Discussion

was due to maintenance of beds after first crop wherever needed. Raised bed recorded higher
baby corn and sorghum yields and this enhanced the returns and benefit: cost ratio. Meisner et al.
(2005); Sayre et al. (2005) and Limon-Ortega (2011) reported an increase in yields of rice –
wheat and wheat - maize cropping system, resulted in increase in net return in permanent raised
bed system.

Similarly marked effect of varieties was also observed on sequence economics of both
crops. Pro-Agro 4212 recorded higher gross return, net return and benefit: cost ratio by 13.35,
26.87 and 26.87% respectively, while Sugar-75 recorded the highest cost of cultivation by
15.93% over Pro-Agro 4212. The increase in cost of cultivation was due to higher cost of Sweet
Corn Sugar-75 seed than Pro-Agro 4212 and the increase in returns and benefit: cost ratio was
due to the higher yield of baby corn and sorghum recorded with Pro-Agro 4212 than Sugar-75.

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Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion

Chapter 6

Summary and Conclusion

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal in the world after wheat and rice with India
being 4th in area and 7th in the production of this crop. The area, production and productivity of
maize in India are 8.6 mha, 20.5 mt and 2.4 t/ha, in 2010-11, respectively. Baby corn is
unfertilized maize ear which is harvested within two to three days of silk emergence. The plant
enters into the reproductive phase within 45–55 days of sowing and ends its life-cycle by 65–75
days. Being a short duration crop, it can be grown and harvested 3 to 4 times in a year. It is a
delicious and nutritive vegetable and consumed as a natural food. Maize is an exhaustive crop
and requires heavy application of nitrogen along with phosphorous and potassium. The
importance of nutrient (N, P and K) in maize becomes more relevant when it is grown as baby
corn in which demand becomes extreme because of high plant density and very short duration.
Tillage based planting methods have exhibited a positive effect on maize yield and shown
great promise in increasing productivity (Zhang et al., 2012). The raised bed technique- an
important component of conservation tillage increases nitrogen use efficiency by 10% or more
by improving nitrogen placement possibilities, soil physical status and water use efficiency on
the one hand and by reducing soil crust and crop lodging on the other. The cumulative effects of
all these factors lead to improved function of NPK involved in many physico-chemical reactions
which enhance carbohydrate, sugars, starch, protein and ultimately yield (Fahong et al., 2004) of
the crop.
Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is the 5th most important cereal crop worldwide
after wheat, maize, rice and barley and a good source of feed, fiber and biofuel. India is the third
largest producer of sorghum in the world. The stover is an important feed in India for domestic
cattle particularly in the dry seasons when other feeds are in short supply.

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Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion

Crop residue management is a key consideration for optimizing fertility in conservation

agriculture systems. Incorporation of crop residues improves tilth and fertility of soil, reduces
wind and water erosion and prevents nutrient losses by run-off and leaching (Shafi et al., 2007).
Keeping this in view the following experiment entitled “Effect of fertility levels and
planting methods on yield and nutritional quality of baby corn (Zea mays L) and its residual
effect on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]” was conducted with the objectives given
below:

6.1. Objectives:

(1) To study the effects of N, P, K, S and Zn fertility levels on yield and quality of
baby corn.
(2) To study the removal of N, P, K, S and Zn by baby corn.
(3) To study the response of baby corn variety to planting methods.
(4) To study the residual effect of baby corn on the succeeding sorghum.

