Agricultural Botany

STANDARDIZATION OF SEED GERMINATION
TESTING PROCEDURE IN SARPGANDHA

(Rauvolfia serpentina Benth.)
By
Mr. BUDHABHUSHAN RENURAO MUNESHWAR

(Reg. No. R/013/048)
A Thesis Submitted to the
MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH

RAHURI - 413 722, DIST.AHMEDNAGAR
MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
of
MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE)

in
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY
(SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY)
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BOTANY
POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE

RAHURI - 413 722, DIST. AHMEDNAGAR
MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
2015
STANDARDIZATION OF SEED GERMINATION
TESTING PROCEDURE IN SARPGANDHA
(Rauvolfia serpentina Benth.)
By
(Reg. No. R/013/048)
A Thesis submitted to the

RAHURI - 413 722, DIST. AHMEDNAGAR
MAHARASHTRA.
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

of
in
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY
SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
APPROVED BY
Dr. V. R. Shelar
(Chairman and Research Guide)
Dr. M. T. Bhingarde Dr. S. B. Chaudhary

(Committee Member) (Committee Member)
Dr. C. A. Nimbalkar
(Committee Member)
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BOTANY

POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE
RAHURI - 413 722
2015
i
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesis or a part
there of has not been submitted
by me or any other person
to any other University
or Institute for
a Degree or
Diploma.
Place: MPKV, Rahuri

Date: / / 2015 (B. R. Muneshwar)
ii
Dr. V. R. Shelar
Seed Research officer
Seed Technology Research Unit
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth
Rahuri – 413 722, Dist. Ahmednagar
Maharashtra State.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis

entitled,“STANDARDIZATION OF SEED GERMINATION
TESTING PROCEDURE IN SARPGANDHA (Rauvolfia
serpentine Benth.)”, submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture,
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar
(Maharashtra State) in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) in
SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, embodies the results of a
piece of bona fide research work carried out by Mr.
MUNESHWAR BUDHABHUSHAN RENURAO, under my
guidance and supervision and that no part of the thesis has
been submitted for any other Degree or Diploma.
Place: MPKV, Rahuri (Dr. V. R. Shelar)

Dated: / /2015. (Research Guide)
iii
Dr. B.R. Ulmek

Associate Dean
Post Graduate Institute
Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth
Rahuri - 413 722, Dist. Ahmednagar
Maharashtra State.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled,

“STANDARDIZATION OF SEED GERMINATION TESTING
PROCEDURE IN SARPGANDHA (Rauvolfia serpentine
Benth.)”,submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Mahatma
Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar
(Maharashtra State) in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) in
SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, embodies the results of a
piece of bona fide research work carried out by Mr.
MUNESHWAR BUDHABHUSHAN RENURAO, under the
guidance and supervision of Dr. V. R. Shelar, Associate
Professor, Dept. of Agril. Botany, M.P.K.V., Rahuri, and that
no part of the thesis has been submitted for any other Degree
or Diploma.
Place : MPKV, Rahuri ( B.R. Ulmek)
Dated: / /2015. (Associate Dean)

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Gratitude cannot be seen or expressed; it can be felt deep in heart

and is beyond description. Although ‘Thanks’ are poor expression of debt
of gratitude one feel, yet there is no way to express it.
A formal statement of acknowledgement will hardly meet the ends
of justice in the matter of expression of my deeply felt sincere and
heartiest gratitude to my research guide Dr. V. R. Shelar, Seed Research
Officer, Seed Technology Research Unit, M.P.K.V., Rahuri for erudite
guidance, constant encouragement, painstaking efforts in suggesting
designing and improving the quality of study throughout the entire span
of research work and consuming this manuscript successfully.
It is my proud privilege to offer sincere and well devoted thanks to
Dr. B. R. Ulmek, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture and Director of
Instruction, M.P.K.V., Rahuri, Dr. R. W. Bharud, Head, Dept. of Agril.
Botany, Post Graduate Institute, M.P.K.V., Rahuri.
I wish to convey my heartiest appreciation for round the clock help
extended to me by advisory committee, Dr. M. T. Bhingarde, Associate
Professor, Department of Agricultural Botany, Post Graduate Institute
M.P.K.V., Rahuri, Dr. S. B. Chaudhary, Assistant Professor of Botany,
Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Project, M.P.K.V. Rahuri, Dr. C. A.
Nimbalkar, Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Post Graduate
Institute, M.P.K.V., Rahuri for their co-operation constructive criticism
and valuable suggestions during the whole course of study.
I wish to express my sincere and heartly thanks to Dr. S. K.
Ransing, Junior Seed Research Officer, STRU, M.P.K.V., Rahuri, Dr. T.
N. Tagad, Dept. of Agril. Botany, Post Graduate Institute, M.P.K.V.,
Rahuri for their guidance and suggetions during the course of work.
v
Heartful thanks also to librarian Mr. P. A. Shinde and their

colleagues for their kind co-operation during the completion of my
research work.
I wish to express my thanks to my department colleagues Mr.
Mokate S. S., Mr. Hate C.S., Mr. Gaikwad S. H., Mr. Raut P. A., Mr.
Gavhane S. D., Ms. More, Ms. Patil and Ms. Lonkar.
Words are small trophies to express my immense love and affection
to my dear friends, Gajanan, Prashant, Vikram, Rahul, Samadhan,
Abhishek, Chetan, Ajay, Ravindra, Deepak, my seniors Narendra, Sandip,
Narayan, Sunil, Sandip, Prashant, Vipul my juniors Umesh, Vitthal,
Sachin, Vaibhav, Mohsin, Ajay and Nikita for their good wishes and
inspired help. I thank to my seniors Prashant Kasrale, Prasanjit Bhagat,
Amit Bhagat for their enthusiastic, cheerful, immutable and selfless
encouragement throughout my undergraduate and post graduate studies.
I have no words to express my feelings in fathomable depths which
springs in the very core of my heart of my Baba, Aai, My Sisters Nitutai
and preetitai and my Brother Harshu dada who always stood like a
lighthouse for illuminations, in the pathway of every success, unsuccess
and for their sacrifice in moulding me and in building up my educational
career.
I am also deeply obliged to all those authors and scientists, past
and present, whose contributions were of immense help to understand
there research findings as their literature has been aptly cited to
undertake the present investigation.
vi
While travelling on the path of life and education, many hands

pushed me forth, learned hearts put me on the right path, enlighten by
their knowledge and experience. I ever remain thankful to them all.
Last but not least, I thanks to Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth,
Rahuri for providing me an opportunity to undertake the post graduation
studies.
Place : Rahuri
Date: / /2015 (B. R. Muneshwar)
vii
CONTENT
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION i
CERTIFICATES
1 Research Guide ii
2 Associate Dean (PGI) iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xv
ABBREVIATIONS xvi
ABSTRACT xvii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
2.1 Effect of seed treatments 5
2.2 Germination methods 13
2.3 Germination temperature 15
3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 25
3.1 Experimental material 25
3.2 Treatment detail 25
3.3 Observation recorded 29
3.3 Storage studies 31
3.5 Statistical analysis 32
4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 33
4.1 Standardization of seed germination 33
4.1.1 Effect of seed treatment on germination, root 33
and shoot length.
4.1.2 Effect of germination methods on germination, 34
root and shoot length.
4.1.3 Effect of temperature on germination, root and 36
shoot length.
4.1.4 Interaction effect of germination methods and 37
seed treatment on germination, root and shoot
length.
4.1.5 Interaction effect of temperature and seed 40
treatments on germination, root and shoot
length.
temperature on germination, root and shoot
length.
4.1.7 Interaction effect of germination methods, 46
viii
temperature and seed treatment on

germination, root and shoot length.
4.1.8 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight 54
vigour, index-I and vigour index-II
4.1.9 Effect of germination methods on seedling dry 56
weight, vigour index-I and vigour index-II
4.1.10 Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight, 57
vigour index-I and vigour index-II
seed treatments on seedling dry weight, vigour
index-I and vigour index-II
treatments on seedling dry weight, vigour
temperature on seedling dry weight, vigour
4.1.14 Interaction effect of media, temperature and 66
treatments on seedling dry weight, vigour
4.1.15 Effect of seed treatment on electrical 70
conductivity, moisture content, seed mycoflora
and seed weight
4.1.16 Effect of temperature on electrical conductivity, 72
moisture content, seed mycoflora and seed
weight
4.1.17 Interaction effects of temperature and 73
treatments on electrical conductivity, moisture
content, seed mycoflora and seed weight
4.2 Storage results 77
4.2.1 Effect of seed treatment on germination (%). 77
4.2.2 Effect of germination methods on germination 77
(%).
4.2.3 Effect of temperature on germination (%) 78
seed treatments on germination (%)
treatments on germination (%)
temperature on germination (%)
ix

temperature and seed treatments on
germination (%)
4.2.8 Effect of seed treatment on root length (cm) 91
4.2.9 Effect of germination methods on root length 91
(cm)
4.2.10 Effect of temperatures on root length (cm) 91
seed treatments on root length (cm)
treatments on root length (cm)
temperature on root length (cm)
temperature and seed treatments on root
length (cm)
4.2.15 Effect of seed treatment on shoot length (cm) 100
4.2.16 Effect of germination methods on shoot length 101
(cm)
4.2.17 Effect of temperature on shoot length (cm) 101
seed treatments on shoot length (cm)
treatments on shoot length (cm)
temperature on shoot length (cm)
temperature and seed treatments on shoot
length (cm)
4.2.22 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight 110
(mg)
4.2.23 Effect of germination methods on seedling dry 111
weight (mg)
4.2.24 Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight 111
(mg)
seed treatments on seedling dry weight (mg)
treatments on seedling dry weight (mg)
x
temperature on seedling dry weight (mg)

temperature and seed treatments on seedling
dry weight (mg)
4.2.29 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-I 120
4.2.30 Main factor effect of germination methods on 121
vigour index-I
4.2.31 Effect of temperature on vigour index-I 121
seed treatments on vigour index-I
treatments on vigour index-I
temperature on vigour index-I
temperature and seed treatments on vigour
index-I
4.2.36 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-II 129
4.2.37 Effect of germination methods on vigour 130
index-II
4.2.38 Effect of temperature on vigour index-II 130
seed treatments on vigour index-II
treatments on vigour index-II
temperature on vigour index-II
index-II
4.2.43 Effect of seed treatment on electrical 139
conductivity (dSm-1)
4.2.44 Effect of temperature on electrical conductivity 140
(dSm-1)
treatments on electrical conductivity (dSm-1)
4.2.46 Effect of seed treatment on seed moisture 142
content (%)
4.2.47 Effect of temperatures on seed moisture 143
content (%)
xi

treatments on seed moisture content (%)
4.2.49 Effect of seed treatment on seed mycoflora (%) 146
4.2.50 Effect of temperature on seed mycoflora (%) 146
treatments on seed mycoflora (%)
4.2.52 Effect of seed treatment on seed weight (g) 149
4.2.53 Effect of seed temperature on seed weight (g) 150
treatments on seed weight (g)
5 DISCUSSION 152
5.1 Germination 153
5.2 Root-shoot length 154
5.3 Seedling dry weight 155
5.4 vigour index I and II 156
5.5 Electrical conductivity 157
5.6 Moisture content 157
5.7 Seed mycoflora 158
5.8 Seed weight 159
6 SUMMARY AND CONCULSION 160
6.1 Summery 161
6.2 Conclusion 164
7 LITERATURE CITED 165
8 VITA 176
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.no Caption Between

pages
1 Effect of seed treatments on germination % 153-154
2 Effect of germination methods on germination 153-154
%
3 Effect of temperature on germination % 153-154
4 Effect of seed treatment on root length (cm) 154-155
5 Effect of germination method on root length 154-155
(cm)
6 Effect of temperature on root length (cm) 154-155
7 Effect of seed treatment on shoot length (cm) 154-155
8 Effect of germination method on shoot length 154-155
(cm)
9 Effect of temperature on shoot length (cm) 154-155
10 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight 155-156
(mg)
11 Effect of germination method on seedling dry 155-156
weight (mg)
12 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight 155-156
(mg)
13 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-I 156-157
14 Effect of germination method on vigour index-I 156-157
15 Effect of temperature on vigour index-I 156-157
16 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-II 156-157
17 Effect of germination method on vigour index-II 156-157
18 Effect of temperature on vigour index-II 156-157
19 Effect of seed treatment on electric conductivity 157-158
(dSm-1)
20 Effect of temperature on electric conductivity 157-158
(dSm1)
21 Effect of seed treatment on moisture content 157-158
(%)
22 Effect of temperature on moisture content (%) 158-159
23 Effect of seed treatments on seed mycoflora (%) 158-159
24 Effect of temperature on seed mycoflora (%) 158-159
25 Effect of seed treatments on seed weight (g) 160-161
26 Effect of temperature on seed weight (g) 160-161
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Caption
No. no.
Effect of seed treatment on germination, root and shoot
1 34
length.
Effects of germination methods on germination, root and
2 35
shoot length.
Effect of temperature on germination, root and shoot
3 36
length
Interaction effect of germination methods and seed
4 38
treatment on germination, root and shoot length.
Interaction effects of temperature and seed treatments on
5 42
Interaction effect of germination methods and
6 45
temperature on germination, root and shoot length.
Interaction effect of germination methods, temperature
7 and seed treatments on germination, root and shoot 48
length.
Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight, vigour
8 55
Effect of germination methods on seedling dry weight,
9 57
Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight, vigour
10 58
11 treatments on seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and 59
vigour index-II
Interaction effect of temperature and treatments on
12 63
seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and vigour index-II
Interaction effect germination method and temperature
13 65
on seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and vigour index-II
Interaction effect of media, temperature and treatments
14 67
on seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and vigour index-II
Effect of seed treatment on electrical conductivity,
15 71
moisture content, seed mycoflora and seed weight
Effect of temperature on electrical conductivity, moisture
16 73
Interaction effects of temperature and treatment on
17 electrical conductivity, moisture content, seed mycoflora 74
and seed weight
18 Effect of seed treatment on germination (%) 80
19 Effect of germination methods on germination (%) 81
20 Effect of temperature on germination (%) 81
xiii

21 81
Interaction effect of temperature and seed treatments on
22 83
germination (%)
23 85
24 85
and seed treatments on germination (%)
25 Effect of seed treatment on root length (cm) 94
26 Effect of germination methods on root length (cm) 94
27 Effect of temperatures on root length (cm) 94

28 95
29 96
root length (cm)
30 97
31 97
and seed treatments on root length (cm)
32 Effect of seed treatment on shoot length (cm) 103
33 Effect of germination methods on shoot length (cm) 104
34 Effect of temperature on shoot length (cm) 104
35 104
36 105
shoot length (cm)
37 106
38 107
and seed treatments on shoot length (cm)
39 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight (mg) 114
Effect of germination methods on seedling dry weight
40 114
(mg)
41 Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight (mg) 114

42 115
43 116
seedling dry weight (mg)
44 117
xiv

45 117
and seed treatments on seedling dry weight (mg)
46 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-I 123
47 Effect of germination methods on vigour index-I 124

48 Effect of temperature on vigour index-I 124
49 124
50 125
vigour index-I
51 126
52 126
and seed treatments on vigour index-I
53 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-II 133
54 Effect of germination methods on vigour index-II 133
55 Effect of temperature on vigour index-II 133
56 134
57 135
vigour index-II
58 136
59 136
and seed treatments on vigour index-II
60 Effect of seed treatment on electrical conductivity (dsm-1) 141
61 Effect of temperature on electrical conductivity (dsm-1) 141
Interaction effect of temperature and seed treatment on
62 141
electrical conductivity (dsm-1)
63 Effect of seed treatment on seed moisture content (%) 144
64 Effect of temperature on seed moisture content (%) 144
65 144
seed moisture content (%)
66 Effect of seed treatment on Seed mycoflora (%) 147
67 Effect of temperature on seed mycoflora (%) 148
68 148
seed mycoflora (%)
69 Effect of seed treatment on seed weight (g) 150
70 Effect of seed temperature on seed weight (g) 151
71 151
seed weight (g)
xvi
LIST OF ABBREVATION
% : Per cent
/ : Per
@ : At the rate
0C : Degree Celsius
A.D. : Anno Domini (After Christ)
B.C. : Before Christ
C.D. : Critical differences
cm : centimeter
DAS : Days after storage
DMC : Dry matter content
dSm-1 : Desi Simen per meter
EC : Electrical conductivity
et al : And other (et alli)
GP : Germination Percentage
hrs : Hour
i.e. : That is (id est)
kg : Kilogram
mg : Milligram
ml : Mililitre
NS : Non-Significant
SE : Standard error
Viz., : Namely (videlicent)
xvii
ABSTRACT
“STANDARDIZATION OF SEED GERMINATION
TESTING PROCEDURE IN SARPGANDHA (Rauvolfia
serpentina Benth.)”
by
A candidate for the degree
of
in
SEED SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
2015
Research Guide : Dr. V. R. Shelar
Department : Agril. Botany
The present investigation was undertaken to standardize

the seed germination testing procedure of sarpgandha (Rauvolfia
serpentine Benth). The experiment was conducted during 2014-
2015 at Seed Technology Research Unit (STRU), M.P.K.V.,
Rahuri. The fresh seeds were collected from Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants Project (‘Dhanwantari Garden’), M.P.K.V.
Rahuri. The experiment was conducted in Factorial Completely
Randomized Design (FCRD) to assess the suitable method,
temperature and treatment for germination testing methods of
sarpgandha.
xviii
Abstract contd… Mr. B.R. Muneshwar

The sarpgandha seeds were treated with different treatments i.e.
chemicals viz., conc. H2SO4 for 3 min. (T2), con.H2SO4 for 5 min.
(T3) and conc. H2SO4 for10 min. (T4), 1% KH2PO4 for 24 hrs. (T5),
1% KNO3 for 24 hrs. (T6), 2% KNO3 for 24 hrs. (T7), 0.5%
Thiourea for 5 min. (T8) and Cow urine for 5 min. (T9) and
physical viz., mechanical scarification with sand paper (T10), cold
stratification for 24 hrs. (T11), water soaking for 24 hrs. (T12),
along with control i.e. untreated seeds (T1) were used for
experiments.
For standardization of seed germination testing procedure
four germination methods viz., between paper method (M1), sand
method (M2), top of paper method (M3) and cocopeat method and
three temperatures viz., 20 + 2 OC (C1), 25 + 2 OC (C2) and 30 +
2 OC (C3) were used. The seed quality attributes viz., germination
(%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm), dry matter content of
seedling (mg), vigour index-I, vigour index-II, seed mycoflora (%),
moisture content (%), electrical conductivity (dsm-1), and seed
weight (g) was recorded.
Among the seed treatments the seed treated with 2% KNO3
for 24 hrs gave significantly higher germination (38.75 %) in
sarpgandha as compared to control (18.08 %). The root and
shoot length was also significantly higher (3.66 and 7.77 cm)
when treated with 2% KNO3 for 24 hrs as compared with control
(1.90 and 5.50 cm). Significantly higher dry matter weight
(238.33 mg) was obtained when seed were treated with 2% KNO3
for 24 hrs. The increase in vigour index I and II (383.92 and
xix
Abstract contd… Mr. B.R. Muneshwar

9.44) were also observed with 2% KNO3. Seed treated with 2%
KNO3 showed lower electrical conductivity (0.391 dsm-1) as
compared with control (0.529 dsm-1). The 2% KNO3 treated seed
showed decrease in moisture content. The seed treated with
conc. H2SO4 reported no mycelium growth. Seed weight
decreases when seed treated with 2% KNO3 as compared to
control.
After standardization of seed germination procedure, the
seed were kept for storage in high density polyethylene bag
(HDEP) at room temperature. It was observed that germination
was increased up to 120 days of storage. The germination was at
its highest when seed was treated with 2% KNO3 and kept in
sand at 30 ± 20C at 120 days of storage (70.00%). The root, shoot
length seedling dry weight and vigour index was also increased
up to 120 days when seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept in
sand at 30 ± 20C for germination. After 180 days, the
germination was decreased and the same trend was observed for
root, shoot length seedling dry weight and vigour index. The
electric conductivity and seed mycoflora was increased as period
of storage increased. The seed moisture content and seed weight
was decreases with increasing in storage period. The seeds
treated with 2% KNO3 and kept in sand method at 30 ± 2 OC are
the ideal condition for higher germination.
Pages 1 to 176
1
1. INTRODUCTION
Sarpgandha Rauvolfia serpentine L. Benth. (Family:

Apocynaceae) is a woody perennial shrub, commonly known with
different names, snake root plant, chotachand, chandrika etc.
The roots of this shrub have been used for centuries in ayurvedic
medicines. This shrub is highly effective in the treatment of high
blood pressure. It is also very useful in mental disorders like
insanity, mental illness and traumas. (Gupta et al., 2005) It is
equally effective in treating insomnia because of its sedative
properties. It found useful for Hysteria and Urticaria. According
to Ayurveda it is the best among all anti-hypertensive drugs. It
has been stated that the drug is useful in mental disease,
epilepsy, sleeplessness and several other ailment.
This is a genus of around one hundred species and five are
native to India. These are herbacious or woody shrubs and
glabrous. They attain a maximum height of 75 cm. Leaves are
arranged in whorls of 3-4 up to 10 cm long and 5 cm broad,
gradually tapering into a petiole. Leaves are bright green above
and pale beneath. Flowers are white or pinkish, peduncle deep
red, about 1.5 cm long, appear in small clusters. Fruit is drupe,
polished green in young stage and purplish black at maturity. It
is slightly connate and obliquely ovoid and is found in bunch
depending upon height and healthiness of plant. The bark is pale
brown and corky with irregular longitudinal fissures on it. Seeds
have smooth but extremely hard seed coat surface.
2
This species is native to Bangladesh, Burma, Sri Lanka,

Malaya, India and Indonesia. In India the plant is occurring in
Sub-Himalayan tracts in Punjab, in lower ranges of Eastern and
Western Ghats, Assam, Chhotanagpur, U.P, M.P, Orissa, Bihar,
Maharashtra and Andaman islands (Gupta et al., 1978).
The plant is medicinally important in the treatment of
cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and various psychiatric
diseases. Interestingly, its roots were long used in India for
treating mental illness and snakebite, known to medicine man
and peasants as the “Insanity herb” or “snake root” or
“Sarpagandha”. The alkaloids are effective against snake bites
and scorpion stings. The plant is reported to contain various
iodole group alkaloids that are localized in the roots. More than
50 alkaloids have been reported from R. serpentina. The most
important alkaloids isolated from the roots are reserpine,
ajmaline, ajmalicine, ajmalinine, serpentina, alloyohimbine,
chandrine, deserpidine, isoajmaline, yohimbine, isoyohimbine,
and 11-methoxy-deltayohimbine. Dried root bark powder is used
against insomnia, schizophrenia or violent mental disorders.
Local tribes of Gadchiroli (Maharashtra) use R. serpentine root
and leaves to treat snake bites. Its freshly ground leaves when
applied to the toe serve as an antidote for snake poison. Some
people of Mulchera Gadchiroli district (Maharashtra) think that
snakes do not come closer around 20-25 ft. distance
surrounding this plant.
It grows well in tropical to subtropical climate receiving
heavy rains between June and August. The areas having more
3
equable climatic variations seem to be more suited than the

areas having higher climatic variations. It prefers soil with plenty
of humus and rich in nitrogenous and organic matter with good
drainage. Alkaline soils are not suitable for commercial
cultivation (Dey and De, 2010). The plant sheds its leaves during
winter. In pharmaceutical industries, roots of Rauvolfia and its
products are in great demand. Even though the chemical
synthesis of reserpine is possible, it costs more than extracting it
from natural resources.
Mass scale collection of this plant from natural habitats
has lead to depletion of plant resources. The availability of R.
serpentine has been decreased in the wild to the extent that it
has been included under the category of endangered plants, and
also included in the list of the items banned for export. There is
an urgent need to conserve this important endangered medicinal
plant. To meet the increasing demand of R. serpentine roots, we
need a farmers friendly cultivation package by which good
quality of roots should be obtained on sustainable basis. There is
need to find out the most suitable method of cultivation in terms
of root yield and alkaloid content. But due to rapid growth of
world population, increasing anthropogenic activities, rapidly
eroding natural ecosystem etc, the natural habitat of this
important shrub Rauwolfia is dwindling. It is now an endangered
species in India due to indiscriminate collection and over
exploitation of natural resources for commercial purposes to
meet the requirements of pharmaceutical industry, coupled with
limited cultivation. The propagation of R. serpentine through
4
seeds is difficult due to less viability and very low germination

percentage (Nayar 1956, Dutta et al.1962) Propagation by direct
sowing of seeds in the field has not been found successful. Sun-
dried and stored seeds generally give a low rate of germination
and seeds stored more than 7 - 8 months practically did not
germinate. The germination percentage of seed is very poor and
variable (25 - 50 %) and is often as low as 10 % that is due to the
presence of cinnamic acid derivatives
In view of the above, the present study entitled

“Standardization of seed germination testing procedure in
sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina)” is undertaken with the
following objective
1. Standardization of seed germination testing procedure of

sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina).
5
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Many workers have attempted to study the presence of seed
dormancy, its duration, and its mechanism, method to overcome
it and standardize the germination methods of many plant
species. The standard seed testing procedures including
laboratory germination tests have also been prescribed in
International Rules for seed testing for most of agricultural and
horticultural crops. However, for most of the medicinal plants,
the germination methods are either unknown or imprecisely
known. Available literature relevant to present investigation
entitled standardization of germination techniques in medicinal
plants species have been reviewed in this chapter.
2.1 Effect of seed treatments

Hedayatullah (1959) revealed that seed germination of R.
serpentina was quite erratic, ranged from 8-48% with an average
of 19%. Thus, propagation through cuttings alone and or in
maximum combination with hormone treatment may be helpful.
Gupta (1971) reported that dormancy of Solanum
melongena seeds could be removed by application of IAA (10-20
ppm), NAA (10-40 ppm) and GA3 (10-40 ppm).
Sharma and Chakraborthy (1971) found that seeds of
Lactuca sativa do not germinate and showed considerable
amount of dormancy. It could be eliminated by application of
GA3 (50 mg/l) and Thiourea (1000 mg/l).
Tyagi and Sharma (1977) reported that treating of seeds of
solanum nigrum treated with 0.2 % KNO3 improved the
6
germination.
Joshua (1978) reported that pre-sowing seed treatment

with GA3 @ 500 ppm for 24 hrs at 25 OC temperatures for 6 days
significantly increased the germination in Solanum incanum.
Dey and Choudhari (1982) treated the Ocimum sanctum

seeds with hormones and promoters viz., 10 ppm of GA3, 75 ppm
of kinetin, 50 ppm of ethrel, 25 ppm of boric acid, 10 ppm of
KNO3 and one per cent of ascorbic acid. They reported that
hormones and promoters were significantly improved the
germination of seeds.
Bahuguna et al. (1987) reported that the highest

germination in champa (Michellia champaca) was obtained at of
500 ppm GA3 treatment but germination value was highest in
1000 ppm and it was slightly greater 24 hours of soaking of
seeds than 48 hours.
Jones and Sanders (1987) reported that increased the rate

of germination by soaking pepper seeds either in water or in
KNO3 + KH2PO4 solution for 10 hrs.
Mandal et al. (1987) reported that 80 and 82 per cent

germination was observed in Coriander and Fennel seeds when
seeds were soaked in water for 5 hrs and 10 hrs, respectively
before sowing.
Veeraragavadatham et al. (1988) found that ipecac

(Cephalis ipecauanha) seeds treated with 200 ppm of KH2PO4
solution for 24 hours exhibited maximum germination as
compared to control.
7
Radhakrishnan et al. (1989) reported that seeds treated

with KNO3 promoted the germination of positively photoblastic
seeds in Cassia sericed.
Mehta and Sen (1990) reported that exposing the seed to 8

hours light and 16 hours to darkness gave 63.3 per cent
germination, whereas 10 hours light and 14 hours dark gave in
minimum germination of seeds. They also reported that
germination was maximum in blue light and minimum in red
light whereas there was no germination in complete darkness in
ashwagandha seeds.
Gupta et al. (1997) reported that seeds treated with

concentrated H2SO4 for 10 min improved the germination in
Glycyrrhiza glabra.
Harakumar (1997) reported that seeds of Gymnema

sylvestre soaked in tap water for 12 hr and followed by soaking
in 0.2% KNO3 solution for 6 hr enhanced the germination up to
75 per cent.
Seal and Gupta (1998) reported that highest rate of

germination of 90 per cent in Sida rhombifolia and 64 per cent in
Sida acuta was observed when seeds were treated with 3N H2SO4
for 2 and 7 min, respectively.
Kattimani et al. (1999 a) Conducted an experiment to study
the effect of pre-sowing seed treatments on seed vigour, root
length and dry root yield of the medicinal plant of ashwagandha.
They reported that soaking the seeds in 1% sodium nitrate gave
the highest percentage germination. While seeds soaked with
8
nitrates of sodium and potassium at 1.0% for 24 hr produced

more vigorous seedlings, higher dry matter accumulation and
root length as compared to unsoaked and water soaked seeds.
Unsoaked seeds had the lowest root length throughout the
different stages of crop growth except 15 days after sowing, while
zinc nitrate (0.5%) increased root length as compared other
treatments. Seeds soaked with nitrates of sodium and potassium
at 1.0% recorded maximum dry root yield at harvest.
Bhuyar et al. (2000) reported that seeds of Rauvolfia
serpentina, prior to germination, were subjected to various
treatments such as cold water (24 hrs.); hot water (80 degrees C
for 5 min) then cooled down to room temperature; sulfuric acid
(2 min); sulfuric acid (5 min); sulfuric acid (10 min); gibberellic
acid (500 ppm for 24 h); potassium nitrate (0.2% for 24 hrs.).
Sulfuric acid produced the highest number of normal seedlings
with germination percentage (53.33). (Significant results were
also obtained for germination percentage and seedling length in
sulfuric acid.)
Verma et al. (2001) reported that Sulfuric Acid treatment
was effective in breaking G. glabra dormancy, while in P.
corilifolia, scarification of the seed coat with sand paper resulted
in 90% germination. The tetrazolium test confirmed the presence
of >80% viable embryos in C.borivilianum. Unstained and
partially stained embryos in R. serpentine seeds revealed the
presence of non-viable embryos resulting in poor germination.
Treatment of W. somnifera seeds with 100 ppm gibberellic acid
resulted in improved germination.
9
Ghule et al. (2001) conducted the experiment on seed

dormancy and standardization of germination in some medicinal
plants. They reported that the Ocimum basilicum seeds
germinated best when seeds were treated with 0.2 per cent of
KNO3 for 24 hours.
Kattimani et al. (2001) reported that seed soaking in 1.0%

sodium nitrate for 24 hr significantly reduced the number of
days taken for germination (9 days), increased the germination
percentage (92.13%) and vigour index (670.73), compared with
other pre-sowing seed treatments. Whereas soaking of seeds in
sodium nitrate (1.0%) resulted in the highest root and shoot
lengths at harvest (15.99 and 30.70 cm, respectively). They also
reported that the pre-sowing seed treatments significantly
increased dry root yield. While soaking of seeds in sodium nitrate
recorded the highest dry root yield of 131.03 kg/ha, followed by
soaking seeds in potassium nitrate (1.0%) and calcium nitrate
(0.5%), which recorded 114.35 and 110.02 kg/ha, respectively in
ashwagandha.
Limbale et al. (2001) conducted an experiment on

stimulation of germination and dormancy studies in some
medicinal plants. They revealed that the seed treated 100 ppm
Thiourea after hot water soaking (16 hrs) and seed treated with
GA3 400 ppm followed by hot water soaking (32 hrs) resulted
better germination in Cassia fistula and Ocimum sanctum
respectively. While seeds of Withania sominifera recorded highest
germination when soaked in GA3 400 ppm for 24 hrs.
10
Suryawanshi et al. (2001) studied the requirements for seed

germination of medicinal plant species viz., Ashwagandha
(Withania somnifera), Sabja (Ocimumpallens), Dawana (Artemisia
pallens), Sonamukhi (Cassia angustifolia) and wild brinjal
(Solanum viarum). They reported that the seeds of the above
species may be germinated on top of a paper except those of
Ashwagandha, which germinated better in between paper. The
highest germination (92%) of Ashwagandha seeds was obtained
at 20 OC, while the highest germination of Dawana seeds was
recorded at 30 OC. The seeds of Sonamukhi, Sabja and wild
brinjal showed poor germination due to dormancy. Soaking of
seeds in water for 24 hrs and incubation at 20 OC gave the
highest germination in Sonamukhi. The seeds treated with 25%
nitric acid for 10 minutes and incubation at 30 OC was ideal for
Sabja. For wild brinjal, seed treated with 12.5% nitric acid for 15
minutes followed by 1000 ppm gibberellic acid for 24 hr with
alternate temperature of 20-30 OC was recommended for better
germination.
Vakeswaran (2001) observed that mechanical scarification

with sand for 6 min followed by soaking in GA3 @ 500 ppm for 5
hrs. significantly improved the germination by 21.5 per cent over
control in Withania somnifera.
Gupta (2002a) conducted experiments revealed that GA3

was effective in overcome seed dormancy at 5-30 ppm level in
Ocimum species and KCl, KNO3 and H2O2 were found useful at
1-10 % concentrations they found that significant increase in
11
seed germination capacity, germination percentage and seedling

vigour index in some ocimum species.
Gupta (b.2003) conducted an experiment on different

medicinal plants to improve germination (dormancy breaking) by
using different treatment like scarification, hot water treatment,
cold stratification and use of growth regulators (0.2%) KNO3
treatment is used in two plant species viz., Costus speciosus and
Ocimum sanctum by using top paper method and between paper
method in sunlight. They obtained 86% of germination as
compared to control (40%).
Velmurugan et al. (2003) under taken an experiment on

seed germination studies in Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
seeds, by using different chemicals like GA3, KH2PO4, Thiourea
and water and soil as the media. They reported that GA3 @ 250
ppm recorded highest percentage of germination (65.3), survival
(100 %), shoot length (12.74 cm), shoot: root ratio (1.45),
hypocotyls thickness (5.15 cm) and dry matter production (6.42
g/plant). They also reported that there was no significant
difference between GA3 at 250 ppm or KH2PO4 at 1 per cent for
all above characters.
Choudhury et al. (2004) studied on the seed germination of

Rauwolfia serpentina to determine seed germination in
association with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM). The
seeds showed 15% germination when associated with VAM. The
germination percentage increased (35%), when the seeds were
exposed to alternate temperature, sodium hypochlorite (60%)
12
and sulfuric acid (80%) pre-treatment in association with VAM.

