Adoption of System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

Practice in Balasore district

A

Thesis submitted to the

Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology
In Partial fulfilment of the Requirement
For the degree of
Master of Science in Agriculture
(Extension Education)
By

Jasmine Mohapatra

Adm. No-18122G08

DEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION EDUCATION

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology

Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751003

2020
 ODISHA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION EDUCATION
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA-751003

Dr. Sarbani Das Bhubaneswar

Assistant Professor Date:
Dept. of Extension Education

CERTIFICATE-I

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Adoption of System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Practice in Balasore district” submitted in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of the
degree of Master of Science in Agriculture (Extension Education) to the Odisha University of
Agriculture and technology, Bhubaneswar, is a faithful record of bonafied and original research
work carried out by Jasmine Mohapatra under my guidance and supervision. No part of this thesis
has been submitted for any other degree of diploma.

It is further certified that the assistance and help received by him/her from various sources during
the course of investigation has been duly acknowledged.

Chairman Advisory Committee

 CERTIFICATE-II

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Adoption of System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Practice in Balasore district” submitted by Jasmine Mohapatra to the Odisha University of
Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar in partial fulfilments of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Agriculture (Extension Education) has been approved / disapproved by the
students’ advisory committee and the external examiner.

Advisory Committee

Chairman:
Dr. Sarbani Das, Assistant Professor
Dept. of Extension Education
College of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar

Members:
Dr. B.P. Mohapatra, Prof. & Head
Dept. of Extension Education
College of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar

Dr. R.K. Mishra, Prof. & Head

Dept. of Agricultural Economics
College of Agriculture, Bhubaneswar

External Examiner
(Name and Designation)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The precious gift of learning is a debt that is difficult to repay. Only gratitude can be felt.
Mere words can never suffice to express the sense of gratitude to those whose assistance was
indispensable for the completion of the present study. The piece of work assigned to me has come
into reality with success and the success is nothing but the reflection of mutual efforts.

First of all I solicit the benediction of Government of India for the immense opportunity, kind
gesture, hospitality and protocol permission for conducting the Post Graduate research study in this
august institution Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology.

I owe my indebtedness and virtual veneration towards the Chairman of my advisory committee,
respected Dr. Sarbani Das, Assistant Professor, Department of Extension Education, College of
Agriculture,O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar for her constant inspiration and versed advice, sustained
interest, constant encouragement, co-operative attitude, valuable guidance and constructive
criticism. I am highly indebted to her for critically scrutinizing the manuscript of thesis, without
which submission of thesis would not have been possible. Despite her multi-dimensional
responsibilities, she most affectionately extended kind help, cooperation and encouragement. My
working experience under her will always remain as unforgettable experience of my life.

It is great privilege for me to express my esteem and profound sense of gratitude to Dr.
B.P.Mohapatra, Professor and Head, Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture,
O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar for his wise counsel, constructive and valuable suggestions. He was always
there in all my needs and helped his best whenever I sought his help.

I would also like to thank Dr. R.K. Mishra, Department of Agricultural Economics, College of
Agriculture, O.U.A.T., Bhubaneswar for his co-operation, encouragement and valuable suggestions
during the course of the investigation.

I feel greatly indebted and convey my profound sense of gratitude to my

esteemedteachers,Dr.P.K.Banerjee,Professor,Dr.R.S.Panigrahi,Professor,Dr.B.P. Mishra, Professor,
Department of Extension Education, for their precious help, sincere cooperation, active support
during my experiment for which I must thank all of them sincerely.
I am very much thankful to all my friends for their heartful and unselfish cooperation during my
studies. I would specially like to thank Swati Swaroopa Swain for her affection and moral support
throughout the study which helped me a lot in its completion. I would also like to thank Vineet
Kumar Jena, Amit Kumar Jena, Ananya Mohapatra, Harihar Jena and Sudeep Mishra for their help
and moral support.
I would also like to express my gratitude and affection to my parents Jayanta Kumar Mohapatra and
Sakuntala Mohapatra for bringing me up in the best of ways, for rendering me the best of education,
for nurturing in me the best of ideals and for helping me to see the best of times. I dedicate this
small piece of work to them.
At last I would like to thank all those who directly or indirectly helped me during my research.

(Jasmine Mohapatra) Bhubaneswar

Dated
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

I INTRODUCTION 1-9

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 10-16

III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 17-32

IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION 33-61

V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 62-66

BIBLIOGRAPHY I-IV

APPENDIX (INTERVIEW SCHEDULE) i-ix

 LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1- Agricultural statistics of Odisha

Table 3.2- Major crops grown in the state Odisha

Table 3.3- District Profile

Table 3.4- District Agricultural Profile

Table 4.1.1.Distribution of respondents on basis of their Age

Table 4.1.2. Distribution pattern of respondents on according to their level of Education

Table 4.1.3 Distribution of respondents on basis of their Caste

Table 4.1.4. Distribution respondents basing on their Family Type

Table 4.1.5.Distribution of respondents on basis of their Land Size

Table 4.1.6. Classification of respondents on basis of their Occupation

Table 4.1.7. Classification of respondents Outward Orientation

Table 4.1.8. Classification of respondents on basis of Contact with Extension agency

Table 4.1.9.Respondents utilization pattern of Information Sources

Table 4.1.10. Distribution of respondents on the basis of possession of farm implements

Table 4.1.11. Distribution of respondents on basis of their Annual Income

Table 4.2.1. Knowledge level of farmers towards land preparation

Table 4.2.2. Knowledge level of farmers seed selection

Table 4.2.3.Knowledge level of farmers towards preparation of nursery bed

Table 4.2.4. Knowledge level of farmers towards main field preparation

Table 4.2.5.Knowledge level of farmers towards transplanting

Table 4.2.6. Knowledge level of farmers towards fertiliser management

Table 4.2.7. Knowledge level of farmers towards water management

Table 4.2.8. Knowledge level of farmers towards weed management

Table 4.3.1. Adoption level of farmers towards land preparation

Table 4.3.2. Adoption level of farmers towards seed selection

Table 4.3.3. Adoption level of farmers towards preparation of nursery bed

Table 4.3.4. Adoption level of farmers towards mainfield preparation.

Table 4.3.5 Adoption level of farmers towards transplanting

Table 4.3.6.Adoption level of farmers towards fertiliser management

Table 4.3.7. Adoption level of farmers towards water management

Table 4.3.8. Adoption level of farmers towards weed management

Table 4.4.1.Classification of respondents on basis of Extension Services Support

Table 4.4.4.Classification of respondents on basis of Input Supply

Table 4.4.3. Classification of respondents on basis of Social Constraints

Table 4.4.4. Classification of respondents on basis of Organisational Constraints

Table 4.4.5. Classification of respondents on basis of Economic Constraints

Table 4.4.6. Classification of respondents on basis of Technological Constraints

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1. Sample Area Map

 ABBREVIATIONS USED

SRI System of Rice Intensification

IWMI International Water Management Institute

HYV High Yielding Variety

IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

N Total number of sample

DDA Deputy Directorate of Agriculture

T.V. Tele-vision

M.B. plough Mould Board Plough

FYM Farm Yard Manure

FW Full Knowledge
PW Partial Knowledge
NW No Knowledge
FA Full Adoption
PA Partial Adoption
NA No Adoption
 ABSTRACT
Name of the student-Jasmine Mohapatra
Adm. No. -18122G08
Title of the thesis -Adoption of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Practice in
Balasore district.
Degree for which submitted –M.Sc.(Ag.),Extension Education
Year of submission- 2020
Name of the Advisor - Dr. Sarbani Das,
Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Extension Education,
College of Agriculture, OUAT,

The present study entitled “Adoption of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Practice in
Balasore district” was conducted in Durgadevi,Routrapur,Deokhand and Udupura villages of
Remunablock,Balasore.Specific objectives were: to analyze the socio-economic attributes of farmers
adopting SRI practice, to study the level of knowledge and skill of respondents of SRI practice, to study the
extent of adoption of SRI practice, to identify the constraints and suggestions in adoption of SRI practice.
The study was explorative in nature having data collected through personal interview with 120 number of
randomly selected sample respondents, via structured interview schedule prepared after pilot study and
pretesting. Appropriate statistical analysis wherever required were suitably employed for analysis of data &
interpretation of results. The reasons behind adopting SRI method is to get more yield and in turn more
income. Most of the adopter farmers were found to follow scientific recommendation to a great extent as
important aspects of SRI method of rice cultivation. On the other hand most of the farmers are landless and
tenant farmers having poor contact with extension workers responsible for non-adoption. During kharif
season cultivation more water in the field discouraged farmers to adopt this technique which requires field
only to be in moist condition.
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1. THE SCENARIO

Rice is one of the prominent important food crops of the world and ranks 2 nd in terms of area and
production. It is the staple food for about 50% of the world's population and 90% of the world's rice
is produced and consumed in Asian subcontinent only. Asia’s food security depends largely on the
irrigated rice fields, which account for more than 75 per cent of the total rice production (Virk et.al.,
2004).Estimates suggest that 24-30% of world’s assessable fresh water resources (rivers, lakes,
aquifers) are used to irrigate rice. By 2025, 15-20 million of the world’s 79 million hectares of
irrigated rice low lands, which provide 3 quarters of world’s rice supply, are expected to suffer
some degree of water scarcity. India has the world’s largest rice cultivated area and already facing a
major water crisis. Demand for a water intensive crop such as rice is expected to increase by 38%
by 2040, depending the existing water crisis (IWMI, 2007).

Rice production in India has increased in past 3 decades continuously beginning with green
revolution but stagnated since 1999.To meet the demand of growing population and maintaining
self-sustainability, the present production level needs to be increased to at least 120 million tons by
2020 with an average productivity of 4.03 t/ha. The increase in production has to be achieved in the
backdrop of declining and deteorating resource base such as land, water, labour and other inputs
and without adversely affecting the quality of the environment. This is only possible through
intensification of rice cultivation (Biswal et al.,2014). In future there is no scope for further
expansion in rice area and to achieve this goal conventional breeding methods need to supplement
with the innovative techniques. Achieving self-sufficiency in rice production and maintaining price
stability are important political objectives in low-income countries because of the importance of
this crop in providing national food security and generating employment and income for low
income people (Ghosh et al., 2009).In recent past wide spread concerns have been expressed over
stagnation in the yield of rice. The System of Rice Intensification popularly known as SRI is being
advocated to many extensionists to boost the rice productivity and restore the lost soil health.

In a country like India and more so in an agrarian state like Orissa, rice production has a
direct bearing on the income of farmers and on poverty alleviation. Therefore, newer initiatives to
raise the production and productivity of rice should aim at such replicable technologies suited to the
respective agro-ecological situations. System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has now come to be
recognised as a method of rice production to enhance productivity that involves specific
management practices for the crop plant, soil, water and nutrients. Rice being the staple food of
Orissa, any attempt to improve the agriculture sector centres around raising the production and
productivity of this grain crop. The productivity of rice in Orissa is yet to touch the national figure.
It has remained stagnant for a couple of years in the last one decade and with positive interventions
in the agro-input sector, it has shown a satisfactory increase since 2007-08. The yield gap can only
be bridged through adoption of suitable technologies which are affordable by resource poor farmers.

The yield stagnation of majority of crops, more so in rice is due to decline in input use
efficiency. Water is the main input in Agriculture. It is estimated that one kilogram of rice is
produced by consuming 5000 litres of water. 80 % of fresh water is used for Agriculture, out of
which more than 50 % is consumed by the rice crop alone. Due to misuse of water by the
agricultural production system, there is a huge loss of water, contributing to decline in water use
efficiency as well as fertiliser use efficiency. Due to over use of water and population growth, the
per capita availability of water is declining at a faster rate. This drastic reduction will have far
reaching consequences on rice production and productivity. At this critical situation, we need to
develop an innovative technology to “Produce more rice from every drop”. Hence, it is imperative
to develop technology to increase water use efficiency in rice cultivation. Among the existing water
saving methods, SRI is now acclaimed as the most efficient.

Rice production will need to increase dramatically in the next decades to meet the demands of a
growing population, not to mention the existing global food and nutrition deficits. This increase
must be accomplished with less land per capita, smaller and less reliable water supplies, less
degradation of the environment, and less drain on the resources of smallholder farmers, who
constitute the majority of the world’s poor. Finding local solutions to food production is essential to
eliminating hunger and providing insurance against rising food prices. The System of Rice
Intensification (SRI) is perhaps the best current example of options available to farmers and nations
to promote community-led agricultural growth, while managing soil and water resources more
sustainably and even enhancing their future productive capacity.
1.2. INTRODUCTION TO SRI

WHAT IS SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) ?