6.2. Experimental details

The trial was carried out during pre kharif and kharif seasons of 2009-10 and 2010-11 at
the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (India). The geographical
location of the site was 25°21'21.6''N latitude and 82°52'37.7''E longitude and at an altitude of 76
meters from mean sea level in the northern gangetic alluvial plains. During baby corn growing
period temperature ranged from 27-41.5°C, while succeeding sorghum underwent comparatively
cooler temperature ranging from 9.1-33.1°C. The experimental site was fairly uniform in
topography and well drained in nature.
The soil was sandy clay loam in texture having pH (7.31), electrical conductivity
(0.31dS/m at 25 °C) and moderate fertility with 0.43% organic carbon, 202.8 kg/ha available N,
18.95 kg/ha available P, 207.1 kg/ha available K, 18.58 kg/ha available S and 0.52 ppm of
available of Zn. The experiment consisting of 4 fertility levels control (F0), 50% RDF (F1), 100%
RDF (F2) and 150% RDF (F3) and 2 methods of planting (flat bed and raised bed) along with 2
varieties (Pro-Agro 4212 and Sweet Corn Sugar-75) making 16 treatment combinations was laid
out in a split plot design with 4 replications by keeping fertility levels in the main plot and

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Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion

planting methods and varieties in the sub plots. The recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) was
150, 90, 90, 40 and 10 kg N, P2O5, K2O, S and Zn /ha. Nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) were
applied as per treatment through Urea, DAP, MOP, elemental sulphur and zinc oxide
respectively. Half of the recommended dose of nitrogen and full doses of P, K and Zn were
applied as basal and rest half of nitrogen was top dressed through urea at knee high stage. The
full dose of sulphur was incorporated into the soil uniformly in accordance with the treatments
through elemental sulphur about 25 days prior to the sowing of crop. Intercultural operations
were carried out as per requirement of crop. Baby corn (unfertilized maize ear) was harvested at
2–3 days of silk emergence stage and marketed as fresh corn (without husk). After harvesting of
the baby corn the whole plant stover cut at ground level was spread over respective plots in small
pieces.
Sorghum was planted in the same lay out without any addition of fertilizer to study the
residual effect of the first crop.

6.3. Results

6.3. 1 Growth attributes:

During both the years of study, application of 150% RDF (F3) had significant effect on
plant height, number of green leaves plant-1, leaf area, leaf area index and dry matter production
and recorded the highest growth attributes at all the growth stages during both the years.
Raised bed method recorded an improvement in plant height, leaf area, leaf area index
and dry matter production over flat bed. Also Pro-Agro 4212 registered significant increase in
plant height, leaf area leaf area index and dry matter production at all growth stages over Sweet
Corn Sugar-75.
The combination between fertility levels and planting methods interacted significantly in
enhancing plant height and dry matter production. Raised bed planting at 150% RDF (F3) level
of fertility produced significantly higher dry matter production. The interaction between Pro-
Agro 4212 and 150% RDF (F3) also recorded the highest plant height and dry matter production
at 60 DAS and harvest among all the combinations.

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Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion

6.3. 2 Baby corn yield

Fertility levels exhibited marked improvement in the yield and yield attributes of baby
corn i.e. baby corn (with and without husk) and stover yields, baby corn (length and girth), baby
corn (with and without husk) weight, number of cobs plant-1 and baby corn (with husk): baby
corn (without husk) ratio, with 150% RDF (F3) registering the highest yield and yield attributes
during both the years of study. Overall 150% RDF (F3) recorded 53.38 and 53.94% increase in
yield (without husk) over control during 2010 and 2011, respectively. The yield in respect to the
fertility level was in the order of F3> F2> F1> F0. The same trend of increase in yield and yield

attributes was also observed with raised bed over flat bed planting.
Varieties had a significant effect on yield and yield attributes. Pro-Agro 4212 produced
higher baby corn (without husk), baby corn (with husk) and stover yields, its length and girth,
weight (with and without husk) and number of cobs plant-1 than Sweet Corn Sugar-75. Pro-Agro
4212 also was found to interact significantly with 150% RDF (F3) and increased yields over
other combinations.

6.3. 3 Nutrient removal

The nutrient removal of N, P, K, S and Zn by baby corn varied significantly with respect
to different fertility levels. 150% RDF (F3) recorded the highest nutrient removal which was
statistically superior to other treatments.
Raised bed planting and Pro-Agro 4212 also registered significantly higher total nutrient
removal than flat bed and Sweet Corn Sugar-75, respectively.