The initiation of germination also accelerated with these
treatments.
Sriram (2004) reported that the germination capacity of

medicinal plants is generally low due to the presence of
dormancy. Seed germination response of certain cultivated
medicinal plants to various physical and chemical treatments for
to break the dormancy and thereby improves the germination
percentage.
Alamgir and Ahamed (2005) reported that for propagule

development 15 cm cuttings from different regions of 1.5-2 years
old plants of Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. were used. Root
formation and successful propagule development from cuttings
of root, stem and root-stem junction were 62, 42 and 78%,
respectively 2,4-D at 5 ppm had the highest positive impact on
root formation and propagule development (100%), followed by
IBA (83% at 50 ppm) and NAA (66% at 10 ppm). IBA and NAA in
combination had little positive effect on rooting.
Gupta et al. (2005) reported that roots of Rauwolfia

serpentina are traditionally used for treatment of insomnia,
insanity, epilepsy, asthma, high blood pressure and snakebite in
Ayurvedic system of medicine. More than 70 compounds are
known in Rauwolfia among which the reserpine, racenomin are
used for control of high blood pressure, whereas ajamalin and
ajamalcin are used for cardiac disease under modern system of
medIcine.
13
Patil et al. (2007) studied the effect of seed source and pre
sowing treatment with NaNO3, ZnSO4, KNO3 and Thiourea @ 0.5
and 1 per cent, GA3 at 100 and 200 ppm on germination in
Ashwagandha (Whithania somnifera). They observed that the
treatments GA3 @ 200 ppm, respectively recorded significantly
higher germination (91.67%).
Paul et al. (2008) reported that Rauvolfia serpentina Benth.

can be propagated by both seeds and vegetative propagules,
growth of plant and root yield are better in those raised from
seeds, but germination of seeds is much lower. Freshly collected
seeds of R. serpentina were subjected to the various treatments,
such as mechanical scarification, hot water soaking, sulphuric
acid treatment however, seed scarification with sand paper
increased germination percentage to some extent.
2.2 Germination methods:

Chandra (1956) reported that in developing propagules with
stem cuttings of 12-15 cm length and 0.4-1.0 cm diameter of R.
conescens L. by using growth regulators.
Cesevensyes and Baleanu (1987) reported that best

medium was top of paper method for germination test in Atropa
belladonna, Hyperium pciforatum, Solanum lacinatum, Solanum
sclerea and Majorana hortensis.
Verma et al. (1989) reported that top of paper method was

best method for conducting germination test in isabgol.
Bhagat et al. (1992 a.) reported that seeds of Ephedra
gerandiana sown in sand medium recorded maximum
14
germination with shortest period than those sown on soil and

filter paper.
Bhagat et al. (1992 b.) observed that maximum germination

of 97 per cent in Woodfordia fruiticosa when seeds sown in sand
medium compared to brick media and soil, which registered 58
and 43 per cent, respectively.
Dube (1995) observed that the seeds of Abrus precatorious,

Cassia angustifolia gave more germination in between Paper
(B.P.) and the seed of Slilanthus aemella and Withania somnifera
was gave more germination recorded in top of paper method.
Kalavathi (1996) reported that sand method was best for

conducting the germination test in Cassia angustifolia and
Catharanthus roseus and between paper for Hibiscus sabdariffa.
Gagare et al. (1998) reported that top of paper method in
Andrographis paniculata and Helicteres isova and between paper
was better and quick germination in Thespesia populanea.
Suryawanshi et al. (2001) reported that top of paper media

was found to be the best for conducting germination test in
Solanum viarum, Artemisia pallens and Cassia angustifolia.
Vakeswaran (2001) reported that top of paper method was

ideal for conducting germination test in Withania somnifera.
Gupta (2003) reported that, increasing germination
percentage (86%) in top of paper method in Costus speciosus and
germination percentage (40%) was seen in between paper method
in Ocimum sanctum.
15
2.1 Germination temperature
Seeds of different species have required the different ranges

of temperature within which they germinate.
Mastalerz (1976) reported that the optimum temperature

20-25 0C was better germination in Catharanthus roseus.
Joshua (1978) reported that an alternate temperature of

10-25 0C hastened the germination in Solanum incanuum.
Roberts et al. (1978) reported that seeds germinated rapidly

at an alternate temperature of 25/30oC in Solanum nigrum.
Wagenvoort and Vanopstal (1979) recommended alternate

temperature 25/30oC for improving the germination in Solanum
nigrum seeds.
Horowitz and Givelberg (1982) reported that Solanum

nigrum seeds did not germinate in dark but 98 % germination
was recorded on 5th day between 20 to 35 OC.
Jatisatien (1983) revealed that 28 OC was the most

favourable temperature for germination in Solanum lancinatum.
Adarshkumar and Bhatnagar (1976) reported that fresh

and one year old seed lots of Dalbergia sissoo, germinated faster
and gave maximum germination at 30 0C in between paper
method within nine days. The alternate temperature of 20 and
30 0C, 25 and 30 OC, 30 and 40 OC were also equally effective
but high temperatures of 40 OC and 35 to 40 OC were not
favourable.
Cesevensyes and Baleanu (1987) reported that the

16
temperature required for Atropa belladonna, Hyperium

perforatum and Solanum lacinatum was 20 to 30 OC and for
Solanum sclerca was 30 OC respectively for germination.
Thomson and Wilt (1987) suggested that a constant

temperature of 30 OC or alternating temperature regime of 20/30
OC for maximum germination in Physalis species and Solanum
ptycanthum.
Yokoyama and Makai (1988) found that Trochodendron

aralioides seeds gave 91.7 per cent germination at 28 OC and it
ranged from 27 to 37 per cent at low temperatures of 23 OC, 18
OC and 13 OC. Same species gave 81 per cent germination at
alternating temperature of 20 and 30 OC and only nine per cent
at alternating temperature of 10 and 20 OC
Bahuguna et al. (1987) reported that maximum

germination (38%) was recorded in Terminalia myriocarpa seeds
on top of paper with a moisture content of 66.6 per cent at
temperature 25 OC.
Thapaliyal (1991) observed that the seeds of Alnus nitida

and Alnus nepalensis gave more germination at 20 and 30 OC
whereas in Alnus nepalensis the germination was more at 25OC

in Between Paper (B.P.) method, while in Alnus nitida the best
germination was obtained in B.P. and T.P. at 20 OC and 25 OC.
Ganigara et al. (1995a) reported that Dalbergia latifolia gave

maximum germination at constant temperature 25 OC with
between paper method. The first count of germination can be
taken on fourth day and second count on seventh day.
17
Ganigara et al. (1995b) recommended that the constant

temperature of either 25 or 30 OC and sand medium was better
for germination test of seeds of Tamarindus indica. In Acacia
nilotica constant temperature of 30 OC and between paper as
substratum and first count on third day and final count on
seventh day were found to be optimum.
Gawali (1996) observed that under laboratory condition the

Between Paper (B.P) substrate at 20OC incubation was found to
be suitable with 83.86 per cent mean germination in Asparagus
racemosus L.
Gagare (1996) reported that seeds of Andrographis

paniculata treated with KNO3 (0.5 %) for 24 hours gave 57.20
mean per cent germination at 20 0C by using top of paper (T.P.)
substrate.
Miyan (1997) reported that maximum germination per cent

was observed in Acacia aureculiformis at 35 OC in
TP/BP/vermiculite media. In Acacia catechu at 25 OC
temperatures in TP method gives better germination. Whereas, in

Cassia fistula gave maximum germination at 25 OC both in TP
and BP method. In Pithecolobium dulse, the alternate
temperature of 20 -30 OC in TP or BP and in Switenia mahogany
maximum germination percentage was observed at 20, 30 OC
and 25 -35 OC in between paper method.
Kalavathi et al. (2001) reported that seed testing

procedures in some medicinal species, they also observed that
the first and final counts could be taken on seventh and
18
fourteenth day for periwinkle seeds having sand, roll towel and
top of paper as media. Whereas sand showed suitable medium
with temperature like 20 OC, 25 OC and 30 OC and alternate of
20 -30 OC showed better germination in periwinkle.
Obaremi et al. (2002) reported that the seeds were kept at

different conditions like light and dark at different temperature
(10, 15, 25, 30, 35 and 40 OC) and treatment of leaching at
different periods (0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours) and using top of
paper method at 25 OC temperature method was the ideal for
germination.
Pandian et al. (2002) reported that pre-soaking of seeds

with @ GA3 200 ppm for 18 hrs and kept at 30 OC+ 2 OC for 16
days gave higher germination as compared to water soaking and
control seed.
Verma et al. (2002) conducted an experiment to standardize

the seed testing procedure in medicinal plants of Babechi,
Periulinkle and Rosha grass. The seeds placed in three substrata
(B.P, T.P and S) at three different temperatures (20, 25 and 30
OC). They also revealed that Babechi seeds showed maximum
germination at 25 OC in B.P. and Periulinkle seed showed
maximum germination at 30 OC in both B.P. and T.P. substrata.
Lalith Kumar et al. (2008) under taken on experiment to

standardize seed germination test and storage behaviour in
Tulsi, Ashwagandha, Periwinkle and Kalmegh. They reported
that in Tulsi, top of paper method with 20/30 OC alternate
temperature and light (24hr) recorded the highest germination
19
(84.80%). While between paper method at 25 OC constant

temperature with 24 hr light was found suitable for germination
test and recorded maximum germination (84.90%) at 10 days in
ashwagandha. Whereas in Periwinkle seeds recorded highest
germination (90.70%) in between paper method at 20 0C in dark
with KNO3 while top of paper at 15 0C with 24 hr light was found
suitable for maximum germination (78.80%) in Kalmegh.
Sahai and Rawat (2009) revealed that the seed sterility was
comparatively high in wild and cultivated Rauvolfia serpentina.
Prolonged application of asexual mode of propagation in
cultivated taxa leading to weak genetic diversity might be
responsible for high seed sterility.
Gagare and Mate (2009) reported that effects of substrate

in sand, between paper, top paper and temperature (20 or 300 C)
on the germination of C. crispa and F. limonia seeds were
studied. The germination of C. crispa was highest in sand at 30
degrees C and lowest when seeds were germinated between
sheets of paper at 30 degrees C. F. limonia germination was most
pronounced when the seeds were germinated between sheets of
paper at 30 degrees C and lowest when the seeds were
germinated on paper and in sand at 20 degrees C.
Pandey and Mandal (2010) carried out an experiment to

find out the influence of propagation techniques and harvesting
time on root yield and total alkaloid content of the Rauvolfia
serpentina under tropical climatic conditions. Results revealed
that harvesting time had pronounced effect on quality and yield
20
of the herb. However, propagation techniques did not have

significant effect on total alkaloid content. Highest root yield and
alkaloid content was obtained in the crop raised through seeds
harvested after 18 months of planting.
Mishra et al. (2010) reported that the seeds collected from
Non-wood Forest Produce division of the institute were used for
optimization of seed germination employing various
concentrations of GA3 and mechanical scarification treatment.
Among various treatments scarified seed treated with GA3 300
ppm were found to be most effective and showed maximum of
62.67% germination.
Dey and De (2010) reported that the Rauvolfia serpentina
commonly known as Sarpagandha is an important medicinal
plant of Indian subcontinent and South East Asian countries.
The plant grows generally in the region with annual rainfall of
200-250 cm and up to an altitude of 1000 m and favours deep
fertile soil rich in organic matter. Poor seed germination rate,
over exploitation and loss of habitat are the major causes of
decline of this species from its natural habitat.
Axay Kumar et al. (2010) carried out an experiment to find
out the suitable substrata and temperature requirements for
germination testing in Jatropha seed, collected from six different
locations of Haryana. The seed lots were tested on sufficient
moistened three substrata viz., sand, B. P. and T. P. and at four
different temperatures 20, 25, 20-30 and 30 degrees C with 90-
95% RH in seed germinator. Highest germination was observed
in sand followed by between paper.
21
Shukla et al. (2010) carried out an experiment consisting

six growing media (viz., soil, 1 soil:1 sand:2FYM , 1 soil:1 sand:1
FYM , 1 soil:1 FYM , 1 soil:1 sand and 2 soil:1 sand) and three
seed weight (25, 25-50 and above 50 g) were analyzed to study
the effect on germination and seedling growth of Melocanna
baccifera (Roxb.) Seeds of above 50 g weight sown in equal
proportion of soil, sand and FYM gave significantly better
germination and seedling growth than other media used.
Sachan et al. (2010) reported that the germination test of
kalaunji seed should be conducted on Top of the Paper media at
20 degrees C temperature. The optimum days for first and final
count for germination were 6 and 10 days, respectively.
Trivedi and Kumari (2011) studies were conducted to
determine the germination behavior and ethno botanical aspects
of Rauvolfia serpentina. The germination tests, unscarified seeds
did not germinate at all, while freshly harvested scarified seeds
showed 54% germination. In response to growth regulators, the
scarified seeds showed 95.2% germination at 25 and 100 ppm
cytokinin, 90.4% at 100 ppm IAA and 77.4% at 100 ppm
gibberellic acid.
Panwar and Guru (2012) studied on the seed germination
behavior of R. serpentina under controlled environmental
conditions. Seed germination was as low as 20.47% in case of
intact seeds and was improved up to 40.2% after removal of the
seed coat. The improved seed germination may be ascribed as
the synergistic effect of the removal of seed coat as well as the
optimal concentration of GA3.
22
Bariar and Prasad (2012) reported that R. serpentine Benth.

and R. tetraphylla L. the effects of acute gamma irradiation
(60Cobalt-source) on the seed germination and survival is
highlighted and discussed. The radio-sensitivity and radio-
resistance in the two species, besides the nature and elimination
of dormancy in these species is discussed.
Krishna et al. (2011) reported that the significantly higher

germination and speed of germination was noticed in larger
seeds (2.2 mm) followed by medium seeds (2.0 mm) in Withania
somnifera Dunal. They also observed that reduced the rate of
speed of germination, seedling dry weight, root length, shoot
length and vigour index, respectively with decrease in the size of
seed (1.8 mm) and they also reported that the maximum seed
germination as was obtained in seeds soaked with KNO3 1%
solution for 6 hrs and dried back to original weight followed by
GA3 100 ppm treatment compared to untreated seeds.
Gehlot and Kasera (2011) observed the seed morphology,

germination (%), and vigour index (VI) in fresh and one-year-old
seed (stored under controlled laboratory conditions) in Withania
coagulans. TFresh seed showed 90% germination in 0.10%
CaNo3, whereas, one-old-seed responded favorably for
germination with NH4NO3 (0.75%) and CaNO3 (0.50%) solutions.
The highest R/S ratio was observed with KNO3 (0.25%) and
NH4NO3 (0.50%) solutions, respectively.
Pawar et al. (2011) studied the influence of growth

regulators on seed germination of some Dashamool species. They
23
reported that fresh seeds of three Dashamool spp. viz., Dorali

(Solanum indicum), Bhuirigni (Solanum xanthocarpum) and Bael
(Aegle marmelose) soaked in different plant growth regulators at
different concentrations viz., KNO3, GA3 NH4NO3, IAA and IBA
for 23 hrs. They reported that significant differences were
observed due to plant growth regulators for germination
percentage, days required to 50% flowering, root-shoot length
and vigour index. They also reported that the GA3 500 ppm and
750 ppm for 24 hrs soaking gave higher germination in the seeds
of Solanum indicum and Solanum xanthocarpum as compared to
other treatments. While in Aegle marmelos 0.5% NH4NO3 and 2%
NH4NO3 give significant higher germination percentage as
compared to other treatments.
Rajasaheb et al. (2011 ) reported that ashwagandha seed

were soaked in chemical solution viz., Conc. H2SO4 for five
minutes, in KNO3 (1%) 6th hrs, GA3 100 ppm, cow urine for
overnight and water soaking for 12 hrs. They exhibited
significant differences in seed germination percentage. The seeds
soaked in KNO3 1% solution for 6 hrs had recorded significantly
higher seed germination percentage (79.00%), speed of
germination, seedling dry weight (13.46 mg) and vigour over
control, except the seeds treated with Conc. H2SO4 for 1 min.
They also reported that seeds treated with KNO3 recorded
maximum root length and shoot length followed by seeds treated
with GA3 100 ppm with light treatment. There was increase in
germination and it’s parameters might be attributed by KNO3 1%
and 100 ppm of GA3 are involved in maintaining vigour and
24
efficiency of the seed germination. The KNO3 and GA3 may be

playing a critical role in increasing the physiological efficiency
during the seed germination.
Susila and Jyothsna (2013) standardized an in vitro culture

technique for mass propagation of an endangered medicinal
plant Rauvolfia serpentina. The best shoot proliferation was
observed in M S medium containing 0.1 mg L-1 NAA and 2.5
mgL-1 BA, where 92% of plants showed proliferation. For rooting,
half strength M S medium supplemented with 0.4 mgL-1 NAA
and 0.1 mgL-1 IBA showed maximum root formation (91%). After
acclimatization and transplantation, 90% of the in vitro derived
plants survived in ex vivo condition.
Khan (2013) reported that Bixa arellana L is economically

important species but have poor germination and seed
dormancy. In this connection the attempt made to study the
germination potential of the B. arellana. The different treatment
has been tried such on small incision or clipping at the top end
of the seed coat, mechanical scarification by sand paper
technique, hot and cold water treatment for different time period.
The study investigated the effect of different treatments such as
H2SO4, KNO3, Thiourea at different concentration. Among all the
treatments GA3 at different concentration Thiourea and KNO3
treatments were found more effective.
Venudevan et al. (2013) studies were conducted on

standardization of media and methodologies for germination test
under germination room conditions in line with ISTA for Bael
25
seeds. The results revealed that, either river sand or paper media
could be used for obtaining reproducible and complete
expression of germination of seed. In river sand, in-sand method
and in paper, between paper method had better expression for
germination.
Soliman and Abbas (2013) reported that acid scarification

for 2 minutes and then soaking in hot water at 100°C for 6
minutes was the best method for breaking dormancy of Cassia
fistula which resulted in an increased germination percentage.
Pallavi et al. (2014) reported that different dormancy

breaking treatments were imposed on freshly harvested seeds of
Abrus precatorius to improve germination. Treatment includes
physical and physiological methods like soaking in water, conc.
H2SO4, KNO3 (2%), GA3 100 ppm, Kinetin 100 ppm and
mechanically damaging the seed coat. The experimental results
revealed that among all treatments damaging the seed coat
enhanced germination from 32 to 84%, followed by seeds soaked
in gibberlic acid 100 ppm.
Verma et al. (2014) reported that Khurasani- ajvayan

Hyoscyamus niger L. is an important medicinal plant which is
having high percentage of hard seeds. The germination test was
conducted in the laboratory at three different temperatures (20,
25 and 30°C) and substrata (BP, TP and S). The seeds of shows
better germination in BP/TP substrata at 30°C after soaking the
seeds in GA3 solution for 24hours the final count for
germination should be taken after 12 days.
25
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The present investigation entitled, “Standardization of

seed germination testing procedure in sarpgandha (Rauvolfia
serpentina),” was conducted during 2014-15 at Seed Technology
Research Unit (STRU) Laboratory and Medicinal and Aromatic
Plant Project (Dhanwantri garden), M.P.K.V., Rahuri,
(Maharashtra state). The details of the material used and
methods adopted for the investigation are described under
various sub headings in this chapter.
3.1 Experimental Material

The fresh seeds of sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) were
collected from Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Project, M.P.K.V.,
Rahuri during 2014-2015 from their natural stand.
3.2 Treatment details

To standardize the suitable germination testing method,
treated seeds were kept for germination by different method at
different temperature and recorded the normal seedling
percentage.
3.2.1 Treatments
To assess the effect of different treatments on seed
germination the seed are treated as detailed given below.
T1 - Control (Untreated seeds)

The untreated seeds were considered as control.
26
T2 – H2SO4 conc. Treatment for 3 minutes

The conc. sulphuric acid solution was taken and the
seed were treated with conc. H2SO4 solution for 3 min. followed
by washing the seed with tap water. After the treatment and
washing the seeds were dried under shade.
T3 - H2SO4 conc. Treatment for 5 minutes
T4- H2SO4 conc. Treatment for 10 minutes
T5- Soaking in KH2 PO4 (1%) for 24 hrs.
1 g KH2 PO4 was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water
for preparation 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution
and the seeds were soaked for 24 hrs. followed by shade drying.
T6- Soaking in KNO3 (1%) for 24 hrs.
1 g KNO3 was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water for
preparation 1% potassium nitrate solution and the seeds were
soaked for 24 hrs. followed by shade drying.
T7- Soaking in KNO3 (2%) for 24 hrs.
2 g KNO3 was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water for
preparation 2% potassium nitrate solution and the seeds were
soaked for 24 hrs. followed by shade drying.
27
T8- Soaking in Thiourea (0.5%) for 5 min

0.5 g Thiourea was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water
for preparation 0.5 % Thiourea solution and the seeds were
soaked for 5 min followed by shade drying.
T9- Soaking in cow urine for 6 hrs
The seeds were soaked in cow urine for 5 min followed by
shade drying.
T10 - Mechanical scarification
Seeds were scraped with sand paper so as to facilitate
water imbibition.
T11 – Stratification
The seeds were placed on plastic trays and were kept in
the deep freezer for 24 hrs.
T12 - Water soaking
Seeds were soaked in tap water for 24 hrs. then dried in
shade.
3.2.2 Germination Methods
M1 Between paper method (BP)
M2 Sand method (SM)
M3 Top of paper method (TP)
M4 Cocopeat Method (CM)
3.2.3 Temperatures
C1 20 + 2 OC
C2 25 + 2 OC
C3 30 + 2 OC
28
3.2.4 Treatments combination
Combination Combination details
M1C1 Between paper x 20 + 20 C
M2C1 Sand method x 20 + 20 C
M3C1 Top of paper x 20 + 20 C
M4C1 Cocopeat method x 20 + 20 C
The germination test was conducted with 100 seeds of

sarpgandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) which were counted randomly
from treated and well mixed lot. Seeds were kept for germination
in four replications, as per the treatment combinations given
above. The final count, was taken when the maximum number of
seedlings were observed. The number of normal seedlings were
observed in different methods and expressed as percentage.
29
3.3 Observations recorded

1. Germination percentage (%)
Hundred seeds was randomly taken from each treatment in
four replications and germinated in different media as mentioned
in 3.2.2 in germinator at, three temperatures i.e. 20 ± 20C, 25 ±
20C and 30 ± 20C. The 90% humidity was maintained in the
germinator. The number of normal seedlings was counted up to
21days and expressed in percentage.
2. Root length (cm)
Ten normal seedlings were selected randomly from
germination test of and all the replications on eighth day. The root
length was measured from the top of the primary root to base of
hypocotyls and mean root length was expressed in centimeters.
3. Shoot length (cm)
Ten normal seedlings used for root length measurement were
also used for the measurement of shoot length. The shoot length
was measured from the base of the primary leaf to the base of the
hypocotyls and mean shoot length was expressed in centimeters.
4. Vigour index I
Ten normal seedlings were selected randomly immediately
after germination test. Total root shoot length (cm) of ten seedlings
was measured and average was worked out for calculating the
seedling vigour index I.
The vigour index was computed by formula suggested by
Abdul-Baki and Anderson (1973) as below.
Mean root Mean shoot Germination

Vigour Index-I = + ×
length (cm) length (cm) percentage
30
5. Dry matter content of seedling (mg)

Ten normal seedlings selected for shoot and root length
measurement was kept in an oven maintained at 500C for 24
hours. After drying, the weight of dry seedlings was recorded and
mean weight was calculated and expressed in milligrams (mg).
6. Vigour index II
The seedling selected for calculating seedling vigour index I
was oven dried and the oven dried weight of seedlings was used for
calculating seedling vigour index II.
Seedling vigour index II was determined by using the

formula given by Abdul-Baki and Anderson (1973) as below.
Vigour Index-II = Average dry seedling wt. (g) × Germination %
7. Electrical Conductivity (dSm-1 )

Four replications each of 50 seeds were randomly counted
from each treatment and were soaked in 75 ml distilled water for
24 hr. The electrical conductivity of solution was measured by
using conductivity meter and expressed in desicimen per meter.
8. Seed mycoflora (%)

The seed health was determined by blotter test to detect the
presence of seed-borne fungi of sarpagandha seeds. Three layers of
blotters (size fitting to the size of petridish) soaked in sterilized
distilled water were placed in petridish. Ten seeds were placed in
each petridish and the petridishes were kept in incubator at 20 ±
20C for 7 days beneath near ultraviolet light with a cycle of 12 hrs.
light and 12 hrs. darkness. Four replications were maintained. The
31
seeds were examined on 8th day under stereoscopic binocular

microscope. The fungi were identified on the basis of sporulation
and their fruiting structures.
9. Moisture content (%)

Moisture content was determined by Hot Air Oven method by
drying 10 gm of sarpgandha seeds at 103 0 C for 17 hours in hot air
oven. The percentage of moisture content was calculated on the
weight basis.
M2 – M3
Moisture content = ------------------ x 100
M2 – M1
Where,
M1 = Weight of container with lid.
M2 = Weight of container with lid + seed before drying.
M3 = Weight of container with lid + seed after drying.

10. 100 seed weight (g)
Hundred seeds in each treatment were counted manually and
used for recording the seed weight. The average hundred seed
weight was recorded in grams (g).
3.4 Storage studies

After standardization of seed germination procedure, the seed
were kept for storage in high density polyethylene bag (HDEP) at
room temperature to assess the seed storability and quality of
sarpgandha seed during storage.
32
3.5 Statistical Analysis

The statistical data was analyzed by the FCRD method as per
the procedure given by Snedecor and Cochran (1994).
33
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
4.1 Standardization of seed germination.
The present investigation entitled, “Standardization of
seed germination testing procedure of sarpgandha (Rauvolfia
serpentina)” was under taken to standardize the suitable
method for germination and to assess the effect of seed
treatments on growth and seed quality of sarpgandha. The
results of present investigation have been presented in this
chapter.
4.1.1 Effect of seed treatment on germination, root and
shoot length.
The data regarding effect of seed treatment on
germination, root and shoot length of sarpgandha are
presented in Table 1.
4.1.1.1 Effect of seed treatment on germination (%)
It was evident from the data that the germination was
significantly differed due to different seed treatment. Among
the treatments, 2% KNO3 (T7) showed higher germination
(38.75 %) than other treatments however, the cold
stratification (T11) recorded the lowest germination (15.58 %).
4.1.1.2 Effect of seed treatment on root length (cm)
From the Table 1, it was evident that the root length was
significantly differed due to different seed treatments. Among
the treatments, 2% KNO3 (T7) showed higher root length (2.88
cm) than other treatments however, cold stratification (T11)
recorded the lowest root length (1.59 cm).
4.1.1.3 Effect of seed treatment on shoot length (cm)
From the Table 1, it was evident that the shoot length
was significantly differed due to different seed treatments.
34
Among the treatments, 2% KNO3 (T7) showed higher shoot

length (6.94 cm) than other treatments however, cold
stratification (T11) recorded the lowest shoot length (5.08 cm).
Table 1 Effect of seed treatment on germination, root and
shoot length.
Root length Shoot length
Treatment Germination (%)
(cm) (cm)
18.08
T1: Control 1.90 5.50
(24.70)*
28.58
T2: conc.H2SO4 (3min) 2.45 6.33
(31.96)
20.67
T3: conc.H2SO4 (5min) 2.31 5.98
(26.52)
12.96
T4: conc.H2SO4 (10min) 1.75 5.45
(19.79)
25.67
T5: 1% KH 2PO4 2.35 6.15
(30.12)
31.92
T6: 1% KNO3 2.64 6.53
(34.19)
38.75
T7: 2% KNO3 2.88 6.94
(38.41)
25.21
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 2.31 6.05
(29.95)
21
T9: Cow urine 1.79 5.18
(26.72)
T10: Mechanical 23.46
(28.07) 2.05 5.63
scarification
15.58 1.59 5.08
T11: Stratification
(21.81)
20.67
T12: Water soaking 1.90 5.66
(25.13)
SE ± 0.507 0.050 0.087
CD @ 5% 1.416 0.139 0.242
*Figures in parentheses indicate arcsine transformed values.
4.1.2 Effect of germination methods on germination, root

and shoot length.
The results on effect of germination methods, on
germination, root and shoot length and their interactions are
presented below.
35
4.1.2.1 Effect of germination methods on germination (%)

The data regarding effect of germination methods on
germination is presented in the Table 2.
The data revealed that the differences for germination
were significant due to different germination methods. The
highest germination was recorded in the sand method (M2)
(33.54 %) whereas, the lowest germination was noticed in
cocopeat method (M4) (18.82 %).
Table 2 Effects of germination methods on germination,

Germination Germination Root length Shoot length
methods (%) (cm) (cm)
M1: Between 20.5
paper (26.50)* 1.78 6.07
33.54
M2: Sand method 3.66 7.77
(35.12)
21.32
M3: Top of paper 1.73 5.14
(27.13)
M4: Cocopeat 18.82

(23.72) 1.49 4.52
SE ± 0.293 0.029 0.050

CD @ 5% 0.818 0.080 0.140
*Figures in parentheses indicate arcsine transformed values.
4.1.2.2 Effect of germination methods on root length (cm)

The data on effect of different germination methods on
root length are presented in the Table 2, from the data it was
evident that the root length was significantly differed due to
different germination method. The highest root length (3.66
cm) was recorded in sand method (M2). The lowest root length
(1.49 cm) was recorded in cocopeat method (M4).
36
4.1.2.3 Effect of germination methods on shoot length

(cm)
The data regarding effect of different germination
methods on shoot length are presented in the Table 2, it was
evident from the table that, there were significant effects of
germination methods on shoot length. The highest shoot
length (7.77 cm) was recorded in sand method (M2). The lowest
shoot length (4.52 cm) was recorded by cocopeat method (M4).
4.1.3 Effect of temperature on germination, root and
shoot length.
The data regarding effect of temperature on germination,
root and shoot length are presented in the Table 3.
4.1.3.1 Effect of temperature on germination (%)
The data on effect of temperature on germination are
presented in the Table 3.
It was evident that temperature had significant effect on
germination. The highest germination was recorded at the 30
+ 2OC temperature (29.51 %) (C3). The lowest germination
(17.53 %) was recorded at 20 + 2OC temperature (C1).
Table 3 Effect of temperature on germination, root and
shoot length
Temperature Germination Root length Shoot length

(%) (cm) (cm)
17.53
C1: 20 ± 20C 1.81 5.45
(23.28)*
C2: 25 ± 20C 23.59
2.23 5.97
(28.47)
C3: 30 ± 20C 29.51
2.45 6.20
(32.60)
SE ± 0.253 0.025 0.043
CD @ 5% 0.708 0.070 0.121
*Figures in parentheses indicate arcsine transformed values
37
4.1.3.2 Effect of temperature on root length (cm)

From the data it was revealed that temperature had
significant effect on root length. The maximum root length was
recorded at the 30 + 2OC temperature (2.45 cm) (C3). The
minimum root length (1.81 cm) was recorded at 20 + 2OC
temperature (C1).
4.1.3.3 Effect of temperature on shoot length (cm)
The data on effect of temperature on shoot length are
From the data it was observed that temperature had
significant effect on shoot length. The maximum shoot length
was recorded at the 30 + 2OC temperature (6.20 cm) (C3). The
minimum shoot length (5.45 cm) was recorded at 20 + 2OC
temperature (C1).
4.1.4 Interaction effect of germination methods and seed
treatment on germination, root and shoot length.
The data regarding effect of interaction between
germination method and seed treatment on germination, root
and shoot length are presented in the Table 4.
4.1.4.1 Interaction effect of germination methods and
seed treatments on germination (%)
The data on interaction effect of germination methods
and seed treatment on germination are presented in the Table
4. It was observed that the interactions of germination method
and seed treatment had significant effect on germination. The
interaction of germination in sand and seed treated with 2%
KNO3 (M2T7) showed significantly higher germination (50.83
%). The lowest germination (7.5 %) was observed in the
38
interaction of germination in cocopeat and seed kept for cold

stratification (M4T11).
Table 4 Interaction effect of germination methods and

seed treatment on germination, root and shoot
length.
Treatment
Germination (%) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm)
combination
14
M1T1 1.68 5.64
(21.91)*
29.33
M1T2 1.97 6.51
(32.71)
22.67
M1T3 1.79 6.08
(28.34)
12.67
M1T4 1.72 5.39
(20.78)
26
M1T5 1.92 6.35
(30.60)
29.33
M1T6 2.03 6.89
(32.73)
33.33
M1T7 2.07 7.61
(35.24)
21.67
M1T8 1.83 6.26
(27.63)
14
M1T9 1.50 5.41
(21.93)
18
M1T10 1.63 5.69
(24.90)
10.67
M1T11 1.43 5.32
(19.02)
14.33
M1T12 1.75 5.73
(22.19)
28.33
M2T1 2.84 7.41
(32.08)
39.17
M2T2 4.32 8.24
(38.64)
27.5
M2T3 4.08 7.85
(31.34)
20
M2T4 2.76 7.58
(26.26)
35.83
M2T5 3.98 7.94
(36.64)
42.5
M2T6 4.74 8.25
(40.62)
50.83
M2T7 5.24 8.41
(45.48)
34.17
M2T8 3.92 7.94
(35.70)
32.5
M2T9 2.66 7.29
(34.42)
(32.5
M2T10 3.45 7.59
(34.61)
25.83
M2T11 2.59 7.08
(30.46)
39
Table 4 continued…….
Treatment Germination (%) Root length (cm) Shoot length (cm)
combination
33.33
M2T12 3.28 7.70
(35.21)
15
M3T1 1.66 4.49
(22.60)
24.17
M3T2 1.84 5.66
(29.18)
18.33
M3T3 1.73 5.46
(25.25)
11.67
M3T4 1.47 4.37
(19.60)
20
M3T5 1.92 5.62
(26.45)
27.5
M3T6 2.04 5.99
(31.54)
35.83
M3T7 2.24 6.47
(36.75)
22.5
M3T8 1.66 5.40
(28.19)
17.5
M3T9 1.53 4.42
(24.52)
25
M3T10 1.67 4.80
(29.81)
18.33
M3T11 1.38 4.36
(25.25)
20
M3T12 1.66 4.68
(26.45)
15
M4T1 1.44 4.50
(22.25)
21.67
M4T2 1.67 4.92
(27.31)
14.17
M4T3 1.66 4.55
(21.18)
7.5
M4T4 1.07 4.47
(12.53)
20.83
M4T5 1.59 4.70
(26.80)
28.33
M4T6 1.78 5.03
(31.90)
35
M4T7 1.99 5.28
(36.20)
22.5
M4T8 1.85 4.63
(28.28)
20
M4T9 1.51 3.64
(26.05)
18.33
M4T10 1.47 4.45
(23.00)
7.5
M4T11 0.94 3.56
(12.53)
15
M4T12 0.98 4.56
(16.68)
SE ± 1.01 0.100 0.173
CD @ 5% 2.832 0.279 0.485

40

seed treatments on root length (cm)
From the data it was noticed that the interaction of
germination method and seed treatment had significant effect
on root length. The interaction of germination in sand and
seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2T7) showed significantly higher
root length (5.24 cm) followed by the interaction of
germination in sand and seed treated with 1% KNO3 (M2T6)
(4.74 cm). The lowest root length (0.98 cm) was observed in
the interaction of germination in cocopeat and seed kept for
stratification (M4T11). (Table 4)
The data on interaction effect of germination method and
seed treatment on shoot length are presented in the Table 4.
It was observed that the interactions of germination
methods and seed treatments had significant effect on shoot
length. The interaction of germination in sand and seed
treated with 2% KNO3 (M2T7) showed significantly higher shoot
length (8.41 cm) followed by the interaction of germination in
sand and seed treated with 1% KNO3 (M2T6) (8.25 cm). The
lowest shoot length (3.56 cm) was observed in the interaction
of germination in cocopeat and seeds kept for stratification
(M4T11).
4.1.5 Interaction effect of temperature and seed
treatments on germination, root and shoot length.
The data regarding effect of interaction temperature and
seed treatments on germination, root and shoot lengths are
41
4.1.5.1 Interaction effect of temperature and seed

The data on interaction effect of temperature and seed
treatments on germination are presented in the Table 5. It was
observed that the interactions of temperature and seed
treatments had significant effect on germination. The
interaction of temperature 30 ± 20C and seed treated with 2%
KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly higher germination (43.63 %)
followed by the interaction of temperature 25 ± 20C (C2T7) and
seed treated with 1% KNO3 (39.54 %). The lowest germination
(7.5 %) was observed in the interaction of temperature 20 ±
20C and seeds kept for stratification (C1T11).