SRI (System of Rice Intensification) is a system of production of Rice. It is considered to be a

system of intangible technological breakthrough in paddy cultivation. SRI involves the application
of certain management practices which together provide better growing conditions for rice plants,
particularly in the root zone, than those for plants grown under conventional practices. This system
seems to be promising to overcome the shortage of water in irrigated rice (Thatchinamoorthy,C and
Rexlin Selvin 2015).The practices include developing nutrient rich and unflooded nurseries instead
of flooded ones; ensuring wider space in between rice siblings; application of manure or compost
rather than the synthetic fertilizers and managing water carefully to avoid saturation of rice plants
roots. SRI method helps increase yield by over 30% while using 40% less water than conventional
methods.SRI first originated in Madagascar and by adopting this method, average rice yields can be
about the double without changing the cultivars or the use of purchased inputs (Wang,et
al.,2003).The method initially developed in 1983 in Madagascar has now been validated in 43
countries. The new improved technologies will eventually lead to the farmers to discontinue the old
practice and to adopt new technology (Sharma et al., 2011).
Various water saving rice production system has been developed so far e.g., aerobic rice culture,
raised beds, alternate wetting and drying etc. (Farooq et. Al 2009).System of Rice
Intensification(SRI) is one of them.SRI technology has emerged as an alternative to traditional way
of flooded rice cultivation and is showing great promise to address the problems of water scarcity,
high energy usage and increased use of chemical fertilisers in the field.
SRI breaks with all established rules of wet rice cultivation. Firstly, the seedlings are transplanted at
the two-leaf stage (between 8 and 12 days old) instead of waiting for one month. Secondly, the
single seedlings are planted with an increased spacing of around 25 cm rather than planting them
close together in bunches. With this method, seedlings do not compete for nutrients, space and sun,
and develop stronger roots and more tillers. Thirdly, instead of continuously flooding fields to
prevent weed growth, plants only receive the ideal amount of water and the soil is temporarily kept
dry. This favours soil microbial development and reduces methane emissions. Since weed has to be
controlled manually using a mechanical hand tool, the soil is well aerated, thereby improving plant
growth. Finally, organic manure and compost is used for fertilization.
Although the benefits of SRI have been amply demonstrated around the world, the potential to
achieve its growing environment, such as changing the spacing between plants, seedling age,
planting depth of the seedlings, timing and methods of irrigation and drainage, as well as methods
of weeding, etc. The benefits of large scale implementation of the methods are yet to be tapped. A
report on more rice with less water recommends that massive rice producing countries like India,
China, and Indonesia convert at least 25% of their current rice cultivation to SRI methods by 2025.
This has not only dramatically reduced the use of water for rice production but has also improved
global food security.
It is estimated that 24-30% of the world’s accessible freshwater resources (rivers, lakes and
aquifers) are used to irrigate rice (IWMI 2007). Worldwide, water scarcity is already a reality for as
many as 2 billion people. Water for agriculture is be-coming increasingly scarce, and climate
change-induced higher temperatures will increase crops’ water requirements, so shortages will
become more serious. By 2025, 15–20 million of the world’s 79 million hectares of irrigated rice
lowlands, which provide three-quarters of the world’s rice supply, are expected to suffer some
degree of water scarcity (IWMI 2007).
It is also estimated that to eliminate hunger and undernourishment for the world’s population by
2025, the additional water requirements may be equivalent to all freshwater withdrawn and used
today for agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes (SIWI 2005). Ways must be found to
increase water use efficiency in both irrigated and rain fed agriculture. With SRI methods, water use
for irrigated paddy cultivation is reduced by 25-50%. Using less water for rice production can free
up water for other crops, promoting crop diversification, and for other sectors such as domestic,
industrial and environ-mental uses. SRI’s lower water requirements also mean that farmers can
continue to grow rice in regions experiencing diminishing water availability.
Farmers, nations and the planet as a whole urgently need solutions now. Even modest investments
in SRI dissemination can generate impressive immediate returns. With more support for the spread
of SRI insights and methods, millions of farmers could be producing and eating more rice within
one or two cropping seasons, while saving water and energy, reducing their production costs, and
contributing to rice surpluses for urban populations.
The benefits of SRI have been seen already in 40 countries, with increased production of both
improved and local rice varieties. While SRI has been largely a civil society innovation, embraced
by hundreds of national and local level NGOs as well as many international NGOs, the
governments of Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam—where over two-thirds of the
world’s rice is produced—have given explicit endorsement of SRI methods in their national food
security programs. Although developed for transplanted irrigated rice production, SRI concepts and
methods are being extended to direct-seeded and to rainfed (unirrigated) rice cropping systems, and
increasingly to other crops.
 Characteristics of SRI

SRI is not a standardised, fixed technological method. It is rather a set of ideas, a methodology for
comprehensively managing and conserving resources by changing the way that land, seeds, water,
nutrients and human labour are used to increase productivity from a small but well-tended number
of seeds.

System of Rice Intensification increases productivity with less water, less seed, and less
chemical inputs than most conventional methods of rice cultivation. This means that the returns on
inputs are higher, making the method potentially more profitable than most of the traditional
methods. SRI improves the productivity of land, labour, water and capital used in rice cultivation.
Proponents of SRI have reported that the average rice yield with SRI is double the current average
yield and can be increased to the level of three to four times. Adoption of SRI has enabled farmers
consistently to enhance paddy yields, increase returns and save labour; and enhance productivity
with respect to the main inputs in terms of paddy output per unit of seed, fertilizer and labour-day.
SRI promises to be an important alternative not only for raising paddy yields, but also for managing
paddy based farming in low resource areas. At the initial stages, SRI uses about 25-50 % more
labour than other conventional paddy cultivation practices. Labour requirements will be cut by
about 10 per cent once farmers have a mastery over the methods and practices. It is more resistant
to biotic and abiotic stress beside drought.SRI doesn't work with traditional varieties, rather work
with Hybrid/HYVs.

SRI has the following eight basic principles:

• Preparing high-quality land.

• Developing nutrient-rich and un-flooded nurseries.
• Using young seedlings for early transplantation.
• Transplanting of single seedlings unlike the conventional method.
• Ensuring wider spacing between seedlings.
• Preferring compost or farmyard manure to synthetic fertilisers.
• Managing water carefully so that the plants’ root zones moisten, but are not continuously saturated.
• Deweeding frequently.

The System of Rice Intensification is a climate-smart agro-ecological methodology to

improve the productivity of irrigated rice by modifying the management of plant, soil, water and
nutrients. Use of SRI methodology increases 20-50% of grain yield while reducing key inputs like
 seeds by 90%, irrigation water by 30-50%, chemical fertilizer by 20-100% and usually reduced
need of pesticides. SRI method as a matter of fact brings greater return to land, labour & capital
while representing as an option towards regaining agricultural productivity through ecological and
natural processes.

Beyond increasing yields, SRI offers three major benefits that have significant climate implications
if applied on a large-scale:

• Reduced demand for water

• Reduced methane gas emissions

• Reduced use of nitrogen fertilizers

In addition, with SRI practices, rice plants have stronger stems and root systems that are more
resistant to flooding and storm damage compared to those grown using conventional practices.
Perhaps even more important, their deeper root systems make crops more drought-resistant.

The knowledge SRI technology adopters about recommended practices of SRI technology has a
critical role in adoption of recommended practices to make rice farming more profitable and
economical to farmers. Various studies have shown that personal and socio-economic
characteristics of SRI technology, adopters play a vital role in adoption of SRI technology. The
information on adoption level of system of SRI technology among the farmers are lacking in the
context of tribal dominant

1.3. OBJECTIVES
1. To analyse the socio-economic attributes of farmers adopting SRI practice.
2. To study the level of knowledge and skill of respondents on SRI practice.
3. To study the extent of adoption of SRI practice.
4. To identify the constraints and suggestions in adoption of SRI practice.

1.4. SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The SRI approach is very knowledge-intensive and requires careful study and continuous
experimentation to find out the most effective combination of practices matching the rice plant with
the growing environment, such as changing the spacing between plants, seedling age, planting depth
of the seedlings, timing and methods of irrigation and drainage, as well as methods of weeding, etc.

Meanwhile, the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) – a new approach to growing rice has
drawn much attention since its emergence in Madagascar showing tremendous ability to increase
rice yield in many parts of the rice world. Evaluations of SRI have shown in 23 rice-growing
 countries around the world, including as of 2005 Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Sri Lanka,
Nepal, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Cuba, that with adjustments and
modifications in the practices that govern cultivation methods, rice yields could be increased by SRI
by two or three times, and sometimes even more, with more skilful management. With such
potential for large-scale increase in the production of rice, the adoption of SRI so far, except in
Madagascar, has remained slow to spread (Uphoff, 2002). The reason, perhaps, is that the approach
is very knowledge-intensive and requires careful study and continuous experimentation to find out
the most effective combinations of practices matching the rice plant with its growing environment,
such as changing the spacing between plants, seedling age, planting depth of the seedlings, timing
and methods of irrigation and drainage, as well as methods of weeding, etc.
In the present context of agricultural scenario of the state, SRI method of rice cultivation
have wider scope to bridge the economic gap of Odisha. The most important aspect of (SRI) rice
cultivation is transfer of technology to explore its production potentiality. It is also necessary to
motivate the farmers to accept and act upon the technology to increase farm income. As rice is the
principal crop of the nation. The population explosion requires demands more food production. The
area under rice is gradually decreasing over the year along with continuous crop raising without
maintaining soil health and natural resources also distributed our ecosystem. After that people were
adopting SRI method of rice cultivation with suitable management practices for crop plant, soil,
water and nutrients.
The knowledge SRI technology adopters about recommended practices of SRI technology
has a critical role in adoption of recommended practices to make rice farming more profitable and
economical to farmers. Various studies have shown that personal and socio-economic
characteristics of SRI technology adopters play a vital role in adoption of SRI technology.
Therefore, the study was conducted with an aim of knowing about the adoption of SRI practice.

1.5. LAYOUT OF THE STUDY

The present study has been presented in several chapters. The first chapter is devoted to
introduction, which has been presented in brief. In second chapter, a comprehensive review of
literature has been dealt with. The third chapter deals the research methods and techniques used for
the study along with its analysis and interpretation of data. The major findings and the suitable
discussion pertaining to the result have been incorporated in the fourth chapter. While in the fifth
chapter, summary and conclusion along with implications have been discussed. The relevant
literatures consulted and cited in the body of the presentation have been enlisted in bibliography just
after summary and conclusion.
 CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A comprehensive and systematic review of the relevant literature is a pre-requisite in carrying any
research in a set manner. A reference to the past studies provides guidelines not only to frame areas
of research and methodologies to be adopted, but also to confirm and repudiate research outcomes
with all possible reasons. It has significant importance in any scientific research, its main functions
are-

• To provide a basis of the development of theoretical frame work.

• To provide an insight into the methods and procedures.
• To suggest operational definitions.
• To provide basis of for interpretation of findings.

2.1. To analyse the socio-economic attributes of farmers adopting SRI practice.

Patidar (2010) reported that socio-economic status cd paddy growers had positive and significant
association with their utility perception tends to lead the rejection of null hypothesis that there is no
association between socioeconomic status of the paddy growers and their utility perception
regarding ICT sources.

Johnson and Vijayaragavan (2011) revealed important attributes which aroused the interest of
farmers to gain more knowledge about SRI were high grain and straw yield, lower seed rate, less
water requirement and less cost Of cultivation. Few farmers discontinued (which is of
disenchantment discontinuance) due to more of labour and institutional constraints and less of
technical reasons. Important reasons for non-adoption of SRI practices were risk involved in
adopting new practices.

Samdariya (2011) concluded that the maximum farm women had medium market orientation.

Sathish et al. (2012) found that high experience in paddy cultivation was possessed by 50.83% of
the respondents and 34.16% of them had medium experience in it.

Pandit (2013) reported that majority of the sampled SRI farmers were literate with nine years of
schooling. They were middle aged and on an average had seven members in their family.
 Rajakumar (2013) concluded that the average age and farming experience of farmers in all the three
regions together show that relatively young farmers adopt new method of cultivation practices as
SRI.

Reddy et al. (2013) reported that SRI paddy farmers are found to be of younger age group.

Narbaria et al (2015) revealed that the majority of respondents (52.39%) of respondents had
medium level of annual income, 50 per cent of respondents had high level of attitude towards SRI
method of rice cultivation,74.61 per cent of them had high level of risk orientation, 97.63 per cent
of them had high level of scientific orientation. 17 motivational factors identified for knowledge up
gradation for SRI method and among all identified motivational factors RAEO', relatives and
ADO's found more credible factors. respectively and after the assessment it is suggested that the
technology dissemination should be done by using participatory extension approach and
dissemination of knowledge should be done by using credible sources like RAEOs.

Thatchinamoorthy (2017) found that majority of the respondents (61.70%) belonged to the old age
category and majority (79.20%) of the respondents were literates and their education level varied
from primary to secondary.

Verma (2017) found that the level of education (average number of family members with education
higher than 10th standard) was generally higher among the adopters of SRI than among the non-
adopters.

2.2. To study the level of knowledge and skill of respondents on SRI practice.

Francis et al. (2008) reported that SRI plants produced higher panicle length, panicle weight, grains
per panicle and 1000 grain weight. They also observed better assimilation of photosynthetic due to
better utilization of incident solar radiation might that have increased the size of sink and effective
translocation of assimilates which led to higher grain yields.