6.3. 4 Quality parameters

Application of 150% RDF (F3) resulted in significant increase in protein, carbohydrate,

sugar and starch contents over all other fertility levels.
Protein content increased markedly with raised bed method over flat bed method.
Similarly Pro-Agro 4212 also recorded higher protein content than Sweet Corn Sugar-75. While
Sweet Corn Sugar-75 registered higher carbohydrate, sugar and starch content than Pro-Agro
4212.

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Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion

6.3. 5 Economics of baby corn

Net return and benefit cost ratio were calculated to find out the profitability of treatments.
150% RDF (F3) fertility level recorded significantly higher net return (Rs 141475.30) and
benefit: cost ratio (3.71) from pooled data than other treatments, but net return was at par with
100% RDF (F2) and benefit cost ratio was at par with other treatments except control. Between
planting methods and varieties, raised bed method and Pro-Agro 4212 recorded significantly
higher net return (Rs 109586.97 and Rs 125955.89) and benefit: cost ratio than other treatments.

6.3. 6 Soil status after harvesting of baby corn

After harvesting of baby corn plots treated with different fertility levels showed
significant variation in residual nutrient status of soil. Available Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Potassium (kg/ha), Sulphur (%) and Zinc (ppm) in soil were influenced by different fertility
levels, planting methods and varieties. Amongst the fertility levels, 150% RDF (F3) had
maximum available nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) in soil while raised bed and Pro-Agro 4212
recorded significantly higher N, P, K, S and Zn content in soil after harvesting of baby corn than
flat bed and Sugar-75.

6.3. 7 Sorghum yield

Residual fertility levels caused significant variation in sorghum (grain and stover) yields
and yield attributes i.e. number of grains per plant, 1000 grain weight (g) and grain weight per
ear (g). The highest (grain and stover) yields (12.45 and 200.65 q/ha) and yields attributes were
recorded from the plots treated with 150% of RDF (F3) and it remained significantly superior to
all other treatments. Raised bed system improved sorghum (grain and stover) yields and recorded
significantly higher yields (10.96 and 181.03 q/ha) than flat bed during 2010 and 2011. However,
plots of previous crop varieties could not bring out significant difference in respect to yield and
yield attributes of sorghum.

6.3. 8 Soil status after harvesting of sorghum

Residual fertility levels brought about significant variation in pH and available N, P, K, S

and Zn in soil. The greatest values were recorded with 150 % of RDF (F3) which remained
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Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion

significantly superior to all other treatments, except with 100% RDF (F2) and 50% RDF (F1) in
case of soil pH.
Planting methods resulted in significant variation only in available nitrogen in soil.
Raised bed planting system recorded significantly higher N kg/ ha in soil after harvesting of
sorghum than flat bed method.

6.3. 9 Nutrient content and removal

The nutrient content and removal of N, P, K, S and Zn by sorghum varied significantly

with respect to different fertility levels. 150% RDF (F3) recorded the highest nutrient removal
which was statistically superior to other treatments.

6.3. 10 Sequence economics (both crops)

Application of 150% of RDF (F3) to baby corn recorded increase in total gross and net
return of both the crops over all other treatments. It also caused increase in benefit: cost ratio of
both crops over control but remained at par with 100% RDF (F2).

6.4. Conclusions

Based on above findings, following conclusion can be drawn;

• 150% RDF (F3) fertility level was most effective to cause an improvement in the growth
parameters, yield attributing characters, yield of baby corn and stover, nutrient contents
(N, P, K, S and Zn) in baby corn and stover as well as quality parameters viz. protein,
carbohydrate, sugar and starch content in baby corn and available nutrients (N, P, K, S and
Zn) in the soil.
• 150% RDF (F3) fertility level was the most effective level for improving the net return of
baby corn.
• Between planting methods, raised bed was effective in influencing growth parameters,
yield attributing characters, baby corn and stover yields, N, P, K, S and Zn contents,
protein content, economics (gross return, net return and B: C ratio) of baby corn and
available nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) in the soil.