treatments on root length are presented in the Table 5. It was
treatments had significant effect on root length. The
KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly higher root length (3.05 cm)
followed by interaction of temperature 25 ± 20C and seed
treated with 2% KNO3 (C2T7) (2.89 cm). The lowest root
length (1.19 cm) was observed in the interaction of
temperature 20 ± 20C and seed kept for stratification (C1T11).
42
Table.5 Interaction effects of temperature and seed

treatments on germination, root and shoot
length.
Treatment Germination Root length Shoot length
combination (%) (cm) (cm)
C1T1 13
1.70 5.28
(20.67)*
C1T2 20.38
2.04 5.71
(26.46)
C1T3 14.13
1.83 5.50
(21.54)
C1T4 11
1.32 5.26
(16.70)
C1T5 18.88
2.00 5.59
(25.51)
C1T6 24.38
2.41 6.01
(29.41)
C1T7 33.13
2.72 6.48
(35.06)
C1T8 21.13
1.87 5.62
(27.16)
C1T9 14.5
1.54 4.68
(22.04)
C1T10 16.63 1.74 5.34
(22.29)
C1T11 7.5
1.19 4.59
(13.68)
C1T12 15.75
1.39 5.40
(18.88)
C2T1 18.25
2.00 5.58
(24.98)
C2T2 28.5
2.61 6.57
(32.09)
C2T3 19.88
2.45 6.04
(26.21)
C2T4 12
1.89 5.45
(19.76)
C2T5 26
2.36 6.23
(30.42)
C2T6 33.5
2.67 6.63
(35.26)
C2T7 39.5
2.89 7.05
(38.88)
C2T8 26.75
2.38 6.06
(31.00)
43
C2T9 20.13
1.86 5.43
(26.37)
C2T10 23
1.96 5.70
(28.39)
C2T11 15.88
1.74 5.33
(22.54)
C2T12 19.75
1.96 5.68
(25.80)
C3T1 23
2.01 5.67
(28.48)
C3T2 36.88
2.70 6.71
(37.33)
C3T3 28
2.66 6.42
(31.83)
C3T4 19.38
2.06 5.64
(25.93)
C3T5 32.13
2.71 6.65
(34.43)
C3T6 37.88
2.86 6.98
(37.92)
C3T7 43.63
3.05 7.30
(41.31)
C3T8 27.75
2.70 6.49
(31.69)
C3T9 28.38
1.99 5.45
(31.77)
C3T10 30.75
2.47 5.86
(33.55)
C3T11 19.88
1.85 5.33
(26.21)
C3T12 26.5
2.37 5.92
(30.72)
SE ± 1.211 0.086 0.150
CD @ 5% 3.386 0.241 0.451

treatments on shoot length are presented in the table 5. It was
observed that the interaction of temperature and seed
44
treatments showed significant effect on shoot length. The

KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly higher shoot length (7.30 cm)
followed by the interaction of temperature 25 ± 20C and seed
treated with 2% KNO3 (C2T7) (7.05 cm). The lowest shoot
length (4.59 cm) was observed in the interaction of
temperature 20 ± 20C and seeds kept for stratification (C1T11).
4.1.6 Interaction effect of germination methods and
length.
germination methods and temperature on germination, root
and shoot length are presented in the Table 6.
and temperature on germination are presented in the Table 6.
It was observed that the interactions of germination methods
and temperature had significant effect on germination. The
interaction of germination in sand and kept at 30 ± 20C for
germination (M2C3) showed significantly higher germination
(40.03 %) than the rest of interactions followed by germination
in sand and kept at 25 ± 20C for germination (M2C2) (35.08
%). The lowest germination (10.42 %) was observed in the
interaction of germination in cocopeat kept at 20 ± 20C for
germination (M4C1).
45

length.
M1C1 17.42 5.66
1.65
(24.28)*
M1C2 20 6.09
1.78
(26.19)
M1C3 24.08 1.90 6.47
(29.02)
M2C1 25.63 3.00 7.56
(30.11)
M2C2 35 3.74 7.76
(36.13)
M2C3 40 4.22 8.00
(39.13)
M3C1 16.67 1.53 4.52
(23.72)
M3C2 20.83 1.77 5.39
(26.88)
M3C3 26.46 1.89 5.52
(30.80)
M4C1 10.42 1.06 4.08
(15.03)
M4C2 18.54 1.62 4.68
(24.70)
M4C3 27.5 1.80 4.81
(31.44)
SE ± 0.507 0.050 0.087
CD @ 5% 1.416 0.139 0.242

and temperatures on root length are presented in the Table 6.
It was observed that the interactions of germination methods
46
and temperature had significant effect on root length. The

interaction of germination in sand kept at 30 ± 20C for
germination (M2C3) showed significantly higher root length
(4.22 cm) than the rest of interactions followed by interaction
of germination in between paper kept at 30 ± 20C (M1C3)
(3.74cm). The lowest root length (1.06 cm) was observed in the
interaction of germination in cocopeat kept at 20 ± 20C (M4C1).
From the data it was observed that the interactions of
germination methods and temperature had significant effect
on shoot length. The interaction of germination in sand kept
at 30 ± 20C (M2C3) showed significantly highest shoot length
(8.00 cm) followed by interaction of germination in sand kept
at 25 ± 20C (M2C2) (7.76 cm). The lowest shoot length (4.08
cm) was observed in the interaction of germination in cocopeat
kept at 20 ± 20C (M4C1).
4.1.7 Interaction effect of germination methods,
temperature and seed treatment on germination,
germination methods, temperature and seed treatments on
germination, root and shoot lengths are presented in the Table
7.
4.1.7.1 Interaction effect of germination methods,
germination (%)
47
germination are presented in the Table 7. From the data it was

revealed that the interaction of germination methods,
temperature and seed treatments shows significant effect on
germination. The interaction of germination in sand kept at 30
± 20C and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2C3T7) showed
significantly higher germination (57.5 %) than the rest of
interactions followed by the interaction of germination in sand
kept at 25 ± 20C and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2C2T7)
(52.5 %). No germination was observed in the interaction of
germination in cocopeat method kept at 20 ± 20C and kept for
stratification (M4C1T11).
temperature and seed treatments on root length
(cm)
From the data it was revealed that the interaction of
germination methods, temperature and seed treatments
showed significant effect on root length. The interaction of
germination in sand kept at 30 ± 20C and seed treated with
2% KNO3 (M2C3T7) showed significantly higher root length
(5.37 cm) followed by the interaction of germination in sand
kept at 25 ± 20C and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2C2T7)
(5.25 cm). Lower root length was observed in the interaction of
germination in cocopeat method at 20 ± 20C with untreated
seeds were kept for germination (M4C1T1).
length (cm)
From the data it was seen that the interaction of
germination methods, temperature and seed treatments
48
showed significant effect on shoot length. The interaction of

2% KNO3 (M2C3T7) showed significantly higher shoot length
(8.72 cm) followed by interaction of germination in sand kept
at 25 ± 20C and seed treated 2% KNO3 (M2C2T7) (8.35 cm).
Lower shoot length was observed in the interaction of
germination in cocopeat kept at 20 ± 20C and seed treated
with cow urine (M4C1T9).
Table 7 Interaction effect of germination methods,
M1C1T1 12 1.62 5.46
(20.27)*
M1C1T2 24 1.86 5.61
(29.31)
M1C1T3 19
1.57 5.62
(25.78)
M1C1T4 10
1.63 5.30
(18.43)
M1C1T5 23
1.82 5.72
(28.65)
M1C1T6 25
1.98 6.17
(29.96)
M1C1T7 30
1.90 7.11
(33.21)
M1C1T8 17
1.57 5.51
(24.27)
M1C1T9 13
1.51 5.30
(21.12)
M1C1T10 14
1.36 5.45
(21.77)
M1C1T11 9
1.51 5.21
(17.43)
M1C1T12 13
1.52 5.43
(21.12)
M1C2T1 13
1.74 5.65
(21.12)
M1C2T2 29
2.00 6.89
(32.55)
M1C2T3 22
1.83 5.83
(27.95)
49
M1C2T4 13
1.69 5.39
(21.12)
M1C2T5 24
1.93 6.26
(29.31)
M1C2T6 29
2.01 6.87
(32.55)
M1C2T7 33
2.08 7.82
(35.06)
M1C2T8 22
1.91 6.25
(27.97)
M1C2T9 13
1.42 5.44
(21.12)
M1C2T10 17
1.70 5.61
(24.27)
M1C2T11 11 1.32 5.33
(19.35)
M1C2T12 14 1.80 5.70
(21.92)
M1C3T1 17 1.68 5.81
(24.34)
M1C3T2 35 2.05 7.02
(36.27)
M1C3T3 27 1.97 6.78
(31.30)
M1C3T4 15 1.86 5.49
(22.78)
M1C3T5 31 2.01 7.07
(33.83)
M1C3T6 34 2.10 7.64
(35.67)
M1C3T7 37 2.24 7.89
(37.46)
M1C3T8 26 2.01 7.03
(30.64)
M1C3T9 16 1.58 5.48
(23.54)
M1C3T10 23 1.84 6.02
(28.65)
M1C3T11 12 1.45 5.42
(20.27)
M1C3T12 16 1.94 6.05
(23.54)
M2C1T1 22.5 2.52 7.21
(28.28)
M2C1T2 30 3.22 8.07
(33.14)
M2C1T3 17.5 2.96 7.70
(24.68)
50
M2C1T4 12.5 2.44 7.34
(20.61)
M2C1T5 25 3.10 7.72
(30.00)
M2C1T6 32.5 4.23 8.10
(34.74)
M2C1T7 42.5 4.99 8.17
(40.68)
M2C1T8 30 2.98 7.71
(33.14)
M2C1T9 22.5 2.15 7.13
(28.00)
M2C1T10 25 2.80 7.35
(29.89)
M2C1T11 20 2.08 6.91
(26.57)
M2C1T12 27.5 2.59 7.34
(31.61)
M2C2T1 30 3.01 7.42
(33.21)
M2C2T2 40 4.84 8.26
(39.23)
M2C2T3 27.5 4.52 7.80
(31.61)
M2C2T4 20 2.86 7.58
(26.57)
M2C2T5 40 3.93 7.91
(39.23)
M2C2T6 45 4.87 8.18
(42.13)
M2C2T7 52.5 5.37 8.35
(46.43)
M2C2T8 37.5 3.90 7.93
(37.75)
M2C2T9 30 2.89 7.31
(33.14)
M2C2T10 32.5 2.96 7.55
(34.74)
M2C2T11 30 2.82 7.10
(33.21)
M2C2T12 35 2.97 7.70
(36.27)
M2C3T1 32.5 3.01 7.59
(34.74)
M2C3T2 47.5 4.91 8.40
(43.57)
M2C3T3 37.5 4.76 8.06
(37.75)
51
M2C3T4 27.5 2.98 7.82
(31.61)
M2C3T5 42.5 4.92 8.21
(40.68)
M2C3T6 50 5.12 8.46
(45.00)
M2C3T7 57.5 5.37 8.72
(49.32)
M2C3T8 35 4.88 8.17
(36.22)
M2C3T9 45 2.93 7.44
(42.12)
M2C3T10 40 4.60 7.87
(39.20)
M2C3T11 27.5 2.88 7.25
(31.61)
M2C3T12 37.5 4.29 8.07
(37.75)
M3C1T1 10 1.49 4.18
(18.43)
M3C1T2 15 1.62 4.48
(22.79)
M3C1T3 15 1.51 4.32
(22.79)
M3C1T4 7.5 1.21 4.10
(15.68)
M3C1T5 15 1.72 4.42
(22.79)
M3C1T6 22.5 1.83 5.02
(28.28)
M3C1T7 32.5 2.08 5.76
(34.74)
M3C1T8 17.5 1.45 4.89
(24.68)
M3C1T9 12.5 1.30 4.18
(20.61)
M3C1T10 22.5 1.51 4.31
(28.28)
M3C1T11 15 1.17 4.15
(22.79)
M3C1T12 15 1.47 4.43
(22.79)
M3C2T1 15 1.71 4.58
(22.79)
M3C2T2 25 1.90 6.21
(30.00)
M3C2T3 17.5 1.81 5.89
(24.68)
52
M3C2T4 10 1.48 4.43
(18.43)
M3C2T5 20 1.92 6.06
(26.57)
M3C2T6 27.5 2.08 6.38
(31.61)
M3C2T7 35 2.27 6.72
(36.27)
M3C2T8 22.5 1.73 5.37
(28.28)
M3C2T9 17.5 1.58 4.50
(24.68)
M3C2T10 22.5 1.72 5.22
(28.00)
M3C2T11 17.5 1.39 4.60
(24.68)
M3C2T12 20 1.71 4.76
(26.57)
M3C3T1 20 1.79 4.72
(26.57)
M3C3T2 32.5 2.00 6.28
(34.74)
M3C3T3 22.5 1.87 6.18
(28.28)
M3C3T4 17.5 1.72 4.58
(24.68)
M3C3T5 25 2.13 6.37
(30.00)
M3C3T6 32.5 2.22 6.56
(34.74)
M3C3T7 40 2.38 6.95
(39.23)
M3C3T8 27.5 1.80 5.93
(31.61)
M3C3T9 22.5 1.70 4.57
(28.28)
M3C3T10 30 1.78 4.89
(33.14)
M3C3T11 22.5 1.58 4.35
(28.28)
M3C3T12 25 1.80 4.84
(30.00)
M4C1T1 7.5 1.18 4.29
(15.68)
M4C1T2 12.5 1.48 4.68
(20.61)
M4C1T3 5 1.28 4.35
(12.92)
53
M4C1T4 0 0.00 0.00
(0.00)
M4C1T5 12.5 1.35 4.49
(20.61)
M4C1T6 17.5 1.60 4.74
(24.68)
M4C1T7 27.5 1.91 4.89
(31.61)
M4C1T8 20 1.48 4.36
(26.57)
M4C1T9 10 1.20 2.11
(18.43)
M4C1T10 5 1.31 4.27
(9.22)
M4C1T11 0 0.00 0.00
(0.00)
M4C1T12 0 0.00 0.00
(0.00)
M4C2T1 15 1.57 4.66
(22.79)
M4C2T2 20 1.72 4.93
(26.57)
M4C2T3 12.5 1.66 4.64
(20.61)
M4C2T4 5 1.52 4.42
(12.92)
M4C2T5 20 1.65 4.67
(26.57)
M4C2T6 32.5 1.73 5.08
(34.74)
M4C2T7 37.5 1.86 5.32
(37.75)
M4C2T8 25 1.98 4.69
(30.00)
M4C2T9 20 1.57 4.49
(26.57)
M4C2T10 20 1.45 4.42
(26.57)
M4C2T11 5 1.45 4.30
(12.92)
M4C2T12 10 1.35 4.56
(18.43)
M4C3T1 22.5 1.57 4.56
(28.28)
M4C3T2 32.5 1.82 5.16
(34.74)
M4C3T3 25 2.03 4.67
(30.00)
54
M4C3T4 17.5 1.69 4.69
(24.68)
M4C3T5 30 1.78 4.95
(33.21)
M4C3T6 35 2.00 5.28
(36.27)
M4C3T7 40 2.21 5.63
(39.23)
M4C3T8 22.5 2.10 4.85
(28.28)
M4C3T9 30 1.75 4.32
(33.14)
M4C3T10 30 1.67 4.66
(33.21)
M4C3T11 17.5 1.49 4.30
(24.68)
M4C3T12 27.5 1.46 4.72
(31.61)
SE ± 1.755 0.173 0.300
CD @ 5% 4.906 0.483 0.873
4.1.8 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight

vigour, index-I and vigour index-II
The data regarding effect of seed treatment on seedling
dry weight, vigour index-I and vigour index-II are presented in
Table 8.
4.1.8.1 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight
(mg)
It was evident from the data that the seedling dry weight
was differed significantly due to different seed treatments.
Among the treatments, 2% KNO3 (T7) had the higher seedling
dry weight (238.33 mg) than other treatments, followed by 1%
KNO3 (221.67 mg) (T6). The cold stratification recorded lowest
seedling dry weight (141.67 mg) (T11).
55
Table 8 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight,

Seedling dry Vigour Vigour

Treatments
weight (mg) index-I index-II
T1: Control 167.08 140.50 3.12
T2: conc. H2SO4 (3min) 194.17 264.34 5.83
T3: conc. H2SO4(5min) 172.50 181.95 3.80
T4: conc. H2SO4(10min) 161.25 113.58 2.37
T5: 1% KH2PO4 196.67 229.34 5.26
T6: 1% KNO3 221.67 300.84 7.28
T7: 2% KNO3 238.33 383.92 9.44
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 178.75 217.27 4.69
T9: Cow urine 147.92 154.02 3.31
T10: Mechanical
167.50 186.68 4.12
scarification
T11: Stratification 141.67 101.97 2.24
T12: Water soaking 172.50 163.08 3.63
SE ± 4.79 6.789 0.185
CD @ 5% 13.38 18.977 0.517
4.1.8.2 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-I

It was revealed that vigour index-I was statistically
significant due to different seed treatment. It was seen that 2%
KNO3 treatment (T7) had the higher vigour index-I (383.92)
followed by 1% KNO3 treatment (T6) (300.84). Where, as lowest
vigour index-I was seen when seed kept at cold stratification
(101.97) (T11).
4.1.8.3. Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-II
It was evident that the data on vigour index-II was
the treatments, 2% KNO3 (T7) had the higher vigour index-II
56
(9.44), followed by 1% KNO3 (7.28) (T6). The cold stratification

recorded lowest vigour index-II (2.24) (T11).
4.1.9 Effect of germination methods on seedling dry
The data regarding effect of germination method on
seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and vigour index-II are
presented in Table 9
4.1.9.1 Effect of germination methods on seedling dry
weight (mg)
It was noticed from the Table 9 that, there were
significant differences in seedling dry weight due to different
germination methods. The higher seedling dry weight (207.36
mg) was recorded in sand method (M2) followed by between
paper method (M1) (194.17 mg). The cocopeat method recorded
the lowest seedling dry weight (150.97 mg).
4.1.9.2 Effect of germination methods on vigour index-I
The data regarding vigour index-I are presented in the
Table 9 from the table, it was noticed that differences in vigour
index-I was statistically significant due to different
germination methods. The higher vigour index-I (325.70) was
recorded in sand methods (M2) followed by between paper
method (M1) (212.88). Where, as the lowest vigour index-I
(120.38) was noticed in cocopeat method (M4).
4.1.9.3 Effect of germination methods on vigour index-II
It was noticed from the Table 9 that, there were
significant differences in vigour index-II due to different
germination methods. The higher vigour index-II (7.27) was
recorded in sand method (M2) followed by between paper
57
method (M1) (4.14). Where, as the lowest vigour index-II (3.12)

was noticed in cocopeat (M4).
Table 9 Effect of germination methods on seedling dry
Germination Seedling dry Vigour index- Vigour index-

methods weight (mg) I II
M1: Between paper 194.17 212.88 4.14
M2: Sand method 207.36 325.70 7.27
M3: Top of paper 167.50 153.56 3.83
M4: Cocopeat 150.97 120.38 3.12
SE ± 2.7 1.23 0.106
CD @ 5% 7.72 3.51 0.298
4.1.10 Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight,

The data on effect of temperature on seedling dry weight,
vigour index-I and vigour index-II presented in the Table 10.
4.1.10.1 Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight (mg)
It was revealed that temperature had significant effect on
seedling dry weight. The higher seedling dry weight was
recorded at the 30 + 2OC temperature (C3) (197.81 mg)
followed by 25 + 2OC temperature (C2) (188.43 mg). The lowest
seedling dry weight (153.75 mg) was recorded at 20 + 2OC
temperature (C1).
4.1.10.2 Effect of temperature on vigour index-I
The data regarding effect of temperature on vigour index-
I is presented in the Table 10.
The data revealed that differences in vigour index-I was
statistically significant due to different temperature. The
higher vigour index-I (264.25) was recorded at 30 + 2OC
temperature (C3) followed by 25 + 2OC temperature (C2)
58
(205.27). Where, as the lowest vigour index-I (139.85) was

recorded at 20 + 2OC temperature (C1).
Table 10 Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight,
Seedling dry Vigour Vigour

Temperature
weight (mg) index-I index-II
C1: 20 ± 20C 153.75 139.85 2.95
C2: 25 ± 20C 188.43 205.27 4.74
C3: 30 ± 20C 197.81 264.25 6.08

SE ± 2.394 3.394 0.092
CD @ 5% 6.691 9.488 0.258
4.1.10.3 Effect of temperature on vigour index-II

It was clear from the Table 10, that there were significant
differences in vigour index-II due to different temperature. The
higher vigour index-II (6.08) was recorded at 30 + 2OC
temperature (C3) followed by 25 + 2OC temperature (C2) (4.74).
Where, as the lowest vigour index-II (2.95) was noticed at 20 +
2OC temperature (C1).
treatments on seedling dry weight, vigour index-I
and vigour index-II
The data regarding interaction effect of germination
methods and seed treatments on seedling dry weight, vigour
index-I and vigour index-II are presented below in Table 11.
seed treatments on seedling dry weight (mg)
and treatments on seedling dry weight are presented in the
table 11.
59
It was observed that the interactions of germination

methods and seed treatments had significant effect on
seedling dry weight. The interaction of germination in sand
and seed treated with 2%
Table.11 Interaction effect of germination methods and
seed treatments on seedling dry weight, vigour
Treatment Seedling dry
Vigour index-I Vigour index-II
combination weight (mg)
M1T1 186.67 119.38 2.62
M1T2 205.00 323.61 6.05
M1T3 193.33 234.61 4.40
M1T4 171.67 103.69 2.19
M1T5 205.00 273.86 5.33
M1T6 216.67 345.59 6.41
M1T7 240.00 429.89 8.03
M1T8 196.67 225.93 4.29
M1T9 171.67 113.24 2.42
M1T10 190.00 169.18 3.47
M1T11 161.67 84.96 1.73
M1T12 191.67 130.69 2.75
M2T1 176.67 258.63 5.14
M2T2 231.67 401.08 9.16
M2T3 203.33 267.61 5.78
M2T4 193.33 187.58 3.99
M2T5 221.67 355.39 8.07
M2T6 250.00 438.13 10.66
M2T7 266.67 535.52 13.67
M2T8 226.67 334.83 7.79
M2T9 165.00 289.02 5.55
M2T10 196.67 302.86 6.53
M2T11 155.00 220.11 4.09
M2T12 203.33 317.62 6.87
M3T1 148.33 93.69 2.29
M3T2 181.67 187.61 4.52
M3T3 161.67 134.11 3.00
M3T4 131.67 69.63 1.59
M3T5 180.00 154.71 3.69
60
M3T6 211.67 224.32 5.95
M3T74 248.33 314.27 9.04
M3T8 165.00 161.81 3.80
M3T9 136.67 105.52 2.50
M3T10 156.67 163.28 3.95
M3T11 136.67 105.94 2.61
M3T12 150.00 127.83 3.01
M4T1 156.67 90.31 2.42
M4T2 158.33 145.07 3.60
M4T3 131.67 91.50 2.03
M4T4 148.33 47.00 1.22
M4T5 180.00 133.43 3.95
M4T6 210.00 195.36 6.12
M4T7 196.67 256.03 7.01
M4T8 126.67 146.53 2.90
M4T9 118.33 108.34 2.76
M4T10 126.67 111.43 2.51
M4T11 113.33 43.33 1.06
M4T12 145.00 76.21 1.89
SE ± 9.574 13.577 0.370
CD @ 5% 26.763 37.953 1.035
KNO3 (M2T7) showed significantly higher dry weight (266.67

mg) followed by interaction of germination in sand and seed
treated with 1% KNO3 (M2T7) (250.00 mg). The lowest seedling
dry weight (113.33 mg) was observed in the interaction of
germination in cocopeat and seed kept for stratification
(M4T11).
The data regarding interaction effect of germination
methods and seed treatments had significant effect on vigour
index-I. However, the interaction of germination in sand and
vigour index-I (535.52) followed by the interaction of
61

(438.13). The lowest vigour index-I (43.33) was observed in the
interaction of germination in cocopeat and seed kept for
and treatments on vigour index-II are presented in the Table
11. It was observed that the interactions of germination
methods and treatments had significant effect on vigour
index-II. The interaction of germination in sand and seed
treated with 2% KNO3 (M2T7) showed significantly higher
vigour index-II (13.67) followed by the interaction of
(10.66). The lowest vigour index-II (1.06) was observed in the
interaction of germination in cocopeat and seed kept for
and vigour index-II
Two factor interaction effect of temperature and seed
treatments on seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and vigour
index-II are presented in the Table 12.
4.1.12.1 Interaction effect of temperature and treatments
on seedling dry weight (mg)
The data on interaction effect of temperature and
treatments on seedling dry weight are presented in the Table
12. It was observed that the interactions of temperature and
treatments had significant effect on seedling dry weight. The
62
interaction of 30 ± 20C temperature and seed treated with 2%

KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly higher seedling dry weight
(256.25 mg) followed by the interaction of 25 ± 20C
temperature and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (C2T7) (246.25
mg). The lowest seedling dry weight (108.75 mg) was observed
in the interaction of 20 ± 20C temperature and seed kept for
stratification (C1T11).
The data regarding interaction effect of temperature and
seed treatments had significant effect on vigour index-I. The
KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly highest vigour index-I
(452.03) followed by the interaction of 25 ± 20C temperature
and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (C2T7) (391.44). The lowest
vigour index-I (57.04) was observed in the interaction of 20 ±
20C temperature and seed kept for stratification (C1T11).
The data on Interaction effect of temperature and seed
treatments on vigour index-II are presented in the Table 12. It
was observed that the interactions of temperature and seed
treatments had significant effect on vigour index-II. However,
when seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept at 30 ± 20C
temperature (C3T7) showed significantly higher vigour index-II
(11.32) than the rest of interactions. The lowest vigour index-II
(1.11) was observed when seed kept for stratification at 30 ±
20C temperature (C1T11).
63
Table 12 Interaction effect of temperature and treatments

on seedling dry weight, vigour index-I and vigour
index-II
Treatment Seedling dry Vigour index-I Vigour index-II
C1T1 141.25 98.21 1.82
C1T2 171.25 169.39 3.71
C1T3 147.50 110.19 2.25
C1T4 137.50 78.50 1.34
C1T5 175.00 151.38 3.44
C1T6 196.25 213.67 4.91
C1T7 212.50 308.31 7.20
C1T8 145.00 162.69 3.16
C1T9 115.00 96.23 1.76
C1T10 143.75 123.30 2.53
C1T11 108.75 57.04 1.11
C1T12 151.25 109.36 2.22
C2T1 173.75 143.73 3.20
C2T2 202.50 271.52 5.95
C2T3 182.50 176.69 3.78
C2T4 166.25 95.26 2.08
C2T5 197.50 231.66 5.27
C2T6 225.00 313.43 7.62
C2T7 246.25 391.44 9.80
C2T8 188.75 230.03 5.18
C2T9 155.00 149.73 3.15
C2T10 177.50 180.64 4.19
C2T11 151.25 118.72 2.48
C2T12 195.00 160.52 4.12
C3T1 186.25 179.57 4.32
C3T2 208.75 352.12 7.84
C3T3 187.50 258.99 5.38
C3T4 180.00 153.62 3.54
C3T5 217.50 305.01 7.07
C3T6 243.75 375.44 9.32
C3T7 256.25 452.03 11.32
C3T8 202.50 259.11 5.74
C3T9 173.75 216.12 5.01
C3T10 181.25 256.13 5.64
C3T11 165.00 143.54 3.30
C3T12 171.25 219.39 4.55
SE ± 8.292 11.758 0.320
CD @ 5% 23.876 32.868 0.896
64
4.1.13. Interaction effect of germination methods and

germination method and temperature on seedling dry weight,
vigour index-I and vigour index-II are presented in the Table
13.
and temperature on seedling dry weight are presented in the
Table 13. It was observed that the interactions of germination
methods and temperature had significant effect on seedling
dry weight. The interaction of germination in sand and kept at
30 ± 20C (M2C3) showed significantly higher seedling dry
weight (226.25 mg) than the rest of interactions followed by
interaction of germination in sand and kept at 25 ± 20C
(M2C2) (215.83 mg). The lowest seedling dry weight (113.33
mg) was observed in the interaction of germination in cocopeat
and kept at 20 ± 20C (M4C1).
and temperature on vigour index-I are presented in the Table
13. It was evident that the interactions of germination
methods and temperature had significant effect on vigour
index-I. The interaction of germination in sand kept at 30 ±
20C (M2C3) showed significantly higher vigour index-I (400.20)
followed by interaction of germination in sand kept at 25 ± 20C
65
(M2C2) (337.69). The lowest vigour index-I (56.82) was

observed in the interaction of germination in cocopeat and
kept at 20 ± 20C (M4C1).
4.1.13.3 Interaction effect of germination method and
The data on interaction effect of germination method and
temperature on vigour index-II are presented in the Table 13.
It was evident that the interactions of germination methods
and temperature had significant effect on vigour index-II. The
interaction of germination in sand and kept at 30 ± 20C for
germination (M2C3) showed significantly higher vigour index-II
(9.26), followed by interaction of germination in sand and kept
at 25 ± 20C for germination (M2C2) (7.75). The lowest vigour
index-II (5.68) was observed in the interaction of germination
in cocopeat kept at 20 ± 20C (M4C1).
Table 13 Interaction effect germination method and

M1C1 185.83 158.75 3.37
M1C2 193.75 208.51 4.02
M1C3 202.92 271.39 5.03
M2C1 180.00 239.20 4.82
M2C2 215.83 337.69 7.75
M2C3 226.25 400.20 9.26
M3C1 135.83 104.65 2.40
M3C2 180.42 154.74 3.97
M3C3 186.25 201.29 5.12
M4C1 113.33 56.82 1.23
M4C2 163.75 120.18 3.21
M4C3 175.83 184.13 4.93
SE ± 4.787 6.789 0.185
CD @ 5% 13.381 18.977 0.517
66
4.1.14 Interaction effect of media, temperature and

and vigour index-II
The data regarding on interaction effect of media,
temperature and treatments on seedling dry weight, vigour
index-I and vigour index-II are presented in Table 14.
4.1.14.1 Interaction effect of media, temperature and seed
From the Table 14, it was revealed that the data on
interaction of germination methods, temperature and
treatments showed significant effect on seedling dry weight.
The interaction of germination in sand kept at 30 ± 20C
temperature and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2C3T7) showed
significantly highest seedling dry weight (285.00 mg) followed
by the interaction of germination in sand kept at 25 ± 20C
and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2C2T7) (275.00 mg). Lower
seedling dry weight was observed in the interaction of
germination in cocopeat and seed treated with cow urine kept
(M4C1T9) at 20 ± 20C temperature.
4.1.14.2 Interaction effect of media, temperature and seed
The data regarding interaction effect of media,
temperature and seed treatments had significant effect on
vigour index-I. The interaction of germination in sand kept at
30 ± 20C temperature and seed treated with 2% KNO3
(M2C3T7) showed significantly highest vigour index-I (630.58)
than the rest of interactions followed by the interaction of
2% KNO3 (M2C3T7) (528.00). Lower vigour index-I was observed
67
in the interaction of germination in cocopeat and seed treated

with cow urine kept (M4C1T9) at 20 ± 20C temperature.
Table 14 Interaction effect of media, temperature and
treatments on seedling dry weight, vigour index-
I and vigour index-II
Treatment Vigour index-I Vigour index-II
Seedling dry weight
combination
(mg)
M1C1T1 180.00 95.70 2.16
M1C1T2 195.00 212.74 4.69
M1CT3 185.00 163.56 3.53
M1C1T4 160.00 77.30 1.60
M1C1T5 210.00 202.98 4.82
M1C1T6 205.00 261.62 5.14
M1C1T7 230.00 362.85 6.90
M1C1T8 190.00 144.44 3.23
M1C1T9 160.00 96.48 2.07
M1C1T10 180.00 116.69 2.56
M1C1T11 150.00 65.98 1.37
M1C1T12 185.00 104.64 2.42
M1C2T1 185.00 112.68 2.41
M1C2T2 210.00 340.46 6.12
M1C2T3 200.00 228.82 4.42
M1C2T4 170.00 106.96 2.20
M1C2T5 195.00 247.34 4.69
M1C2T6 215.00 341.48 6.28
M1C2T7 240.00 435.66 7.93
M1C2T8 190.00 223.30 4.18
M1C2T9 170.00 108.38 2.22
M1C2T10 190.00 146.25 3.26
M1C2T11 165.00 89.36 1.80
M1C2T12 195.00 121.44 2.74
M1C3T1 195.00 149.75 3.31
M1C3T2 210.00 417.63 7.36
M1C3T3 195.00 311.45 5.26
M1C3T4 185.00 126.81 2.77
M1C3T5 210.00 371.25 6.50
M1C3T6 230.00 433.67 7.82
M1C3T7 250.00 491.15 9.26
M1C3T8 210.00 310.04 5.46
M1C3T9 185.00 134.85 2.97
M1C3T10 200.00 244.60 4.61
M1C3T11 170.00 99.54 2.04
M1C3T12 195.00 165.99 3.11
M2C1T1 135.00 199.95 3.05
M2C1T2 210.00 296.95 6.25
M2C1T3 175.00 161.60 3.05
M2C1T4 165.00 110.93 2.05
M2C1T5 200.00 238.25 5.00
M2C1T6 230.00 327.83 7.50
M2C1T7 250.00 428.13 10.65
M2C1T8 200.00 278.25 5.95
M2C1T9 135.00 197.40 3.07
68
Treatment Seedling dry weight Vigour index-I Vigour index-II
combination (mg)
M2C1T10 170.00 218.45 4.25
M2C1T11 125.00 168.30 2.50
M2C1T12 165.00 244.38 4.52
MCT2T1 185.00 274.65 5.55
M2C2T2 235.00 410.00 9.40
M2C2T3 210.00 265.25 5.80
M2C2T4 200.00 185.30 4.00
M2C2T5 225.00 393.40 9.00
M2C2T6 250.00 458.55 11.25
M2C2T7 275.00 547.85 13.95
M2C2T8 230.00 369.05 8.62
M2C2T9 175.00 262.85 5.22
M2C2T10 205.00 300.58 6.67
M2C2T11 165.00 252.45 4.95
M2C2T12 245.00 332.33 8.57
M2C3T1 210.00 301.28 6.82
M2C3T2 250.00 496.30 11.85
M2C3T3 225.00 375.98 8.50
M2C3T4 215.00 266.50 5.92
M2C3T5 240.00 434.53 10.22
M2C3T6 265.00 528.00 13.25
M2C3T7 285.00 630.58 16.42
M2C3T8 250.00 357.20 8.80
M2C3T9 185.00 406.80 8.35
M2C3T10 215.00 389.55 8.67
M2C3T11 175.00 239.58 4.82
M2C3T12 200.00 376.15 7.52
M3C1T1 120.00 56.60 1.20
M3C1T2 150.00 91.35 2.25
M3C1T3 130.00 87.45 1.95
M3C1T4 110.00 39.95 8.25
M3C1T5 150.00 92.03 2.25
M3C1T6 175.00 154.23 3.92
M3C1T7 205.00 255.33 6.67
M3C1T8 125.00 111.25 2.17
M3C1T9 110.00 68.55 1.37
M3C1T10 125.00 130.90 2.82
M3C1T11 100.00 79.73 1.50
M3C1T12 130.00 88.43 1.95
M3C2T1 165.00 94.28 2.47
M3C2T2 200.00 202.63 5.00
M3C2T3 175.00 133.83 3.05
M3C2T4 135.00 59.10 1.35
M3C2T5 185.00 159.60 3.70
M3C2T6 215.00 233.25 5.92
M3C2T7 270.00 314.48 9.45
M3C2T8 180.00 161.13 4.07
M3C2T9 135.00 106.70 2.37
M3C2T10 180.00 158.33 4.12
M3C2T11 145.00 104.33 2.55
M3C2T12 180.00 129.20 3.60
M3C3T1 160.00 130.20 3.20
M3C3T2 195.00 268.85 6.32
M3C3T3 180.00 181.05 4.02
M3C3T4 150.00 109.83 2.60
69
Treatment Seedling dry weight Vigour index-I Vigour index-II
combination (mg)
M3C3T5 205.00 212.50 5.12
M3C3T6 245.00 285.48 8.00
M3C3T7 265.00 373.00 11.00
M3C3T8 190.00 213.05 5.17
M3C3T9 165.00 141.30 3.77
M3C3T10 165.00 200.60 4.92
M3C3T11 165.00 133.78 3.80
M3C3T12 140.00 165.88 3.50
M4C1T1 130.00 40.58 9.00
M4C1T2 130.00 76.50 1.65
M4C1T3 100.00 28.15 5.00
M4C1T4 0.00 0.00 0.00
M4C1T5 140.00 72.25 1.72
M4C1T6 175.00 111.00 3.10
M4C1T7 165.00 186.93 4.57
M4C1T8 65.00 116.80 1.30
M4C1T9 55.00 22.50 5.50
M4C1T10 100.00 27.15 5.00
M4C1T11 0.00 0.00 0.00
M4C1T12 0.00 0.00 0.00
M4C2T1 160.00 93.30 2.40
M4C2T2 165.00 133.00 3.30
M4C2T3 145.00 78.85 1.85
M4C2T4 160.00 29.68 8.00
M4C2T5 185.00 126.30 3.70
M4C2T6 220.00 220.45 7.05
M4C2T7 210.00 267.78 7.87
M4C2T8 155.00 166.63 3.87
M4C2T9 140.00 121.00 2.80
M4C2T10 135.00 117.40 2.70
M4C2T11 130.00 28.73 6.50
M4C2T12 160.00 59.10 1.60
M4C3T1 180.00 137.05 3.97
M4C3T2 180.00 225.70 5.85
M4C3T3 150.00 167.50 3.75
M4C3T4 170.00 111.33 2.87
M4C3T5 215.00 201.75 6.45
M4C3T6 235.00 254.63 8.22
M4C3T7 215.00 313.40 8.60
M4C3T8 160.00 156.15 3.55
M4C3T9 160.00 181.53 4.95
M4C3T10 145.00 189.75 4.35
M4CT11 150.00 101.28 2.55
M4CT12 150.00 169.53 4.07
SE ± 16.583 23.517 0.024
CD @ 5% 47.749 69.551 0.073
70
4.1.15 Effect of seed treatment on electrical conductivity,