Ragenda et al. (2008) suggested that the results of pooled analysis of SRI method revealed that
significantly higher grain yield obtained with enhanced growth attributes like root volume,
chlorophyll content and nutrient uptake.

Thavaprakash et al. (2008) revealed that transplanting methods and application of organic manures
significantly influence the growth and yield attributes. They also reported that organic rice
production minimizes environment pollution, maintains or soil fertility over a period of time,
prevents entry of toxicants into food chain and ultimately the quality of rice fetches high premium
in global market.
 Balakrishnan and Vasanthakumar (2010) revealed that more than half (54.00%) Of respondents had
medium level of followed by 31.00 per cent of the respondents who had high level or knowledge.
Only 15.00 per cent of the respondents had low knowledge about S RI technology.

Rahangdale (2011) found that the knowledge level the most of respondents (42.50%) had
knowledge level of SRI method of paddy cultivation.

Thiyagarajan (2011) revealed that majority or the respondents (78.30%) had medium level of
knowledge followed by 19.20 per cent of the respondents with low level and 2.50 per cent with high
level of knowledge in SRI cultivation.

Thatchinamoorthy and Rexlin Selvin(2014) observed that cent per cent of respondents possessed
knowledge about the seedlings for transplanting, the spacing recommended for transplanting and
number of seedlings planted in a hill. More than (94.00 per cent) of the respondents had knowledge
about hill in one square meter. This may due to regular contact of respondents with extension
agency..

Nirmala et al (2015) it was evident that, majority of the respondents (67.50%) had medium level of
knowledge followed by low (21.67%) and high (10.83%) motivational factors for knowledge up
gradation towards SRI method are presented in tab the findings revealed that in the study area,
majority of the respondents (75.39%) had information regarding SRI method from Rural
Agriculture Extension Officer (RAEO).

Dipak Nath and D.K. Das(2018) found that out of 100 rice farmers, majority of rice farmers i.e,79
(39.5%) had high level or knowledge, whereas 70 (35.0%) had medium level of knowledge,
followed by 51 (25.5%) with a low level of knowledge.

Ramesh et al. (2019) reported that among the twenty one selected practices of SRI technology in
rice cultivation, most of the respondents (94.16 %) had knowledge about the recommended number
of seedlings transplanted per hill. The respondents would have gained the knowledge from
extension workers and mass media sources.

2.3. To study the extent of adoption of SRI practice.

Balakrishnan and Vasanthakumar (2010) concluded that majority of the SRI respondents belonged
to medium level of adoption (50.67%) followed by low (38.00%) and high (11.33%) of adoption.

Balu Naik et al (2010) reported that majority (57.5%) of the farmers had medium extent of adoption
followed by high (29.17%) and low (13.33%) levels of adoption.
Shivalingaiah and Nagabhushanam (2010) pointed majority of paddy growers adopted technologies
like improved varieties (93.00%). spacing (80.00%) and pest management(60%).Whereas more
than 50 per cent have not adopted technologies treatment, rate, application 01 NPK fertilizers, top
dressing and disease management.

Shivrain et al. (2010) in their study on constraints in sustainable rice production technologies
reported that majority of the respondents (73%) belonged to medium level of category followed by
high (25%) and low (2%) of the adoption categories.

Singh et al. (2010) reported that majority of the respondents (44.17%) were found to be medium
adopters, followed by low (37.50%) and high (18.33%)adopters.

Singha and Baruah (2011) showed that more than two-fifth of (44.44%) the respondents had
medium level of adoption of improved practices of rice cultivation. This was followed by low
(31.11%) and high (24.44%) level.

Thiyagrajan (2011) revealed that nearly half of the respondents had high level (48.40%) of adoption
in the cultivation of paddy under SRI method followed by medium (25.80%) and low (25.80%)
levels of adoption.

Biswas and Nath (2013) revealed that majority of the farmers perceived SRI technology good as it
reduced the seed quantity and cost, resulted in higher yield as compared to normal rice cultivation
methods and there was judicious use of irrigation water. Similarly majority of the farmers related
SRI technology as superior.

Rajkumar (2013) found that a mixed pattern of adoption of recommended practices prevails among
the SRI farmers. Out of 8 recommended practices referred to them, only 3 were completely adopted
in practice.

Reddy et al. (2013) reported that the complete adoption level was high in the case of maintaining
nursery (81.67%),followed by plant spacing in transplanting(75%),weed management (66.67%)and
age of plants for transplanting (56.67%).Partial adoption level was high in the case of organic
manure application (63.33%)followed by water management (58.33%) and seed rate (56.67%).

Thatchimoorthy et al. (2015)In System of Rice Intensification cultivation practices majority of the
respondents (93.30%)had medium to high level of adoption in the cultivation of paddy under SRI
method and only 6.70% had low level of adoption.

Verma(2017) reported that among the adopters, around 89 households (46%) have adopted all three
components of SRI. Plant management and soil management are adopted by around 47 farmers
 (24%).Similarly 38 households (20%)have adopted plant management alone and 19 households
(10%)have adopted plant management water management alone.

2.4. To identify the constraints and suggestions in adoption of SRI practice.

Balakrishnan and Vasanthakumar (2010) revealed that the important socio-economic constraint
faced by the respondents in adoption of SRI technologies were non-availability of trained labour in
time and high cost of labour. The bio-physical constraints were inundation due to floods and non-
availability of quality seed. Technological constraints were difficulty in maintaining the fields with
continuous wetting and drying and difficulty in using marker. Institutional constraints were lack of
marketing facilities at village level and non-availability of crop insurance scheme.

Jayshankar and Thiyagrajan (2010) observed that lack of interest, confidence, technical guidance
and training programme were other major constraints reported by the rice farmers in adopting
recommended biofertilizer practices.

Kiran and Shenoy (2010) concluded that high labour requirement and lack of effective implements
like conoweeders for weeding purpose in SRI cultivation were the major hurdles as perceived by
the SRI farmers.

Kumawat (2010) found that demonstration of SRI system of paddy cultivation should be organised
properly, information about the SRI system of paddy should be provided in right time, increasing
cooperation among the public and private agencies and monitoring and evaluation should be done
regularly.

Paris et al. (2010) found that poor germination ability of rice seed. high cost of inputs low yield and
low market price were the constraints expressed by the rice farmers in Philippines; High cost of
inputs, particularly chemical fertiliser and herbicides and low pants were the constraints expressed
by the rice farmers in Thailand and lack of knowledge for identification and control of pests, high
cost of inputs (seed, fertilizer and pesticides) and low profits were the constraints expressed by the
rice farmers in Vietnam.

Sangita(2010) concluded that the constraints of the farmer's growing paddy with SRI technology
were lack of extension services, training, experience and skilled labour. Result shows that out of
four reasons identified by the respondents, lack of extension services was ranked first by the
selected farmers followed by lack of training, lack of experience and lack of skilled labour.

Thiyagrajan (2011) found that more care while transplanting the younger seedlings, death of
seedlings in between the rows, the highest wage rate of labour, lack of skilled labour, delay in
getting subsidy and meeting different officials for getting loan and getting technical advice were the
constraints faced by the SRI farmers.

Nirmala et al.(2015) suggested that Researchers, NGOs and Department of Agriculture who are
popularising this technology should develop complete knowledge among farmers on all SRI
practices which can be done through training programmes and field demonstrations with the
involvement of farmers and labour and by conducting study tours, frequent visit of extension staffs
and by publicity through mass media.

Krishna(2016) indicated that farmers have developed positive attitude towards SRI technology.
However majority of the farmers feel that many of the operations of SRI practice are labour
intensive and time consuming. More than 80% of the farmers expressed the need for development
of more efficient equipment for raising nursery, levelling and weeding. They felt the need for
training agricultural labour in SRI technique. Farmers expressed the need for season long contact
and support of extension staff with information on irrigation technology and integrated crop
management.

Dharmendra et al(2017)observed that the majority of respondents faced the constraints as lack of
training (81.66%) ,shortage of agricultural labourer (76.66%),low govt. Support price
(72.59%),unavailability of technological inputs viz. seed, fertilisers etc. (70.83%),costly
seed(67.50%)and non-availability of conoweeder and marker(62.50%).It was also found that the
majority of respondents suggested as creating the awareness of people towards SRI technology.
Procurement of produce should be made at reasonable price by society (78.33%), availability of
good quality seed at reasonable price (70%)and govt should provide more knowledge about HYVs.
 CHAPTER-III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research commonly refers to a search for knowledge. It is a systematic investigation for some
pertinent information on a specific topic. According to Best (1977), Research is considered to be
more formal, systematic and intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis. It is
more systematic activity towards discovery and development of an organized body of knowledge.

Methodology of research refers to the plan of action to undersee the research possible angles, so
that the objectives of the study could be established. The meaning of methodology is the set of
methods used in a particular area of activity. It may be understood as a science of studying how the
research is undertaken based on logically derived empiric observations from the environment. The
indivisible need of research is not only to follow all the steps of research methods or techniques but
also to consider its methodology carefully. Thus, the research methodology consists of research
design and statistical design. The logic behind these designs used by the researcher must be
pertinent to his or her study.

The details of the methods and procedure used in this study along with plan of statistical analysis
have been outlined under the following headings.

1. Selection of problem.

2. Research design

3. Plan of work.

4. Location of the study.

5. Sampling procedures.

5.1. Selection of the districts

5.2. Selection of the block

5.3. Selection of the villages

5.4. Selection of the respondents

6. Tools and techniques.

 7. Collection of information.

• Pilot study.
• Preparation of interview schedule.
• Instrument for data collection.
• Pre-testing of the interview schedule
• Rapport building with farmers.
• Administration of instrument.

8. Measurement procedures and operationalization with scoring key.

9. Statistical procedures.

3.1. Selection of problem

The most important factor in behavioural research is selection, delineation and conceptualization of
the problems. Research workers, should pay attention towards the formulation of realistic, clear and
unambiguous problem since delineation of a problem is often more important and essential than its
solution. In this study due attention has been given to personal and socio- economic factors and
adoption behaviour of the respondents. The present status of the SRI method of Rice production, its
distribution and factors like adoption and rejection factors that associated with its cultivation as well
as suggestions for development was studied.

3.2. Research Design

The present research project was formulated on the basis of ex-post facto approach. Accordingly,
specific objectives were set to provide the basis of inquiry. In the light of the objectives, the scope
of the study was oriented and due techniques of investigation were followed; tools used and pattern
of the statistical analysis decided. Then the study was outlined from observation level up to
interpretation of observations, giving correct operational definitions of concepts used. The study
was then carried out in the light of objectives set and within the frame work of selected objectives.
3.3. Plan of work

Before actual investigation, efforts were made to conduct a detailed survey of all related aspects of
SRI method of rice production in Odisha. As the research had to be completed within in academic
period as per the course curriculum, the areas of investigation, sample size, analysis of data and
other works were planned and decided accordingly.

3.4. Locale of study

The study was carried out in 4 villages of Balasore district. The villages were Routrapur,
Durgadevi, Deokhand, Udupura of Remuna block. While selecting the villages, the main focus was
given on extent of adoption of farmers, the knowledge and the socio-economic gain that resulted in
adoption of SRI method of rice cultivation by the farmers of the area.

3.5. Sampling procedure

Multi stage random sampling technique was followed to select the sample for the study. The
District and Block was selected purposively. Then random sampling procedure was adopted to
select the Panchayats, Villages and respondents for the study.

a) Selection of district: Balasore district has been selected purposively for study, since farmers of
this district were found adopting SRI method of rice cultivation and since it was easy for the
researcher to interact with the respondents as it is researcher’s home district.

b) Selection of block: Remuna block was selected as it happens to be a dominant tract for SRI
method of rice cultivation in Balasore district.

c) Selection of villages: Four villages were selected randomly from the block region where SRI
method was followed by people.

d) Selection of respondents: A preliminary survey of the selected villages was carried out at the
beginning, taking into account the following aspects.

i) List of total number of farm families.

ii) List of SRI adopter categories

Then 120 respondents were selected randomly.

3.6. Tools and techniques

The present research project was formulated on the basis of randomized design with ex-post-facto
approach. In order to ensure maximum objectivity of the study, a number of standard tools
developed by different Indian experts of behavioural sciences, have been used. Before using these
tools and techniques, the implications of the application were thoroughly understood through the
available literature and discussion with those who had earlier used them.