201
Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion

• Between varieties, Pro-Agro 4212 recorded correspondingly higher growth attributes,

yield attributes, yield of baby corn and stover, nutrient contents and their removal besides
improving the protein content, gross return, net return and B: C ratio of baby corn, while
Sweet Corn Sugar-75 improved carbohydrate, sugar and starch content.
• 150% RDF (F3) level of fertility conjugated with raised bed and registered the highest
values of plant height, dry matter production, N, P and protein content in baby corn and
stover.
• Application of 150% RDF (F3) level of fertility with Pro-Agro 4212 registered the highest
plant height, dry matter production, baby corn (with and without husk), stover yields,
quality parameters viz. carbohydrate, sugar and starch content, gross and net return of
baby corn.
• The residual effect of 150% RDF (F3) applied to baby corn showed significantly higher
values of yield attributing characters, sorghum grain and stover yields, nutrients content
(N, P, K, S and Zn) and their removal by sorghum and available nutrients (N, P, K, S and
Zn) in the soil.
• The residual effect of 150% RDF (F3) applied to baby corn registered significantly higher
gross and net return but remained at par with 100% RDF in case of benefit: cost ratio.
• Between planting methods, raised bed was effective in improving grain and stover yields
of sorghum and available N in soil.

6.5. Recommendation

• On the bases of net return baby corn is recommended to be fertilized with 150% RDF
viz.,225, 135, 135, 60, 15 kg N, P2O5, K2O, S, Zn ha-1 and its residues to be spread on the
soil for maintenance of soil health and sustainable production of both the crops.

• Pro-Agro 4212 maize variety should be recommended with the application of 150% RDF
(F3) to get maximum yield and net return.
• In baby corn- sorghum sequence baby corn should be fertilized with 225, 135, 135, 60,
15 kg N, P2O5, K2O, S, Zn ha-1 and its residues should be spread on the soil for
sustainable production of both the crops as well as soil health.

202
Chapter 6: Summary and Conclusion

6.6. Future thrust of research

For operational convenience, varieties, crop geometry and plant population should be
further studied. Long term evaluation of experimental results is more important for sustainability
point of view.

203
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xxi
Appendices

APPENDICES
Appendix 1. General cost of cultivation for baby corn during 2010

Operations
S.No. Input Rate (₹) Cost (₹)
Materials
1. Field preparation
a. One discing by 1 Tractor 35
400 hr-1 1200
35 HP Tractor HP for 3 hr
b. Two ploughing 1 Tractor 35
400 hr-1 1600
and planking HP for 4 hr
2. Layout 9 man days 120 man day-1 1080
Sowing with
3. 10 man days 120 man day-1 1200
kudal
Fertilizer
4.
application
a. Basal
5. 7 man days 120 man day-1 840
application
b. Top dressing 3 man days 120 man day-1 360
Manual/hand
6. 20 man days 120 man day-1 2400
weeding
Thinning and Gap
7. 5 man days 120 man day-1 600
filling
8. Earthing up 10 man days 120 man day-1 1200
9. Detasseling 10 man days 120 man day-1 1200
10. Cob picking 39 man days 120 man day-1 4680
11. Dehusking 30 man days 120 man day-1 3600
12. Plant protection
a. To control 6 kg Furadon
105 kg-1 630
shoot borer ha-1
Labour
5 man days 120 man day-1 600
engaged
13. Stover harvesting 20 man days 140 man day-1 2800
Interest on
14. For 3 months 1500 p. a 4500
working capital
15. Land revenue -do- @120 year-1 30
Total 28520
16. Seeds
a. Pro-Agro 4212 16.66 kg 120 kg-1 1999.2
b. Sugar-75 8.33 2000 kg-1 16660
Appendices