The data regarding effect of seed treatment on electrical
conductivity, moisture content, seed mycoflora and seed
weight of sarpgandha are presented in Table 15.
4.1.15.1 Effect of seed treatment on electrical
It was evident from the data that the electrical
conductivity was significantly differed due to different seed
treatments. Among the treatment, 2% KNO3 (T7) recorded
lowest (0.361 dSm-1) electrical conductivity. However cow
urine treatment (T9) had highest electrical conductivity (0.538
dSm-1) than other treatments, followed by control (0.529 dSm-
1) (T1).
4.1.15.2 Effect of seed treatment on moisture content (%)
It was observed from the data that the moisture content
was significantly differed due to different seed treatments.
Among the treatments, when seed treated with 2% KNO3 (T7)
recorded lowest (2.48 %) moisture content than other
treatments. However cow urine (T9) had the higher moisture
content (2.65 %) followed by control (2.62 %) (T1).
4.1.15.3 Effect of seed treatments on seed mycoflora (%)
It was observed that different seed treatments had
significant effect on seed mycoflora. The mycelium growth was
not seen when seed treated with sulfuric acid (0.00) (T2 T3 T4).
However, the higher seed mycoflora was seen when seed
treated with cow urine (26.50 %) (T9).
71
Table 15 Effect of seed treatment on electrical

conductivity, moisture content, seed
mycoflora and seed weight
Electrical Moisture Seed Seed
Treatments conductivity content mycoflora weight
(dSm-1) (%) (%) (g)
2.62 20.00
T1: Control 0.529 3.51
(9.32)* (26.06)*
T2: conc. H2SO4 3 2.55 0.00
0.448 3.44
min (9.19) (0.00)
T3: conc. H2SO4 5 2.57 0.00
0.483 3.47
min (9.23) (0.00)
T4: conc. H2SO410 2.59 0.00
0.504 3.48
min (9.26) (0.00)
2.54 11.66
T5: 1% KH2PO4 0.445 3.44
(9.18) (19.86)
2.49 6.66
T6: 1% KNO3 0.420 3.41
(9.09) (12.27)
2.48 0.00
T7: 2% KNO3 0.391 3.38
(9.07) (0.00)
2.56 15.00
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 0.509 3.46
(9.21) (22.58)
2.65 26.50
T9: Cow urine 0.538 3.51
(9.32) (30.82)
T10: Mechanical 2.59 20.00
0.493 3.49
scarification (9.27) (26.44)
2.62 25.00
T11: Stratification 0.518 3.51
(9.31) (29.92)
T12: Water 2.59 21.66
0.510 3.48
soaking (9.27) (27.51)
SE ± 0.006 0.006 0.177 0.005
CD @ 5% 0.017 0.017 0.496 0.015
4.1.15.4 Effect of seed treatments on seed weight (g)

From the data it was concluded that the seed weight was
72
the treatments, 2% KNO3 (T7) recorded lowest (3.38 g) seed

weight than the other treatments. Cow urine treatment (T9)
had highest seed weight (3.51 g).
4.1.16 Effect of temperature on electrical conductivity,

The data on effect of temperatures on electrical
conductivity, moisture content, seed mycoflora and seed
weight are presented in the Table 16.
4.1.16.1 Effect of temperature on electrical conductivity

(dSm-1)
electrical conductivity. The lowest electrical conductivity
(0.461dSm-1) was recorded at 30 + 2OC temperature (C3). The
highest electrical conductivity was recorded at the 20 + 2 OC
temperature (0.505 dSm1) (C1).
4.1.16.2 Effect of temperature on moisture content (%)

moisture content. The highest moisture content was recorded
at the 20 + 2 OC temperature (2.60 %) (C1), followed by 25 + 2
OC temperature (2.57 %) (C2). The lowest moisture content
(2.55 %) was recorded at 30 + 2OC temperature (C3).
73
Table 16 Effect of temperature on electrical conductivity,

moisture content, seed mycoflora and seed
weight
Temperature Electric Moisture Seed Seed
conductivity content mycoflora weight
(dSm-1) (%) (%) (g)
C1: 20 ± 20C 2.60 8.29

0.505 3.49
(9.27)* (12.80)*
C2: 25 ± 20C 2.57 12.50
0.481 3.46
(9.23) (16.92)
C3: 30 ± 20C 2.55 15.83
0.461 3.45
(9.19) (19.15)
SE ± 0.003 0.003 0.089 0.003
CD @ 5 % 0.008 0.009 0.248 0.008

4.1.16.3 Effect of temperature on seed mycoflora (%)
It was observed that temperature had significant effect
on seed mycoflora. The mycelium growth was decreases with
increases in temperature. The lowest seed mycoflora (8.29 %)
was observed at 30 + 2OC temperature (C3).The highest seed
mycoflora was seen at the 30 + 2OC temperature (15.83 %)
(C1),
4.1.16.4 Effect of temperature on seed weight (g)
seed weight. The lowest seed weight (3.45 g) was recorded at
30 + 2OC tempersature (C3). The highest seed weight was
recorded at the 20 + 2OC temperature (3.49 g) (C1).
4.1.17 Interaction effects of temperature and seed
treatments on electrical conductivity, moisture
74

treatments on electrical conductivity, moisture content, seed
mycoflora and seed weight are presented in the Table 17.
treatment on electrical conductivity (dSm-1)
It was observed from Table 17 that, the interaction of
temperature and treatments shows significant effect on
electric conductivity. The interaction of temperature 20+ 2OC
and seed treated with cow urine (C1T9) showed significantly
highest electrical conductivity (0.558 dSm-1) followed by the
interaction of temperature 20 + 2OC and seed used as control
(0.553 dSm-1) (C1T1). The lowest electrical conductivity (0.361
dSm-1) was observed in the interaction of temperature 30 +
2OC and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (C3T7).
Table 17 Interaction effects of temperature and seed
treatment on electrical conductivity, moisture
Treatment Electrical Moisture Seed Seed
combination conductivity content mycoflora weight
(dSm-1) (%) (%) (g)
2.61 10.00
C1T1 0.553 3.54
(9.33)* (18.41)*
2.56 0.00
C1T2 0.478 3.47
(9.20) (0.00)
2.59 0.00
C1T3 0.518 3.50
(9.26) (0.00)
2.60 0.00
C1T4 0.533 3.52
(9.27) (0.00)
2.55 10.00
C1T5 0.470 3.48
(9.18) (18.41)
2.49 0.00
C1T6 0.440 3.41
(9.08) (0.00)
2.49 0.00
C1T7 0.415 3.40
(9.08) (0.00)
2.57 10.00
C1T8 0.520 3.48
(9.23) (18.41)
2.61 19.50
C1T9 0.558 3.55
(9.29) (26.20)
2.61 15.00
C1T10 0.530 3.52
(9.29) (22.78)
2.63 20.00
C1T11 0.530 3.54
(9.33) (26.56)
75
Treatment Electrical Moisture Seed Seed
combination conductivity content mycoflora weight
(dsm-1) (%) (%) (g)
2.60 15.00
C1T12 0.518 3.50
(9.28) (22.78)
2.61 20.00
C2T1 0.528 3.52
(9.30) (26.56)
2.54 0.00
C2T2 0.445 3.44
(9.16) (0.00)
2.56 0.00
C2T3 0.480 3.47
(9.20) (0.00)
2.58 0.00
C2T4 0.498 3.48
(9.25) (0.00)
2.53 10.00
C2T5 0.453 3.43
(9.15) (18.41)
2.49 10.00
C2T6 0.418 3.40
(9.08) (18.41)
2.47 0.00
C2T7 0.398 3.39
(9.04) (0.00)
2.54 20.00
C2T8 0.520 3.47
(9.17) (26.56)
2.60 25.00
C2T9 0.538 3.51
(9.28) (30.00)
2.59 20.00
C2T10 0.460 3.49
(9.26) (26.56)
2.59 25.00
C2T11 0.515 3.51
(9.25) (30.00)
2.58 20.00
C2T12 0.518 3.48
(9.24) (26.56)
2.58 30.00
C3T1 0.508 3.47
(9.24) (33.21)
2.52 0.00
C3T2 0.420 3.44
(9.13) (0.00)
2.54 0.00
C3T3 0.453 3.45
(9.16) (0.00)
2.54 0.00
C3T4 0.483 3.45
(9.17) (0.00)
2.53 15.00
C3T5 0.413 3.42
(9.16) (22.78)
2.47 10.00
C3T6 0.403 3.38
(9.04) (18.41)
2.45 0.00
C3T7 0.361 3.38
(9.00) (0.00)
2.52 15.00
C3T8 0.486 3.45
(9.14) (22.78)
2.59 35.00
C3T9 0.519 3.49
(9.25) (36.27)
2.56 25.00
C3T10 0.488 3.48
(9.21) (30.00)
2.58 30.00
C3T11 0.508 3.49
(9.24) (33.21)
2.56 30.00
C3T12 0.495 3.48
(9.20) (33.21)
SE ± 0.011 0.009 0.307 0.008
CD @ 5% 0.031 0.027 0.859 0.024

76

treatment on moisture content (%)
treatments on moisture content are presented in the Table 17.
It was observed that the interactions of temperature and
treatments had significant effect on moisture content. The
interaction of temperature 30 + 2OC and seed treated with 2%
KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly lowest moisture content
(2.45 %) followed by the interaction of temperature 30 + 2OC
and seed treated with 1% KNO3 (C3T6) (2.47 %). The highest
moisture content (2.63 %) was observed in the interaction of
temperature 20 + 2OC and seed were kept at cold stratification
(C1T11).
treatments on seed mycoflora (%).
It was observed that interaction effect of temperature
and treatments had significant effect on seed mycoflora. The
mycelium growth was not seen at the interaction of
temperature 20 + 2OC, 25 + 2OC, 30 + 2OC and seed treated
with conc.H2SO4. The highest mycelium growth was seen at
the interaction of temperature 30 + 2OC and seed treated with
cow urine (C3T9) (35.00 %)
From the data it was concluded that the interaction
effect of temperature and treatments on seed weight was
significant. Among the interaction of temperature 30 + 2OC
and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (C3T7) recorded lowest (3.38 g)
(C3T7) seed weight. However interaction of temperature 20 +
2OC and seed treated with cow urine (C1T9) had highest seed
weight (3.55 g )
77
4.2 Storage results

After standardization of seed testing procedure for
germination, the seed were kept for storage in high density
polyethylene bag (HDEP) at room temperature to assess the
seed germination and growth of sarpgandha seed. The results
are presented below,
4.2.1 Effect of seed treatment on germination (%).

The data regarding effect of seed treatments on
germination are presented in Table 18.
From the data, it was revealed that the germination
differed significantly due to different seed treatment during all
the periods of storage. It was noticed that at 120 days the
germination increased up to 50.29 % when the seed was
treated with 2% KNO3 (T7). There was an increase in
germination with the advancement of storage period. The
initial germination was 38.75 %. After 120 days the
germination was decreased during storage. However the
untreated seed i.e. control (T1) initially showed (18.08 %) after
120 days it showed maximum germination (29.75 %).
Germination reduced rapidly after 180 days of storage and
reached to 14.37 %.
4.2.2 Effect of germination methods on germination (%).

From the Table 19, it was revealed that the different
germination methods had significant effect on germination
during all the periods storage. The sand method (M2) had
significantly higher germination than other methods during all
the period of storage. The initial germination was (33.54 %) it
is increased up to 120 days (45.78 %) and at the end of
78
storage period it was decreased to 28.61 % in sand method

(M2). The minimum germination was found in cocopeat
method. Initially it was (18.82 %) the germination increased
up to 120 days of storage and at the end of storage period it
was 16.11 %.
4.2.3 Effect of temperature on germination (%)

germination during all the periods of storage. The 30 ± 20C
temperature (C3) had significantly higher germination than the
other temperatures. At initial stage the germination was 29.51
% however, at 120 days the germination increased up to
(41.26 %). At the end of storage period of 180 days the
germination was decreased up to 25.04 %.

treatment on germination (%)
From the data (Table 21), it was observed that, the
interaction of germination method and seed treatment had
significant effect on germination during all the periods of
storage. Initially the interaction of germination in sand and
germination (50.83 %), the germination was increased (60.33
%) at 120 days of storage. At the end of storage period (after
180 days) the seed germination was decreased up to 46.67 %.
79

treatment on germination (%)
treatments on germination are presented in the Table 22. It
treatments had significant effect on germination. Initially the
KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly higher germination (43.63 %)
than the rest of interaction. At 120 days of storage the
germination was increased up to 54.75 %. However at the end
of storage period of 180 days, the seed germination was
decreased up to 38.38 %.

From the data (Table 23), it was revealed that the
interaction of germination method and temperature had
significant effect on germination during all the periods of
storage. The interaction of germination in sand and kept at 30
± 20C for germination (M2C3) showed significantly higher
germination (40.03 %) than the rest of interactions. After 120
days the germination was increased to 52.54 %. At the end of
storage period of 180 days, the seed germination was
decreased up to 35.21 %.
temperature and seed treatments on germination
(%)
germination are presented in the Table 24.
80
From the data, it was revealed that the interaction of

germination had significant effect during all the periods of
storage. The interaction of germination in sand kept at 30 ±
20C and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2C3T7) showed
significantly higher germination 57.5% followed by the
interaction of germination in sand kept at 30 ± 20C and seed
treated with 1% KNO3 (M2C3T6) 50% at initial stage. The lowest
germination (5%) was recorded in the interaction of
germination in cocopeat kept at 20 ± 20C and seed treated
with conc. H2SO4 for 10 min. (M4C1T3).
After 120 days of storage the germination was increased
up to 70.00 %. At the end of storage period, the germination
i.e. 52.50 % was recorded in interaction (M2C3T7).
Table 18 Effect of seed treatment on germination (%)
Germination (%)
Treatments DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
18.08 19.58 22.87 26.12 29.75 17.58 14.37
T1: Control
(24.70) (25.94) (22.87) (30.48) (29.75) (24.35) (21.60)
28.58 30.91 33.70 36.20 40.12 28.16 24.33
T2: conc. H2SO4 (3min)
(31.96) (33.52) (33.70) (36.85) (40.12) (31.84) (29.17)
20.67 24.25 26.91 29.95 34.00 21.20 17.33
(26.52) (29.27) (26.91) (32.94) (34.00) (27.08) (24.16)
12.96 14.66 18.00 21.62 25.75 14.00 11.41
(19.79) (21.38) (18.00) (27.38) (25.75) (21.55) (19.26)
25.67 27.45 30.58 34.20 38.50 23.91 21.41
T5: 1% KH2PO4
(30.12) (31.35) (30.58) (35.68) (38.50) (29.04) (27.25)
T6: 1% KNO3 31.92 34.45 38.12 41.54 45.62 31.08 28.07
(34.19) (35.78) (38.12) (40.05) (45.62) (33.70) (31.77)
38.75 41.08 43.45 47.50 50.29 38.25 34.83
T7: 2% KNO3
(38.41) (39.80) (43.45) (43.56) (50.29) (38.11) (36.06)
25.21 27.12 29.41 32.00 35.33 23.95 20.08
T8: 0.5% Thiourea
(29.95) (31.25) (29.41) (34.35) (35.33) (29.15) (26.16)
21 22.70 25.75 28.66 31.37 19.08 16.83
T9: Cow urine
(26.72) (28.07) (25.75) (32.08) (31.37) (25.38) (23.51)
T10: Mechanical 23.46 24.95 28.66 31.20 34.00 21.25 18.29
scarification (28.07) (29.64) (28.66) (33.68) (34.00) (27.12) (24.76)
15.58 18.04 20.79 23.79 26.79 14.58 12.33
T11: Stratification
(21.81) (23.55) (20.79) (28.49) (26.79) (21.76) (19.19)
20.67 21.25 23.95 27.12 29.29 18.50 15.91
T12: Water soaking
(25.13) (25.97) (23.95) (30.70) (29.29) (24.86) (22.14)
SE ± 0.507 0.166 0.253 0.157 0.374 0.192 0.202
CD @ 5% 1.416 0.463 0.708 0.438 1.045 0.536 0.564
81
Table 19 Effect of germination methods on germination (%)

Media Germination (%)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1: Between paper 20.5 21.47 22.90 24.92 26.92 18.65 17.03
(26.50) (27.22) (22.90) (29.65) (26.92) (25.10) (23.80)
M2: Sand method 33.54 35.42 38.56 41.94 45.78 31.44 28.61
(35.12) (36.32) (38.56) (40.27) (45.78) (33.80) (31.97)
M3: Top of paper 21.32 23.96 27.83 31.60 35.21 20.15 16.66
(27.13) (29.03) (27.83) (34.02) (35.21) (26.35) (23.60)
M4: Cocopeat 18.82 21.32 24.79 28.19 32.38 20.28 16.11
(23.72) (25.95) (24.79) (31.49) (32.38) (26.08) (22.33)
SE ± 0.293 0.096 0.146 0.090 0.216 0.111 0.117
CD @ 5% 0.818 0.267 0.409 0.253 0.603 0.309 0.326
Table 20 Effect of temperature on germination (%)

Temperature Germination (%)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1: 20 ± 20C 17.53 19.50 22.46 25.29 28.78 17.69 14.21
(23.28) (25.07) (22.46) (29.71) (28.78) (24.26) (21.01)
C2: 25 ± 20C 23.59 25.82 28.84 32.01 35.16 22.56 19.56
(28.47) (30.06) (28.84) (34.16) (35.16) (27.86) (25.62)
C3: 30 ± 20C 29.51 31.30 34.26 37.69 41.26 27.65 25.04
(32.60) (33.75) (34.26) (37.69) (41.26) (31.37) (29.64)
SE ± 0.253 0.083 0.127 0.078 0.187 0.096 0.101
CD @ 5% 0.708 0.231 0.354 0.219 0.522 0.268 0.282
Table 21 Interaction effect of germination methods and seed

Germination (%)
Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
14 15.00 16.33 18.67 20.67 12.00 10.00
M1T1
(21.91) (22.73) (16.33) (25.55) (20.67) (20.18) (18.32)
29.33 30.33 32.33 34.00 36.33 27.67 25.67
M1T2
(32.71) (33.36) (32.33) (35.63) (36.33) (31.67) (30.36)
22.67 23.67 25.33 27.33 29.33 20.67 19.33
M1T3
(28.34) (29.05) (25.33) (31.49) (29.33) (26.97) (25.98)
12.67 13.67 15.33 17.33 19.67 11.00 9.00
M1T4
(20.78) (21.63) (15.33) (24.57) (19.67) (19.26) (17.30)
26 27.33 29.00 31.00 33.00 24.00 22.33
M1T5
(30.60) (31.46) (29.00) (33.80) (33.00) (29.27) (28.14)
29.33 30.33 31.67 33.67 35.67 27.67 25.67
M1T6
(32.73) (33.38) (31.67) (35.44) (35.67) (31.69) (30.38)
33.33 34.33 34.67 38.33 40.33 31.33 29.33
M1T7
(35.24) (35.85) (34.67) (38.24) (40.33) (34.02) (32.77)
21.67 22.67) 24.33 26.33 28.00 20.00 18.67
M1T8
(27.63) (28.35 (24.33) (30.82) (28.00) (26.46) (25.50)
14 15.00 16.33 18.00 19.67 12.00 10.67
M1T9
(21.93) (22.75) (16.33) (25.09) (19.67) (20.22) (19.03)
82
Germination (%)
Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
18 19.00 20.50 22.33 24.33 16.00 14.00
M1T10
(24.90) (25.73) (20.50) (28.14) (24.33) (23.43) (21.79)
10.67 11.33 12.33 14.33 16.33 9.17 7.67
M1T11
(19.02) (19.64) (12.33) (22.20) (16.33) (17.52) (15.95)
14.33 15.00 16.67 17.67 19.67 12.33 12.00
M1T12
(22.19) (22.77) (16.67) (24.81) (19.67) (20.52) (20.12)
28.33 28.33 31.83 35.00 39.17 27.50 24.17
M2T1
(32.08) (32.09) (31.83) (36.21) (39.17) (31.51) (29.31)
39.17 41.67 44.17 46.67 50.83 36.67 34.17
M2T2
(38.64) (40.15) (44.17) (43.07) (50.83) (37.17) (35.65)
27.5 30.83 34.17 38.33 43.33 25.00 21.67
M2T3
(31.34) (33.48) (34.17) (38.08) (43.33) (29.68) (27.41)
20 20.83 25.00 29.17 34.17 17.50 15.83
M2T4
(26.26) (27.03) (25.00) (32.60) (34.17) (24.38) (23.17)
35.83 36.67 40.00 44.17 50.83 32.50 30.00
M2T5
(36.64) (37.12) (40.00) (41.61) (50.83) (34.61) (33.03)
42.5 45.00 50.83 54.17 58.50 40.83 38.33
M2T6
(40.62) (42.09) (50.83) (47.40) (58.50) (39.63) (38.14)
50.83 53.33 56.67 60.83 63.33 50.00 46.67
M2T7
(45.48) (46.92) (56.67) (51.31) (63.33) (45.00) (43.08)
34.17 35.83 37.50 39.17 42.50 32.50 30.00
M2T8
(35.70) (36.75) (37.50) (38.72) (42.50) (34.72) (33.17)
32.5 33.33 35.83 39.17 41.67 30.83 27.50
M2T9
(34.42) (35.15) (35.83) (38.66) (41.67) (33.44) (31.32)
(32.5 34.17 36.67 39.17 42.50 29.00 25.83
M2T10
(34.61) (35.71) (36.67) (38.67) (42.50) (32.50) (30.22)
25.83 29.17 31.67 35.83 38.33 24.17 21.67
M2T11
(30.46) (32.61) (31.67) (36.70) (38.33) (29.33) (27.59)
33.33 35.83 38.33 41.67 44.17 30.83 27.50
M2T12
(35.21) (36.73) (38.33) (40.17) (44.17) (33.67) (31.58)
15 17.50 21.67 25.83 30.00 13.33 10.00
M3T1
(22.60) (24.58) (21.67) (30.37) (30.00) (21.28) (18.02)
24.17 27.50 30.83 34.17 37.50 23.33 20.00
M3T2
(29.18) (31.49) (30.83) (35.65) (37.50) (28.78) (26.34)
18.33 22.50 26.50 30.00 35.00 19.17 15.00
M3T3
(25.25) (28.17) (26.50) (33.10) (35.00) (25.88) (22.66)
11.67 14.17 17.50 21.67 25.83 12.50 9.17
M3T4
(19.60) (21.89) (17.50) (27.57) (25.83) (20.63) (17.33)
20 22.50 25.83 29.17 34.17 17.50 14.17
M3T5
(26.45) (28.22) (25.83) (32.61) (34.17) (24.73) (22.09)
27.5 30.83 35.00 39.17 44.17 27.50 24.13
M3T6
(31.54) (33.65) (35.00) (38.69) (44.17) (31.61) (29.40)
35.83 38.33 41.67 46.67 49.17 37.50 32.50
M3T7
(36.75) (38.24) (41.67) (43.08) (49.17) (37.73) (34.72)
22.5 25.00 27.50 30.83 34.17 21.67 17.50
M3T8
(28.19) (29.92) (27.50) (33.65) (34.17) (27.70) (24.62)
17.5 20.83 25.00 29.17 33.33 15.17 11.67
M3T9
(24.52) (26.99) (25.00) (32.58) (33.33) (22.72) (19.43)
25 25.83 32.50 35.83 39.17 21.67 18.33
M3T10
(29.81) (30.54) (32.50) (36.72) (39.17) (27.64) (25.18)
18.33 22.50 25.83 28.33 31.67 16.67 14.17
M3T11
(25.25) (28.22) (25.83) (32.13) (31.67) (24.04) (22.05)
83
Germination (%)
Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
20 20.00 24.17 28.33 28.33 15.83 13.33
M3T12
(26.45) (26.44) (24.17) (32.13) (28.33) (23.39) (21.32)
15 17.50 21.67 25.00 29.17 17.50 13.33
M4T1
(22.25) (24.38) (21.67) (29.83) (29.17) (24.43) (20.77)
21.67 24.17 27.50 30.00 35.83 25.00 17.50
M4T2
(27.31) (29.12) (27.50) (33.06) (35.83) (29.73) (24.35)
14.17 20.00 21.67 24.17 28.33 20.00 13.33
M4T3
(21.18) (26.38) (21.67) (29.12) (28.33) (25.82) (20.63)
7.5 10.00 14.17 18.33 23.33 15.00 11.67
M4T4
(12.53) (14.99) (14.17) (24.80) (23.33) (21.97) (19.28)
20.83 23.33 27.50 32.50 36.00 21.67 19.17
M4T5
(26.80) (28.62) (27.50) (34.72) (36.00) (27.57) (25.75)
28.33 31.67 35.00 39.17 44.17 28.33 24.17
M4T6
(31.90) (34.03) (35.00) (38.67) (44.17) (31.90) (29.18)
35 38.33 40.83 44.17 48.33 34.17 30.83
M4T7
(36.20) (38.19) (40.83) (41.61) (48.33) (35.71) (33.67)
22.5 25.00 28.33 31.67 (36.67 21.67 14.17
M4T8
(28.28) (29.98) (28.33) (34.22) 36.67) (27.73) (21.38)
20 21.67 25.83 28.33 30.83 18.33 17.50
M4T9
(26.05) (27.41) (25.83) (32.01) (30.83) (25.14) (24.27)
18.33 20.83 25.00 27.50 30.00 18.33 15.00
M4T10
(23.00) (26.58) (25.00) (31.21) (30.00) (24.92) (21.88)
7.5 9.17 13.33 16.67 20.83 8.33 5.83
M4T11
(12.53) (13.72) (13.33) (22.95) (20.83) (16.16) (11.19)
15 14.17 16.67 20.83 25.00 15.00 10.83
M4T12
(16.68) (17.97) (16.67) (25.73) (25.00) (21.88) (15.58)
SE± 1.013 0.331 0.507 0.313 0.747 0.383 0.404
CD @ 5% 2.832 0.926 1.417 0.876 2.089 1.071 1.129
*figures in parentheses indicate arcsine transformed values

Table 22 Interaction effect of temperature and seed
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T1 13 14.50 16.88 19.88 22.88 12.75 9.13
(20.67) (22.14) (16.88) (26.36) (22.88) (20.68) (16.97)
C1T2 20.38 23.13 26.13 28.50 31.50 20.75 17.75
(26.46) (28.52) (26.13) (32.16) (31.50) (26.95) (24.67)
C1T3 14.13 18.13 19.25 21.63 26.50 15.50 11.25
(21.54) (25.16) (19.25) (27.60) (26.50) (23.02) (19.26)
C1T4 7.5 9.00 12.63 15.63 19.25 8.88 7.75
(13.68) (15.14) (12.63) (23.07) (19.25) (17.09) (15.95)
C1T5 18.88 20.38 24.00 28.25 33.75 19.00 16.00
(25.51) (26.71) (24.00) (32.04) (33.75) (25.77) (23.45)
C1T6 24.38 26.50 32.00 35.00 40.50 25.00 21.73
(29.41) (30.87) (32.00) (36.18) (40.50) (29.88) (27.65)
C1T7 33.13 35.25 37.00 41.25 44.88 35.75 31.50
(35.06) (36.36) (37.00) (39.91) (44.88) (36.60) (34.04)
C1T8 21.13 23.25 25.63 28.00 32.25 21.25 14.75
(27.16) (28.68) (25.63) (31.84) (32.25) (27.32) (21.90)
C1T9 14.5 16.63 20.25 23.25 25.63 13.38 10.63
(22.04) (23.86) (20.25) (28.71) (25.63) (21.26) (18.60)
84
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T10 16.63 20.00 23.00 24.75 27.75 15.50 11.25
(22.29) (26.11) (23.00) (29.52) (27.75) (22.93) (19.21)
C1T11 11 12.50 15.63 17.38 20.38 11.13 8.38
(16.70) (17.86) (15.63) (23.68) (20.38) (18.92) (14.40)
C1T12 15.75 14.75 17.13 20.00 20.13 13.38 10.38
(18.88) (19.49) (17.13) (25.47) (20.13) (20.73) (16.04)
C2T1 18.25 19.75 23.50 26.75 30.38 18.13 15.13
(24.98) (26.16) (23.50) (30.93) (30.38) (24.72) (22.38)
C2T2 28.5 30.63 33.63 36.00 40.25 29.88 23.75
(32.09) (33.46) (33.63) (36.78) (40.25) (33.07) (28.82)
C2T3 19.88 22.63 26.25 29.88 33.50 18.75 16.63
(26.21) (28.29) (26.25) (33.01) (33.50) (25.53) (23.89)
C2T4 12 14.75 17.75 21.38 25.88 14.25 10.00
(19.76) (22.35) (17.75) (27.35) (25.88) (22.03) (18.12)
C2T5 26 27.50 31.13 34.75 38.38 24.88 22.75
(30.42) (31.46) (31.13) (36.06) (38.38) (29.69) (28.22)
C2T6 33.5 36.25 39.63 42.00 45.00 30.88 27.88
(35.26) (36.94) (39.63) (40.34) (45.00) (33.64) (31.72)
C2T7 39.5 42.25 45.25 48.88 51.25 37.38 34.63
(38.88) (40.50) (45.25) (44.36) (51.25) (37.62) (35.95)
C2T8 26.75 28.88 30.38 34.00 36.38 24.63 21.88
(31.00) (32.38) (30.38) (35.57) (36.38) (29.60) (27.66)
C2T9 20.13 22.25 25.00 27.38 29.75 17.88 15.63
(26.37) (27.90) (25.00) (31.33) (29.75) (24.72) (22.97)
C2T10 23 24.50 27.38 30.25 32.63 20.63 17.63
(28.39) (29.48) (27.38) (33.20) (32.63) (26.82) (24.57)
C2T11 15.88 18.00 21.00 24.63 26.75 14.25 12.38
(22.54) (24.05) (21.00) (29.30) (26.75) (21.29) (19.72)
C2T12 19.75 22.50 25.25 28.25 31.88 19.25 16.50
(25.80) (27.81) (25.25) (31.77) (31.88) (25.63) (23.44)
C3T1 23 24.50 28.25 31.75 36.00 21.88 18.88
(28.48) (29.54) (28.25) (34.18) (36.00) (27.64) (25.46)
C3T2 36.88 39.00 41.38 44.13 48.63 33.88 31.50
(37.33) (38.60) (41.38) (41.61) (48.63) (35.51) (34.04)
C3T3 28 32.00 35.25 38.38 42.00 29.38 24.13
(31.83) (34.37) (35.25) (38.22) (42.00) (32.71) (29.35)
C3T4 19.38 20.25 23.63 27.88 32.13 18.88 16.50
(25.93) (26.67) (23.63) (31.73) (32.13) (25.55) (23.73)
C3T5 32.13 34.50 36.63 39.63 43.38 27.88 25.50
(34.43) (35.89) (36.63) (38.95) (43.38) (31.67) (30.09)
C3T6 37.88 40.63 42.75 47.63 51.38 37.38 34.63
(37.92) (39.56) (42.75) (43.63) (51.38) (37.60) (35.95)
C3T7 43.63 45.75 48.13 52.38 54.75 41.63 38.38
(41.31) (42.55) (48.13) (46.41) 54.75) (40.13) (38.20)
C3T8 27.75 29.25 32.25 34.00 (37.38 26.00 23.63
(31.69) (32.69) (32.25) (35.65) 37.38) (30.54) (28.94)
C3T9 28.38 29.25 32.00 35.38 38.75 26.00 24.25
(31.77) (32.47) (32.00) (36.22) (38.75) (30.16) (28.96)
C3T10 30.75 30.38 35.63 38.63 41.63 27.63 26.00
(33.55) (33.33) (35.63) (38.34) (41.63) (31.62) (30.52)
C3T11 19.88 23.63 25.75 29.38 33.25 18.38 16.25
(26.21) (28.74) (25.75) (32.49) (33.25) (25.08) (23.46)
C3T12 26.5 26.50 29.50 33.13 35.88 22.88 20.88
(30.72) (30.64) (29.50) (34.88) (35.88) (28.24) (26.97)
SE ± 1.211 0.399 0.439 0.396 0.647 0.426 0.413
CD @ 5% 3.386 1.114 1.227 1.108 1.809 1.192 1.156
85