3.7. Collection of information

a) Pilot study : Prior to preparation of the interview schedule, a pilot study was carried out in the
block to collect information regarding socio-economic condition, activities undertaken, different
locations, type and nature of respondents, accessibility to selected villages, possible communication
facilities and even the ethnic characteristics of respondents including the language, social structure
and group dynamics.

b) Preparation of interview schedule: Basing on the information collected on pilot study, an

interview schedule was prepared. The schedule was prepared as per the specific objectives set for
the study. Close ended questions were mainly asked for obtaining better response. The interview
schedule consists pf four parts. First part deals with the socio-economic attributes of respondents.
Second part deals with the knowledge of farmers about SRI method of rice cultivation. The third
part deals with the extent of adoption of SRI method of rice cultivation. The fourth part deals with
the constraints faced by the farmers while cultivating rice under SRI method.

c) Instrument for data collection: The information from the respondents was collected during
Feb-April 2020 with the help of a structured schedule covering questions related to the objectives of
the study.

d) Pre-testing for interview schedule: Pre-testing of the schedule was done to assess reliability
and validity of schedule to record data. On the basis of observations made during the testing,
necessary modification and refinement were accommodated in the schedule and then the interview
schedule was finalized for final interview to the get the necessary information.

e) Rapport building with farmers: Establishing rapport is a must for better interaction with the
farmers. It is very important for collecting accurate information. Few trips to the farmer’s field and
establishing informal contact with the SRI farmers by the help of VAWs/progressive farmers of the
locality helped me in developing friendly relationship with the farmer, which in turn facilitated in
getting the desired response of the respondents.
 f) Administration of instrument: The data were collected through structured interview schedule
personally. During the course of collection of data, the help of concerned field agents working in
the area was taken for building rapport with selected respondents in order to get correct information.
In total 120 respondents were interviewed for data collection.

3.8. Measurement procedures and operationalization with scoring

Variable is a property that takes up different values. Variables used in the study were quantified
depending on their relative merit in qualifying the measurement. Scoring was adopted to measure
the variables which are explained herewith.

Socio personal variables

Age

It is the chronological age of the respondent completed during the time of enquiry. The scoring of
the data is as follows:

Age Scoring

Up to 20 years 1

20-35 years 2

35-60 years 3

Above 60 years 4

Education

Education indicates the level up to which the individual had studied i.e., the last exam he has
qualified. For studying the education status of the respondents, the number of years of formal
education completed by the respondents was taken into account. The scoring pattern followed for
measurement of variables is given below:

Educational Qualification Score assigned

Illiterate 1

Primary level 2

Middle school level 3

 Matriculate & +2 4

Graduate 5

Caste

The term caste has been conceived as the endogamic, exclusive and functional group to which the
individual respondent belongs. The score assigned to caste of the beneficiaries are as follows:

Caste Score assigned

Schedule tribe 4

Schedule caste 3

Other backward caste 2

General caste 1

Size of holding

Size of holding is the total cultivated and uncultivated land owned by the farmer where in single or
along with his family members. The scores are assigned as follows:

Category Score assigned

Landless 1

Marginal farmer 2

Small land holder farmer 3

Medium land holder farmer 4

Large land holder farmer 5

Possession of farm implements

It indicates how many farm implements and machineries the farmer has.

Farm implements Scores are given 1 for having equipment

Desi plough

M B plough

Iron plough
 Tractor

Intercultural tools

Storage structure

Sprayer

Pump

Weeder

Rice thresher

Power tiller

Dusters

Reapers

Annual income

It is the total gross income received by the respondent per annum from agriculture/non-agricultural
sources. The scoring pattern followed for analysis of data is as follows.

Income Score

Up to Rs. 10,000/- 1

Rs. 10,000- to 50, 000/- 2

Rs. 50,000/- to 100,000/- 3

>Rs.100, 000/- 4

Extent of adoption

As an important objective of the study it was decided to measure extent of adoption of

recommended practices of SRI method of Rice cultivation were selected with due consideration and
only the adopters were asked to give their responses in a 3 point scale as given below. Finally the
mean score and rank order were measured.
 Degree of adoption Score

Not adopted 1

Partially adopted 2

Fully adopted 3

Knowledge level

Knowledge level was tested with 3 point scale from farmers as given below-

Knowledge level Score

No knowledge 1

Partial Knowledge 2

Full knowledge 3

Adoption

Adoption rate was measured with 3 point scale from farmers as given below-

Adotion level Score

No Adoption 1

Partial Adoption 2

Full adoption 3

3.9. STATISTICAL PROCEDURES

Statistical measures provide the opportunity for expressing the facts in an imperial way. But
appropriate statistics which can provide clear- cut solution to the problem have been taken in this
investigation. However the statistical measures which have been used in this study are

(1) frequency (2) percentage (3) mean score (4) rank order

(1) Frequency:

Frequency is the number of times the data value occurred in an experiment or study. It’s a simple
count of the number of cases, items or things.
(2) Percentage:

Percentages were used in descriptive analysis for making simple comparison between two
responses. For calculating percentage, the frequency of a particular cell was multiplied by 100 and
divided by the total number of respondents in the particular category to which they belonged.

Percentage= (No of respondents/Total No of respondents)× 100

(3) Mean score:

It is also simple comparison which was calculated by using the formula.

M. S = Σfx/N

Where, M.S. =mean score

Σfx = Sum of total score obtained by the individual

N = Total no. of items/respondents

4) Rank order:

On the basis of mean score, rank order was made. The item securing highest mean score was given
first rank and then next highest was given second rank and so on.

3.10. ODISHA AT A GLANCE

Odisha consisting of 30 districts is located between 17º 51’ N to 20º 51’ N latitude and 81 º 51 ’E to
87 º 50’ E longitudes. The geographical area is 1,55,707 sq.kms and is divided into 10 agro climatic
zones depending upon the soil type, topography, rainfall and cropping pattern. It has also been
divided into two broad regions; the plateau region and the coastal region. The plateau region
comprises of 77 percent of total geographical area of the state and the rest 23 percent of
geographical area constitute the coastal region.

The total cultivated land of the state is 61.80 lakh ha, out of which 29.14 lakh ha (47percent) is high
land, 17.55 lakh ha (28percent) medium land and 15.11 lakh ha (25percent) lowland. About 54
percent of cultivated land is irrigated and rest is rainfed, which are exposed to vagaries of monsoon.
Majority of farmers are small and marginal and have limited access to resources.

Kharif is the main cropping season in Odisha and Rice is the principal crop which occupies 67
percent of the cultivated land. The major crops grown are Maize, Ragi, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibers,
Sugarcane, Spices, and Fruits etc. The climate of the state is tropical, characterized by high
temperature, high humidity, and medium to high rainfall, short and mild winter. The normal rainfall
is 1451.2 mm.

Table 3.1. Agricultural Statistics of Odisha

SL. ITEMS UNIT MAGNITU

NO S DE
1 Rainfall
a Normal rainfall mm 1451.2
b Actual rainfall mm 1362.6
2 Land Utilisation Pattern
a Total cultivated area 000ha 6180
b Highland 000ha 2914

c Medium land 000ha 1755

d Low land 000ha 1511
e Permanent pasture and other grazing 000ha 494
lands
f Current fallows 000ha 606

g Other fallows 000ha 229

h Land under miscellaneous tree crops and 000ha 342

not included in net area sown
i Cultivable wastelands 000ha 375

j Land put to non-agricultural use 000ha 1298

k Barren and uncultivated land 000ha 840

l Net area sown 000ha 5574

3 Forests
A Forest area 000ha 5813
B Percentage of forest area to total % 37.33
geographical area
Source-Odisha Agricultural Statistics
CROPPING PATTERN OF ODISHA

The state Odisha produces a number of crops. Kharif is the main cropping season in Odisha and rice
is the principal crop which occupies more than 70 percent of the cultivated land. But cropping
during Rabi season is confined to the irrigated tracts and lands with available residual moisture in
the soil, which mostly depends on the occurrence of rainfall during the last part of September. The
other major crops grown are Maize, Ragi, Pulses, (Arhar, Mung, Biri), Oilseeds (Groundnut, Til,
Mustard, Niger) ,Fibres(Jute, Mesta, Cotton), Sugarcane, Vegetables, spices and Fruit crops(Mango,
Coconut, Cashew nut).In area and production , Odisha is first in ranking in Brinjal production.
Again in Odisha Sugarcane cultivation has been widely accepted by the farmers.

Table-3.2. Major crops grown in the state

Crops Area (lakh ha) Production Productivity

(lakh ha) (kg/ha)
Rice 43.65 70.22 1609
Maize 2.28 4.99 2191
Total cereals 48.28 77.45 1604
Pulses 20.92 9.62 460
Oilseeds 7.97 6.19 776
Sugarcane 0.37 26.12 70852
Groundnut 2.43 3.99 1639
Total vegetables 6.94 89.62 12910
Turmeric 0.25 1.89 7478
Chillies 0.75 0.64 852
Sweet potato 0.50 4.39 8696
Cotton 0.54 1.47 464
Source-Odisha Economic Survey
BALASORE DISTRICT

Location & Geographical Area

Balasore, known as the Sandcity, is one of the coastal districts of Odisha lies on the northern most
part of the state having 210 03‟ to 210 59‟ North latitude and 860 20‟ to 870 29‟ East longitude.
Geographical Area of the district 3634 sq.kms. Midnapore district of West Bengal is in its North,
The Bay of Bengal is on the East and Bhadrak district lies on the South whereas Mayurbhanj &
Keonjhar district are on its western side.

Topography:

Balasore district consists of a stripe of alluvial land lying between the sea and hills which rises from
western boundary. The stripe varies in breadth from north to south. Along the coastal-belt the land
which is impregnated with salt and cyclonic tides are unfit for cultivation. The western portion
which runs along the foot of the hills is full of Forest. The lands between these two extreme zones
are fertile and arable constitute the greater part of the district. This area is watered ascending from
North to South by the river and canal systems like Subarnarekha, Hanspura, Sartha, Pachapura,
Budhabalanga, Kansbansa and Salandi Canal etc.

Administrative set up:

Balasore city is the Divisional headquarter of Balasore District. For administrative purpose the
district has been divided into 02 Sub Division, 12 Tehsils, 12 CD Blocks, 01 Municipality and 03
N.A.Cs. There are 289 Gram Panchayats, 2587 Inhabited Villages and 365 uninhabited villages.
Also 08 Nos. of Assembly Constituencies falls in the district.

1. Sub Division-02 (Balasore & Nilagiri)

2. Tehsils-12

3. CD Blocks-12(Bahanaga,Balasore,Baliapal,Basta, Bhograi, Jaleswar, Khaira,Nilagiri,

Oupada, Remuna, Simulia, Soro)

4. No. of Municipality-01 (Balasore)

5. No. of NACs-03 (Jaleswar, Nilagiri & Soro)

6. Census Villages-2952(Both Inhabited & Uninhabited)

7. Gram Panchayats-289

8. No. of Police Station including Mahila P.S-23

Figure 3.1: Map of the study area
DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

Table-3.3. District Profile

Sl. PARTICULARS UNITS STATISTICS

No.
1 Geographical features
Latitude Degree 21°03`to 21°59`North
Longitude Degree 86°20`to 87°29` East
Geographical area Sq. Kms 3806
2 Administrative Units
Sub-divisions No. 2
Tehsils No. 12
Blocks No. 12
No of Municipalities and No. 1
Corporations
No of NACs No. 3
Gram Panchayats No. 289
Census villages(both No. 365
inhabited and uninhabited
Assembly area No. 8
3 Population (2011 Census)
Male ‘000 no. 1184
Female ‘000 no. 1133
Rural population ‘000 no. 2064
4 Education
Primary school No. 1601
Middle school No. 1225
Secondary and senior No. 563
secondary schools
Colleges No. 40
Source-Economic Survey, Odisha

Table-3.4.District Agricultural Profile

Sl. Particulars Units Statistics
No.
1 Land Use Pattern of the
district
Geographical Area 000 ha 381
Cultivable area 000 ha 234
Forest area 000 ha 33
Land under non-agricultural 000 ha 33
use
Permanent pastures 000 ha 16
Cultivable wastelands 000 ha 9
Land under miscellaneous 000 ha 25
tree crops and groves
Barren and uncultivated land 000 ha 10
Current fallows 000 ha 34
Other fallows 000 ha 5
2 Agricultural Land Use
Net sown area 000 ha 216
Area sown more than once 117
Gross cropped area 000 ha 333
3 Cropping Intensity % 153
Source-Odisha Agricultural Statistics
 CHAPTER-IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The study on the topic entitled “Adoption of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) practice in
Balasore district” was conducted in Balasore district of Odisha. A total of 120 numbers of SRI
farmers from 4 villages were personally interviewed with structured schedule. Information collected
were analysed with appropriate statistical methods. The results have been presented as per the
objectives framed for the study.

The findings of the study were presented in this chapter as per the objectives outlined in four
sections. The findings and discussion were made as per following objectives of the study.

1. To analyse the socio-economic attributes of farmers adopting SRI practice.

2. To study the level of knowledge and skill of respondents of SRI practice.

3. To study the extent of adoption of SRI practice.

4. To identify the constraints and suggestions in adoption of SRI practice.

4.1. To study the socio-economic attributes of the SRI farmers

In social science, it is essential to analyse the socio-economic profile of the farmers which would
give a basic and clear picture about the background of the farmers. The socio-economic background
of farmers has a direct influence on the venture undertaken by the farmer. Therefore socio-
economic conditions of the rice growers are definitely the determinant factors for getting high
production on rice through SRI method of rice cultivation. So the social factors like age, education,
caste, family type, exposure to extension agency and economic factors such as land holding size,
possession of farm implements, sources of income as well as annual income were selected for the
study. The socio-economic attributes of the SRI farmers under study are presented in detail.