Appendix 2. General cost of cultivation for baby corn during 2011

Operations
S.No. Input Rate (₹) Cost (₹)
Materials
1. Field preparation
a. One discing by 1 Tractor 35
400 hr-1 1200
35 HP Tractor HP for 3 hr
b. Two ploughing 1 Tractor 35
400 hr-1 1600
and planking HP for 4 hr
2. Layout 9 man days 120 man day-1 1080
Sowing with
3. 10 man days 120 man day-1 1200
kudal
Fertilizer
4.
application
a. Basal
5. 7 man days 120 man day-1 840
application
b. Top dressing 3 man days 120 man day-1 360
Manual/hand
6. 20 man days 120 man day-1 2400
weeding
Thinning and Gap
7. 5 man days 120 man day-1 600
filling
8. Earthing up 10 man days 120 man day-1 1200
9. Detasseling 10 man days 120 man day-1 1200
10. Cob picking 39 man days 120 man day-1 4680
11. Dehusking 30 man days 120 man day-1 3600
12. Plant protection
a. To control 6 kg Furadon
105 kg-1 630
shoot borer ha-1
Labour
5 man days 120 man day-1 600
engaged
13. Stover harvesting 20 man days 140 man day-1 2800
Interest on
14. For 3 months 1500 p. a 4500
working capital
15. Land revenue -do- @120 year-1 30
Total 28520
16. Seeds
a. Pro-Agro 4212 16.66 kg 120 kg-1 1999.2
b. Sugar-75 8.33 2000 kg-1 16660
 Appendices

Appendix 3. Treatment cost combinations wise (₹ ha-1)

Total
Treatment Common cost Total cost of
Doses (kg ha-1) Cost (₹ ha-1) treatme
combinatio Cost of seeds of cultivation cultivation
nt cost
n (₹ ha-1) (₹ ha-1)
(₹ ha-1)
Elemen
Element Pro-
tal Sugar
Urea DAP MOP al ZnO Urea DAP MOP ZnO Agro 2012 2013 2012 2013
sulphu -75
sulphur 4212
r
F0M1V1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1999.2 0 1999.2 28520 28520 30519.2 30519.2
F0M2V1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1999.2 0 1999.2 28520 28520 30519.2 30519.2
F0M1V2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16660 16660 28520 28520 45180 45180
F0M2V2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16660 16660 28520 28520 45180 45180
F1M1V1 124.73 97.83 75 20 6.41 1247.3 1173.9 750 1600 897.8 1999.2 0 7668.2 28520 28520 36188.2 36188.2
F1M2V1 124.73 97.83 75 20 6.41 1247.3 1173.9 750 1600 897.8 1999.2 0 7668.2 28520 28520 36188.2 36188.2
F1M1V2 124.73 97.83 75 20 6.41 1247.3 1173.9 750 1600 897.8 0 16660 22329 28520 28520 50849 50849
F1M2V2 124.73 97.83 75 20 6.41 1247.3 1173.9 750 1600 897.8 0 16660 22329 28520 28520 50849 50849
F2M1V1 249.54 195.65 150 40 12.83 2495.4 2347.8 1500 3200 1795.5 1999.2 0 13337.9 28520 28520 41857.9 41857.9
F2M2V1 249.54 195.65 150 40 12.83 2495.4 2347.8 1500 3200 1795.5 1999.2 0 13337.9 28520 28520 41857.9 41857.9
F2M1V2 249.54 195.65 150 40 12.83 2495.4 2347.8 1500 3200 1795.5 0 16660 27998.7 28520 28520 56518.7 56518.7
F2M2V2 249.54 195.65 150 40 12.83 2495.4 2347.8 1500 3200 1795.5 0 16660 27998.7 28520 28520 56518.7 56518.7
F3M1V1 374.31 293.48 225 60 19.2 3743.1 3521.8 2250 4800 2688 1999.2 0 19002.1 28520 28520 47522.1 47522.1
F3M2V1 374.31 293.48 225 60 19.2 3743.1 3521.8 2250 4800 2688 1999.2 0 19002.1 28520 28520 47522.1 47522.1
F3M1V2 374.31 293.48 225 60 19.2 3743.1 3521.8 2250 4800 2688 0 16660 33662.9 28520 28520 62182.9 62182.9
F3M2V2 374.31 293.48 225 60 19.2 3743.1 3521.8 2250 4800 2688 0 16660 33662.9 28520 28520 62182.9 62182.9