Germination (%)
Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1 17.42 18.42 19.83 22.00 24.08 15.75 13.92
(24.28) (25.09) (19.83) (27.70) (24.08) (22.91) (21.37)
M1C2 20 21.00 22.46 24.50 26.50 18.13 16.58
(26.19) (26.95) (22.46) (29.42) (26.50) (24.76) (23.48)
M1C3 24.08 25.00 26.42 28.25 30.17 22.08 20.58
(29.02) (29.64) (26.42) (31.82) (30.17) (27.63) (26.55)
M2C1 25.63 27.71 31.46 33.96 37.50 23.54 20.63
(30.11) (31.56) (31.46) (35.50) (37.50) (28.69) (26.65)
M2C2 35 37.08 39.79 43.75 47.29 32.71 30.00
(36.13) (37.40) (39.79) (41.37) (47.29) (34.72) (33.00)
M2C3 40 41.46 44.42 48.13 52.54 38.08 35.21
(39.13) (40.00) (44.42) (43.92) (52.54) (38.00) (36.26)
M3C1 16.67 19.38 22.92 26.04 28.75 18.54 13.95
(23.72) (25.82) (22.92) (30.49) (28.75) (25.05) (21.29)
M3C2 20.83 23.75 27.92 31.46 35.42 18.79 15.42
(26.88) (28.98) (27.92) (34.03) (35.42) (25.43) (22.73)
M3C3 26.46 28.75 32.67 37.29 41.46 23.13 20.63
(30.80) (32.29) (32.67) (37.56) (41.46) (28.55) (26.77)
M4C1 10.42 12.50 15.63 19.17 24.79 12.92 8.33
(15.03) (17.83) (15.63) (25.17) (24.79) (20.40) (14.74)
M4C2 18.54 21.46 25.21 28.33 31.46 20.63 16.25
(24.70) (26.92) (25.21) (31.85) (31.46) (26.54) (23.27)
M4C3 27.5 30.00 33.54 37.08 40.88 27.29 23.75
(31.44) (33.09) (33.54) (37.46) (40.88) (31.31) (28.97)
SE ± 0.507 0.166 0.253 0.157 0.374 0.192 0.202
CD @ 5% 1.416 0.463 0.708 0.438 1.045 0.536 0.564

germination (%)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1T1 12 13.00 15.00 17.00 19.00 11.00 9.00
(20.27) (21.12) (15.00) (24.34) (19.00) (19.35) (17.43)
M1C1T2 24 25.00 27.00 29.00 31.00 23.00 21.00
(29.31) (30.00) (27.00) (32.58) (31.00) (28.65) (27.27)
M1C1T3 19 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 17.00 15.00
(25.78) (26.56) (22.00) (29.33) (26.00) (24.34) (22.78)
M1C1T4 10 11.00 13.00 15.00 17.00 8.00 6.00
(18.43) (19.35) (13.00) (22.78) (17.00) (16.40) (14.13)
M1C1T5 23 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 21.00 19.00
(28.65) (29.33) (26.00) (31.94) (30.00) (27.27) (25.83)
M1C1T6 25 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00 25.00 22.00
(29.96) (30.65) (28.00) (33.21) (32.00) (29.96) (27.97)
M1C1T7 30 31.00 28.00 35.00 37.00 28.00 26.00
(33.21) (33.83) (28.00) (36.27) (37.00) (31.94) (30.65)
86
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1T8 17 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 15.00 14.00
(24.27) (25.10) (20.00) (27.97) (24.00) (22.78) (21.96)
M1C1T9 13 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 11.00 10.00
(21.12) (21.96) (16.00) (25.10) (20.00) (19.35) (18.41)
M1C1T10 14 15.00 17.00 19.00 21.00 12.00 10.00
(21.77) (22.78) (17.00) (25.83) (21.00) (20.25) (18.41)
M1C1T11 9 10.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 7.00 6.00
(17.43) (18.41) (10.00) (20.25) (14.00) (15.30) (14.13)
M1C1T12 13 14.00 16.00 15.00 18.00 11.00 9.00
(21.12) (21.96) (16.00) (22.78) (18.00) (19.35) (17.43)
M1C2T1 13 14.00 14.00 17.00 19.00 10.00 8.00
(21.12) (21.96) (14.00) (24.34) (19.00) (18.41) (16.40)
M1C2T2 29 30.00 32.00 34.00 36.00 27.00 25.00
(32.55) (33.21) (32.00) (35.67) (36.00) (31.30) (30.00)
M1C2T3 22 23.00 25.00 27.00 29.00 20.00 19.00
(27.95) (28.65) (25.00) (31.30) (29.00) (26.56) (25.83)
M1C2T4 13 14.00 16.00 (18.00 21.00 12.00 10.00
(21.12) (21.96) (16.00) 25.10) (21.00) (20.25) (18.41)
M1C2T5 24 25.00 27.00 (29.00 31.00 22.00 21.00
(29.31) (30.00) (27.00) 32.58) (31.00) (27.97) (27.27)
M1C2T6 29 30.00 31.00 (33.00 35.00 26.00 24.00
(32.55) (33.21) (31.00) (35.06) (35.00) (30.65) (29.33)
M1C2T7 33 34.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 32.00 31.00
(35.06) (35.67) (36.00) (38.06) (40.00) (34.45) (33.83)
M1C2T8 22 23.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 21.00 20.00
(27.97) (28.65) (24.00) (30.65) (28.00) (27.27) (26.56)
M1C2T9 13 14.00 15.00 17.00 19.00 11.00 10.00
(21.12) (21.96) (15.00) (24.34) (19.00) (19.35) (18.41)
M1C2T10 17 18.00 19.50 21.00 23.00 15.00 13.00
(24.27) (25.10) (19.50) (27.27) (23.00) (22.78) (21.12)
M1C2T11 11 12.00 14.00 16.00 17.00 9.50 7.00
(19.35) (20.25) (14.00) (23.57) (17.00) (17.90) (15.30)
M1C2T12 14 15.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 12.00 11.00
(21.92) (22.78) (16.00) (25.10) (20.00) (20.25) (19.35)
M1C3T1 17 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 15.00 13.00
(24.34) (25.10) (20.00) (27.97) (24.00) (22.78) (21.12)
M1C3T2 35 36.00 38.00 39.00 42.00 33.00 31.00
(36.27) (36.87) (38.00) (38.65) (42.00) (35.06) (33.83)
M1C3T3 27 28.00 29.00 31.00 33.00 25.00 24.00
(31.30) (31.94) (29.00) (33.83) (33.00) (30.00) (29.33)
M1C3T4 15 16.00 17.00 19.00 21.00 13.00 11.00
(22.78) (23.57) (17.00) (25.83) (21.00) (21.12) (19.35)
M1C3T5 31 33.00 34.00 36.00 38.00 29.00 27.00
(33.83) (35.06) (34.00) (36.87) (38.00) (32.58) (31.30)
M1C3T6 34 35.00 36.00 38.00 40.00 32.00 31.00
(35.67) (36.27) (36.00) (38.06) (40.00) (34.45) (33.83)
M1C3T7 37 38.00 40.00 42.00 44.00 34.00 31.00
(37.46) (38.06) (40.00) (40.40) (44.00) (35.67) (33.83)
M1C3T8 26 27.00 29.00 31.00 32.00 24.00 22.00
(30.64) (31.30) (29.00) (33.83) (32.00) (29.33) (27.97)
M1C3T9 16 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 14.00 12.00
(23.54) (24.34) (18.00) (25.83) (20.00) (21.96) (20.25)
M1C3T10 23 24.00 25.00 27.00 29.00 21.00 19.00
(28.65) (29.33) (25.00) (31.30) (29.00) (27.27) (25.83)
M1C3T11 12 12.00 13.00 15.00 18.00 11.00 10.00
(20.27) (20.25) (13.00) (22.78) (18.00) (19.35) (18.41)
87
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C3T12 16 16.00 18.00 20.00 21.00 14.00) 16.00
(23.54) (23.57) (18.00) (26.56) (21.00) (21.96) (23.57)
M2C1T1 22.5 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 20.00 17.50
(28.28) (28.32) (25.00) (31.63) (30.00) (26.56) (24.73)
M2C1T2 30 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00 27.50 25.00
(33.14) (34.76) (35.00) (37.76) (40.00) (31.63) (30.00)
M2C1T3 17.5 20.00 22.50 25.00 30.00 15.00 12.50
(24.68) (26.56) (22.50) (30.00) (30.00) (22.78) (20.70)
M2C1T4 12.5 15.00 20.00 22.50 25.00 10.00 10.00
(20.61) (22.78) (20.00) (28.32) (25.00) (18.41) (18.41)
M2C1T5 25 25.00 30.00 35.00 42.50 22.50 20.00
(30.00) (30.00) (30.00) (36.27) (42.50) (28.32) (26.56)
M2C1T6 32.5 35.00 45.00 47.50 52.50 30.00 27.50
(34.74) (36.27) (45.00) (43.57) (52.50) (33.21) (31.63)
M2C1T7 42.5 45.00 50.00 52.50 55.00 45.00 40.00
(40.68) (42.13) (50.00) (46.43) (55.00) (42.13) (39.23)
M2C1T8 30 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00 27.50 25.00
(33.14) (34.76) (35.00) (37.76) (40.00) (31.63) (30.00)
M2C1T9 22.5 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 20.00 (17.50
(28.00) (30.00) (27.50) (33.21) (32.50) (26.56) (24.73)
M2C1T10 25 27.50 30.00 30.00 35.00 22.50 15.00
(29.89) (31.63) (30.00) (33.21) (35.00) (28.32) (22.78)
M2C1T11 20 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 17.50 15.00
(26.57) (28.32) (25.00) (31.63) (30.00) (24.73) (22.78)
M2C1T12 27.5 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 25.00 22.50
(31.61) (33.21) (32.50) (36.27) (37.50) (30.00) (28.32)
M2C2T1 30 30.00 35.00 37.50 42.50 30.00 25.00
(33.21) (33.21) (35.00) (37.76) (42.50) (33.21) (30.00)
M2C2T2 40 42.50 45.00 47.50 52.50 37.50 35.00
(39.23) (40.69) (45.00) (43.57) (52.50) (37.76) (36.27)
M2C2T3 27.5 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 25.00 22.50
(31.61) (33.21) (35.00) (39.23) (45.00) (30.00) (28.32)
M2C2T4 20 22.50 25.00 30.00 35.00 17.50 15.00
(26.57) (28.32) (25.00) (33.21) (35.00) (24.73) (22.78)
M2C2T5 40 40.00 42.50 45.00 50.00 37.50 35.00
(39.23) (39.23) (42.50) (42.13) (50.00) (37.76) (36.27)
M2C2T6 45 47.50 52.50 55.00 57.50 42.50 40.00
(42.13) (43.57) (52.50) (47.87) (57.50) (40.69) (39.23)
M2C2T7 52.5 55.00 57.50 62.50 65.00 50.00 47.50
(46.43) (47.87) (57.50) (52.24) (65.00) (45.00) (43.57)
M2C2T8 37.5 40.00 40.00 45.00 47.50 35.00 32.50
(37.75) (39.23) (40.00) (42.13) (47.50) (36.27) (34.76)
M2C2T9 30 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.00 27.50 25.00
(33.14) (34.76) (35.00) (37.76) (40.00) (31.63) (30.00)
M2C2T10 32.5 35.00 37.50 42.50 45.00 30.00 27.50
(34.74) (36.27) (37.50) (40.69) (45.00) (33.21) (31.63)
M2C2T11 30 32.50 35.00 40.00 42.50 27.50 25.00
(33.21) (34.76) (35.00) (39.23) (42.50) (31.63) (30.00)
M2C2T12 35 37.50 37.50 42.50 45.00 32.50 30.00
(36.27) (37.76) (37.50) (40.69) (45.00) (34.76) (33.21)
M2C3T1 32.5 32.50 35.50 40.00) 45.00 32.50 30.00
(34.74) (34.76) (35.50) (39.23 (45.00) (34.76) (33.21)
M2C3T2 47.5 50.00 52.50 55.00) 60.00 45.00 42.50
(43.57) (45.00) (52.50) (47.87) (60.00) (42.13) (40.69)
M2C3T3 37.5 42.50 45.00 50.00) 55.00 35.00 30.00
(37.75) (40.69) (45.00) (45.00 (55.00) (36.27) (33.21)
88
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M2C3T4 27.5 25.00 30.00 35.00) 42.50 25.00 22.50
(31.61) (30.00) (30.00) (36.27 (42.50) (30.00) (28.32)
M2C3T5 42.5 45.00 47.50 52.50) 60.00 37.50 35.00
(40.68) (42.13) (47.50) (46.43 (60.00) (37.76) (36.27)
M2C3T6 50 52.50 55.00 60.00) 65.50 50.00 47.50
(45.00) (46.43) (55.00) (50.77 (65.50) (45.00) (43.57)
M2C3T7 57.5 60.00 62.50 (67.50) 70.00 55.00 52.50
(49.32) (50.77) (62.50) 55.24 (70.00) (47.87) (46.43)
M2C3T8 35 35.00 37.50 35.00) 40.00 35.00 32.50
(36.22) (36.27) (37.50) (36.27) (40.00) (36.27) (34.76)
M2C3T9 45 42.50 45.00 50.00 52.50 45.00 40.00
(42.12) (40.69) (45.00) (45.00) (52.50) (42.13) (39.23)
M2C3T10 40 40.00 42.50 45.00 47.50 34.50 35.00
(39.20) (39.23) (42.50) (42.13) (47.50) (35.97) (36.27)
M2C3T11 27.5 32.50 35.00 40.00 42.50 27.50 25.00
(31.61) (34.76) (35.00) (39.23) (42.50) (31.63) (30.00)
M2C3T12 37.5 40.00 45.00 47.50 50.00 35.00 30.00
(37.75) (39.23) (45.00) (43.57) (50.00) (36.27) (33.21)
M3C1T1 10 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.00 10.00 5.00
(18.43) (20.70) (15.00) (24.73) (20.00) (18.41) (12.86)
M3C1T2 15 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 17.50 12.50
(22.79) (26.56) (22.50) (30.00) (27.50) (24.73) (20.70)
M3C1T3 15 17.50 20.00 22.50 27.50 20.00 12.50
(22.79) (24.73) (20.00) (28.32) (27.50) (26.56) (20.70)
M3C1T4 7.5 10.00 12.50 15.00 20.00 12.50 10.00
(15.68) (18.41) (12.50) (22.78) (20.00) (20.70) (18.41)
M3C1T5 15 17.50 20.00 22.50 30.00 17.50 12.50
(22.79) (24.73) (20.00) (28.32) (30.00) (24.73) (20.70)
M3C1T6 22.5 25.00 30.00 32.50 40.00 27.50 22.40
(28.28) (30.00) (30.00) (34.76) (40.00) (31.63) (28.25)
M3C1T7 32.5 35.00 37.50 42.50 45.00 42.50 35.00
(34.74) (36.27) (37.50) (40.69) (45.00) (40.69) (36.27)
M3C1T8 17.5 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 20.00 15.00
(24.68) (26.56) (22.50) (30.00) (27.50) (26.56) (22.78)
M3C1T9 12.5 15.00 20.00 25.00 27.50 10.00 5.00
(20.61) (22.78) (20.00) (30.00) (27.50) (18.41) (12.86)
M3C1T10 22.5 27.50 32.50 35.00 37.50 17.50 15.00
(28.28) (31.63) (32.50) (36.27) (37.50) (24.73) (22.78)
M3C1T11 15 17.50 22.50 25.00 27.50 15.00 12.50
(22.79) (24.73) (22.50) (30.00) (27.50) (22.78) (20.70)
M3C1T12 15 15.00 20.00 25.00 15.00 12.50 10.00
(22.79) (22.78) (20.00) (30.00) (15.00) (20.70) (18.41)
M3C2T1 15 17.50 22.50 27.50 32.50 12.50 10.00
(22.79) (24.73) (22.50) (31.63) (32.50) (20.70) (18.41)
M3C2T2 25 27.50 32.50 35.00 40.00 25.00 22.50
(30.00) (31.63) (32.50) (36.27) (40.00) (30.00) (28.32)
M3C2T3 17.5 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 15.00 12.50
(24.68) (26.56) (25.00) (33.21) (35.00) (22.78) (20.70)
M3C2T4 10 12.50 17.50 22.50 27.50 10.00 5.00
(18.43) (20.70) (17.50) (28.32) (27.50) (18.41) (12.86)
M3C2T5 20 22.50 27.50 32.50 37.50 17.50 15.00
(26.57) (28.32) (27.50) (34.76) (37.50) (24.73) (22.78)
M3C2T6 27.5 30.00 35.00 37.50 42.50 25.00 22.50

(31.61) (33.21) (35.00) (37.76) (42.50) (30.00) (28.32)
M3C2T7 35 37.50 42.50 47.50 50.00 32.50 27.50
(36.27) (37.76) (42.50) (43.57) (50.00) (34.76) (31.63)
89
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M3C2T8 22.5 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 20.00 15.00
(28.28) (30.00) (27.50) (33.21) (32.50) (26.56) (22.78)
M3C2T9 17.5 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 15.50 12.50
(24.68) (26.56) (22.50) (30.00) (27.50) (23.18) (20.70)
M3C2T10 22.5 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 20.00 15.00
(28.00) (30.00) (27.50) (33.21) (32.50) (26.56) (22.78)
M3C2T11 17.5 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 15.00 12.50
(24.68) (28.32) (25.00) (31.63) (30.00) (22.78) (20.70)
M3C2T12 20 25.00 30.00 32.50 37.50 17.50) 15.00
(26.57) (30.00) (30.00) (34.76) (37.50) (24.73 (22.78)
M3C3T1 20 22.50 27.50 32.50 37.50 17.50) 15.00
(26.57) (28.32) (27.50) (34.76) (37.50) (24.73) (22.78)
M3C3T2 32.5 35.00 37.50 42.50 45.00 27.50 25.00
(34.74) (36.27) (37.50) (40.69) (45.00) (31.63) (30.00)
M3C3T3 22.5 30.00 34.50 37.50 42.50 22.50 20.00
(28.28) (33.21) (34.50) (37.76) (42.50) (28.32) (26.56)
M3C3T4 17.5 20.00 22.50 27.50 30.00 15.00 12.50
(24.68) (26.56) (22.50) (31.63) (30.00) (22.78) (20.70)
M3C3T5 25 27.50) 30.00 32.50 35.00 17.50 15.00
(30.00) (31.63 (30.00) (34.76) (35.00) (24.73) (22.78)
M3C3T6 32.5 37.50) 40.00 47.50 50.00 30.00 27.50
(34.74) (37.76) (40.00) (43.57) (50.00) (33.21) (31.63)
M3C3T7 40 42.50 45.00 50.00 52.50 37.50 35.00
(39.23) (40.69) (45.00) (45.00) (52.50) (37.76) (36.27)
M3C3T8 27.5 30.00 32.50 37.50 42.50 25.00 22.50
(31.61) (33.21) (32.50) (37.76) (42.50) (30.00) (28.32)
M3C3T9 22.5 27.50 32.50 37.50 45.00 20.00 17.50
(28.28) (31.63) (32.50) (37.76) (45.00) (26.56) (24.73)
M3C3T10 30 25.00 37.50 42.50 47.50 27.50 25.00
(33.14) (30.00) (37.50) (40.69) (47.50) (31.63) (30.00)
M3C3T11 22.5 27.50 30.00 32.50 37.50 20.00 17.50
(28.28) (31.63) (30.00) (34.76) (37.50) (26.56) (24.73)
M3C3T12 25 20.00 22.50 27.50 32.50 17.50 15.00
(30.00) (26.56) (22.50) (31.63) (32.50) (24.73) (22.78)
M4C1T1 7.5 10.00 12.50 17.50 22.50 10.00 5.00
(15.68) (18.41) (12.50) (24.73) (22.50) (18.41) (12.86)
M4C1T2 12.5 15.00 20.00 22.50 27.50 15.00 12.50
(20.61) (22.78) (20.00) (28.32) (27.50) (22.78) (20.70)
M4C1T3 5 15.00 12.51 15.00 22.50 10.00 5.00
(12.92) (22.78) (12.51) (22.78) (22.50) (18.41) (12.86)
M4C1T4 0 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 5.00 5.00
(0.00) (0.00) (5.00) (18.41) (15.00) (12.86) (12.86)
M4C1T5 12.5 15.00 20.00 27.50 32.50 15.00 12.50
(20.61) (22.78) (20.00) (31.63) (32.50) (22.78) (20.70)
M4C1T6 17.5 20.00 25.00 30.00 37.50 17.50 15.00
(24.68) (26.56) (25.00) (33.21) (37.50) (24.73) (22.78)
M4C1T7 27.5 30.00) 32.50 35.00 42.50 27.50 25.00
(31.61) (33.21 (32.50) (36.27) (42.50) (31.63) (30.00)
M4C1T8 20 22.50) 25.00 27.50 37.50 22.50 5.00
(26.57) (28.32 (25.00) (31.63) (37.50) (28.32) (12.86)
M4C1T9 10 12.50) 17.50 20.00 22.50 12.50 10.00
(18.43) (20.70 (17.50) (26.56) (22.50) (20.70) (18.41)
M4C1T10 5 10.00) 12.50 15.00 17.50 10.00 5.00
(9.22) (18.41 (12.50) (22.78) (17.50) (18.41) (12.86)
M4C1T11 0 0.00) 5.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00 (5.00) (12.86) (10.00) (12.86) (0.00)
90
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M4C1T12 0 0.00) 0.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00 (0.00) (12.86) (10.00) (12.86) (0.00)
M4C2T1 15 17.50) 22.50 25.00 27.50 20.00 17.50
(22.79) (24.73 (22.50) (30.00) (27.50) (26.56) (24.73)
M4C2T2 20 22.50) 25.00 27.50 32.50 30.00 12.50
(26.57) (28.32 (25.00) (31.63) (32.50) (33.21) (20.70)
M4C2T3 12.5 17.50) 20.00 22.50 25.00 15.00 12.50
(20.61) (24.73 (20.00) (28.32) (25.00) (22.78) (20.70)
M4C2T4 5 10.00) 12.50 15.00 20.00 17.50 10.00
(12.92) (18.41 (12.50) (22.78) (20.00) (24.73) (18.41)
M4C2T5 20 22.50) 27.50 32.50 35.00 22.50 20.00
(26.57) (28.32 (27.50) (34.76) (35.00) (28.32) (26.56)
M4C2T6 32.5 37.50) 40.00 42.50 45.00 30.00 25.00
(34.74) (37.76 (40.00) (40.69) (45.00) (33.21) (30.00)
M4C2T7 37.5 42.50) 45.00 47.50 50.00 35.00 32.50
(37.75) (40.69 (45.00) (43.57) (50.00) (36.27) (34.76)
M4C2T8 25 27.50) 30.00 35.00 37.50 22.50 20.00
(30.00) (31.63 (30.00) (36.27) (37.50) (28.32) (26.56)
M4C2T9 20 22.50) 27.50 30.00 32.50 17.50 15.00
(26.57) (28.32 (27.50) (33.21) (32.50) (24.73) (22.78)
M4C2T10 20 20.00) 25.00 27.50 30.00 17.50 15.00
(26.57) (26.56 (25.00) (31.63) (30.00) (24.73) (22.78)
M4C2T11 5 5.00) 10.00 15.00 17.50 5.00 5.00
(12.92) (12.86 (10.00) (22.78) (17.50) (12.86) (12.86)
M4C2T12 10 12.50) 17.50 20.00 25.00 15.00 10.00
(18.43) (20.70) (17.50) (26.56) (25.00) (22.78) (18.41)
M4C3T1 22.5 25.00 30.00 32.50 37.50 22.50 17.50
(28.28) (30.00) (30.00) (34.76) (37.50) (28.32) (24.73)
M4C3T2 32.5 35.00 37.50 40.00 47.50 30.00 27.50
(34.74) (36.27) (37.50) (39.23) (47.50) (33.21) (31.63)
M4C3T3 25 27.50 32.50 35.00 37.50 35.00 22.50
(30.00) (31.63) (32.50) (36.27) (37.50) (36.27) (28.32)
M4C3T4 17.5 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 22.50 20.00
(24.68) (26.56) (25.00) (33.21) (35.00) (28.32) (26.56)
M4C3T5 30 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.50 27.50 25.00
(33.21) (34.76) (35.00) (37.76) (40.50) (31.63) (30.00)
M4C3T6 35 37.50 40.00 45.00 50.00 37.50 32.50
(36.27) (37.76) (40.00) (42.13) (50.00) (37.76) (34.76)
M4C3T7 40 42.50 45.00 50.00 52.50 40.00 35.00
(39.23) (40.69) (45.00) (45.00) (52.50) (39.23) (36.27)
M4C3T8 22.5 25.00 30.00 32.50 35.00 20.00 17.50
(28.28) (30.00) (30.00) (34.76) (35.00) (26.56) (24.73)
M4C3T9 30 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 25.00 27.50
(33.14) (33.21) (32.50) (36.27) (37.50) (30.00) (31.63)
M4C3T10 30 32.50 37.50 40.00 42.50 27.50 25.00
(33.21) (34.76) (37.50) (39.23) (42.50) (31.63) (30.00)
M4C3T11 17.5 22.50 25.00 30.00 35.00 15.00 12.50
(24.68) (28.32) (25.00) (33.21) (35.00) (22.78) (20.70)
M4C3T12 27.5 30.00 32.50 37.50 40.00 25.00 22.50
(31.61) (33.21) (32.50) (37.76) (40.00) (30.00) (28.32)
SE ± 1.755 0.574 0.878 0.543 1.295 0.664 0.700
CD @ 5% 4.906 1.603 2.454 1.517 3.619 1.855 1.955

91
4.2.8 Effect of seed treatment on root length (cm)

The data regarding effect of seed treatments on root
length are presented in Table 25.
From the data, it was revealed that the root length
the period of storage. It was also noticed that at 120 days the
root length was increased up to 3.26 cm when the seed was
treated with 2% KNO3 (T7). There was increase in root length
with the advancement of storage period. The initial root length
was 2.88 cm. After 120 days the root length was decreased
during storage. However the untreated seed i.e. control (T1) at
initial stage showed (1.90 cm) root length; after 120 days it
showed maximum root length (2.36 cm). Root length reduced
rapidly after 180 days of storage and reached to 1.67 cm.
4.2.9 Effect of germination methods on root length (cm)
From the data it was evident that the different
germination methods had significant effect on root length
during all the period of storage.
The sand method (M2) had significantly higher root
length than other method during all the period of storage. The
initial root length was 3.66 cm it which increased up to 120
days (4.24 cm) and at the end of storage period it was
decreased to 3.43 cm in sand method (M2). (Table 26)
4.2.10 Effect of temperatures on root length (cm)
temperatures used for germination had significant differences
in root length. The 30 ± 20C temperature (C3) had the higher
root length as compared to other temperature treatments. At
initial stage the 30 ± 20C temperature (C3) showed significantly
92
higher (2.45 cm) root length among the other temperature

treatments. However at 120 days of storage the root length
was increase up to (2.79 cm) due to breaking of seed
dormancy and increase in germination. At the end of storage
period of 180 days the root length was decreased, up to 2.19
cm.
From the data (Table 28), it was recorded that, the
interaction effect of germination method and seed treatment
had significant effect on root length during all the periods of
root length (5.24 cm), the root length was increased (5.76 cm)
at 120 days of storage. At the end of storage period of (180
days) the root length was decreased up to 4.87 cm.
treatments on root length are presented in the table 29. It was
treatments had significant effect on root length. Initially the
KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly higher root length (3.05 cm)
after that root length was increased up to 3.42 cm at 120 days
of storage. However the end of storage period the root length
was decreased up to 2.68 cm.
93

significant effect on root length during all the periods of
storage.
Initially the interaction of germination in sand and kept
at 30 ± 20C for germination (M2C3) showed significantly higher
root length (4.22 cm) than the rest of interactions at 120 days
of storage the root length was increased up to 4.77 cm. The
root length was decreases with increases in storage period,
however the end of storage period it was 4.00 cm recorded.
temperature and seed treatments on root length
(cm)
root length are presented in the Table 31.
root length had significant effect during all the periods of
storage. Initially the interaction of germination in sand kept
at 30 ± 20C and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2C3T7) showed
significantly higher 5.37 cm root length followed by the
treated with 1% KNO3 (M2C3T6) 8.46 cm at initial stage. The
lowest root length 1.18 cm was recorded in the interaction of
germination in cocopeat kept at 20 ± 20C with untreated seed
94
i.e. control (M4C1T1).

After 120 days of storage the root length was increased
up to 5.91 cm. At the end of storage period, the root length
(4.98 cm) was recorded in interaction (M2C3T7).
Table 25 Main factor effect of seed treatment on root length

(cm)
Root length (cm)
Treatments DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
T1: Control 1.90 2.01 2.05 2.21 2.36 1.82 1.67
T2: conc. H2SO4 3 min 2.45 2.47 2.51 2.61 2.77 2.35 2.22
T3: conc. H2SO4 5 min 2.31 2.37 2.49 2.50 2.73 2.27 2.07
T4: conc. H2SO410 min 1.75 1.84 1.98 2.07 2.26 1.73 1.64
T5: 1% KH2PO4 2.35 2.34 2.47 2.56 2.73 2.28 2.14
T6: 1% KNO3 2.64 2.71 2.75 2.90 3.10 2.56 2.42
T7: 2% KNO3 2.88 2.94 2.98 3.13 3.26 2.74 2.57
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 2.31 2.35 2.39 2.58 2.56 2.20 2.05
T9: Cow urine 1.79 1.84 1.88 1.99 2.14 1.68 1.62
T10: Mechanical
2.05 2.14 2.18 2.30 2.42 1.94 1.83
scarification
T11: Stratification 1.59 1.67 1.87 1.92 2.13 1.56 1.42
T12: Water soaking 1.90 1.94 1.97 2.09 2.36 1.93 1.69
SE ± 0.050 0.003 0.009 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.015
CD @ 5% 0.139 0.008 0.024 0.008 0.012 0.008 0.042
Table 26 Main factor effect of germination methods on root

length (cm)
Root length (cm)
Media DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1: Between paper 1.78 1.87 1.91 2.03 2.18 1.67 1.53
M2: Sand method 3.66 3.78 3.82 3.98 4.24 3.60 3.43
M3: Top of paper 1.73 1.79 1.86 1.95 2.03 1.64 1.59
M4: Cocopeat 1.49 1.45 1.60 1.67 1.83 1.47 1.25
SE ± 0.003 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.009
CD @ 5% 0.008 0.005 0.014 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.024
Table 27 Main factor effect of temperatures on root length

(cm)
Root length (cm)
Temperature DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1: 20 ± 20C 1.81 1.92 2.03 2.16 2.35 1.80 1.69
C2: 25 ± 20C 2.23 2.28 2.32 2.43 2.58 2.13 2.01
C3: 30 ± 20C 2.45 2.47 2.55 2.64 2.79 2.34 2.19
SE ± 0.025 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.025
CD @ 5% 0.070 0.004 0.012 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.070
95

Treatment Root length (cm)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1T1 1.68 1.74 1.78 1.98 2.11 1.57 1.39
M1T2 1.97 2.02 2.04 2.17 2.33 1.89 1.79
M1T3 1.79 1.92 1.96 1.98 2.21 1.72 1.47
M1T4 1.72 1.79 1.83 1.86 2.05 1.66 1.54
M1T5 1.92 2.00 2.04 2.13 2.27 1.82 1.69
M1T6 2.03 2.09 2.13 2.23 2.44 1.93 1.82
M1T7 2.07 2.19 2.23 2.33 2.47 1.94 1.81
M1T8 1.83 1.89 1.93 2.04 2.16 1.75 1.51
M1T9 1.50 1.59 1.63 1.79 1.90 1.42 1.40
M1T10 1.63 1.78 1.82 1.97 2.06 1.46 1.36
M1T11 1.43 1.58 1.62 1.80 1.99 1.23 1.12
M1T12 1.75 1.89 1.93 2.09 2.18 1.63 1.44
M2T1 2.84 3.15 3.20 3.46 3.75 2.84 2.70
M2T2 4.32 4.50 4.54 4.69 4.92 4.30 4.16
M2T3 4.08 4.22 4.26 4.35 4.72 4.06 3.73
M2T4 2.76 2.92 2.96 3.10 3.38 2.49 2.37
M2T5 3.98 4.09 4.13 4.30 4.61 3.92 3.80
M2T6 4.74 4.82 4.86 5.04 5.41 4.67 4.51
M2T7 5.24 5.31 5.34 5.54 5.76 5.09 4.87
M2T8 3.92 4.02 4.05 4.21 4.45 3.91 3.79
M2T9 2.66 2.77 2.82 2.91 3.14 2.60 2.53
M2T10 3.45 3.58 3.62 3.78 3.93 3.47 3.34
M2T11 2.59 2.69 2.73 2.86 3.09 2.56 2.27
M2T12 3.28 3.35 3.39 3.56 3.75 3.25 3.10
M3T1 1.66 1.79 1.83 1.89 1.96 1.56 1.47
M3T2 1.84 1.95 1.98 2.06 2.16 1.78 1.70
M3T3 1.73 1.88 1.92 2.01 2.12 1.66 1.60
M3T4 1.47 1.62 1.66 1.77 1.91 1.37 1.38
M3T5 1.92 1.73 2.10 2.13 2.20 1.84 1.76
M3T6 2.04 2.11 2.14 2.36 2.48 1.96 1.85
M3T7 2.24 2.28 2.32 2.49 2.59 2.10 1.98
M3T8 1.66 1.68 1.73 1.83 1.60 1.54 1.44
M3T9 1.53 1.58 1.62 1.69 1.81 1.41 1.37
M3T10 1.67 1.74 1.78 1.86 1.93 1.53 1.52
M3T11 1.38 1.43 1.47 1.57 1.78 1.28 1.52
M3T12 1.66 1.68 1.71 1.79 1.88 1.59 1.47
M4T1 1.44 1.38 1.42 1.50 1.63 1.33 1.15
M4T2 1.67 1.43 1.47 1.56 1.69 1.46 1.26
M4T3 1.66 1.49 1.85 1.65 1.86 1.64 1.48
M4T4 1.07 1.06 1.51 1.57 1.71 1.42 1.30
M4T5 1.59 1.58 1.62 1.71 1.84 1.56 1.32
M4T6 1.78 1.85 1.89 2.01 2.10 1.71 1.51
M4T7 1.99 1.98 2.02 2.17 2.24 1.85 1.65
M4T8 1.85 1.84 1.88 2.27 2.06 1.63 1.47
M4T9 1.51 1.43 1.47 1.61 1.74 1.30 1.21
M4T10 1.47 1.48 1.52 1.59 1.77 1.31 1.12
M4T11 0.98 1.01 1.69 1.49 1.69 1.19 0.80
M4T12 0.94 0.86 0.89 0.96 1.64 1.27 0.78
SE ± 0.100 0.006 0.017 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.030
CD @ 5% 0.279 0.017 0.048 0.017 0.023 0.017 0.083
96

Treatment Root length (cm)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T1 1.70 1.92 1.96 2.15 2.31 1.72 1.50
C1T2 2.04 2.22 2.27 2.39 2.57 1.98 1.88
C1T3 1.83 1.99 2.02 2.13 2.44 1.82 1.56
C1T4 1.32 1.46 1.81 1.88 2.07 1.54 1.47
C1T5 2.00 2.12 2.16 2.24 2.45 1.87 1.75
C1T6 2.41 2.49 2.53 2.64 2.85 2.30 2.18
C1T7 2.72 2.79 2.83 2.95 3.10 2.59 2.34
C1T8 1.87 1.92 1.97 2.38 2.25 1.78 1.69
C1T9 1.54 1.59 1.63 1.81 1.96 1.43 1.44
C1T10 1.74 1.87 1.91 2.01 2.16 1.66 1.56
C1T11 1.19 1.27 1.80 1.74 1.95 1.36 1.27
C1T12 1.39 1.44 1.47 1.58 2.08 1.62 1.18
C2T1 2.00 2.06 2.10 2.23 2.41 1.80 1.69
C2T2 2.61 2.59 2.63 2.73 2.87 2.57 2.42
C2T3 2.45 2.55 2.59 2.64 2.81 2.39 2.25
C2T4 1.89 1.95 1.99 2.07 2.26 1.81 1.71
C2T5 2.36 2.41 2.46 2.55 2.70 2.27 2.14
C2T6 2.67 2.72 2.76 2.97 3.19 2.61 2.48
C2T7 2.89 2.96 3.00 3.14 3.27 2.79 2.71
C2T8 2.38 2.44 2.47 2.52 2.42 2.32 2.11
C2T9 1.86 1.90 1.94 2.03 2.17 1.78 1.67
C2T10 1.96 2.00 2.05 2.17 2.34 1.80 1.75
C2T11 1.74 1.79 1.83 1.97 2.22 1.63 1.52
C2T12 1.96 2.00 2.04 2.16 2.32 1.90 1.75
C3T1 2.01 2.07 2.11 2.25 2.37 1.96 1.85
C3T2 2.70 2.61 2.63 2.74 2.88 2.53 2.40
C3T3 2.66 2.59 2.88 2.73 2.94 2.61 2.41
C3T4 2.06 2.13 2.16 2.29 2.45 1.87 1.77
C3T5 2.71 2.52 2.81 2.91 3.05 2.72 2.55
C3T6 2.86 2.94 2.98 3.12 3.29 2.79 2.62
C3T7 3.05 3.09 3.12 3.31 3.42 2.86 2.68
C3T8 2.70 2.72 2.75 2.87 3.05 2.53 2.37
C3T9 1.99 2.04 2.08 2.16 2.31 1.84 1.78
C3T10 2.47 2.57 2.61 2.73 2.77 2.37 2.21
C3T11 1.85 1.97 2.01 2.08 2.25 1.72 1.50
C3T12 2.37 2.40 2.43 2.56 2.69 2.29 2.16
SE ± 0.086 0.005 0.015 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.026
CD @ 5% 0.241 0.014 0.042 0.015 0.020 0.014 0.072
97