4.1.1. AGE

Age is an important social factor that influences individual working ability. Age is significant,
in terms of experience, maturity of judgement, decision making and power of understanding. Age
determines the extent of knowledge gained, involvement in different enterprises and adoption of
improved practices. Hence it is an inevitable variable in any social study. Information collected in
this regard is presented in table.
Table-4.1.1.Distribution of respondents on the basis of age

SL. NO. CATEGORIES FREQUENCY PERCENTAG

E
1 Up to 35 yrs 9 7.6
2 36-55 yrs 95 79.3
3 Above 55 yrs 16 13.1

It is observed from the table that majority of the respondents (79.3%) were in the age group of 36-
55 years followed by senior citizen group (13.1%) and young age group (7.6%)). Here most of the
middle aged group people were farmers doing SRI method of rice cultivation followed by old age
groups and least by the young age groups.

4.1.2. EDUCATION

Education is a process of bringing desirable change in the behaviour of human being. Particularly
change in components like knowledge, skill and attitude. It is always linked with mental and
psychological ability of an individual to understand, decide and accept new ideas and practices into
action. It also influences the behaviour of the individuals to accept improved practices.

Table-4.1.2.Distribution of respondents on the basis of education level

SL. NO. EDUCATION FREQUENCY PERCENTAG

E
1 Illiterate 14 11.7
2 Primary Level 24 20

3 Middle 44 36.7
School
4 High School 32 26.6

5 Graduate 6 5

As observed from this table majority of the respondents (36.7%) had middle school level education
and followed by high school level education (26.6%) and the least respondents have done
graduation i.e. only 5 %. The data in the table as a whole reveal that majority of the SRI Rice
growers had average education level (middle school level).
 4.1.3. CASTE

As proved in history, in a society like that of ours caste has a definite impact on the occupational
behavioural but regarding improving upon or improving techniques to earn more is seen with those
who have already a taste of earning more. Our society is mostly caste structured which exerts
considerable influence on adoption or rejection of new technology. In the present system, caste
structure also decides the relative position of a person in the society.

Table-4.1.3.Distribution of respondents on the basis of caste

SL. CASTE FREQUENCY PERCENTAG

NO. E
1 Schedule Tribe (ST) 12 10
2 Schedule Caste (SC) 27 22.5
3 Other Backward Classes 49 40.8
(OBC)
4 General Caste 32 26.6

From the above table, it is observed that the majority of respondents (40.8%) belonged to OBC
caste group, followed by general caste26.6 %, schedule caste (SC) 22.5% and 10 % in schedule
tribe (ST). Whereas upper class people having more land are doing SRI methods of rice cultivation
as revealed from the study and lower caste people take lands on lease or has less land in
comparison.

4.1.4. FAMILY TYPE

Family type generally affects the adoption of rice cultivation. Because it indicates that how many
numbers of respondents generally participate in land. So decision making happens to be the crucial
factor in adopting and implementing certain practices. Joint comprises more adults with a traditional
bent of mind in comparison to nuclear family. That is reflecting in the decision making behaviour.
Each type has their respective advantages and disadvantages. Generally two types of families are
found in our society.
Table-4.1.4.Distribution of respondents on the basis of their family type

SL.NO. FAMILY TYPE FREQUENCY PERCENTAG

E
1 Nuclear 43 35.8
2 Joint 77 64.2
As regard to the family type, it is observed from the table 4.1.4. that majority (64.2%) of
respondents were having joint family followed by 34.5% were having nuclear family type. People
like to stick together with brotherhood and farming together helps in carrying out different activities
of farming.

4.1.5. SIZE OF LAND HOLDLING

Possession of land is an important factor for accessing economic condition of both the farm men
and women in the village. Since the respondents are major source of income from farming. It is an
indicator of cultivation of different types of crops. Out of which our main point is growing of rice.
On that, each individual give priorities on land to food production. Unless the farmer is having
considerable holding size, he may not attempt to grow risk-oriented SRI method of rice.

Table-4.1.5. Distribution of respondents on the basis of land holding size

SL. CATEGORY FREQUENCY PERCENTAG

NO. E
1 Landless 9 7.3

2 Marginal 54 45.2

3 Small 47 39.5

4 Medium 8 6.9

5 Large 2 1.1

It is revealed from the table that majority of the respondents were marginal farmers i.e. 45.2 %
followed by 39.5% small farmers, 7.3% landless farmers & medium land holders 6.9 % and only
1.1 % farmers are large land holders. The reason is that most of the farmers depend on leased land.

4.1.6. OCCUPATION

As proved in the history, in a society like that of ours caste also has a definite impact on the
occupational behaviour but regarding improving upon or improving techniques to earn more is seen
with those who have already a taste of earning more. It is an important element in the socio-
economic status; occupation indicates earning of an individual for his livelihood. To strengthen our
belief, the very statement by “Obgurn and Nimkoff” states that “Occupation is an indicator of a
person’s standing in the social system. There are different categories of people are living in the
society due to their occupation, likely farming, farming with service, farming with business etc.

Table-4.1.6. Classification of respondents on the basis of occupation

SL.NO. OCCUPATION FREQUENCY PERCENTAG

E
1 Farming 110 91.7
2 Farming+ 6 5.1
Service
3 Farming 4 3.2
+Business

The above table indicated that majority of the respondents were involved in farming (91.7%)
followed by farming with services (5.1%), farming with business (3.2%). The main group had
farming as their primary occupation and they made their livelihood with farming.

4.1.7. OUTWARD ORIENTATION

Outward orientation denotes the respondent’s irrelativeness in the society. They are generally
localised or cosmopolite in nature.

Table-4.1.7. Classification of respondents on the basis of outward orientation

SL. RESPONDENTS FREQUENCY PERCENTAG

NO. E
Localite 32 26.4
1
Cosmopolite 88 73.6
2

From the table, it is indicated that most people were cosmopolite (73 6%) and they had contact with
outside world and localite people (26.4%) had contact with the local people only.
 4.1.8. CONTACT WITH EXTENSION AGENCY

Contact with extension agency helps a person to know much about the outside world. The
dimension of contact increases further with the intensity of contact at various levels. After that it
was divided into 3major categories namely never, often and frequently etc.

Table-4.1.8. Classification of respondents on the basis of their contact with extension agency

SL. CONTACT PERSONNEL FREQUENCY PERCENTAG

NO. E
1 Village Agricultural Worker 72 60
2 Cooperative Society 64 53.3

3 Bank Personnel 120 100

4 Agricultural Extension 0 0
Worker
5 Input dealers 120 100
6 Neighboring Farmers 120 100

7 Panchayat Samiti 120 100

From the above table, it is observed that almost all people had contact with input dealers, bank
personnel, Panchayat Samiti and neighbouring farmers.60% of the people had contact with village
agricultural worker, 53.3 % people had contact with cooperative societies and the contact with
agricultural extension officer is nil.

4.1.9. UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION RESOURCES

Utilization of information resources is an indicator of economic status of an individual in the

society. These are more useful sources for motivating people in which respondents are getting
information through different medium like audio either audio-video. Then after these information
resources were listed in a tabulated form.
Table-4.1.9. Respondents utilization pattern of information sources

SL.NO. TYPES OF FREQUENCY PERCENTAG

MEDIA E
1 Radio 19 15.3
2 Television 33 27.5
3 Newspaper 25 21.1
4 Magazines and 43 36.1
Leaflets

From the above calculated table, it is cleared that the use of different sources of information media
by the respondents varies considerably. Most of the individuals referred more than two media at a
time. Among the respondents, most people preferred magazines and leaflets like materials (36.1%),
27.5 % of farmers preferred TV for information source on agriculture, followed by 21.1 %
preferring newspaper articles and the least people preferred radio that’s 15.3 %.

4.1.10. POSSESION OF FARM IMPLEMENTS

Possession of farm implements determines the progressiveness of a farmer and involvement in

scientific farming. It is an assumption that farmer using more implements in farm operation usually
go for commercial farming. Possession of farm implements by the sample respondents is mentioned
in the table.

Table-4.1.10. Distribution of respondents on the basis of possession of farm implements

SL. IMPLEMENTS FREQUENCY PERCENTAG RANK

NO. E ORDER
1 Desi Plough 24 20 7
2 MB Plough 2 1.6 13
3 Iron Plough 50 41.7 4
4 Tractor 16 13.3 9
5 Intercultural 38 31.7 5
Tools
6 Storage 58 48.3 3
Structure
7 Sprayer 84 70 1
8 Pump 60 50 2
 9 Conoweeder 26 21.7 6

10 Rice Thresher 18 15 8

11 Power Tiller 12 10 10

12 Duster 6 5 11

13 Reaper 6 5 11

From the above table, it is observed that majority of the people possessed Sprayer, Pump, Storage
structures, Iron Plough.20 % farmers possessed Desi plough.13.3 % farmers possess tractors but it
is used mostly by all farmers. Conoweeder was possessed by 21.7 % farmers. Only 1.6 % had MB
plough.

4.1.11. ANNUAL INCOME

Incomes of a family greatly influence decision making habit of an individuals and family. It also
regulates for commercial farming and adoption of improved practices. It is also very difficult to
assess the annual income of the farmers as they are not keeping any records. The aspiration and
goals if an individual is more of less ascertained on the basis of his average annual income.
However, sufficient interaction made by the investigator to record the annual income as reflected in
table 4.1.11.

Table-4.1.11. Distribution of respondents on the basis of their annual income

SL.NO. ANNUAL INCOME FREQU PERCENTAGE

ENCY
1 Up to Rs 10,000 0 0

2 Rs. 10,000 – 50,000 63 52.6

3 Rs 50,000 -- 1,00,000 35 29.1

4 Above Rs 1,00,000 22 18.3

 As the study revealed that most of the farmers had an annual income of Rs. 10,000 to 50,000/-
(52.6%), second majority was found in Rs 50,000-1,00,000 category because many farmers were
landless and marginal land farmers(29.1%). Farmers having income Rs. 50,000-100,000/- are less
(18.3%). Farmers having income more than Rs 100,000 were the least in number as they were
mainly the large land holders, who were also less in number.

4.2. To study the level of knowledge and skill of respondents of SRI practice.
4.2.1. LAND PREPARATION

Table-4.2.1.Knowledge level of farmers towards land preparation

STATEMENTS High Medium No

SL.N Knowled Knowledge Knowledge
O. ge
f % f % f %

1 3-4 ploughing is required 1 9 3 2.4 0 0

for preparing land. 1 7.
7 6
2 6 inch depth of ploughing 9 7 2 23.6 0 0
is ensured in the last 2 6. 8
ploughing 4

The table above indicated that the farmers had a good knowledge about land preparation i.e. 97.6 %
farmers knew about 3-4 ploughing whereas only 2.4 % had medium knowledge on it. The people
having knowledge on providing 6 inches of depth on ploughing were 76.4 % and farmers with
medium knowledge were 23.6 %.None of the respondents were found to be having no knowledge
on land preparation aspects.
 4.2.2. SEED SELECTION

Table-4.2.2. Knowledge level of farmers towards seed selection

SL.NO. STATEMENTS High Knowledge Medium No

Knowledge knowledge
F % F % F %
1 Improved variety 87 72.5 30 25.4 3 2.1
of seed

2 2 Kg seeds /acre 117 97.3 3 2.7 0 0

Selection of seed has a vital role and from the above stated table the farmers had high knowledge
(72.5%) on selection of seed on the improved variety of seed whereas 25.4% had medium
knowledge and 2.1 % had no knowledge. Similarly, 97.3 % farmers had complete knowledge on the
recommended seed rate whereas 2.7 % had medium knowledge and none found to having no
knowledge on it.

4.2.3. PREPARATION OF NURSERY BED

Table-4.2.3. Knowledge level of farmers towards nursery bed preparation

SL.NO. STATEMENTS High Medium No

Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge
F % F % F %
1 Selecting 40 sq. m 75 62.6 45 37.4 0 0
area for 1 acre
crop
2 BED size of 1×10 57 47.2 63 52.8 0 0
m
3 Raised bed of 8- 71 59.3 47 39.2 2 1.5
10 cm height
4 Putting well 42 35 78 65 0 0
mixed soil &
FYM of equal
amount on bed
 5 Drainage channels 64 53.3 56 46.7 0 0
on all sides.

The above table reflected knowledge of farmers on preparation of nursery bed. Majority of
respondents’ i.e., 62.6% had high knowledge on nursery area required for 1 acre crop whereas
37.4% had medium knowledge and none of the respondents found to having no knowledge on it.
The farmers having knowledge on preparing bed size 1x10 metre were 47.2% and those with
medium knowledge were 52.8% and none of the respondents found to having no knowledge on it.
The knowledge of farmers for preparing raised bed of 8-10 cm height was 59.3% with high
knowledge and 1.5% had no knowledge about it. The respondent farmers found to be having
medium knowledge (65%) on Putting well mixed soil & FYM of equal amount on bed whereas only
355 had high knowledge and none of the respondents found to having no knowledge on it. The
farmers having knowledge on providing drainage channels on all sides were 53.3% with high
knowledge and 46.7% with medium knowledge and none of the respondents found to having no
knowledge on it.

4.2.4. MAIN FIELD PREPARATION

Table-4.2.4.Knowledge level of farmers towards mainfield preparation

Sl. STATEMENTS High Medium No

No Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge
.

f % F % f %
1 Good puddling and levelling 84 70 36 30 0 0
2 Drainage channels on all 79 65.9 41 34.1 0 0
sides

3 Making channels after 2 m 23 19.1 81 67.5 1 13.4

distance 6

4 Marking at 25×25 cm 46 38.3 74 61.7 0 0

distance
5 Not keeping standing water 51 42.5 64 53.4 5 4.1
for transplanting

As it is observed from the above table, most of farmers were having high or medium
knowledge about the main field preparation practices. Among the respondents, 70% of the farmers
were having high knowledge on good puddling and levelled field while 30% had medium
knowledge and none of them had any knowledge on it. Farmers having high knowledge (65.9%) on
making drainage channels on all sides while 34.1% had medium knowledge and none found having
no knowledge on it. Respondent farmers having high knowledge on making channels after at 2m
distance were 19.1 % and 67.5 % had medium knowledge and 13.4% had no knowledge on it. For
marking the field with 25x25cm distance,38.3 % farmers were having high knowledge and 61.7 %
farmers were having medium knowledge and none found to be having no knowledge on it.53.4% of
the farmers from the study area were having medium knowledge on not keeping standing water
during transplanting while 42.5% having high and 4.1% had no knowledge on it.

4.2.5. TRANSPLANTING

Table-4.2.5.Knowledge level of farmers towards transplanting

SL. STATEMENTS High Medium No

NO. Knowledge Knowled Knowledge
ge
F % F % F %
1 Transplanting 8-10 51 42. 6 57. 0 0
days old seedlings 5 9 5
2 Putting seedlings on a 30 25 7 61. 1 13.3
thin metal sheet of 4 7 6
30×30 cm
3 Transplanting single 90 75. 2 21. 3 2.8
seedling per hill 3 6 9
4 Transplanting 88 73. 2 23. 4 3.4
immediately after 3 8 3
uprooting from
nursery
 5 Not washing the 10 89. 1 10. 0 0
seedlings after 7 1 3 9
uprooting

As observed from the above table, 57.5 % farmers had medium knowledge about age of seedlings
during transplanting and 42.5 % had high knowledge and none having no knowledge on it. Majority
of farmers also had medium knowledge on putting seedlings on metal sheet of 30×30 cm while 25
% had high knowledge and 13.3% had no knowledge on it. Most of the farmers had high knowledge
on transplanting one seedling per hill i.e., 75.3% while 21.9% had medium knowledge and only
2.8% had no knowledge on it. Most of the farmers had well knowledge on transplanting
immediately after uprooting from nursery i.e. 73.3 % followed by 23.3% had medium knowledge
and only 3.4% had no knowledge on it. It is revealed that most of the farmers (89.1%) had high
knowledge on not washing the seedlings after uprooting while only 10.9% had medium knowledge
and none found having no knowledge on it.

4.2.6. FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT

Table-4.2.6.Knowledge level of farmers towards fertiliser management

SL. STATEMENTS High Medium No

NO. Knowledg Knowledge Knowledge
e
f % f % f %
1 Applying 4-5 tonnes 48 40 72 60 0 0
FYM/compost per acre
2 Applying before ploughing 96 80 24 20 0 0
and incorporating
3 Using Vermicompost 30 25 62 51.7 18 23.3
4 Green manuring/Brown 23 19. 61 50.9 36 30
Manuring 1
5 Applying 60:30:20 kg NPK 86 71. 34 28.3 0 0
7
The above mentioned table shown that most of the farmers had knowledge on fertilizer
management. The knowledge level of majority of farmers (60%) was medium on applying 4-5
tonnes FYM/compost per acre while 40% had high knowledge and none found to have no
knowledge on it. The farmers had knowledge on applying fertilizer before ploughing and
incorporating were very high in numbers i.e. 80% and only 20% were having medium knowledge
while none had any knowledge on it. The farmers had high knowledge level on how to using
Vermicompost were 25% whereas 51.7% had medium knowledge and 23.3 % with no knowledge.
Farmers had medium knowledge (50%) on green manuring/Brown manuring while 19.1% had high
knowledge and 30% had no knowledge on it. The knowledge level of farmers on applying 60:30:20
kg NPK was 71.7% high knowledge and 28.3% with medium knowledge and none had no
knowledge on it.

4.2.7. WATER MANAGEMENT

Table-4.2.7.Knowledge level of farmers towards water management

SL. STATEMENTS High Medium No

NO. Knowle Knowledg Knowledge
dge e
f % f % f %

1 Maintaining water at 8 6 3 31. 0 0

soil saturation 2 8. 8 7
3
2 Provide drainage 7 6 4 35. 0 0
channel to avoid 7 4. 3 8
submergence 2
3 Alternate wetting and 3 2 7 61. 11 9.2
drying 5 9. 4 6
2
4 Keeping 2-3 cm 3 3 7 63. 5 4.2
standing water during 9 2. 6 3
flowering to maturity 5
5 Draining water 20 3 2 6 51. 23 19.
days after flowering 5 9. 2 6 2
2
From the above table as observed that the farmers were having good knowledge of water
management for SRI method. Maintaining water at soil saturation knowledge was high with 68.3%
of farmers and 31.7% of farmers were having medium knowledge and none had any knowledge on
it. It was observed that knowledge on provide drainage channel to avoid submergence was high
with 64.2% of farmers and only 35.8% had medium knowledge while none found to have no
knowledge on it. Majority of farmers i.e., 63.3% had medium knowledge on keeping 2-3 cm
standing water during flowering to maturity whereas 32.5% had high knowledge on it. Similarly
63.3% respondents had medium knowledge on keeping 2-3 cm standing water during flowering to
maturity while 32.5% had high and only 4.2% had no knowledge on it.

4.2.8. WEED MANAGEMENT

Table-4.2.8.Knowledge level of farmers towards weed management

SL.NO. STATEMENTS High Medium No

Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge
f % f % f %

1 Irrigating field 90 75 26 21.7 4 3.3

before 1 day of
weeding
2 Using 32 26.7 58 48.3 30 25
mandua/cono
weeder for
weeding
3 Incorporating 44 36.7 64 53.3 12 10
weeds into the
soil
4 4 weeding at 10 34 28.3 70 58.4 16 13.3
days interval
5 Manually 91 75.8 29 24.2 0 0
uprooting weeds
near the plant
 As observed from the table, the farmers were having overall medium knowledge about the weed
management for SRI method. The farmers were having good knowledge on irrigating the field
before 1 day of weeding, i.e.75% had high knowledge, and 21.7% had medium knowledge and
3.3% having no knowledge. Using mandua/conoweeder for weeding were not well known to the
farmers as 26.7% knew fully, 48.3% had medium knowledge and 25% were having no knowledge.
Uprooting weeds manually near to the plant was known to most of the farmers as 75.8 % had high
knowledge and 24.2% with medium knowledge and none had any knowledge on it.

4.3. To study the extent of adoption of SRI practice.

4.3.1. LAND PREPARATION

Table-4.3.1. Adoption level of farmers towards land preparation

SL.NO. STATEMENTS Full Partial No

Adoption Adoption Adoption
F % F % F %

1 Recommended number 10 90 12 10 0 0
of ploughing for 8
preparing land
2 Recommended depth of 78 65 42 35 0 0
ploughing ensured in
last ploughing

From the above table, it is observed that land preparation practices were well adopted in the
study area. Almost all i.e., 90 % farmers adopted the use of recommendation number of ploughing
required for preparing land whereas only 10% partially adopted this. 65% fully adopted the
recommended depth of ploughing to be ensured in the last ploughing while 35% partially adopted.
 4.3.2. SEED SELECTION

Table-4.3.2.Adoption level of farmers towards seed selection

SL.NO. STATEMENTS Full Adoption Partial No Adoption

Adoption
f % f % f %

1 Improved variety 32 24.3 62 44.1 26 21.6

of seeds
2 Recommended 16 13.3 46 38.3 58 48.4
seed rate

Study reveals that 44.1% of the farmers partially adopted the use of improved varieties of seeds
whereas 24.3 % fully adopted and 21.6% didn't adopt at all. Only 13.3% farmers fully adopted the
use of recommended seed rate, 38.3% partially adopted and 48.4 % farmers didn't adopt it because
they didn't want to take risk.

4.3.3. PREPARATION OF NURSERY BED

Table-4.3.3.Adoption level of farmers towards nursery bed preparation

Sl.No. STATEMENTS Full Adoption Partial Adoption No Adoption

f % F % f %

1 40 sq. m area for 1 38 31.7 36 30 46 38.

acre 3
2 Bed size 1×10 m 39 32.5 36 30 45 37.
5
3 Raised bed of 8-10 44 52.6 34 32.1 42 16
cm
4 Equal amount of 66 56 36 29 18 15
well mixed FYM
and soil
The above table reveals that taking nursery area of 40 sq. m for 1 acre crop and nursery bed size of
1×10 m were partially adopted by 30 % in each aspect.31.7% fully adopted use of 40 sq.m area and
38.3% didn't adopt it.32.5% farmers adopted doing bed size 1×10 m and 37.5 % didn't adopt it at
all. Majority i.e., 52.6% fully adopted raised bed of 8-10 cm, 32.1% partially adopted and 16%
didn't adopt it. Majority of farmers i.e., 56 % farmers adopted the use of equal amount of well
mixed soil and FYM and 29 % partially adopted this while 15% didn't adopt it.

4.3.4. MAINFIELD PREPARATION

Table-4.3.4.Adoption level of farmers towards main field preparation

Sl. No. STATEMENTS Full Adoption Partial No Adoption

Adoption

f % F % f %

1 Well leveled field 76 63.3 26 21.7 18 15

with good drainage
channels
2 Making channel after 29 24.2 64 53.3 27 22.5
2 m distance
3 Marking at 25×25 cm 32 26.7 54 45 34 28.3
distance
4 Not keeping standing 64 53.3 36 30 20 16.7
water for
transplanting

The above table suggests that majority i.e., 63.3 % farmers fully adopted the practice of
levelling the field and doing drainage channels throughout whereas 21.7% partially adopted and
15% didn't adopt. Only 24.2% farmers fully adopted making channel after 2 m distance and 53.3%
partially adopted whereas 22.5% didn't adopt. Majority i.e,45 % partially adopted marking at 25×25
cm,26.7% fully adopted and 28.3% didn't adopt it. Most of the farmers i.e., 53.3% fully adopted the
practice of not keeping standing water for transplanting, 30% partially adopted and 16.7% didn't
adopt it.
 4.3.5. TRANSPLANTING

Table-4.3.5.Adoption level of farmers towards transplanting

Sl. No. STATEMENTS Full Adoption Partial No Adoption

Adoption
f % F % f %

1 Transplanting 8-10 days 60 50 36 30 24 20

old seedlings
2 Putting seedlings on a 30 25 51 42.5 39 32.5
thin metal sheet of
30×30 cm
3 Single seedling per hill 48 38.3 40 29.5 32 32.2

4 Transplanting 58 48.3 32 26.7 20 16.7

immediately after
uprooting

The above table reveals that transplanting practices were well adopted by the farmers in the area. 50
% farmers fully adopted transplanting 8-10 days old seedlings, 30% partially did and 20%
didn't.42.5% respondents partially adopted putting seedlings on a thin metal sheet, 25% fully
adopted and 32.5% didn't adopt it at all.38.3% ,29.5% and 32.2% fully, partially and didn't adopt
putting single seedling per hill respectively.48.3% farmers fully adopted the practice of
transplanting immediately after uprooting,26.7% partially adopted and 16.7% didn't adopt .

4.3.6. FERTILISER MANAGEMENT

Table-4.3.6.Adoption level of farmers towards fertiliser management

Sl. STATEMENTS Full Adoption Partial No Adoption

No. Adoption
f % F % f %

1 4-5 tonnes FYM/compost 70 58.3 36 30 14 11.7

per acre
2 Using Vermicompost 25 20.9 55 45.8 40 33.3
3 Green manuring/Brown 18 15 32 26.7 70 58.3
manuring
4 60:30:20 kg NPK 56 46.7 38 31.7 26 21.6

From the table, it can be observed that majority of the farmers i.e,58.3% farmers fully adopted the
use of 4-5 tonnes of FYM/Compost per acre area,30% partially adopted while only 11.7% didn't
adopt it. Use of Vermicompost and Green/Brown manuring was least adopted in the area due to
lack of awareness about thati.e, 33.3% and 58.3% didn't adopt it respectively.20.9% fully adopted
using Vermicompost and 45.8% partially adopted. Only 15% fully adopted green/brown manuring
and 26.7% partially adopted. Recommended dose of NPK was fully adopted by 46.7%,partially by
31.7% and not adopted by 21.6% farmers.