Root length (cm)
Treatment
combination
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1 1.65 1.75 1.80 1.97 2.13 1.60 1.50
M1C2 1.78 1.88 1.92 2.03 2.19 1.67 1.51
M1C3 1.89 1.99 2.02 2.10 2.23 1.74 1.57
M2C1 3.00 3.17 3.21 3.36 3.68 2.88 2.68
M2C2 3.74 3.86 3.90 4.05 4.27 3.73 3.62
M2C3 4.22 4.32 4.36 4.55 4.77 4.18 4.00
M3C1 1.53 1.67 1.71 1.82 1.93 1.44 1.43
M3C2 1.77 1.84 1.88 1.96 1.98 1.66 1.60
M3C3 1.90 1.86 1.98 2.08 2.19 1.81 1.74
M4C1 1.06 1.09 1.39 1.49 1.65 1.30 1.00
M4C2 1.62 1.55 1.59 1.69 1.89 1.49 1.33
M4C3 1.80 1.71 1.83 1.85 1.96 1.64 1.44
SE ± 0.050 0.003 0.009 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.015
CD @ 5% 0.139 0.008 0.024 0.008 0.012 0.008 0.042

temperature and seed treatments on root
length (cm)
Root length (cm)
Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1T1 1.62 1.65 1.69 1.98 2.06 1.84 1.52
M1C1T2 1.86 1.90 1.94 2.06 2.24 1.71 1.69
M1C1T3 1.57 1.67 1.71 1.76 1.98 1.57 1.45
M1C1T4 1.63 1.67 1.71 1.74 2.05 1.64 1.47
M1C1T5 1.82 1.96 2.00 2.00 2.19 1.64 1.48
M1C1T6 1.98 1.98 2.02 2.15 2.48 1.96 1.84
M1C1T7 1.90 2.03 2.07 2.24 2.37 1.84 1.69
M1C1T8 1.57 1.64 1.69 1.89 1.98 1.51 1.42
M1C1T9 1.51 1.66 1.70 1.98 2.06 1.45 1.67
M1C1T10 1.36 1.56 1.60 1.84 1.98 1.24 1.23
M1C1T11 1.51 1.66 1.70 1.95 2.11 1.36 1.24
M1C1T12 1.52 1.67 1.71 1.99 2.05 1.45 1.28
M1C2T1 1.74 1.82 1.86 1.99 2.11 1.36 1.24
M1C2T2 2.00 2.02 2.06 2.21 2.38 1.98 1.84
M1C2T3 1.83 1.96 2.00 2.01 2.24 1.74 1.67
M1C2T4 1.69 1.74 1.78 1.84 1.98 1.58 1.45
M1C2T5 1.93 1.99 2.03 2.24 2.36 1.84 1.76
M1C2T6 2.01 2.13 2.18 2.27 2.42 1.98 1.86
M1C2T7 2.08 2.21 2.24 2.32 2.52 1.99 1.87
M1C2T8 1.91 1.97 2.01 2.01 2.15 1.86 1.45
M1C2T9 1.42 1.49 1.53 1.62 1.76 1.36 1.22
98
Table 31 continued…...
Root length (cm)
Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C2T10 1.70 1.82 1.86 1.98 2.08 1.52 1.36
M1C2T11 1.32 1.42 1.46 1.69 1.98 1.10 0.95
M1C2T12 1.80 1.96 2.00 2.15 2.24 1.68 1.49
M1C3T1 1.68 1.74 1.78 1.98 2.15 1.52 1.42
M1C3T2 2.05 2.15 2.13 2.24 2.36 1.98 1.84
M1C3T3 1.97 2.13 2.18 2.18 2.41 1.86 1.28
M1C3T4 1.86 1.96 2.00 2.01 2.12 1.76 1.69
M1C3T5 2.01 2.06 2.10 2.14 2.27 1.98 1.84
M1C3T6 2.10 2.16 2.20 2.27 2.42 1.84 1.76
M1C3T7 2.24 2.34 2.38 2.42 2.52 1.98 1.87
M1C3T8 2.01 2.06 2.10 2.22 2.36 1.87 1.67
M1C3T9 1.58 1.62 1.66 1.76 1.87 1.45 1.32
M1C3T10 1.84 1.96 2.00 2.08 2.12 1.62 1.49
M1C3T11 1.45 1.66 1.70 1.76 1.87 1.23 1.17
M1C3T12 1.94 2.03 2.07 2.12 2.24 1.76 1.54
M2C1T1 2.52 3.12 3.17 3.52 3.86 2.44 2.24
M2C1T2 3.22 3.50 3.54 3.76 4.08 3.15 3.05
M2C1T3 2.96 3.03 3.07 3.22 3.87 2.89 2.14
M2C1T4 2.44 2.66 2.70 2.74 3.05 2.22 2.10
M2C1T5 3.10 3.21 3.25 3.44 3.86 2.98 2.87
M2C1T6 4.23 4.34 4.38 4.52 4.86 4.08 3.86
M2C1T7 4.99 5.04 5.08 5.22 5.52 4.69 4.36
M2C1T8 2.98 3.06 3.10 3.27 3.42 2.86 2.74
M2C1T9 2.15 2.34 2.38 2.45 2.74 2.05 1.98
M2C1T10 2.80 2.90 2.94 3.01 3.21 2.78 2.69
M2C1T11 2.08 2.21 2.25 2.37 2.76 2.00 1.87
M2C1T12 2.59 2.65 2.69 2.76 2.99 2.45 2.21
M2C2T1 3.01 3.21 3.25 3.51 3.86 2.99 2.89
M2C2T2 4.84 4.96 5.00 5.08 5.23 4.78 4.68
M2C2T3 4.52 4.66 4.70 4.76 4.98 4.48 4.37
M2C2T4 2.86 2.96 3.00 3.05 3.22 2.82 2.78
M2C2T5 3.93 4.03 4.08 4.23 4.44 3.89 3.69
M2C2T6 4.87 4.91 4.95 5.24 5.68 4.84 4.69
M2C2T7 5.37 5.47 5.51 5.67 5.86 5.36 5.27
M2C2T8 3.90 4.03 4.07 4.22 4.45 4.01 3.86
M2C2T9 2.89 2.96 3.00 3.05 3.22 2.86 2.76
M2C2T10 2.96 3.12 3.17 3.36 3.52 2.86 2.76
M2C2T11 2.82 2.94 2.98 3.15 3.27 2.84 2.76
M2C2T12 2.97 3.06 3.11 3.24 3.50 3.06 2.95
M2C3T1 3.01 3.13 3.18 3.36 3.52 3.08 2.98
M2C3T2 4.91 5.03 5.08 5.22 5.45 4.98 4.76
M2C3T3 4.76 4.96 5.00 5.08 5.32 4.82 4.69
M2C3T4 2.98 3.13 3.18 3.52 3.86 2.44 2.24
M2C3T5 4.92 5.02 5.07 5.23 5.52 4.89 4.84
M2C3T6 5.12 5.21 5.25 5.36 5.68 5.08 4.99
M2C3T7 5.37 5.42 5.44 5.74 5.91 5.22 4.98
M2C3T8 4.88 4.96 4.99 5.15 5.49 4.86 4.76
M2C3T9 2.93 3.02 3.07 3.22 3.45 2.89 2.86
M2C3T10 4.60 4.72 4.76 4.98 5.05 4.76 4.58
99
Root length (cm)
Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M2C3T11 2.88 2.91 2.95 3.05 3.23 2.84 2.18
M2C3T12 4.29 4.35 4.37 4.69 4.76 4.24 4.15
M3C1T1 1.49 1.65 1.70 1.76 1.87 1.36 1.28
M3C1T2 1.62 1.85 1.89 1.98 2.12 1.54 1.45
M3C1T3 1.51 1.74 1.78 1.87 1.98 1.45 1.37
M3C1T4 1.21 1.50 1.54 1.69 1.76 1.08 1.13
M3C1T5 1.72 1.96 2.01 2.05 2.08 1.62 1.52
M3C1T6 1.83 1.99 2.03 2.12 2.18 1.76 1.64
M3C1T7 2.08 2.16 2.20 2.35 2.49 1.98 1.84
M3C1T8 1.45 1.49 1.54 1.68 1.76 1.37 1.23
M3C1T9 1.30 1.43 1.47 1.58 1.68 1.23 1.17
M3C1T10 1.51 1.65 1.69 1.76 1.87 1.44 1.36
M3C1T11 1.17 1.21 1.25 1.45 1.65 1.08 1.95
M3C1T12 1.47 1.43 1.47 1.58 1.68 1.36 1.23
M3C2T1 1.71 1.84 1.88 1.93 1.98 1.58 1.45
M3C2T2 1.90 1.96 2.00 2.08 2.12 1.84 1.76
M3C2T3 1.81 1.85 1.89 1.94 2.05 1.76 1.62
M3C2T4 1.48 1.60 1.65 1.76 1.98 1.36 1.36
M3C2T5 1.92 1.97 2.01 1.98 2.08 1.82 1.78
M3C2T6 2.08 2.10 2.14 2.37 2.56 1.94 1.87
M3C2T7 2.27 2.33 2.37 2.49 2.52 2.08 1.98
M3C2T8 1.73 1.82 1.86 1.98 1.08 1.58 1.58
M3C2T9 1.58 1.66 1.70 1.76 1.84 1.45 1.37
M3C2T10 1.72 1.74 1.78 1.84 1.98 1.52 1.68
M3C2T11 1.39 1.43 1.47 1.52 1.68 1.35 1.24
M3C2T12 1.71 1.76 1.78 1.85 1.93 1.68 1.49
M3C3T1 1.79 1.87 1.91 1.98 2.03 1.74 1.68
M3C3T2 2.00 2.04 2.06 2.12 2.24 1.96 1.90
M3C3T3 1.87 2.06 2.09 2.22 2.34 1.78 1.82
M3C3T4 1.72 1.76 1.78 1.87 1.98 1.68 1.65
M3C3T5 2.13 1.25 2.29 2.36 2.45 2.08 1.98
M3C3T6 2.22 2.23 2.26 2.58 2.69 2.18 2.05
M3C3T7 2.38 2.36 2.40 2.62 2.75 2.24 2.12
M3C3T8 1.80 1.74 1.78 1.84 1.96 1.68 1.52
M3C3T9 1.70 1.65 1.69 1.74 1.90 1.54 1.56
M3C3T10 1.78 1.84 1.88 1.98 1.94 1.62 1.52
M3C3T11 1.58 1.66 1.70 1.74 2.01 1.42 1.36
M3C3T12 1.80 1.84 1.88 1.93 2.03 1.74 1.69
M4C1T1 1.18 1.25 1.29 1.35 1.45 1.24 0.95
M4C1T2 1.48 1.65 1.69 1.76 1.84 1.52 1.32
M4C1T3 1.28 1.51 1.50 1.67 1.93 1.36 1.26
M4C1T4 0.00 0.00 1.30 1.34 1.42 1.21 1.18
M4C1T5 1.35 1.33 1.37 1.47 1.67 1.23 1.12
M4C1T6 1.60 1.66 1.70 1.78 1.86 1.41 1.37
M4C1T7 1.91 1.91 1.95 1.99 2.03 1.86 1.48
M4C1T8 1.48 1.49 1.54 2.67 1.82 1.36 1.36
M4C1T9 1.20 0.93 0.97 1.22 1.37 0.98 0.95
M4C1T10 1.31 1.36 1.40 1.42 1.58 1.18 0.95
M4C1T11 0.00 0.00 1.98 1.18 1.28 0.98 0.00
100
Root length (cm)
Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M4C1T12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.58 1.22 0.00
M4C2T1 1.57 1.35 1.39 1.48 1.68 1.26 1.18
M4C2T2 1.72 1.43 1.47 1.56 1.76 1.68 1.38
M4C2T3 1.66 1.74 1.78 1.84 1.98 1.58 1.34
M4C2T4 1.52 1.50 1.54 1.62 1.87 1.47 1.24
M4C2T5 1.65 1.66 1.70 1.76 1.92 1.52 1.32
M4C2T6 1.73 1.74 1.78 1.98 2.08 1.68 1.48
M4C2T7 1.86 1.82 1.86 2.08 2.18 1.72 1.72
M4C2T8 1.98 1.92 1.95 1.86 1.98 1.83 1.54
M4C2T9 1.57 1.50 1.54 1.68 1.86 1.45 1.32
M4C2T10 1.45 1.33 1.37 1.49 1.76 1.28 1.18
M4C2T11 1.45 1.36 1.40 1.52 1.93 1.22 1.12
M4C2T12 1.35 1.22 1.26 1.39 1.62 1.18 1.08
M4C3T1 1.57 1.54 1.58 1.68 1.76 1.48 1.32
M4C3T2 1.82 1.22 1.26 1.36 1.48 1.18 1.08
M4C3T3 2.03 1.22 2.26 1.45 1.68 1.98 1.84
M4C3T4 1.69 1.67 1.70 1.76 1.84 1.58 1.48
M4C3T5 1.78 1.74 1.78 1.89 1.94 1.94 1.52
M4C3T6 2.00 2.16 2.20 2.27 2.36 2.04 1.68
M4C3T7 2.21 2.22 2.26 2.45 2.51 1.98 1.76
M4C3T8 2.10 2.10 2.14 2.27 2.37 1.69 1.52
M4C3T9 1.75 1.85 1.89 1.93 2.00 1.48 1.36
M4C3T10 1.67 1.76 1.80 1.87 1.98 1.48 1.24
M4C3T11 1.49 1.66 1.70 1.76 1.87 1.37 1.28
M4C3T12 1.46 1.36 1.40 1.48 1.72 1.42 1.25
SE ± 0.173 0.010 0.030 0.010 0.014 0.010 0.052
CD @ 5% 0.483 0.029 0.084 0.029 0.040 0.029 0.144
4.2.15 Effect of seed treatment on shoot length (cm)

The data regarding effect of seed treatments on shoot
length are presented in Table 32.
From the data, it was revealed that the shoot length
the period of storage. It was also noticed that at 120 days the
shoot length was increased up to 7.25 cm when the seed was
treated with 2% KNO3 (T7). There was increase in shoot length
with the advancement of storage period. The initial shoot
length was 6.94 cm. After 120 days the shoot length was
decreased during storage. However the untreated seed i.e.
101
control (T1) at initial stage showed (5.05 cm) after 120 days it
showed maximum shoot length (5.89 cm). At the end of
storage period it was 5.18 cm.
4.2.16 Effect of germination methods on shoot length (cm)
From the data it was evident that the different
germination methods had significant effect on shoot length
during all the period of storage.
The sand method (M2) had significantly higher shoot
length than other method during all the period of storage. The
initial shoot length was 7.77 cm which increased up to 120
days (8.16 cm) and at the end of storage period it was
decreased to 7.56 cm in sand method (M2). (Table 33)
4.2.17 Effect of temperature on shoot length (cm)
The data on effect of temperature on shoot length are
shoot length during all the period of storage. At initial stage
the 30 ± 20C temperature (C3) showed significantly higher
(6.20 cm) shoot length among the other temperature. At 120
days of storage the shoot length was increase up to 6.49 cm
due to breaking of seed dormancy. At the end of storage period
of (180 days) the shoot length was decreased to 5.96 cm.
had significant effect on shoot length during all the periods of
102
shoot length (8.41 cm), the shoot length was increased (8.77
cm) at 120 days of storage. At the end of storage period of
(after180 days) the shoot length was decreased up to 8.17 cm.
treatments on shoot length are presented in the Table 36. It
treatments had significant effect on shoot length. Initially the
KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly higher shoot length (7.30 cm)
after that shoot length was increased (7.61 cm) at 120 days of
storage. However at the end of storage period the shoot length
was decreased up to 6.52 cm. (Table 36)
significant effect on shoot length during all the periods of
kept at 30 ± 20C for germination (M2C3) showed significantly
higher shoot length (8.00 cm) than the rest of interactions.
After 120 days of storage the shoot length was increased up to
(8.29 cm). The shoot length was decreases with increased in
storage period, at the end of storage period it was 7.78 cm.
temperature and seed treatments on shoot length
(cm)
103

shoot length are presented in the Table 38.
shoot length had significant effect during all the periods of
storage. Initially the interaction of germination in sand kept
at 30 ± 20C and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2C3T7) showed
significantly higher (8.72 cm) shoot length. followed by the
treated with 1% KNO3 (M2C3T6) 8.46 cm. The lowest shoot
length (2.11 cm) was recorded in the interaction of
germination in cocopeat kept at 20 ± 20C and seed treated cow
urine (M4C1T9).
At 120 days of storage the shoot length was increased up
to 9.05 cm. At the end of storage period, the shoot length (8.45
cm) was recorded in interaction (M2C3T7).
Table 32 Main factor effect of seed treatment on shoot

length (cm)
Treatments Shoot length (cm)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
T1: Control 5.50 5.39 5.63 5.75 5.89 5.27 5.18
T2:conc.H2SO4 3 min 6.33 6.05 6.44 6.53 6.44 6.21 6.07
T3:conc.H2SO4 5 min 5.98 5.86 6.08 6.11 6.25 5.82 5.72
T4: conc.H2SO410 min 5.45 4.99 5.57 5.72 5.83 5.30 5.25
T5: 1% KH2PO4 6.15 6.05 6.17 6.39 6.55 5.98 5.86
T6: 1% KNO3 6.53 6.41 6.63 6.66 6.87 6.35 6.27
T7: 2% KNO3 6.94 6.83 7.05 7.15 7.25 6.63 6.51
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 6.05 5.90 6.12 6.28 6.40 5.91 5.87
T9: Cow urine 5.18 5.08 5.32 5.63 5.77 5.07 4.98
T10: Mechanical 5.63 5.51 5.67 5.91 5.85 5.42 5.34
scarification
T12: Water soaking 5.66 5.16 5.43 5.90 6.03 5.46 5.40
SE ± 0.087 0.015 0.034 0.041 0.027 0.038 0.044
CD @ 5% 0.242 0.043 0.095 0.115 0.075 0.106 0.124
104
Table 33 Effect of germination methods on shoot length

(cm)
Media Shoot length (cm)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1:Between paper 6.07 5.90 6.18 6.35 6.52 5.89 5.84
M2: Sand method 7.77 7.70 7.89 7.99 8.16 7.64 7.56
M3: Top of paper 5.14 4.98 5.24 5.39 5.44 4.93 4.83
M4: cocopeat 4.52 4.12 4.49 4.80 4.82 4.36 4.28
SE ± 0.050 0.009 0.020 0.024 0.016 0.022 0.026
CD @ 5% 0.140 0.025 0.055 0.066 0.043 0.061 0.072
Table 34 Effect of temperature on shoot length (cm)

Temperature Shoot length (cm)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1: 20 ± 2 0C 5.45 5.14 5.47 5.76 5.84 5.32 5.26
C2: 25 ± 20C 5.97 5.78 6.11 6.24 6.37 5.78 5.67
C3: 30 ± 20C 6.20 6.10 6.26 6.39 6.49 6.01 5.96
SE ± 0.043 0.008 0.017 0.021 0.013 0.019 0.022
CD @ 5% 0.121 0.022 0.047 0.057 0.038 0.053 0.062

Treatment Shoot length (cm)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1T1 5.64 5.50 5.77 5.85 5.97 5.47 5.36
M1T2 6.51 6.04 6.62 6.73 6.88 6.08 5.79
M1T3 6.08 5.94 6.15 6.22 6.34 5.91 5.78
M1T4 5.39 5.28 5.42 5.58 5.66 5.22 5.12
M1T5 6.35 6.25 6.50 6.62 6.79 6.16 6.05
M1T6 6.89 6.72 7.00 7.13 7.30 6.69 6.56
M1T7 7.61 7.48 7.72 7.84 7.89 7.51 7.33
M1T8 6.26 6.00 6.26 6.43 6.58 6.19 6.32
M1T9 5.41 5.28 5.57 6.03 6.52 5.38 5.24
M1T10 5.69 5.56 5.84 5.97 6.07 5.53 5.44
M1T11 5.32 5.19 5.48 5.78 6.11 5.16 5.75
M1T12 5.73 5.58 5.89 5.98 6.09 5.36 5.37
M2T1 7.41 7.30 7.54 7.66 7.83 6.92 6.86
M2T2 8.24 8.48 8.34 8.45 8.46 8.43 8.39
M2T3 7.85 7.74 7.94 8.05 8.20 7.70 7.56
M2T4 7.58 7.46 7.71 7.83 7.94 7.41 7.49
M2T5 7.94 7.91 8.04 8.15 8.36 7.82 7.64
M2T6 8.25 8.14 8.29 8.23 8.62 8.10 8.01
M2T7 8.41 8.32 8.54 8.63 8.77 8.29 8.17
M2T8 7.94 7.87 8.05 8.16 8.32 7.84 7.72
M2T9 7.29 7.22 7.40 7.56 7.69 7.18 7.10
M2T10 7.59 7.48 7.69 7.82 7.94 7.44 7.36
M2T11 7.08 7.00 7.25 7.45 7.67 6.97 7.02
M2T12 7.70 7.47 7.83 7.94 8.09 7.59 7.48
M3T1 4.49 4.41 4.59 4.70 4.88 4.37 4.27
105
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M3T2 5.66 4.91 5.78 5.83 5.24 5.60 5.46
M3T3 5.46 5.37 5.59 5.37 5.50 5.33 5.25
M3T4 4.37 4.26 4.56 4.71 4.86 4.22 4.14
M3T5 5.62 5.51 5.41 5.85 6.02 5.46 5.37
M3T6 5.99 5.87 6.08 6.20 6.36 5.76 5.76
M3T7 6.47 6.42 6.60 6.66 6.83 5.66 5.55
M3T8 5.40 5.25 5.48 5.67 5.76 5.19 5.10
M3T9 4.42 4.29 4.56 4.67 4.80 4.24 4.17
M3T10 4.80 4.70 4.91 5.10 5.21 4.46 4.38
M3T11 4.36 4.25 4.52 5.00 4.80 4.37 4.11
M3T12 4.68 4.57 4.83 4.90 5.04 4.52 4.44
M4T1 4.50 4.38 4.62 4.79 4.91 4.33 4.25
M4T2 4.92 4.80 5.02 5.14 5.22 4.75 4.67
M4T3 4.55 4.40 4.66 4.82 4.98 4.35 4.30
M4T4 4.47 2.99 4.63 4.77 4.90 4.36 4.28
M4T5 4.70 4.56 4.76 4.94 5.03 4.50 4.43
M4T6 5.03 4.93 5.17 5.08 5.20 4.88 4.77
M4T7 5.28 5.13 5.37 5.49 5.53 5.08 5.03
M4T8 4.63 4.48 4.71 4.88 4.96 4.44 4.37
M4T9 3.64 3.56 3.78 4.27 4.07 3.52 3.44
M4T10 4.45 4.33 4.26 4.77 4.20 4.29 4.20
M4T11 3.56 2.80 3.69 3.86 3.99 3.41 3.32
M4T12 4.56 3.05 3.18 4.81 4.93 4.40 4.31
SE ± 0.173 0.031 0.068 0.082 0.054 0.075 0.089
CD @ 5% 0.485 0.087 0.190 0.230 0.151 0.211 0.248

combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T1 5.28 5.18 5.43 5.60 5.78 5.15 5.09
C1T2 5.71 5.81 5.83 5.96 6.06 5.82 5.71
C1T3 5.50 5.40 5.64 5.80 5.94 5.37 5.27
C1T4 5.26 4.11 5.51 5.72 5.84 5.12 5.03
C1T5 5.59 5.49 5.69 5.82 5.98 5.39 5.30
C1T6 6.01 5.91 6.13 6.22 6.38 5.83 5.76
C1T7 6.48 6.39 6.59 6.68 6.75 6.40 6.29
C1T8 5.62 5.37 5.63 5.81 5.98 5.37 5.27
C1T9 4.68 4.59 4.81 5.23 5.16 4.56 4.47
C1T10 5.34 5.22 5.25 5.67 5.30 5.19 5.12
C1T11 4.59 3.99 4.74 4.87 5.10 4.57 4.60
C1T12 5.40 4.22 4.43 5.71 5.86 5.11 5.17
C2T1 5.58 5.45 5.71 5.81 5.95 5.15 5.04
C2T2 6.57 5.73 6.68 6.78 6.95 6.25 6.09
C2T3 6.04 5.91 6.13 5.98 6.15 5.86 5.75
C2T4 5.45 5.34 5.67 5.79 5.91 5.30 5.35
C2T5 6.23 6.09 6.36 6.49 6.65 6.04 5.89
106
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C2T6 6.63 6.46 6.72 6.87 6.82 6.42 6.32
C2T7 7.05 6.95 7.19 7.30 7.40 6.88 6.74
C2T8 6.06 5.93 6.17 6.34 6.43 6.02 5.82
C2T9 5.43 5.33 5.58 5.95 6.34 5.29 5.24
C2T10 5.70 5.59 5.84 6.03 6.10 5.54 5.44
C2T11 5.33 5.22 5.47 5.77 5.78 5.18 5.09
C2T12 5.68 5.43 5.84 5.87 6.01 5.50 5.33
C3T1 5.67 5.55 5.76 5.84 5.97 5.51 5.41
C3T2 6.71 6.64 6.81 6.87 6.34 6.59 6.43
C3T3 6.42 6.29 6.49 6.56 6.67 6.24 6.15
C3T4 5.64 5.54 5.56 5.66 5.76 5.49 5.40
C3T5 6.65 6.60 6.48 6.86 7.02 6.52 6.42
C3T6 6.98 6.87 7.05 6.89 7.41 6.83 6.74
C3T7 7.30 7.17 7.40 7.48 7.61 6.62 6.52
C3T8 6.49 6.40 6.57 6.69 6.80 6.36 6.55
C3T9 5.45 5.35 5.60 5.72 5.81 5.40 5.25
C3T10 5.86 5.75 5.93 6.04 6.17 5.55 5.48
C3T11 5.33 5.22 5.50 5.93 6.05 5.18 5.46
C3T12 5.92 5.85 6.04 6.14 6.24 5.79 5.71
SE ± 0.150 0.027 0.059 0.071 0.047 0.065 0.077
CD @ 5% 0.451 0.075 0.165 0.199 0.130 0.183 0.215
Table 37 Two factor interaction effect of germination

methods and temperature on shoot length (cm)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1 5.66 5.49 5.78 5.92 6.03 5.45 5.41
M1C2 6.09 5.85 6.23 6.49 6.67 5.86 5.71
M1C3 6.47 6.36 6.54 6.63 6.85 6.35 6.40
M2C1 7.56 7.56 7.70 7.83 8.02 7.53 7.47
M2C2 7.76 7.61 7.89 8.00 8.16 7.52 7.45
M2C3 8.00 7.93 8.07 8.15 8.29 7.87 7.78
M3C1 4.52 4.41 4.67 4.82 4.98 4.39 4.31
M3C2 5.39 5.13 5.51 5.56 5.70 5.26 5.14
M3C3 5.52 5.41 5.54 5.78 5.65 5.14 5.05
M4C1 4.08 3.09 3.73 4.46 4.34 3.92 3.83
M4C2 4.68 4.55 4.82 4.95 4.97 4.50 4.41
M4C3 4.81 4.71 4.91 4.99 5.16 4.66 4.60
SE ± 0.087 0.015 0.034 0.041 0.027 0.038 0.044
CD @ 5% 0.242 0.043 0.095 0.115 0.075 0.106 0.124
107

length (cm)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1T1 5.46 5.31 5.66 5.73 5.86 5.31 5.16
M1C1T2 5.61 5.45 5.79 5.90 6.00 5.64 5.44
M1C1T3 5.62 5.43 5.66 5.79 5.91 5.42 5.30
M1C1T4 5.30 5.22 5.47 5.66 5.78 5.13 5.02
M1C1T5 5.72 5.63 5.88 5.94 6.14 5.42 5.30
M1C1T6 6.17 6.04 6.34 6.46 6.63 5.99 5.93
M1C1T7 7.11 7.08 7.27 7.45 7.18 7.24 6.93
M1C1T8 5.51 4.94 5.27 5.50 5.68 5.07 5.02
M1C1T9 5.30 5.18 5.43 5.62 5.79 5.18 5.11
M1C1T10 5.45 5.26 5.66 5.75 5.91 5.27 5.17
M1C1T11 5.21 5.04 5.34 5.46 5.64 5.03 5.41
M1C1T12 5.43 5.31 5.62 5.74 5.90 4.75 5.17
M1C2T1 5.65 5.47 5.77 5.90 6.04 5.43 5.34
M1C2T2 6.89 5.73 6.94 7.03 7.18 5.71 5.61
M1C2T3 5.83 5.77 5.92 5.94 6.06 5.71 5.61
M1C2T4 5.39 5.27 5.77 5.89 5.94 5.25 5.17
M1C2T5 6.26 6.18 6.43 6.62 6.76 6.16 6.03
M1C2T6 6.87 6.64 6.94 7.12 7.34 6.62 6.44
M1C2T7 7.82 7.58 7.94 8.05 8.30 7.56 7.42
M1C2T8 6.25 6.12 6.46 6.66 6.78 6.60 6.07
M1C2T9 5.44 5.31 5.62 6.73 7.89 5.28 5.30
M1C2T10 5.61 5.47 5.73 5.89 5.94 5.43 5.30
M1C2T11 5.33 5.18 5.44 6.12 5.78 5.15 5.08
M1C2T12 5.70 5.49 5.88 5.94 6.04 5.44 5.12
M1C3T1 5.81 5.71 5.88 5.93 6.02 5.68 5.57
M1C3T2 7.02 6.94 7.12 7.27 7.47 6.90 6.31
M1C3T3 6.78 6.63 6.88 6.92 7.05 6.60 6.43
M1C3T4 5.49 5.34 5.02 5.18 5.27 5.29 5.17
M1C3T5 7.07 6.94 7.18 7.31 7.48 6.91 6.81
M1C3T6 7.64 7.48 7.73 7.82 7.94 7.45 7.30
M1C3T7 7.89 7.78 7.94 8.02 8.20 7.72 7.65
M1C3T8 7.03 6.94 7.07 7.12 7.28 6.91 7.87
M1C3T9 5.48 5.34 5.66 5.75 5.89 5.67 5.30
M1C3T10 6.02 5.94 6.13 6.27 6.37 5.89 5.84
M1C3T11 5.42 5.34 5.66 5.77 6.90 5.30 6.76
M1C3T12 6.05 5.94 6.18 6.26 6.34 5.90 5.84
M2C1T1 7.21 7.12 7.34 7.45 7.70 7.09 7.07
M2C1T2 8.07 8.94 8.18 8.28 8.41 8.91 8.87
M2C1T3 7.70 7.62 7.88 7.94 8.04 7.60 7.44
M2C1T4 7.34 7.18 7.65 7.78 7.89 7.16 7.02
M2C1T5 7.72 7.66 7.82 7.90 8.14 7.63 7.46
108
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M2C1T6 8.10 8.04 8.18 8.27 8.45 8.03 7.93
M2C1T7 8.17 8.11 8.26 8.33 8.50 8.08 8.03
M2C1T8 7.71 7.66 7.88 8.02 8.29 7.62 7.46
M2C1T9 7.13 7.04 7.26 7.40 7.60 7.00 6.91
M2C1T10 7.35 7.22 7.46 7.66 7.80 7.18 7.11
M2C1T11 6.91 6.88 7.09 7.27 7.63 6.84 7.22
M2C1T12 7.34 7.26 7.44 7.63 7.84 7.21 7.07
M2C2T1 7.42 7.36 7.66 7.77 7.91 6.30 6.17
M2C2T2 8.26 8.18 8.39 8.46 8.70 8.14 8.02
M2C2T3 7.80 7.66 7.92 8.03 8.20 7.62 7.43
M2C2T4 7.58 7.44 7.66 7.78 7.89 7.40 7.85
M2C2T5 7.91 7.77 8.04 8.12 8.29 7.73 7.42
M2C2T6 8.18 8.04 8.27 8.40 8.64 7.99 7.92
M2C2T7 8.35 8.19 8.47 8.61 8.75 8.16 8.02
M2C2T8 7.93 7.88 8.02 8.11 8.25 7.84 7.76
M2C2T9 7.31 7.27 7.44 7.62 7.72 7.23 7.17
M2C2T10 7.55 7.44 7.66 7.78 7.89 7.41 7.33
M2C2T11 7.10 6.94 7.22 7.43 7.63 6.91 6.81
M2C2T12 7.70 7.12 7.88 7.93 8.03 7.54 7.46
M2C3T1 7.59 7.43 7.63 7.77 7.88 7.38 7.33
M2C3T2 8.40 8.31 8.45 8.61 8.27 8.25 8.27
M2C3T3 8.06 7.94 8.03 8.18 8.36 7.89 7.81
M2C3T4 7.82 7.76 7.82 7.93 8.04 7.69 7.61
M2C3T5 8.21 8.30 8.27 8.43 8.65 8.10 8.03
M2C3T6 8.46 8.34 8.43 8.02 8.78 8.30 8.17
M2C3T7 8.72 8.66 8.88 8.94 9.05 8.62 8.45
M2C3T8 8.17 8.08 8.26 8.34 8.42 8.06 7.93
M2C3T9 7.44 7.36 7.51 7.66 7.77 7.31 7.21
M2C3T10 7.87 7.77 7.94 8.03 8.13 7.73 7.65
M2C3T11 7.25 7.18 7.44 7.66 7.75 7.16 7.02
M2C3T12 8.07 8.04 8.18 8.27 8.41 8.02 7.91
M3C1T1 4.18 4.12 4.27 4.50 4.67 4.09 4.07
M3C1T2 4.48 4.40 4.58 4.77 4.89 4.34 4.26
M3C1T3 4.32 4.27 4.50 4.71 4.89 4.23 4.17
M3C1T4 4.10 4.04 4.45 4.70 4.83 3.99 3.93
M3C1T5 4.42 4.33 4.62 4.73 4.89 4.27 4.17
M3C1T6 5.02 4.94 5.12 5.23 5.40 4.71 4.87
M3C1T7 5.76 5.65 5.88 5.93 6.15 5.61 5.57
M3C1T8 4.89 4.62 4.94 5.07 5.17 4.56 4.48
M3C1T9 4.18 4.04 4.27 4.47 4.62 4.00 3.93
M3C1T10 4.31 4.22 4.46 4.63 4.75 4.18 4.11
M3C1T11 4.15 4.05 4.34 4.48 4.68 4.51 3.91
M3C1T12 4.43 4.31 4.66 4.70 4.82 4.27 4.26
M3C2T1 4.58 4.47 4.66 4.69 4.89 4.43 4.30
109
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M3C2T2 6.21 4.12 6.36 6.50 6.67 6.29 6.02
M3C2T3 5.89 5.77 5.94 5.08 5.25 5.73 5.65
M3C2T4 4.43 4.33 4.59 4.73 4.89 4.31 4.17
M3C2T5 6.06 5.94 6.18 6.31 6.47 5.89 5.81
M3C2T6 6.38 6.22 6.46 6.62 6.83 6.17 6.11
M3C2T7 6.72 6.80 6.88 6.91 7.09 6.61 6.43
M3C2T8 5.37 5.27 5.47 5.72 5.76 5.22 5.07
M3C2T9 4.50 4.40 4.66 4.71 4.88 4.35 4.26
M3C2T10 5.22 5.12 5.34 5.65 5.65 5.07 5.02
M3C2T11 4.60 4.52 4.77 4.89 4.95 4.47 4.39
M3C2T12 4.76 4.66 4.88 4.91 5.10 4.61 4.45
M3C3T1 4.72 4.63 4.85 4.91 5.09 4.58 4.43
M3C3T2 6.28 6.22 6.40 6.22 4.15 6.17 6.11
M3C3T3 6.18 6.08 6.34 6.31 6.37 6.03 5.93
M3C3T4 4.58 4.43 4.63 4.71 4.86 4.38 4.33
M3C3T5 6.37 6.27 5.43 6.51 6.72 6.22 6.12
M3C3T6 6.56 6.45 6.66 6.76 6.86 6.40 6.30
M3C3T7 6.95 6.83 7.03 7.13 7.27 4.77 4.65
M3C3T8 5.93 5.85 6.03 6.22 6.35 5.80 5.76
M3C3T9 4.57 4.43 4.76 4.85 4.90 4.38 4.33
M3C3T10 4.89 4.77 4.94 5.03 5.25 4.12 4.02
M3C3T11 4.35 4.18 4.46 5.63 4.79 4.13 4.03
M3C3T12 4.84 4.73 4.94 5.08 5.20 4.68 4.61
M4C1T1 4.29 4.18 4.43 4.71 4.88 4.13 4.07
M4C1T2 4.68 4.43 4.76 4.90 4.94 4.38 4.26
M4C1T3 4.35 4.27 4.50 4.76 4.92 4.22 4.17
M4C1T4 0.00 0.00 4.47 4.73 4.88 4.22 4.13
M4C1T5 4.49 4.34 4.43 4.72 4.77 4.24 4.26
M4C1T6 4.74 4.62 4.88 4.94 5.05 4.58 4.33
M4C1T7 4.89 4.73 4.94 5.02 5.17 4.68 4.65
M4C1T8 4.36 4.27 4.44 4.66 4.77 4.22 4.11
M4C1T9 2.11 2.08 2.26 3.44 2.63 2.06 1.93
M4C1T10 4.27 4.17 3.43 4.64 2.74 4.13 4.07
M4C1T11 0.00 0.00 2.18 2.28 2.47 1.91 0.00
M4C1T12 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.78 4.90 4.22 0.00
M4C2T1 4.66 4.52 4.76 4.89 4.95 4.47 4.36
M4C2T2 4.93 4.88 5.04 5.12 5.25 4.84 4.72
M4C2T3 4.64 4.43 4.74 4.88 5.09 4.38 4.30
M4C2T4 4.42 4.31 4.66 4.76 4.94 4.26 4.22
M4C2T5 4.67 4.45 4.81 4.93 5.07 4.40 4.30
M4C2T6 5.08 4.94 5.22 5.34 4.47 4.89 4.80
M4C2T7 5.32 5.23 5.45 5.62 5.48 5.17 5.11
M4C2T8 4.69 4.46 4.76 4.89 4.94 4.42 4.36
M4C2T9 4.49 4.34 4.61 4.76 4.88 4.29 4.21
110
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M4C2T10 4.42 4.31 4.62 4.82 4.95 4.26 4.11
M4C2T11 4.30 4.23 4.47 4.63 4.75 4.18 4.07
M4C2T12 4.56 4.46 4.70 4.71 4.88 4.42 4.30
M4C3T1 4.56 4.43 4.66 4.77 4.89 4.38 4.33
M4C3T2 5.16 5.08 5.27 5.40 5.47 5.03 5.02
M4C3T3 4.67 4.51 4.73 4.83 4.92 4.46 4.42
M4C3T4 4.69 4.65 4.77 4.81 4.87 4.60 4.49
M4C3T5 4.95 4.88 5.04 5.18 5.25 4.85 4.72
M4C3T6 5.28 5.22 5.40 4.97 6.08 5.17 5.17
M4C3T7 5.63 5.43 5.73 5.84 5.93 5.38 5.32
M4C3T8 4.85 4.73 4.94 5.08 5.17 4.68 4.65
M4C3T9 4.32 4.27 4.46 4.62 4.70 4.22 4.17
M4C3T10 4.66 4.52 4.72 4.84 4.93 4.47 4.42
M4C3T11 4.30 4.18 4.43 4.66 4.75 4.13 4.03
M4C3T12 4.72 4.68 4.84 4.94 5.01 4.57 4.46
SE ± 0.300 0.054 0.118 0.142 0.093 0.131 0.154
CD @ 5% 0.873 0.150 0.329 0.398 0.261 0.365 0.430
4.2.22 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight

(mg)
The data regarding effect of seed treatments on seedling
dry weight are presented in Table 39.
From the data, it was revealed that the seedling dry
weight differed significantly due to different seed treatment
during all the periods of storage. It was also noticed that at
120 days the seedling dry weight increased up to 251.67 mg
when the seed was treated with 2% KNO3 (T7). There was an
increase in seedling dry weight with the advancement of
storage period. The initial seedling dry weight was 238.33 mg.
After 120 days seedling dry weight was decreased during
storage. However the untreated control initially showed
(167.08 mg) after 120 days it showed maximum seedling dry
weight (180.00 mg). Seedling dry weight reduced rapidly after
180 days of storage, and reached to 158.75 mg.
111
4.2.23 Effect of germination methods on seedling dry

weight (mg)
From the data, it was revealed that the different
germination methods had significant effect on seedling dry
weight presented in Table 40.
The sand method (M2) had significantly higher seedling
dry weight than other method during all the period of storage.
The initial seedling dry weight was (207.36 mg) it is increased
up to 120 days (215.14 mg) and at the end of storage period it
was decreased to 195.17 mg in sand method (M2).
4.2.24 Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight (mg)

The data on effect of temperature on seedling dry weight
are presented in the Table 41.
seedling dry weight during all the period of storage. The 30 ±
20C temperature (C3) had significantly higher seedling dry
weight than the other temperature. At initial stage the seedling
dry weight was 197.81 mg however at 120 days of storage the
seedling dry weight was increased up to (209.47 mg). At the
end of storage period (180 days) the seedling dry weight was
decreased to 188.13 mg.

had significant effect on seedling dry weight during all the
periods of storage. Initially the interaction of germination in
sand and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2T7) showed
112
significantly higher seedling dry weight (266.67 mg), the

seedling dry weight was increased (278.33 mg) at 120 days of
storage. At the end of storage period (180 days) the seedling
dry weight was decreased up to 258.67 mg.

treatments on seedling dry weight are presented in the Table
43. It was observed that the interactions of temperature and
seed treatments had significant effect on seedling dry weight.
Initially the interaction of temperature 30 ± 20C and seed
treated with 2% KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly higher
seedling dry weight (256.25 mg) at 120 days of storage the
seedling dry weight was increased up to 270.00 mg. However
the end of storage period of 180 days, the seed seedling dry
weight was decreased up to 248.75 mg.

germination method and temperature had significant effect on
seedling dry weight during all the periods of storage presented
in Table 44.
The interaction of germination in sand and kept at 30 ±
20C for germination (M2C3) showed significantly higher
seedling dry weight (226.25 mg) than the rest of interactions.
After 120 days the seedling dry weight was increased up to
237.50 mg. At the end of storage period seedling dry weight
was lowered, up to 217.08 mg.
113

temperature and seed treatments on seedling dry
weight (mg)
seedling dry weight are presented in the Table 45.
seedling dry weight had significant effect during all the periods
of storage. The interaction of germination in sand kept at 30 ±
significantly higher seedling dry weight 285.00 mg. at initial
stage, followed by the interaction of germination in sand kept
at 30 ± 20C and seed treated with 1% KNO3 (M2C3T6) 265.00
mg. The lowest seedling dry weight (55.00 mg) was recorded in
the interaction of germination in cocopeat kept at 20 ± 20C
and seed treated cow urine (M4C1T9).
After 120 days of storage the seedling dry weight was
increased 300.00 mg. At the end of storage period, the
seedling dry weight (285.00 mg) was recorded in interaction
(M2C3T7).
114
Table 39 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight

(mg)
Seedling dry weight (mg)
Treatments DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
T1: Control 167.08 162.08 170.83 175.00 180.00 162.92 158.75
T2: conc.H2SO4 3min 194.17 189.00 198.33 202.08 206.25 190.42 185.83
T3: conc. H2SO45min 172.50 168.00 180.83 181.25 185.42 167.50 162.92
T4: conc. H2SO410min 161.25 138.75 167.50 172.08 176.29 156.25 151.67
T5: 1% KH2PO4 196.67 191.67 200.83 205.83 205.83 191.67 187.08
T6: 1% KNO3 221.67 216.67 225.96 230.83 235.00 216.71 212.50
T7: 2% KNO3 238.33 233.33 242.50 248.33 251.67 230.00 228.42
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 178.75 172.17 185.00 185.83 206.67 171.67 167.08
T9: Cow urine 147.92 152.33 169.58 160.00 164.13 143.75 139.17
T10: Mechanical 167.50 161.92 171.25 176.25 180.33 162.08 157.50
scarification
T11:Stratification 141.67 140.42 146.67 151.25 154.58 141.25 132.50
T12: Water soaking 172.50 150.17 157.50 172.92 177.08 160.42 155.42
SE ± 4.79 0.29 1.73 0.29 1.21 1.76 0.29
CD@5% 13.38 0.80 4.83 0.81 3.39 4.92 0.81
Table 40 Effect of germination methods on seedling dry

weight (mg)
Media DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1: Between paper 194.17 186.11 196.39 201.39 209.15 190.00 185.14
M2: Sand method 207.36 202.44 212.50 213.47 215.14 200.29 195.17
M3: Top of paper 167.50 162.69 171.53 176.67 180.25 161.94 157.22
M4: cocopeat 150.97 140.92 158.51 162.36 169.88 145.97 142.08
SE ± 2.764 0.165 0.998 0.167 0.700 1.015 0.167
CD @ 5% 7.726 0.461 2.790 0.466 1.957 2.838 0.466
Table 41 Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight (mg)

Temperature DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1: 20 ± 20C 153.75 142.48 153.75 162.60 171.88 148.85 145.02
C2: 25 ± 2 0C 188.43 181.33 194.71 196.87 199.46 182.71 176.56
C3: 30 ± 20C 197.81 195.31 205.73 205.94 209.47 192.08 188.13
SE ± 2.394 0.143 0.864 0.144 0.606 0.879 0.144
CD @ 5% 6.691 0.399 2.416 0.403 1.695 2.458 0.403
115

Treatment
c
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1T1 186.67 181.67 190.00 195.00 200.00 185.00 181.67
M1T2 205.00 198.33 208.33 213.33 218.33 205.00 200.00
M1T3 193.33 188.33 196.67 201.67 206.67 188.33 183.33
M1T4 171.67 133.33 175.00 180.00 185.00 166.67 161.67
M1T5 205.00 200.00 206.67 211.67 216.67 200.00 193.33
M1T6 216.67 211.67 218.33 223.33 228.33 211.67 208.33
M1T7 240.00 235.00 241.67 246.67 251.67 218.33 230.00
M1T8 196.67 190.00 196.67 201.67 240.00 190.00 185.00
M1T9 171.67 170.00 176.67 181.67 186.50 170.00 165.00
M1T10 190.00 181.67 190.00 195.00 200.00 183.33 178.33
M1T11 161.67 156.67 163.33 168.33 173.33 175.00 153.33
M1T12 191.67 186.67 193.33 198.33 203.33 186.67 181.67
M2T1 176.67 171.67 181.67 181.67 186.67 171.67 166.67
M2T2 231.67 226.67 236.67 236.67 238.33 226.67 221.67
M2T3 203.33 198.33 208.33 211.67 213.33 198.33 193.33
M2T4 193.33 188.33 198.33 201.67 203.33 188.33 183.33
M2T5 221.67 216.67 226.67 231.67 233.33 216.67 211.67
M2T6 248.33 243.33 253.33 258.33 260.00 243.50 238.33
M2T7 266.67 261.67 271.67 276.67 278.33 265.00 258.67
M2T8 226.67 221.67 231.67 236.67 238.33 221.67 216.67
M2T9 165.00 193.33 203.33 175.00 176.67 160.00 155.00
M2T10 196.67 191.67 201.67 206.67 208.33 191.67 186.67
M2T11 155.00 150.00 161.67 165.00 163.33 150.00 145.00
M2T12 203.33 166.00 175.00 180.00 181.67 170.00 165.00
M3T1 148.33 143.33 150.00 156.67 161.67 143.33 138.33
M3T2 181.67 177.67 185.00 190.00 195.00 176.67 171.67
M3T3 161.67 158.67 181.67 170.00 175.00 156.67 151.67
M3T4 131.67 126.67 136.67 141.67 146.67 126.67 121.67
M3T5 180.00 175.00 185.00 190.00 178.33 175.00 171.67
M3T6 211.67 206.67 216.67 221.67 226.67 206.67 201.67
M3T7 250.00 245.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 245.00 240.00
M3T8 165.00 155.33 146.67 168.33 173.33 153.33 148.33
M3T9 136.67 132.67 141.67 146.67 151.67 131.67 126.67
M3T10 156.67 152.67 161.67 166.67 171.33 151.67 146.67
M3T11 136.67 131.67 143.33 148.33 153.33 131.67 128.33
M3T12 150.00 147.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 145.00 140.00
M4T1 156.67 151.67 161.67 166.67 171.67 151.67 148.33
M4T2 158.33 153.33 163.33 168.33 173.33 153.33 150.00
M4T3 131.67 126.67 136.67 141.67 146.67 126.67 123.33
M4T4 148.33 106.67 160.00 165.00 170.17 143.33 140.00
M4T5 180.00 175.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 175.00 171.67
M4T6 210.00 205.00 215.50 220.00 225.00 205.00 201.67
M4T7 196.67 191.67 201.67 210.00 211.67 191.67 185.00
M4T8 126.67 121.67 165.00 136.67 175.00 121.67 118.33
M4T9 118.33 113.33 156.67 136.67 141.67 113.33 110.00
M4T10 126.67 121.67 131.67 136.67 141.67 121.67 118.33
M4T11 113.33 123.33 118.33 123.33 128.33 108.33 103.33
M4T12 145.00 101.00 106.67 153.33 158.33 140.00 135.00
SE ± 9.574 0.571 3.457 0.577 2.426 3.517 0.577
CD @ 5% 26.763 1.597 9.664 1.614 6.780 9.831 1.614
116

Treatment Seedling dry weight (mg)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T1 141.25 136.25 145.00 147.50 152.50 138.75 136.25
C1T2 171.25 165.00 176.25 181.25 186.25 170.00 166.25
C1T3 147.50 143.25 152.50 157.50 162.50 142.50 138.75
C1T4 137.50 105.00 142.50 147.50 152.50 132.50 128.75
C1T5 175.00 170.00 178.75 183.75 188.75 170.00 166.25
C1T6 196.25 191.25 200.00 205.00 210.00 191.25 188.75
C1T7 212.50 207.50 216.25 221.25 226.25 207.50 201.50
C1T8 145.00 135.00 131.25 148.75 203.75 135.00 131.25
C1T9 115.00 110.75 118.75 128.75 135.00 110.00 106.25
C1T10 143.75 138.75 147.50 152.50 157.50 138.75 135.00
C1T11 108.75 90.00 113.75 118.75 123.75 103.75 100.00
C1T12 151.25 117.00 122.50 158.75 163.75 146.25 141.25
C2T1 173.75 168.75 178.75 183.75 188.75 168.75 163.75
C2T2 202.50 198.25 207.50 212.50 215.00 197.50 192.50
C2T3 182.50 177.50 200.00 192.50 195.00 177.50 172.50
C2T4 166.25 136.25 176.25 181.25 183.88 161.25 156.25
C2T5 197.50 192.50 202.50 207.50 210.00 192.50 187.50
C2T6 225.00 220.00 230.38 235.00 237.50 220.13 215.00
C2T7 246.25 241.25 251.25 258.75 258.75 241.25 235.00
C2T8 188.75 184.50 193.75 198.75 201.25 183.75 178.75
C2T9 155.00 150.00 185.00 166.25 167.50 150.00 145.00
C2T10 177.50 170.75 180.00 185.00 187.25 171.25 166.25
C2T11 151.25 171.25 156.25 161.25 163.75 160.00 142.50
C2T12 195.00 165.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 168.75 163.75
C3T1 186.25 181.25 188.75 193.75 198.75 181.25 176.25
C3T2 208.75 203.75 211.25 212.50 217.50 203.75 198.75
C3T3 187.50 183.25 190.00 193.75 198.75 182.50 177.50
C3T4 180.00 175.00 183.75 187.50 192.50 175.00 170.00
C3T5 217.50 212.50 221.25 226.25 218.75 212.50 207.50
C3T6 243.75 238.75 247.50 252.50 257.50 238.75 233.75
C3T7 256.25 251.25 260.00 265.00 270.00 241.25 248.75
C3T8 202.50 197.00 230.00 210.00 215.00 196.25 191.25
C3T9 173.75 196.25 205.00 185.00 189.88 171.25 166.25
C3T10 181.25 176.25 186.25 191.25 196.25 176.25 171.25
C3T11 165.00 160.00 170.00 173.75 176.25 160.00 155.00
C3T12 171.25 168.50 175.00 180.00 182.50 166.25 161.25
SE ± 8.292 0.495 2.994 0.500 2.101 3.046 0.500
CD @ 5% 23.876 1.383 8.369 1.398 5.872 8.514 1.398
117

Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1 185.83 180.42 187.50 192.50 205.83 182.92 178.33
M1C2 193.75 179.58 197.92 202.92 207.92 192.92 183.75
M1C3 202.92 198.33 203.75 208.75 213.71 194.17 193.33
M2C1 180.00 175.00 185.00 188.75 193.75 175.00 170.08
M2C2 215.83 202.50 220.83 217.50 214.17 203.79 198.33
M2C3 226.25 229.83 231.67 234.17 237.50 222.08 217.08
M3C1 135.83 129.92 135.00 144.58 149.58 129.17 125.00
M3C2 180.42 176.17 189.58 190.42 195.33 175.42 170.42
M3C3 186.25 182.00 190.00 195.00 195.83 181.25 176.25
M4C1 113.33 84.58 107.50 124.58 138.33 108.33 106.67
M4C2 163.75 167.08 170.54 176.67 180.46 158.75 153.75
M4C3 175.83 171.08 197.50 185.83 190.83 170.83 165.83
SE ± 4.787 0.286 1.729 0.289 1.213 1.758 0.289
CD @ 5% 13.381 0.798 4.832 0.807 3.390 4.915 0.807

temperature and seed treatments on seedling
dry weight (mg)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1T1 180.00 175.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 185.00 185.00
M1C1T2 195.00 185.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 205.00 200.00
M1CT3 185.00 180.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 180.00 175.00
M1C1T4 160.00 155.00 165.00 170.00 175.00 155.00 150.00
M1C1T5 210.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 205.00 195.00
M1C1T6 205.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 200.00 200.00
M1C1T7 230.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 225.00 220.00
M1C1T8 190.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 300.00 185.00 180.00
M1C1T9 160.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 170.00 155.00 150.00
M1C1T10 180.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 175.00 170.00
M1C1T11 150.00 145.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 145.00 140.00
M1C1T12 185.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 180.00 175.00
M1C2T1 185.00 180.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 180.00 175.00
M1C2T2 210.00 205.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 205.00 200.00
M1C2T3 200.00 195.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 195.00 190.00
M1C2T4 170.00 65.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 165.00 160.00
M1C2T5 195.00 190.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 190.00 185.00
M1C2T6 215.00 210.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 210.00 205.00
M1C2T7 240.00 235.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 235.00 230.00
M1C2T8 190.00 185.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 185.00 180.00
118
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C2T9 170.00 165.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 165.00 160.00
M1C2T10 190.00 175.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 180.00 175.00
M1C2T11 165.00 160.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 215.00 160.00
M1C2T12 195.00 190.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 190.00 185.00
M1C3T1 195.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 190.00 185.00
M1C3T2 210.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 205.00 200.00
M1C3T3 195.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 190.00 185.00
M1C3T4 185.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 180.00 175.00
M1C3T5 210.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 205.00 200.00
M1C3T6 230.00 225.00 230.00 235.00 240.00 225.00 220.00
M1C3T7 250.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 195.00 240.00
M1C3T8 210.00 200.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 200.00 195.00
M1C3T9 185.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 204.50 190.00 185.00
M1C3T10 200.00 195.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 195.00 190.00
M1C3T11 170.00 165.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 165.00 160.00
M1C3T12 195.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 190.00 185.00
M2C1T1 135.00 130.00 140.00 130.00 135.00 130.00 125.00
M2C1T2 210.00 205.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 205.00 200.00
M2C1T3 175.00 170.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 170.00 165.00
M2C1T4 165.00 160.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 160.00 155.00
M2C1T5 200.00 195.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 195.00 190.00
M2C1T6 230.00 225.00 235.00 240.00 245.00 225.00 220.00
M2C1T7 250.00 245.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 245.00 241.00
M2C1T8 200.00 195.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 195.00 190.00
M2C1T9 135.00 130.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 130.00 125.00
M2C1T10 170.00 165.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 165.00 160.00
M2C1T11 125.00 120.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 120.00 115.00
M2C1T12 165.00 160.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 160.00 155.00
MCT2T1 185.00 180.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 180.00 175.00
M2C2T2 235.00 230.00 240.00 245.00 240.00 230.00 225.00
M2C2T3 210.00 205.00 215.00 220.00 215.00 205.00 200.00
M2C2T4 200.00 195.00 205.00 210.00 205.00 195.00 190.00
M2C2T5 225.00 220.00 230.00 235.00 230.00 220.00 215.00
M2C2T6 250.00 245.00 255.00 260.00 255.00 245.50 240.00
M2C2T7 265.00 260.00 270.00 275.00 270.00 260.00 250.00
M2C2T8 230.00 225.00 235.00 240.00 235.00 225.00 220.00
M2C2T9 175.00 170.00 280.00 185.00 180.00 170.00 165.00
M2C2T10 205.00 200.00 210.00 215.00 210.00 200.00 195.00
M2C2T11 165.00 160.00 170.00 175.00 170.00 160.00 155.00
M2C2T12 245.00 140.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 155.00 150.00
M2C3T1 210.00 205.00 215.00 220.00 225.00 205.00 200.00
M2C3T2 250.00 245.00 255.00 245.00 250.00 245.00 240.00
M2C3T3 225.00 220.00 230.00 230.00 235.00 220.00 215.00
M2C3T4 215.00 210.00 220.00 220.00 225.00 210.00 205.00
M2C3T5 240.00 235.00 245.00 250.00 255.00 235.00 230.00
M2C3T6 265.00 260.00 270.00 275.00 280.00 260.00 255.00
M2C3T7 285.00 280.00 290.00 295.00 300.00 290.00 285.00
M2C3T8 250.00 245.00 255.00 260.00 265.00 245.00 240.00
119
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M2C3T9 185.00 280.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 180.00 175.00
M2C3T10 215.00 210.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 210.00 205.00
M2C3T11 175.00 170.00 185.00 185.00 180.00 170.00 165.00
M2C3T12 200.00 198.00 205.00 210.00 205.00 195.00 190.00
M3C1T1 120.00 115.00 120.00 130.00 135.00 115.00 110.00
M3C1T2 150.00 145.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 145.00 140.00
M3C1T3 130.00 128.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 125.00 120.00
M3C1T4 110.00 105.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 105.00 100.00
M3C1T5 150.00 145.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 145.00 145.00
M3C1T6 175.00 170.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 170.00 165.00
M3C1T7 205.00 200.00 210.00 215.00 220.00 200.00 195.00
M3C1T8 125.00 100.00 60.00 115.00 120.00 100.00 95.00
M3C1T9 110.00 108.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 105.00 100.00
M3C1T10 125.00 120.00 130.00 135.00 140.00 120.00 115.00
M3C1T11 100.00 95.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 95.00 95.00
M3C1T12 130.00 128.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 125.00 120.00
M3C2T1 165.00 160.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 160.00 155.00
M3C2T2 200.00 198.00 205.00 210.00 215.00 195.00 190.00
M3C2T3 175.00 170.00 230.00 185.00 190.00 170.00 165.00
M3C2T4 135.00 130.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 130.00 125.00
M3C2T5 185.00 180.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 180.00 175.00
M3C2T6 215.00 210.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 210.00 205.00
M3C2T7 270.00 265.00 275.00 280.00 285.00 265.00 260.00
M3C2T8 180.00 178.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 175.00 170.00
M3C2T9 135.00 130.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 130.00 125.00
M3C2T10 180.00 178.00 185.00 190.00 194.00 175.00 170.00
M3C2T11 145.00 140.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 140.00 135.00
M3C2T12 180.00 175.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 175.00 170.00
M3C3T1 160.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 170.00 155.00 150.00
M3C3T2 195.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 190.00 185.00
M3C3T3 180.00 178.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 175.00 170.00
M3C3T4 150.00 145.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 145.00 140.00
M3C3T5 205.00 200.00 210.00 215.00 170.00 200.00 195.00
M3C3T6 245.00 240.00 250.00 255.00 260.00 240.00 235.00
M3C3T7 275.00 270.00 280.00 285.00 290.00 270.00 265.00
M3C3T8 190.00 188.00 195.00 200.00 205.00 185.00 180.00
M3C3T9 165.00 160.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 160.00 155.00
M3C3T10 165.00 160.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 160.00 155.00
M3C3T11 165.00 160.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 160.00 155.00
M3C3T12 140.00 138.00 145.00 150.00 155.00 135.00 130.00
M4C1T1 130.00 125.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 125.00 125.00
M4C1T2 130.00 125.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 125.00 125.00
M4C1T3 100.00 95.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 95.00 95.00
M4C1T4 0.00 0.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 110.00 110.00
M4C1T5 140.00 135.00 145.00 150.00 155.00 135.00 135.00
M4C1T6 175.00 170.00 180.00 185.00 190.00 170.00 170.00
M4C1T7 165.00 160.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 160.00 150.00
M4C1T8 65.00 60.00 70.00 75.00 180.00 60.00 60.00
120
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M4C1T9 55.00 50.00 60.00 85.00 95.00 50.00 50.00
M4C1T10 100.00 95.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 95.00 95.00
M4C1T11 0.00 0.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 55.00 0.00
M4C1T12 0.00 0.00 0.00 130.00 135.00 120.00 0.00
M4C2T1 160.00 155.00 165.00 170.00 175.00 155.00 150.00
M4C2T2 165.00 160.00 170.00 175.00 180.00 160.00 155.00
M4C2T3 145.00 140.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 140.00 135.00
M4C2T4 160.00 155.00 185.00 190.00 195.50 155.00 150.00
M4C2T5 185.00 180.00 190.00 195.00 200.00 180.00 175.00
M4C2T6 220.00 215.00 226.50 230.00 235.00 215.00 210.00
M4C2T7 210.00 205.00 215.00 230.00 225.00 205.00 200.00
M4C2T8 155.00 150.00 160.00 165.00 170.00 150.00 145.00
M4C2T9 140.00 135.00 145.00 155.00 155.00 135.00 130.00
M4C2T10 135.00 130.00 140.00 145.00 150.00 130.00 125.00
M4C2T11 130.00 225.00 135.00 140.00 145.00 125.00 120.00
M4C2T12 160.00 155.00 165.00 170.00 175.00 155.00 150.00
M4C3T1 180.00 175.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 175.00 170.00
M4C3T2 180.00 175.00 185.00 190.00 195.00 175.00 170.00
M4C3T3 150.00 145.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 145.00 140.00
M4C3T4 170.00 165.00 175.00 180.00 185.00 165.00 160.00
M4C3T5 215.00 210.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 210.00 205.00
M4C3T6 235.00 230.00 240.00 245.00 250.00 230.00 225.00
M4C3T7 215.00 210.00 220.00 225.00 230.00 210.00 205.00
M4C3T8 160.00 155.00 265.00 170.00 175.00 155.00 150.00
M4C3T9 160.00 155.00 265.00 170.00 175.00 155.00 150.00
M4C3T10 145.00 140.00 150.00 155.00 160.00 140.00 135.00
M4C3T12 150.00 145.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 145.00 140.00
M4C3T12 150.00 148.00 155.00 160.00 165.00 145.00 140.00
SE ± 16.583 0.990 5.988 1.000 4.201 6.091 1.000
CD @ 5% 47.749 2.766 16.738 2.795 11.743 17.027 2.795
4.2.29 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-I

The data regarding effect of seed treatments on vigour
index-I are presented in Table 46.
From the data, it was revealed that the vigour index-I
the periods of storage. It was noticed that the vigour index-I
increased when seed treated with 2% KNO3 (T7) with the
advancement of storage period. Initially the vigour index-I was
(383.92) at 120 days of storage the seed treated with 2% KNO3
showed maximum (526.94) vigour index-I. The vigour index-I
121
was decreased with increased in storage period, at the end of

storage period it was 319.11.
4.2.30 Effect of germination methods on vigour index-I

germination methods had significant effect on vigour index-I
during all the period storage.
The sand method (M2) had significantly higher vigour
index-I than other during all the period of storage. The initial
vigour index-I was (325.70) it was increased up to 120 days
(477.76) and at the end of storage period it was decreased to
(265.46) in sand method (M2).(Table 47)
4.2.31 Effect of temperature on vigour index-I

vigour index-I during all the period of storage. The 30 ± 20C
temperature (C3) had significantly higher vigour index-I among
the different temperature. At initial stage (264.25) vigour
index-I was recorded, after 120 days of storage the vigour
index-I was increased up to (385.85). At the end of storage
period the vigour index-I was decreased to 211.71.

had significant effect on vigour index-I during all the period of
122
vigour index-I (535.52), the vigour index-I was increased

(713.43) at 120 days of storage. At the end of storage period of
(180 days) the seed vigour index-I was decreased to 466.73.
treatments on vigour index-I are presented in the Table 50, it
treatments had significant effect on vigour index-I. Initially the
KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly higher vigour index-I (452.03)
after that vigour index-I was increased (599.89) at 120 days of
storage. However the end of storage period of 180 days, the
vigour index-I was decreased, to 354.54.
significant effect on vigour index-I during all the periods of
vigour index-I (400.20) than the rest of interactions. After 120
days the vigour index-I was increased to 556.30. At the end of
storage period Vigour index-I was lowered, up to 332.87.
temperature and seed treatments on vigour index-I
vigour index-I are presented in the Table 52.
123

germination methods, temperature and seed treatments had
significant effect on vigour index-I during all the periods of
storage. The interaction of germination in sand kept at 30 ±
significantly higher vigour index-I 630.58 followed by the
treated with 1% KNO3 (M2C3T6) 528.00. The lowest vigour
index-I 22.50 was recorded in the interaction of germination in
cocopeat kept at 20 ± 20C and seed treated cow urine
(M4C1T9).
After 120 days of storage the vigour index-I was
increased up to 809.98. At the end of storage period, the
vigour index-I (541.80) was recorded in interaction (M2C3T7).
Table 46 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-I

Treatment Vigour index-I
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
T1: Control 140.50 149.68 179.40 210.57 247.19 128.17 106.11
T2: conc.H2SO4 3 min 264.34 276.62 312.39 341.46 376.92 250.83 214.80
T3: conc.H2SO4 5 min 181.95 207.51 239.10 265.38 311.46 176.30 142.54
T4: conc.H2SO410min 101.97 113.14 141.65 173.26 212.59 101.24 82.64
T5: 1% KH2PO4 229.34 240.98 272.87 313.24 363.60 205.82 180.14
T6: 1% KNO3 300.84 320.52 362.35 399.57 455.61 282.61 251.27
T7: 2% KNO3 383.92 403.23 436.17 488.22 526.94 358.99 319.11
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 217.27 229.38 254.84 285.96 317.78 199.84 168.43
T9: Cow urine 154.02 164.18 190.32 221.40 249.30 135.86 117.84
T10: Mechanical scarification 186.68 196.52 229.06 258.14 285.44 160.52 136.05
T12: Water soaking 163.08 170.48 198.25 227.18 253.42 144.66 122.98
SE ± 6.789 2.320 2.811 2.719 3.438 2.594 2.350
CD @ 5% 18.977 6.485 7.858 7.601 9.611 7.251 6.570
124
Table 47 Effect of germination methods on vigour index-I

Media Vigour index-I
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1: Between paper 212.88 220.80 241.95 270.25 302.05 190.02 170.31
M2: sand method 325.70 344.08 382.71 424.78 477.76 297.35 265.46
M3: Top of paper 153.56 168.75 203.90 238.79 269.67 137.16 111.83
M4: cocopeat 120.38 133.97 161.61 189.76 222.20 124.22 95.44
SE ± 3.919 1.339 1.623 1.569 1.985 1.498 1.357
CD @ 5% 10.956 3.744 4.537 4.388 5.549 4.186 3.793
Table 48 Effect of temperature on vigour index-I