4.3.7. WATER MANAGEMENT

Table-4.3.7.Adoption level of farmers towards water management

Sl. STATEMENTS Full Adoption Partial No adoption

No. Adoption
f % F % f %

1 Providing drainage channel 52 43.3 46 38.3 22 18.4

on all sides
2 Alternate wetting and drying 28 23.3 66 55 26 21.7

3 2-3 cm standing water from 40 33.3 56 46.7 24 20

flowering to maturity
4 Draining water 20 days after 46 38.3 59 49.2 21 17.5
flowering

The above table reveals that the farmers mainly partially adopted the water management
practices. Majority of farmers i.e., 55% farmers partially adopted the practice of alternate wetting
and drying,23.3% fully adopted and 21.7 % didn't adopt it Providing drainage channel on all sides
was adopted by 43.3% farmers fully,38.3% partially and not adopted by 18.4%farmers.46.7%
partially adopted keeping 2-3 cm standing water, 33.3% fully adopted and 20% didn't.49.2%
partially adopted the practice of draining water 20 days after flowering,38.3% fully adopted and
17.5% didn't adopt it.
 4.3.8. WEED MANAGEMENT

Table-4.3.8.Adoption level of farmers towards weed management

Sl.No. STATEMENTS Full Adoption Partial No Adoption

Adoption
f % F % f %

1 Irrigating field before 1 48 40 50 41.7 22 18.3

day of weeding
2 Using 10 8.2 30 25.3 80 66.5
mandua/conoweeder
3 4 weeding at 10 days 32 26.7 46 38.3 42 35
interval
4 Manually uprooting weeds 66 55 36 30 18 15
near the plant

From the above Table, it is observed that only 8.2% adopted the use of mandua /conoweeder for
weeding whereas 25.3% partially adopted it and 66.5% didn't adopt it at all. Nearly equal % of
farmers fully and partially adopted the practice of irrigating field before day of weeding i.e., 40%
and 41.7% respectively while 18.3% didn't adopt. 26.7% adopted fully 4 weeding at 10 days
interval, 38.3% partially adopted and 35% didn't adopt. Manually uprooting weeds near the plant
was fully adopted by 55%, partially by 30% and not adopted by 15%.

4.4. To identify the constraints and suggestions in adoption of SRI practice.

4.4.1. Extension support services

Policy decision as well as plans or programmes of government get translated into action when
supported with adequate, appropriate in time and need based, problem oriented extension services
are available to the cliental. In case of popularizing SRI method of rice cultivation extension
support services also extended in form of training, demonstration, exposure visit, distribution of
literature and timely guidance to the concern adopters. The data in this regard is presented in the
table below:
TABLE 4.4.1. Extension Support Services responsible for adoption of SRI method

Sl. Service High Moderate Low Rank

No. Constraint Constraint Constraint Order
f % f % f %

1 Exposure Visit 79 65.6 24 20 17 14.4 I

2 Timely 66 55 34 28.3 20 16.7 II

guidance
3 Training 54 45 40 33.3 26 21.7 III

4 Demonstration 25 21 32 26.7 63 52.3 IV

Majority of the respondents i.e. 65.6% of the respondents acknowledge exposure visit as highly
responsible factor for sustenance of their interest on adopting SRI method of rice cultivation, 20%
considered it as moderate constraint and 14.4% as low. Timely guidance was a high constraint for
55%, moderate for 28.3% and low for 16.7% farmers. Training was considered as a high constraint
for 45%, moderate for 33.3% and low constraint for 21.7%. Similarly demonstration was
considered as least responsible in affecting the adoption of SRI practice by them. It was observed
that 52.3% of adopters didn’t feel the contribution of demonstration in motivating farmers to adopt
SRI method of rice cultivation, only 21% considered it as high constraint and 26.7% as moderate
constraint.

4.4.2. Input supply

For getting output supply of related input is a precondition everywhere irrespective of nature, time
and subject and context in which the action is being taken. Input in the form of supply of quality of
seed of choiceable varieties, FYM, irrigation, herbicides, labour force and credit facilities are
essential and item wise acknowledge as by the concern adopters as responsible factor presented in
the following table:-
TABLE 4.4.2. Classification of respondents on basis of Input Supply

Sl. Input Supply High Moderate Low Rank

No. Constraint Constraint Constraint Orde
r
f % f % f %

1 Labour force 76 63.3 26 21.7 18 15 I

2 Credit facility 11 9.1 92 76.7 17 14.1 II

3 Good variety 12 10 24 20 84 70 III

4 Irrigation 5 4.1 14 11.7 101 84 2 IV

5 FYM 0 0 14 11.7 106 88.3 V

6 Manure/Compost 0 0 14 11.7 106 88.3 V

The above data reveals that Labour force was the biggest constraint for adoption of SRI practice in
the area due to its unavailability and since initially high labour force is required, this became a
limitation for taking up SRI practice.63.3 % farmers considered it the biggest constraint,21.7% as
moderate constraint and 15% as low. Credit facility was a moderate constraint for 76.7%, high for
9.1% and low for 14.1%. Good variety was a high constraint for 10%, moderate for 20% and low
constraint for 70%.Lack of abundant supply of FYM and Manure/Compost was the least affecting
constraint to the respondents. No farmers considered FYM, Compost as high constraint.88.3%
farmers considered both as low constraint and 11.7% farmers considered both as moderate
constraint.

4.4.3. Social constraints

The social constraints are the constraints arising due to the present society. It depends on the people
living in the society with whom the farmer has contact with. It matters in changing the mentality of
the farmer towards the technology he adopts. Different social constraints and the frequency and
percentage are given below.
TABLE 4.4.3. Classification of respondents on basis of Social Constraints

Sl. Statement High Moderate Low Rank

No. Constraint Constraint Constraint
f % f % f %

1 High Labour 74 61.7 38 31.7 8 6.6 I

requirement
2 Lack of 17 14.1 36 30 67 55.9 II
awareness
3 Low adoption 0 0 32 26.7 88 73.3 III
by other
farmers
4 Traditionally 0 0 22 18.3 98 81.7 IV
adopted
practices

The data in the above table revealed that high labour requirement was the most important constraint
for the farmers in adopting SRI practice i.e., 61.7 % farmers agreed to it while 31.7% considered it
as moderate constraint and 6.6% as low. Lack of awareness was a high constraint for 14.1% and
moderate for 30% whereas low for 55.9%.Low adoption by other farmers was not considered as a
high constraint by anyone while 26.7% considered it as moderate constraint and 73.3% as
low.And81.7% of respondents considered their traditionally adopted practices as least responsible
to adopt the SRI practice while 18.3% considered it as moderate constraint and none as high.

4.4.4. Organisational constraints

The farmers depend on different organisations for cultivating rice in SRI method; the farmers
depend for technology, different inputs and facilities for carrying cultivation in proper manner.
These factors are needed to be proper for avoiding the constraints to the farmers. The organisational
constraints faced by the farmers are shown in the table and frequency and percentage of the problem
are mentioned.
TABLE 4.4.4. Classification of respondents on basis of Organisational Constraints

SL.No. Statement High Moderate Low Rank

Constraint Constraint Constraint Order

f % f % f %

1 Lack of 50 41.7 42 35 28 23.3 I

effective
supervision by
extension
worker
2 Less supply of 0 0 44 36.7 76 63 3 II
quality seeds to
the farmers
3 Non- 14 11.7 16 13.3 90 75 III
availability of
production
inputs on time
4 Lack of proper 0 0 15 12.5 105 87.5 IV
coordination
and
cooperation
among farmers

Here in the above table the data revealed that lack of effective supervision by extension worker was
the biggest constraint for adopting SRI practice by the farmers. 41.7 % considered it as the most
important constraint, 35% as moderate constraint and 23.3% as low constraint. Less supply of
quality seeds was not a high constraint for anyone while 36.7% considered it as moderate constraint
and 63.3% as low constraint. Non availability of production inputs on time was a high constraint for
11.7% farmers and moderate constraint for 13.3% and low constraint for 75% respondents. Lack of
proper coordination and cooperation among farmers was considered as the least responsible factor
in adopting SRI practice i.e,87.5 % farmers considered it least responsible and 12.5% as moderate
constraint.
 4.4.5. Economic constraints

The economic facilities available to a farmer can make the farmer go in proper way of success of
crop or failure of crop. The farmer needs to have sufficient economy for proper cultivation process
of SRI. SRI method is a process of cultivating rice in which proper technology needs to be followed
and the labour requirement are high which needs more economy level of the farmers. Different
economic constraints faced by the farmers are mentioned below with the frequency and percentage
of the farmers taken under study area.

TABLE 4.4.5.Classification of respondents on basis of Economic Constraints

Sl. Statement High Moderate Low Rank

No. Constraint Constraint Constraint Order
f % f % f %

1 Lack of crop 64 53.3 38 31.7 18 15 I

insurance in
rice
production
1 Poor 14 11.7 64 53.3 42 35 II
economic
condition of
farmers
2 High cost of 16 13.3 58 48.3 46 38.4 III
good quality
seeds
4 Low market 0 0 44 36.7 76 63.3 IV
price at the
time of
harvesting

The data in the above table revealed that lack of crop insurance in rice production was the major
constraint in adoption of SRI practice in the area i.e,53.3% farmers agreed to that,31.7% considered
it as moderate constraint and 15% as low constraint. Poor economic condition of farmers was a
moderate constraint for 53.3%, low constraint for 35% while 11.7% considered it as high constraint.
High cost of quality seeds was a moderate constraint for 48.3%, Low constraint for 38 4% and high
constraint for 13.3% respondents only. Low market price at time of harvesting was not at all a high
constraint by any of them but 36.7% considered as moderate constraint and 63.3% as low
constraint.

4.4.6. Technological constraints

The technology holds an important role in rice production by SRI method. The proper technology
needs to be available by the farmers cultivating rice by SRI method. The farmers need to have
proper information of the technology by training, demonstration and different follow services.
Different constraints, frequency and percentage are shown in the under table which has been
observed from study area.

TABLE 4.4.6. Classification of respondents on basis of Technological Constraints

Sl. Statement High Moderate Low Rank

No. Constraint Constraint Constraint Order
f % f % f %

1 Inadequate training to 54 45 44 36.7 22 18.3 I

farmers
3 Irregular contact of 30 25 74 61.66 16 13 3 II
mass sources of
information at village
level
4 Less skilled Labour 27 22 5 56 46.76 37 30.8 III
about transplanting of
SRI method
5 Lack of technical 29 24.1 51 42.5 40 33.4 IV
knowledge about SRI
practices
5 Inadequate 30 25 34 28.3 56 46.7 V
demonstration of SRI
method with
recommended
technology

The data in the above table revealed that Inadequate training to the farmers regarding new
techniques and technologies to the farmers was the greatest constraint in adoption of SRI practice
by them i.e,45 % considered it and 36.7 % considered it as moderate constraint and 18.3% as low.
Irregular contact of mass sources of information was considered as a high constraint by 25% and
61.7% as moderate and 13.3% as low .46.7% considered less skilled labour for transplanting as
moderate constraint,22.5% as high and 30.8% as low constraint. 42.5% farmers considered lack of
technical knowledge as moderate constraint, 24.1% as high constraint and 33.4% as low constraint.
Atthe same time, lack of adequate demonstration didn't affect them much in adopting SRI practice
as 46.7% considered it as low constraint, 28.5% as moderate and 25% as high constraint.
 CHAPTER- V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The findings of the present study are discussed in this chapter to provide basis for drawing
conclusion and recommendation. It started with the objectives and methodology used in present
study endeavour. The findings in relation to the stated objectives of the study are also summarized
and concluded appropriately. Like any other research study, this investigation does have its
limitation which is also discussed. A good number of recommendations are outlined for further
research on adoption of SRI method of rice cultivation by the rice growers of the district.

5.1. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

The study aimed at full adoption of SRI method of rice cultivation by identifying both accelerating
and retarding factor associated with adoption over and above the relationship existing between the
socio-economic variables and adoption behaviour of rice growers.

To analyze the socio-economic attributes of farmers adopting SRI practice.

To study the level of knowledge and skill of farmers on SRI practice.

To assess the extent of adoption of SRI practice.

To identify the constraints and suggestions in adoption of SRI practice.

5.2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted using survey research design. For the purpose the rice growing belt of
Balasore district were purposively selected and rice growers of this district were selected as
respondents for study. Data was collected through specifically developed interview schedule which
was administered to 120 numbers of respondents who were selected randomly through sampling
technique. The schedule was pretested before its administration and properly modified on the basis
of feedback received out of pretesting. Statistical methods like Mean, frequency, percentage, rank
order were used for statistical analysis and drawing appropriate conclusion.
5.3. KEY RESEARCH FINDINGS

´ Study revealed that in the socio-economic variables, most of the farmers in the area i.e., 79.3%
were of the age group of of 36-55yearsand 13.1% were above 55 years, whereas only7.6%we’re
younger than 35 years. In case of size of land holding, most of the farmers had marginal land i.e.,
45.2%of the total respondents, 7.3% farmers were landless, only 1.1% were large land holders.

Majority of the respondents i.e., 36.7% had middle school level education, followed by high school
level. Majority i.e., 40.8% respondents belonged to OBC (Other Backward Classes) category
.Majority of the farmers i.e., 64.2% belonged to the joint family, which helped them to carry out
farming activities together.

Balasore being an agrariaarea, most of the farmers i.e., 91.7% farmers had farming as their primary
occupation. A maximum of 36.1% of the farmers were dependent on magazines and leaflets for
getting information,27.5 % farmers had subscribed towards TV or videos on YouTube and 21.1 %
were dependent on newspaper as their source of information. Maximum farmers i.e. 73.6% were
cosmopolite whereas 26.4 % were localite and restricted themselves to the local area for interaction
with the fellow farmers.

All the farmers (100%) had good contact with the bank personnel, input dealers, neighbouring
farmers and Panchayat Samiti, 60% had contact with Village Agricultural Worker (VAW).Majority
of the farmers possessed all the basic farm implements like Sprayer, Pump, Storage structures and
Iron Plough, 20% possessed desi plough and 1.6% had MB plough.

Maximum farmers i.e,97.6 % had high knowledge on the no of ploughings and 76.4% on depth of
ploughings, whereas 2.4% and 23.6 % had partial knowledge on the respective aspects.72.5 % had a
knowledge of using improved varieties whereas 2.1% had no knowledge about it.97.3% had
knowledge on recommended seed rate while 2.7 %had partial knowledge.

It is observed that 62.6% farmers had knowledge about nursery area while 37.4% had partial
knowledge.47.2% and 59.3 % had a complete knowledge of seed bed size and bed height
respectively. Majority of 87.4 % farmers had knowledge about recommended age of seedlings to be
transplanted and 75.3% had knowledge of transplanting single seedling per hill.

Study reveals that 44.1% of the farmers partially adopted the use of improved varieties of seeds
whereas 24.3% farmers fully adopted this. More than 50% of the farmers (52.6%) have fully
adopted preparation of raised seed bed, whereas 32.1% have partially adopted it.
 Transplanting 1 seedling per hill was fully adopted by 38.3% and partially adopted by 29.5 % and
32.2 % didn’t adopt it. Only 8.2% farmers adopted the use of conoweeder/mandua weeder for
weeding whereas 25.3% partially adopted it.66.5% didn’t adopt it at all.

The SRI farmers expressed various constraints in the adoption of SRI practice. When talking about
extension services support, 65.6% farmers considered exposure visit the biggest constraint whereas
more than 50%i.e, 52.3% of the farmers considered demonstration as the least affecting constraint
in adopting SRI practice by them.

In social constraints, high labour requirement was the biggest constraint as SRI practice requires
adequate labour force in every step. Lack of crop insurance in rice production was a major
constraint among economic constraints.

The major suggestions expressed by the farmers were-Adequate and timely information regarding
availability of inputs, procurement and price of the produce, Crop insurance should be provided to
them for their cultivation. Exposure visits should be organised to improve the knowledge and skill
of the farmers.

5.4. CONCLUSION

In the socio-economic variables there was greater heterogeneity between variables, so the farmers
were having different socio-economic background. And the heterogeneity in socio-economic
variables led the farmers to take heterogeneous decisions regarding the adoption of SRI practices by
them because these variables greatly affected their decision making process for adopting it.

Majority of the respondents were having medium level of knowledge, followed by high and low
level of knowledge. Hence there is still a need to expose the farmers to new developments in the
technologies for better production. Various developmental programmes are to be launched to
improve their knowledge, skill and competency regarding the cultivation practices.

In case of adoption, majority of the respondents had medium level of adoption, followed by high
level and low level of adoption. Hence there is a need for extension personnels to motivate them to
completely adopt this, leaving behind the traditional practices of rice production. Efforts must be
made to work on the constraints faced by them and necessary steps must be taken to reduce these
constraints.

Among the constraints observed in the farmers about SRI method; the labour force is one of the
bigger constraints in SRI production since heavy labour is required in its every step. And most
 importantly, more labour force is required initially, which acts as a bigger constraint for the farmers.
Exposure visit was another big constraint in adopting SRI practice. In addition to that, lack of crop
insurance in rice production was another major constraint. The input supply constraints and
technological constraints were less while extension services constraints was noticed clearly.

5.5. IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY

The research study has implication for adoption of SRI method and other such method developed
for enhancing the production and productivity of rice. The implication of key findings provides
significant benefit for not only for individual scientist / extension specialist but also for other stake
holders showing interest for rice cultivation through SRI practice across the state.

5.6. SUGGESTIONS

As farmers are the ultimate users of technology and extension functionaries are the carriers of these
technologies. It is essential to understand their behaviour with regard to adoption of SRI method
and relating factors both accelerating and retarding the adoption process. So there is a greater need
to work on the constraints faced by the farmers and try to improve in the necessary areas. This will
definitely help in accelerating the rate of adoption by them.
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 INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
“ADOPTION OF SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) PRACTICE IN
BALASORE DISTRICT”

Objective-1- To analyze the socio economic attribute of farmers adopting SRI practice.
Characters:-
1. Name-
2. Village-
3. Block-
4. District-
5. Age-
a.Upto 35 years
b.36-55 years
c.Above 55 years
6. Education
a. Illiterate
b. Primary level
c. Middle school level
d. High school
e. Graduate
7. Caste-
a. ST
b. SC
c. OBC
d. GENERAL
8. Family type-
a. Nuclear
b. Joint
9. Category of farmer(according to land holding)
a. Landless
b. Marginal(up to 1ha)
c. Small land holder(1ha-2ha)
d. Medium land holder(2ha-5ha)
e. Large land holder(more than 5ha)
10. Occupation-
a. Farming
b. Service + farming
c. Business + farming
d. Any other
11. Outward orientation-
a. Localite
b. Cosmopolite
12. Information sources (preference)
Sources
a. Radio
b. Television
c. Newspaper
d. Magazine &leaflets

13. Cosmo politeness (contact with)

a. Village agricultural worker(VAW)
b. Co-operative society
c. Input dealers
d. Bank personnel
e. Agri. Extension officer(AEO)
f. Panchayat samite
g. Neighbouring farmers
14. Possession of farm implements
a. Desi plough
b. M B plough
c. Iron plough
d. Tractor
e. Intercultural tools
f. Storage structure
g. Sprayer
h. Pump
i. Conoweeder
j. Rice thresher
k. Power tiller
l. Dusters
m. Reapers
15. Average annual income-
a. Up to Rs 10000
b. Rs 10000-Rs 50000
c. Rs50000-Rs 100000
d. > Rs100000
Objective-2- To study the level of knowledge and skill of farmers on SRI practice.
1. Land preparation
Sl.no. Statement High Medium No
knowledge knowledge knowledge
1. 3-4 ploughing is required for preparing
land
2. 6 inch depth of ploughing is ensured in
the last ploughing
2. Seed selection

Sl.no. Statement High Medium No

knowledge knowledge knowledge
1. Improved variety of seed
2. 2 kg seeds/acre

3. What practice you followed in preparing nursery bed?

Sl. Statement High Medium No

No. knowledge knowledge knowledge
i. Selecting 40 sqmt. Area for one area
crop
ii. Bed size 1x10 meter
iii. Preparing raised bed of 8-10 cms.
height
iv. Putting well mixed soil and FYM of
equal amount on the bed
v. Provide drainage channels on all sides

4. What practice followed in main field preparation?

Sl. Statement High Medium No

No. knowledge knowledge knowledge
i. Preparing well levelled
fields with good drainage
ii. Good puddling and
levelling
iii. Making channels after 2
meter distance
iv. Marking at 25x25 cms.
Distance
v. Not keeping standing
water during
transplanting

5. What practices followed in transplanting?

Sl. No. Statement High Medium No

knowledge knowledge knowledge
i. Transplanting 8-12 days
old seedlings
ii. Putting seedlings with a
thin metal sheet of
30x30 cms
 iii. Transplanting one
seedlings per hill

iv. Transplanting
immediately after
uprooting from nursery
vi. Not washing the
seedlings after
uprooting

6. What practice followed in fertilizer management?

Sl. No. Statement High Medium No

knowledge knowledge knowledge
i. Applying 4-5 tonnes
FYM/compost per acre
ii. Applying before
ploughing and
incorporating
iii. Green manuring/brown
manuring
iv. Using vermi-compost
v. Applying 60:30:20 kg.
NPK

7. What type of Water management practices followed?

Sl. No. Statement High Medium No
knowledge knowledge knowledge
i. Maintaining water at
soil saturation
ii. Provide drainage
channel to avoid
submergence
iii. Alternate drying and
wetting
iv. Keeping 2-3 cms.
Standing water during
flowering to maturity
v. Draining water 20 days
after flowering

8. Weed management practices followed?

Sl. No. Statement High Medium No
knowledge knowledge knowledge
i. Irrigating field before
one day of weeding
 ii. Using
cono/mandwaweeder for
weeding
iii. Incorporating weeds into
the soil
iv. Four weeding at 10 days
interval
v. Uprooting weeds
manually near to the
plants

Objective-3- To assess the extent of adoption of SRI practice.

1. Land preparation-
Sl.no. Statement Fully Partially Not
adopted adopted adopted
1. Recommended number of ploughing
required for preparing land
2. Recommended depth of ploughing
ensured in the last ploughing

2. Selection of seed

Sl.no. Statement Fully Partially Not

adopted adopted adopted
1. Improved variety of seed
2. Recommended seed rate

3. What practices do you follow in preparing nursery bed?

Sl. Statement Fully Partially Not

No. adopted adopted adopted
i. Selecting 40 sqmt. Area for one area
crop
ii. Bed size 1x10 meter
iii. Preparing raised bed of 8-10 cms.
Height
iv. Putting well mixed soil and FYM of
equal amount on the bed
4. What practices do you follow in mainfield preparation?

Sl. Statement Fully Partially Not adopted

No. adopted adopted
i. Preparing well levelled fields
with good drainage
iii. Making channels after 2
meter distance
iv. Marking at 25x25 cms.
Distance
v. Not keeping standing water
during transplanting

5. What practices followed in transplanting?

Sl. Statement Fully Partially Not adopted

No. adopted adopted
i. Transplanting 8-12 days old
seedlings
ii. Putting seedlings with a thin
metal sheet of 30x30 cms
iii. Transplanting one seedlings
per hill
iv. Transplanting immediately
after uprooting from nursery
vi. Not washing the seedlings
after uprooting

6. What practice followed in fertilizer management?

Sl. Statement Fully Partially Not adopted

No. adopted adopted
i. Applying 4-5 tonnes
FYM/compost per acre
iii. Green manuring/brown
manuring
iv. Using vermi-compost
v. Applying 60:30:20 kg. NPK

7. What water management practices followed?

Sl. Statement Fully Partially Not adopted
No. adopted adopted
i. Provide drainage channel to
avoid submergence
ii. Alternate drying and wetting
iv. Keeping 2-3 cms. Standing
water during flowering to
maturity
iv. Draining water 20 days after
flowering
 8. Weed management practices followed?

Sl. Statement Fully Partially Not adopted

No. adopted adopted
i. Irrigating field before one day
of weeding
ii. Using cono/mandwaweeder
for weeding
iii. Four weeding at 10 days
interval
iv. Uprooting weeds manually
near to the plants

Objective-4- To identify the constraints and suggestions in the adoption of SRI practice.
1. Extension support service constraints-
Sl. No. Service High Medium Low
constraint constraint constraint
1. Training
2. Demonstration
3. Exposure visit
4. Timely guidance

2. Input supply constraints

Sl. No. Inputs High Medium Low
constraint constraint constraint
1 Good varieties
2. FYM
3 Manure/compost
4 Irrigation
5 Labour force
6 Credit facility

3. Social constraints-
Sl. No. Statement High Medium Low
constraint constraint constraint
1. Lack of awareness
2. Traditionally adopted
practices
3. High labour requirement
4. Low adoption by people
5. Low risk bearing ability
 4. Organizational Constraints-
Sl. No. Statement High Medium Low
constraint constraint constraint
1. Poor coordination &
cooperation among farmers
2. Lack of proper market for
produce
3. Lack of effective supervision
by extension worker
4. Less supply of quality seeds
to the farmers
5. Non availability of production
inputs in time

5...Economic Constraints-
Sl. No. Statement High Medium Low
constraint constraint constraint
1. Poor economic condition of
farmers
2. High cost of good quality
seeds
3. Lack of crop insurance in rice
production
4. Low market price at the time
of harvesting
5. Absence of storage facility for
seeds

6. Technological Constraints-
Sl. No. Statement High Medium Low
constraint constraint constraint
1. Inadequate training to farmers
2. Inadequate demonstration of
SRI method with
recommended technology
3. Lack of technical knowledge
about SRI with farmers
4. Irregular contract of mass
media sources of information
at village level
5. Less skilled labour about
transplanting of SRI method