Temperature Vigour index-I
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1: 20 ± 20C 139.85 155.47 181.82 211.271 245.82 135.56 109.97
C2: 25 ± 20C 205.27 218.58 252.34 286.194 322.09 187.75 160.59
C3: 30 ± 20C 264.25 276.64 308.46 345.23 385.85 238.24 211.71
SE ± 3.394 1.160 1.406 1.359 1.719 1.297 1.175
CD @ 5% 9.488 3.242 3.929 3.800 4.805 3.626 3.285

combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1T1 119.38 130.12 146.65 173.90 200.55 100.32 81.21
M1T2 323.61 325.16 365.86 393.02 433.96 292.54 259.43
M1T3 234.61 244.58 267.42 292.36 327.47 210.14 189.39
M1T4 103.69 112.47 128.63 150.78 178.05 85.40 67.94
M1T5 273.86 287.40 312.57 342.9 380.34 246.53 224.66
M1T6 345.59 353.44 378.68 412.6 456.04 316.93 287.86
M1T7 429.89 440.30 454.99 514.23 552.14 395.89 359.51
M1T8 225.93 232.93 256.55 285.38 313.83 208.27 195.06
M1T9 113.24 121.10 137.17 160.66 189.55 96.41 83.17
M1T10 169.18 177.66 197.33 221.48 246.73 148.26 127.15
M1T11 84.96 89.67 101.96 125.02 151.30 71.60 63.35
M1T12 130.69 134.82 155.60 170.59 194.63 107.92 104.98
M2T1 258.63 256.93 297.74 338.32 389.92 232.18 210.97
M2T2 401.08 436.28 460.01 497.04 548.31 377.29 346.27
M2T3 267.61 300.78 340.78 387.26 454.15 237.60 196.20
M2T4 187.58 194.14 239.28 283.54 341.82 160.41 144.73
M2T5 355.39 365.72 405.02 455.81 542.14 315.03 281.82
M2T6 438.13 461.55 530.54 566.25 647.69 410.03 377.19
M2T7 535.52 562.81 612.05 668.19 713.43 512.36 466.73
M2T8 334.83 350.41 374.87 398.91 445.32 312.63 277.78
M2T9 289.02 294.63 324.30 366.12 399.62 266.49 233.73
M2T10 302.86 318.28 350.37 384.74 425.84 259.91 228.01
M2T11 220.11 250.39 281.15 331.74 369.66 198.10 175.41
M2T12 317.62 337.01 376.40 419.50 455.21 286.13 246.64
M3T1 93.69 109.60 140.89 171.79 206.99 80.08 58.66
M3T2 187.61 193.79 244.85 274.53 277.29 176.63 148.90
M3T3 134.11 167.29 204.00 226.11 271.45 133.91 105.05
125
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M3T4 69.63 84.43 109.37 140.88 175.27 70.33 51.02
M3T5 154.71 164.92 196.07 236.71 283.50 127.70 102.17
M3T6 224.32 249.48 290.72 339.77 393.23 212.70 185.00
M3T7 314.27 335.32 373.52 428.57 464.92 289.23 242.50
M3T8 161.81 175.72 200.32 233.99 255.25 147.27 116.42
M3T9 105.52 123.51 155.81 186.57 221.35 86.90 66.33
M3T10 163.28 166.09 217.09 248.79 279.12 129.33 107.04
M3T11 105.94 128.82 155.53 188.02 209.26 94.26 79.31
M3T12 127.83 126.04 158.66 189.78 198.39 97.57 79.53
M4T1 90.31 102.09 132.35 158.28 191.34 100.10 73.62
M4T2 145.07 151.24 178.86 201.26 248.14 156.87 104.58
M4T3 91.50 117.39 144.22 155.78 192.79 123.58 79.51
M4T4 47.00 61.53 89.32 117.82 155.23 88.86 66.87
M4T5 133.43 145.88 177.84 217.55 248.41 134.04 111.90
M4T6 195.36 217.63 249.49 279.57 325.51 190.79 155.03
M4T7 256.03 274.52 304.13 341.89 377.29 238.52 207.69
M4T8 146.53 158.53 187.65 225.58 256.74 131.22 84.46
M4T9 108.34 117.51 144.01 172.26 186.71 93.66 88.12
M4T10 111.43 124.09 151.47 177.56 190.07 104.59 82.01
M4T11 43.33 53.09 77.63 100.73 128.75 41.38 30.78
M4T12 76.21 84.08 102.37 128.87 165.45 87.05 60.76
SE ± 13.577 4.640 5.623 5.438 6.877 5.188 4.701
CD @ 5% 37.953 12.970 15.717 15.202 19.222 14.502 13.141

combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T1 98.21 108.36 129.86 158.05 187.63 93.05 75.91
C1T2 169.39 198.08 220.22 246.64 279.37 171.38 145.87
C1T3 110.19 136.69 152.15 175.83 224.44 112.09 79.79
C1T4 57.04 68.71 99.30 124.19 156.26 59.35 51.21
C1T5 151.38 161.94 195.12 232.93 289.30 142.55 118.11
C1T6 213.67 229.85 284.56 316.01 375.98 208.58 178.84
C1T7 308.31 326.17 347.19 398.76 440.40 320.75 273.71
C1T8 162.69 174.46 199.37 233.74 266.73 153.56 110.94
C1T9 96.23 110.64 135.70 168.03 186.93 84.69 68.99
C1T10 123.30 145.16 169.53 191.43 214.38 109.36 77.74
C1T11 78.50 89.15 110.61 128.28 155.30 72.88 61.22
C1T12 109.36 116.39 138.27 161.21 173.13 98.46 77.30
C2T1 143.73 152.52 186.24 216.72 254.87 125.67 101.39
C2T2 271.52 265.86 321.74 350.60 401.95 265.50 213.42
C2T3 176.69 197.25 234.74 263.00 305.51 159.88 138.94
C2T4 95.26 113.50 140.75 172.81 215.69 102.72 75.46
C2T5 231.66 240.30 278.95 316.90 361.19 211.95 187.94
C2T6 313.43 332.34 374.37 410.64 446.35 280.34 248.74
C2T7 391.44 414.35 455.56 504.19 540.54 361.17 329.07
C2T8 230.03 245.03 264.15 301.39 322.49 209.86 178.94
C2T9 149.73 163.29 188.88 216.88 248.52 129.05 110.94
C2T10 180.64 190.80 219.04 251.80 278.82 155.26 130.92
126
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C2T11 118.72 132.76 159.11 195.51 219.47 102.68 86.32
C2T12 160.52 175.07 204.62 233.83 269.69 148.97 125.04
C3T1 179.57 188.18 222.12 256.95 299.09 165.79 141.04
C3T2 352.12 365.92 395.22 427.14 449.46 315.62 285.10
C3T3 258.99 288.59 330.43 357.30 404.44 256.95 208.88
C3T4 153.62 157.21 184.90 222.76 265.83 141.68 121.24
C3T5 305.01 320.72 344.56 389.88 440.31 262.98 234.36
C3T6 375.44 399.38 428.13 471.97 544.51 358.92 326.23
C3T7 452.03 469.19 505.76 561.71 599.89 395.07 354.54
C3T8 259.11 268.70 301.02 322.75 364.14 236.12 215.41
C3T9 216.12 218.63 246.38 279.29 312.47 193.86 173.58
C3T10 256.13 253.63 298.63 331.19 363.12 216.94 199.50
C3T11 143.54 169.56 192.49 235.34 269.46 128.45 114.10
C3T12 219.39 220.00 251.88 286.52 317.44 186.57 166.60
SE ± 11.758 4.018 4.869 4.709 5.955 4.493 4.071
CD @ 5% 32.868 11.232 13.611 13.165 16.647 12.559 11.380

combination
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1 158.75 166.90 184.46 211.78 241.37 139.54 119.36
M1C2 208.51 214.39 239.02 268.60 300.37 184.66 165.38
M1C3 271.39 281.12 302.37 330.37 364.41 245.86 226.17
M2C1 239.20 261.41 301.98 335.63 384.01 218.35 191.16
M2C2 337.69 355.38 393.79 442.32 492.97 304.38 272.34
M2C3 400.20 415.45 452.36 496.40 556.30 369.31 332.87
M3C1 104.65 121.51 149.53 176.15 202.32 113.45 84.65
M3C2 154.74 169.87 211.59 242.08 278.01 135.25 108.82
M3C3 201.29 214.87 250.59 298.15 328.68 162.78 142.01
M4C1 56.82 72.04 91.33 121.50 155.59 70.89 44.70
M4C2 120.18 134.72 164.99 191.76 217.02 126.73 95.83
M4C3 184.13 195.13 228.52 256.02 294.00 175.03 145.81
SE ± 6.789 2.320 2.811 2.719 3.438 2.594 2.350
CD @ 5% 18.977 6.485 7.858 7.601 9.611 7.251 6.570

index-I
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1T1 95.70 109.63 132.51 157.29 184.50 85.31 66.63
M1C1T2 212.74 223.79 251.97 280.18 312.37 202.21 178.32
M1C1T3 163.56 169.24 192.12 216.28 254.18 141.24 111.63
M1C1T4 77.30 86.67 106.20 126.04 150.16 58.87 42.75
127
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1T5 202.98 212.20 237.44 262.68 299.90 176.46 155.26
M1C1T6 261.62 269.92 300.22 329.45 367.73 251.93 215.41
M1C1T7 362.85 375.71 345.44 443.32 469.27 334.31 293.57
M1C1T8 144.44 143.95 167.37 192.98 218.46 118.93 108.67
M1C1T9 96.48 105.32 125.02 145.31 170.64 79.54 70.93
M1C1T10 116.69 122.44 146.26 166.49 191.57 96.67 78.63
M1C1T11 65.98 72.49 75.96 93.94 117.59 49.27 44.21
M1C1T12 104.64 111.48 133.02 127.46 160.06 79.73 66.41
M1C2T1 112.68 121.56 126.27 160.01 188.15 84.22 65.825
M1C2T2 340.46 320.74 382.14 411.77 446.80 283.31 257.28
M1C2T3 228.82 239.93 265.56 288.94 320.09 203.75 189.65
M1C2T4 106.96 115.26 140.38 160.97 192.31 96.83 79.53
M1C2T5 247.34 255.29 283.70 314.54 347.27 221.04 204.15
M1C2T6 341.48 346.39 368.65 407.92 455.56 297.87 267.15
M1C2T7 435.66 443.74 484.26 521.4 566.47 413.48 393.42
M1C2T8 223.30 233.49 252.67 282.92 314.49 223.35 198.63
M1C2T9 108.38 115.82 129.29 166.3 211.15 89.59 80.63
M1C2T10 146.25 154.66 173.55 194.3 217.52 124.41 104.81
M1C2T11 89.36 97.48 117.93 148.86 153.92 75.98 54.92
M1C2T12 121.44 128.29 143.83 165.28 190.66 102.08 88.68
M1C3T1 149.75 159.16 181.17 204.41 229.01 131.44 111.18
M1C3T2 417.63 430.96 463.48 487.11 542.70 392.10 342.7
M1C3T3 311.45 324.56 344.58 371.88 408.13 285.43 266.91
M1C3T4 126.81 135.48 139.30 165.34 191.69 100.51 81.54
M1C3T5 371.25 394.72 416.56 451.48 493.87 342.10 314.58
M1C3T6 433.67 444.02 467.17 500.68 544.84 401.00 381.02
M1C3T7 491.15 501.46 535.26 577.97 620.68 439.87 391.56
M1C3T8 310.04 321.34 349.63 380.25 408.54 282.53 277.89
M1C3T9 134.85 142.16 157.20 170.37 186.85 120.10 97.95
M1C3T10 244.60 255.88 272.19 303.65 331.10 223.69 198.01
M1C3T11 99.54 99.04 111.99 132.26 182.40 89.55 90.93
M1C3T12 165.99 164.68 189.95 219.04 233.16 141.96 159.87
M2C1T1 199.95 197.33 225.81 259.32 292.73 178.56 185.12
M2C1T2 296.95 352.30 354.26 387.75 425.86 291.92 264.03
M2C1T3 161.60 185.74 215.78 242.54 300.65 137.59 111.12
M2C1T4 110.93 132.79 187.27 214.20 248.55 88.00 84.93
M2C1T5 238.25 240.54 294.51 346.54 438.82 208.58 178.83
M2C1T6 327.83 350.56 459.06 494.71 573.83 299.75 268.67
M2C1T7 428.13 456.34 516.56 554.66 597.67 446.47 388.63
M2C1T8 278.25 302.25 335.01 371.63 410.89 251.08 222.03
M2C1T9 197.40 217.54 246.41 281.28 313.96 168.97 150.18
M2C1T10 218.45 241.45 271.87 284.88 342.19 189.34 125.13
M2C1T11 168.30 192.15 219.82 253.54 292.11 143.42 127.43
M2C1T12 244.38 267.94 297.38 336.57 370.88 216.57 187.87
M2C2T1 274.65 275.44 333.26 365.81 425.86 228.74 185.28
M2C2T2 410.00 433.50 470.30 506.59 581.71 379.51 345.13
M2C2T3 265.25 288.64 347.26 401.44 469.63 234.06 204.75
M2C2T4 185.30 206.55 236.06 288.50 345.33 157.07 140.03
M2C2T5 393.40 390.44 427.98 466.24 532.34 358.69 321.33
M2C2T6 458.55 482.84 548.11 586.61 635.96 423.52 391.24
M2C2T7 547.85 572.04 615.83 683.12 732.63 507.55 469.77
M2C2T8 369.05 394.04 401.27 455.43 494.01 339.39 299.32
M2C2T9 262.85 284.70 314.01 346.31 379.06 236.23 209.78
128
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M2C2T10 300.58 324.14 357.01 414.59 448.70 267.81 238.97
M2C2T11 252.45 271.70 303.86 364.84 408.22 220.28 194.03
M2C2T12 332.33 340.45 370.51 428.40 462.21 299.66 268.53
M2C3T1 301.28 298.03 334.15 389.83 451.17 289.26 262.53
M2C3T2 496.30 523.04 555.46 596.78 637.36 460.43 429.67
M2C3T3 375.98 427.98 459.30 517.79 592.16 341.15 272.73
M2C3T4 266.50 243.09 294.51 347.93 431.59 236.17 209.25
M2C3T5 434.53 466.19 492.58 554.66 655.28 377.82 345.31
M2C3T6 528.00 551.25 584.44 617.44 733.28 506.82 471.67
M2C3T7 630.58 660.04 703.76 766.80 809.98 583.06 541.80
M2C3T8 357.20 354.94 388.32 369.64 431.06 347.42 312.00
M2C3T9 406.80 381.66 412.48 470.78 505.84 394.28 341.23
M2C3T10 389.55 389.24 422.24 454.77 486.64 322.58 319.94
M2C3T11 239.58 287.30 319.78 376.84 408.65 230.59 204.78
M2C3T12 376.15 402.64 461.31 493.52 532.55 342.16 283.53
M3C1T1 56.60 72.13 89.61 109.55 130.86 54.55 26.78
M3C1T2 91.35 125.04 145.58 168.81 192.78 102.82 71.37
M3C1T3 87.45 105.18 125.66 148.05 188.79 113.66 69.25
M3C1T4 39.95 55.39 74.88 95.81 131.76 63.32 50.63
M3C1T5 92.03 109.99 132.47 152.44 209.18 103.00 71.12
M3C1T6 154.23 173.29 214.41 238.71 303.24 177.81 145.82
M3C1T7 255.33 273.38 303.01 351.69 388.66 322.37 259.38
M3C1T8 111.25 122.14 145.69 168.78 190.44 118.68 85.69
M3C1T9 68.55 82.09 114.86 151.31 173.12 52.32 25.53
M3C1T10 130.90 161.43 199.72 223.51 248.26 98.27 82.08
M3C1T11 79.73 91.97 125.78 148.29 173.95 84.35 73.25
M3C1T12 88.43 86.14 122.66 156.88 96.76 70.26 54.93
M3C2T1 94.28 110.43 147.16 181.91 223.28 75.07 57.53
M3C2T2 202.63 167.20 271.71 300.34 351.47 203.50 175.05
M3C2T3 133.83 152.44 195.68 210.44 255.58 112.34 90.87
M3C2T4 59.10 74.07 109.12 146.02 188.93 56.70 27.68
M3C2T5 159.60 177.98 225.23 269.42 320.44 134.85 113.88
M3C2T6 233.25 249.64 300.88 336.94 399.08 202.82 179.55
M3C2T7 314.48 342.21 393.13 446.50 480.30 282.43 231.14
M3C2T8 161.13 177.29 201.44 230.94 222.14 136.07 99.78
M3C2T9 106.70 121.24 143.11 161.67 184.81 89.91 70.37
M3C2T10 158.33 171.54 195.81 224.94 247.82 131.87 100.53
M3C2T11 104.33 133.88 155.93 176.14 198.84 87.37 70.37
M3C2T12 129.20 160.54 199.86 219.70 263.45 110.08 89.14
M3C3T1 130.20 146.25 185.91 223.93 266.82 110.61 91.68
M3C3T2 268.85 289.14 317.26 354.45 287.63 223.58 200.28
M3C3T3 181.05 244.24 290.67 319.87 369.97 175.73 155.03
M3C3T4 109.83 123.84 144.12 180.81 205.14 90.97 74.75
M3C3T5 212.50 206.80 230.52 288.27 320.89 145.26 121.53
M3C3T6 285.48 325.50 356.86 443.65 477.36 257.47 229.62
M3C3T7 373.00 390.37 424.42 487.54 525.80 262.88 236.98
M3C3T8 213.05 227.74 253.83 302.25 353.18 187.07 163.80
M3C3T9 141.30 167.20 209.47 246.75 306.12 118.47 103.08
M3C3T10 200.60 165.29 255.76 297.93 341.29 157.86 138.53
M3C3T11 133.78 160.60 184.87 239.62 255.01 111.07 94.32
M3C3T12 165.88 131.44 153.46 192.77 234.98 112.36 94.53
M4C1T1 40.58 54.34 71.51 106.05 142.43 53.77 25.13
M4C1T2 76.50 91.20 129.07 149.85 186.46 88.57 69.75
129
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M4C1T3 28.15 86.62 75.04 96.48 154.13 55.87 27.18
M4C1T4 0.00 0.00 28.85 60.74 94.58 27.23 26.56
M4C1T5 72.25 85.01 116.06 170.09 209.31 82.17 67.25
M4C1T6 111.00 125.63 164.56 201.48 259.13 104.83 85.45
M4C1T7 186.93 199.24 223.77 245.39 306.01 179.86 153.28
M4C1T8 116.80 129.49 149.42 201.57 247.13 125.56 27.38
M4C1T9 22.50 37.63 56.53 94.25 90.01 37.94 29.33
M4C1T10 27.15 55.33 60.28 90.87 75.52 53.17 25.13
M4C1T11 0.00 0.00 20.86 17.35 37.56 14.50 0.00
M4C1T12 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.93 64.82 27.27 0.00
M4C2T1 93.30 102.64 138.27 159.17 182.20 114.67 96.95
M4C2T2 133.00 141.98 162.81 183.70 227.83 195.68 76.25
M4C2T3 78.85 107.98 130.45 151.20 176.73 89.39 70.50
M4C2T4 29.68 58.14 77.44 95.75 136.20 100.28 54.63
M4C2T5 126.30 137.48 178.89 217.4 244.71 133.21 112.43
M4C2T6 220.45 250.50 279.85 311.10 294.82 197.17 157.03
M4C2T7 267.78 299.42 329.01 365.75 382.77 241.22 221.97
M4C2T8 166.63 175.32 201.22 236.31 259.32 140.63 118.03
M4C2T9 121.00 131.40 169.13 193.25 219.06 100.46 82.98
M4C2T10 117.40 112.84 149.80 173.39 201.24 96.96 79.38
M4C2T11 28.73 27.99 58.71 92.22 116.91 27.07 25.98
M4C2T12 59.10 71.00 104.31 121.94 162.44 84.07 53.83
M4C3T1 137.05 149.29 187.26 209.63 249.38 131.86 98.79
M4C3T2 225.70 220.54 244.69 270.23 330.13 186.37 167.75
M4C3T3 167.50 157.58 227.18 219.67 247.51 225.47 140.85
M4C3T4 111.33 126.44 161.68 196.98 234.92 139.06 119.43
M4C3T5 201.75 215.15 238.58 265.12 291.20 186.73 156.03
M4C3T6 254.63 276.75 304.06 326.13 422.57 270.38 222.62
M4C3T7 313.40 324.92 359.61 414.53 443.11 294.47 247.83
M4C3T8 156.15 170.79 212.31 238.87 263.78 127.47 107.97
M4C3T9 181.53 183.49 206.38 229.29 251.07 142.57 152.07
M4C3T10 189.75 204.10 244.32 268.43 293.47 163.63 141.53
M4C3T11 101.28 131.29 153.31 192.64 231.78 82.57 66.37
M4C3T12 169.53 181.24 202.81 240.75 269.09 149.82 128.47
SE ± 7.036 8.036 9.739 9.419 11.910 8.986 8.1426
CD @ 5% 20.108 22.464 27.222 26.330 33.293 25.118 22.761
4.2.36 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-II

The data regarding effect of seed treatments on vigour
index-II are presented in Table 53.
From the data, it was revealed that the vigour index-II
the periods of storage. It was also noticed that at 120 days the
vigour index-II increased up to 12.83 when the seed was
treated with 2% KNO3 (T7). There was increase in vigour index-
130
II with the advancement of storage period. The initial vigour

index-II was 9.44. After 120 the vigour index-II was decreased
during storage. However the untreated seed i.e. control
initially showed (3.12) after 120 days it showed maximum
vigour index-II (5.45). Vigour index-II reduced rapidly after
180 days of storage and reached 2.38.
4.2.37 Effect of germination methods on vigour index-II

germination methods had significant effect on vigour index-II
during all the period of storage. The sand method (M2) had
significantly higher vigour index-II than other during all the
period of storage. The initial vigour index-II was (7.27) it was
increased up to 120 days (10.18) and at the end of storage
period it was decreased to 5.90. The minimum vigour index-II
was found in cocopeat method, initially it was (3.12) the vigour
index-II increased up to 120 days of storage and at the end of
storage period it was 5.82 (Table 54).
4.2.38 Effect of temperature on vigour index-II

The data on effect of temperature on vigour index-II are
vigour index-II during all the period of storage. The 30 ± 20C
temperature (C3) had significantly higher vigour index-II than
the other temperature. At initial stage vigour index-II (6.08)
was recorded, after 120 days of storage the vigour index-II
increased up to (8.88). Vigour index-II was decreased with
increased in storage period, it was decreased to (4.96).
131

had significant effect on vigour index-II during all the periods
of storage. The interaction of germination in sand and seed
treated with 2% KNO3 (M2T7) showed significantly higher
vigour index-II than the other interaction. At initial stage
vigour index-II was (13.67) recorded, at 120 days of storage
vigour index-II was increased (17.70). Vigour index-II was
decreased with increased in storage period, at the end of
storage period it was decreased to (12.15).

treatments on vigour index-II are presented in the Table 56.
It was observed that the interactions of temperature and
seed treatments had significant effect on vigour index-II.
Initially the interaction of temperature 30 ± 20C and seed
treated with 2% KNO3 (C3T7) showed significantly higher vigour
index-II (11.32). At 120 days of storage the vigour index-II was
increased up to 14.93. However the end of storage period of
180 days, the vigour index-II was decreased up to 9.71.
significant effect on vigour index-II during all the periods of
132

vigour index-II (9.26) than the rest of interactions. After 120
days the vigour index-II was increased up to 12.68. The vigour
index-II was lowered as increased in storage period, it was
decreased to 7.84.
index-II
vigour index-II are presented in the Table 58.
vigour index-II had significant effect on vigour index-II during
all the periods of storage. The interaction of germination in
sand kept at 30 ± 20C and seed treated with 2% KNO3 (M2C3T7)
showed significantly higher vigour index-II 16.42 at initial
stage followed by the interaction of germination in sand kept
at 30 ± 20C and seed treated with 1% KNO3 (M2C3T6) 13.25.
The lowest vigour index-II 0.90 was recorded in the interaction
of germination in cocopeat kept at 20 ± 20C with untreated
seed i.e. control (M4C1T1).
After 120 days of storage the vigour index-II was
increased up to (21.00). At the end of storage period, the
vigour index-II (14.96) was recorded in the interaction
(M2C3T7).
133
Table 53 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-II

Treatments Vigour index-II
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
T1: control 3.12 3.27 4.00 4.66 5.45 2.95 2.38
T2: conc. H2SO4 3 min 5.83 6.12 6.94 7.54 8.49 5.57 4.77
T3: conc. H2SO4 5 min 3.80 4.26 5.07 5.65 6.49 3.68 2.99
T4: conc. H2SO410 min 2.24 2.33 3.15 3.85 4.67 2.29 1.83
T5: 1% KH2PO4 5.26 5.47 6.33 7.21 8.09 4.74 4.17
T6: 1% KNO3 7.28 7.68 8.82 9.81 10.91 6.91 6.14
T7: 2%KNO3 9.44 9.77 10.74 12.01 12.83 8.97 8.12
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 4.69 4.86 5.65 6.10 7.31 4.26 3.66
T9: Cow urine 3.31 3.77 4.62 4.69 5.24 2.89 2.49
T10: Mechanical 4.12 4.18 5.03 5.62 6.24 3.57 3.03
scarification
T12: Water soaking 3.63 3.48 4.12 4.75 5.25 3.02 2.55
SE ± 0.185 0.048 0.072 0.051 0.078 0.071 0.046
CD @ 5% 0.517 0.135 0.201 0.144 0.220 0.197 0.130
Table 54 Effect of germination methods on vigour index-II
Media Vigour index-II

DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1: Between paper 4.14 4.17 4.65 5.17 5.77 3.66 3.30
M2: Sand method 7.27 7.50 8.50 9.28 10.18 6.62 5.90
M3: Top of paper 3.83 4.16 5.04 5.87 6.64 3.49 2.86
M4: cocopeat 3.12 3.46 4.37 4.91 5.82 3.23 2.58
SE ± 0.106 0.028 0.041 0.029 0.045 0.041 0.026
CD @ 5% 0.298 0.078 0.116 0.083 0.127 0.114 0.075
Table 55 Effect of temperature on vigour index-II
Temperature Vigour index-II

DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1: 20 ± 20C 2.95 3.16 3.78 4.38 5.20 2.87 2.33
C2: 25 ± 20C 4.74 4.92 5.87 6.55 7.24 4.34 3.69
C3: 30 ± 20C 6.08 6.38 7.27 7.99 8.88 5.55 4.96
SE ± 0.092 0.024 0.036 0.025 0.039 0.035 0.023
CD @ 5% 0.258 0.067 0.102 0.072 0.110 0.098 0.065
134

Treatment Vigour index-II
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1T1 2.62 2.73 3.11 3.64 4.14 2.22 1.82
M1T2 6.05 6.05 6.75 7.27 7.95 5.67 5.13
M1T3 4.40 4.46 4.98 5.51 6.06 3.90 3.55
M1T4 2.19 1.83 2.69 3.13 3.65 1.85 1.47
M1T5 5.33 5.47 6.00 6.56 7.15 4.81 4.33
M1T6 6.41 6.45 6.94 7.55 8.17 5.88 5.38
M1T7 8.03 8.09 8.41 9.47 10.17 6.83 6.76
M1T8 4.29 4.32 4.80 5.33 6.60 3.82 3.47
M1T9 2.42 2.57 2.89 3.27 3.66 2.06 1.77
M1T10 3.47 3.48 3.93 4.39 4.90 2.96 2.52
M1T11 1.73 1.78 2.03 2.42 2.84 1.65 1.18
M1T12 2.75 2.80 3.22 3.51 4.00 2.30 2.19
M2T1 5.14 4.99 5.92 6.56 7.55 4.88 4.18
M2T2 9.16 9.56 10.57 11.12 12.20 8.42 7.69
M2T3 5.78 6.30 7.30 8.30 9.43 5.12 4.33
M2T4 3.99 4.01 5.04 5.97 7.07 3.42 3.00
M2T5 8.07 8.08 9.18 10.35 11.97 7.15 6.45
M2T6 10.66 11.05 12.93 14.06 15.28 10.06 9.25
M2T7 13.67 14.04 15.46 16.91 17.70 13.32 12.15
M2T8 7.79 7.97 8.71 9.25 10.12 727 6.56
M2T9 5.55 6.89 7.40 7.01 7.52 5.12 4.43
M2T10 6.53 6.64 7.49 8.22 8.95 5.65 4.97
M2T11 4.09 4.47 5.22 6.03 6.35 3.72 3.24
M2T12 6.87 5.99 6.79 7.56 8.06 5.28 4.56
M3T1 2.29 2.57 3.34 4.15 4.97 1.95 1.45
M3T2 4.52 4.99 5.82 6.61 7.45 4.21 3.55
M3T3 3.00 3.66 4.90 5.21 6.23 2.99 2.32
M3T4 1.59 1.85 2.45 3.15 3.85 1.59 1.12
M3T5 3.69 4.02 4.87 5.64 6.11 3.06 2.45
M3T6 5.95 6.51 7.70 8.85 10.12 5.70 4.92
M3T7 9.04 9.47 10.72 12.22 13.12 9.07 7.75
M3T8 3.80 4.03 4.25 5.35 6.11 3.37 2.67
M3T9 2.50 2.87 3.65 4.39 5.22 2.08 1.59
M3T10 3.95 3.91 5.22 5.95 6.70 3.33 2.71
M3T11 2.61 3.07 3.77 4.27 4.95 2.24 1.86
M3T12 3.01 3.01 3.83 4.60 4.83 2.32 1.90
M4T1 2.42 2.77 3.65 4.29 5.12 2.76 2.07
M4T2 3.60 3.86 4.62 5.18 6.36 3.97 2.72
M4T3 2.03 2.62 3.11 3.57 4.25 2.70 1.77
M4T4 1.22 1.61 2.42 3.16 4.11 2.32 1.75
M4T5 3.95 4.30 5.27 6.30 7.11 3.95 3.43
M4T6 6.12 6.69 7.72 8.78 10.06 6.01 5.03
M4T7 7.01 7.47 8.36 9.43 10.32 6.65 5.80
M4T8 2.90 3.11 4.83 4.45 6.41 2.60 1.94
M4T9 2.76 2.77 4.55 4.10 4.57 2.28 2.19
M4T10 2.51 2.70 3.47 3.94 4.43 2.35 1.90
M4T11 1.06 1.46 1.85 2.41 3.02 1.02 7.83
M4T12 1.89 2.12 2.64 3.35 4.10 2.18 1.55
SE ± 0.371 0.097 0.144 0.103 0.157 0.141 0.093
CD @ 5% 1.035 0.271 0.403 0.289 0.441 0.395 0.261
135

combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T1 1.82 1.97 2.44 2.88 3.43 1.75 1.25
C1T2 3.71 4.01 4.77 5.33 6.00 3.69 3.12
C1T3 2.25 2.66 3.06 3.52 4.36 2.26 1.66
C1T4 1.11 1.28 1.89 2.38 2.98 1.17 1.00
C1T5 3.44 3.59 4.40 5.27 6.43 3.31 2.75
C1T6 4.91 5.18 6.55 7.31 8.61 4.85 4.17
C1T7 7.20 7.45 8.14 9.28 10.25 7.55 6.48
C1T8 3.16 3.25 3.51 4.27 6.46 2.87 2.24
C1T9 1.76 1.91 2.44 3.00 3.46 1.49 1.17
C1T10 2.53 2.85 3.46 3.82 4.43 2.21 1.57
C1T11 1.34 1.45 1.88 2.20 2.62 1.20 9.38
C1T12 2.22 2.31 2.79 3.28 3.44 2.03 1.56
C2T1 3.20 3.35 4.21 4.92 5.74 3.07 2.48
C2T2 5.95 6.24 7.14 7.82 8.78 5.95 4.77
C2T3 3.78 4.12 5.36 5.87 6.64 3.41 2.96
C2T4 2.08 2.11 3.17 3.91 4.77 2.35 1.64
C2T5 5.27 5.41 6.40 7.29 8.12 4.90 4.38
C2T6 7.62 8.07 9.24 9.98 10.76 6.89 6.09
C2T7 9.80 10.23 11.42 12.72 13.31 9.07 8.16
C2T8 5.18 5.45 5.99 6.86 7.40 4.65 4.05
C2T9 3.15 3.36 4.89 4.56 4.96 2.71 2.31
C2T10 4.19 4.30 5.01 5.70 6.18 3.61 3.01
C2T11 2.48 2.84 3.35 4.04 4.40 2.31 1.82
C2T12 4.12 3.60 4.31 4.96 5.77 3.17 2.64
C3T1 4.32 4.48 5.37 6.18 7.18 4.04 3.40
C3T2 7.84 8.10 8.90 9.49 10.68 7.06 6.42
C3T3 5.38 5.99 6.81 7.56 8.48 5.36 4.36
C3T4 3.54 3.58 4.40 5.27 6.27 3.37 2.87
C3T5 7.07 7.41 8.19 9.07 9.71 6.00 5.37
C3T6 9.32 9.78 10.68 12.14 13.36 9.00 8.17
C3T7 11.32 11.62 12.65 14.03 14.93 10.28 9.71
C3T8 5.74 5.87 7.44 7.15 8.08 5.27 4.69
C3T9 5.01 6.04 6.54 6.51 7.31 4.45 4.01
C3T10 5.64 5.40 6.61 7.35 8.12 4.89 4.50
C3T11 3.30 3.79 4.41 5.12 5.85 2.96 2.54
C3T12 4.55 4.54 5.25 6.02 6.54 3.86 3.44
SE ± 0.320 0.084 0.125 0.089 0.136 0.122 0.081
CD @ 5% 0.896 0.235 0.349 0.251 0.381 0.342 0.226
136

combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1 3.37 3.45 3.83 4.37 5.09 3.02 2.61
M1C2 4.02 3.96 4.58 5.11 5.64 3.59 3.18
M1C3 5.03 5.10 5.53 6.04 6.59 4.38 4.11
M2C1 4.82 5.06 6.08 6.68 7.56 4.36 3.73
M2C2 7.75 7.70 8.95 9.71 10.32 6.85 6.13
M2C3 9.26 9.73 10.47 11.44 12.68 8.65 7.84
M3C1 2.40 2.66 3.23 3.91 4.46 2.61 1.93
M3C2 3.97 4.38 5.49 6.20 7.13 3.49 2.81
M3C3 5.12 5.46 6.40 7.48 8.32 4.38 3.83
M4C1 1.23 1.47 1.97 2.56 3.71 1.48 1.04
M4C2 3.21 3.66 4.48 5.19 5.85 3.44 2.65
M4C3 4.93 5.24 6.68 6.99 7.91 4.78 4.05
SE ± 0.185 0.048 0.072 0.051 0.078 0.071 0.046
CD @ 5% 0.517 0.135 0.201 0.144 0.220 0.197 0.131

index-II
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C1T1 2.16 2.27 2.77 3.23 3.70 2.03 1.66
M1C1T2 4.69 4.62 5.40 5.94 6.51 4.71 4.20
M1C1T3 3.53 3.60 4.18 4.68 5.20 3.06 2.62
M1C1T4 1.60 1.70 2.14 2.55 2.97 1.24 0.90
M1C1T5 4.82 4.92 5.46 6.02 6.60 4.30 370
M1C1T6 5.14 5.20 5.74 6.30 6.88 5.00 4.40
M1C1T7 6.90 6.97 6.43 8.22 8.88 6.30 5.72
M1C1T8 3.23 3.33 3.80 4.29 7.20 2.77 2.52
M1C1T9 2.07 2.17 2.56 2.97 3.40 1.70 1.50
M1C1T10 2.56 2.62 3.06 3.51 3.99 2.10 1.70
M1C1T11 1.37 1.45 1.50 1.86 2.24 1.01 0.84
M1C1T12 2.42 2.52 2.96 2.85 3.51 1.98 1.57
M1C2T1 2.41 2.52 2.66 3.31 3.80 1.80 1.40
M1C2T2 6.12 6.15 6.88 7.48 8.10 5.53 5.00
M1C2T3 4.42 4.48 5.12 5.67 6.23 3.90 3.61
M1C2T4 2.20 0.91 2.80 3.24 3.88 1.98 1.60
M1C2T5 4.69 4.75 5.40 5.94 6.51 4.18 3.88
M1C2T6 6.28 6.30 6.82 7.42 8.05 5.46 4.92
M1C2T7 7.93 7.99 8.82 9.50 10.20 7.52 7.13
M1C2T8 4.18 4.25 4.68 5.20 5.74 3.88 3.60
M1C2T9 2.22 2.31 2.62 3.06 3.51 1.81 1.60
137
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M1C2T10 3.26 3.15 3.60 3.99 4.48 2.70 2.27
M1C2T11 1.80 1.92 2.38 2.80 3.06 2.11 1.12
M1C2T12 2.74 2.85 3.20 3.69 4.20 2.28 2.03
M1C3T1 3.31 3.42 3.90 4.40 4.92 2.85 2.40
M1C3T2 7.36 7.38 7.98 8.38 9.24 6.76 6.20
M1C3T3 5.26 5.32 5.65 6.20 6.76 4.75 4.44
M1C3T4 2.77 2.88 3.14 3.61 4.09 2.34 1.92
M1C3T5 6.50 6.76 7.14 7.74 8.36 5.94 5.40
M1C3T6 7.82 7.87 8.28 8.93 9.60 7.20 6.82
M1C3T7 9.26 9.31 10.00 10.71 11.44 6.68 7.44
M1C3T8 5.46 5.40 5.94 6.51 6.88 4.80 4.29
M1C3T9 2.97 3.23 3.51 3.80 4.09 2.66 2.22
M1C3T10 4.61 4.68 5.12 5.67 6.23 4.09 3.61
M1C311 2.04 1.98 2.21 2.62 3.24 1.81 1.60
M1C312 3.11 3.04 3.51 4.00 4.30 2.66 2.96
M2C1T1 3.05 2.92 3.50 3.57 4.05 2.60 2.18
M2C1T2 6.25 6.66 7.52 8.25 9.00 5.63 5.00
M2C1T3 3.05 3.40 4.05 4.62 5.70 2.55 2.06
M2C1T4 2.05 2.40 3.40 3.93 4.50 1.60 1.55
M2C1T5 5.00 4.87 6.15 7.35 9.13 4.38 3.80
M2C1T6 7.50 7.87 10.57 11.40 12.86 6.75 6.05
M2C1T7 10.65 11.02 12.75 13.65 14.57 11.02 9.64
M2C1T8 5.95 6.33 7.17 7.87 8.60 5.36 4.75
M2C1T9 3.07 3.25 3.85 4.35 4.87 2.60 2.18
M2C1T10 4.25 4.53 5.25 5.40 6.47 3.71 2.40
M2C1T11 2.50 2.70 3.25 3.71 4.20 2.10 1.72
M2C1T12 4.52 4.80 5.52 6.12 6.75 4.00 3.48
M2C2T1 5.55 5.40 6.65 7.31 8.50 5.40 4.37
M2C2T2 9.40 9.77 10.80 11.63 12.60 8.62 7.87
M2C2T3 5.80 6.15 7.52 8.80 9.67 5.12 4.50
M2C2T4 4.00 4.38 5.12 6.30 7.17 3.41 2.85
M2C2T5 9.00 8.80 9.77 10.57 11.50 8.25 0.75
M2C2T6 11.25 11.63 13.38 14.30 14.66 10.43 9.60
M2C2T7 13.95 14.30 15.52 17.18 17.55 13.00 11.87
M2C2T8 8.62 9.00 9.40 10.80 11.16 7.87 7.15
M2C2T9 5.22 5.52 9.80 6.93 7.20 4.67 4.12
M2C2T10 6.67 7.00 7.87 9.13 9.45 6.00 5.36
M2C2T11 4.95 5.20 5.95 7.00 7.22 4.40 3.87
M2C2T12 8.57 5.25 5.62 6.58 7.20 5.03 4.50
M2C3T1 6.82 6.66 7.63 8.80 10.12 6.66 6.00
M2C3T2 11.85 12.25 13.38 13.47 15.00 11.02 10.20
M2C3T3 8.50 9.35 10.35 11.50 12.92 7.70 6.45
M2C3T4 5.92 5.25 6.60 7.70 9.56 5.25 4.61
M2C3T5 10.22 10.57 11.63 13.12 15.30 8.81 8.05
M2C3T6 13.25 13.65 14.85 16.50 18.34 13.00 12.11
M2C3T7 16.42 16.80 18.12 19.91 21.00 15.95 14.96
M2C3T8 8.80 8.57 9.56 9.10 10.60 8.57 7.80
M2C3T9 8.35 11.90 8.55 9.75 10.50 8.10 7.00
138
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M2C3T10 8.67 8.40 9.35 10.12 10.92 7.24 7.17
M2C3T11 4.82 5.52 6.47 7.40 7.65 4.67 4.12
M2C3T12 7.52 7.92 9.22 9.97 10.25 6.82 5.70
M3C1T1 1.20 1.43 1.80 2.27 2.70 1.15 0.55
M3C1T2 2.25 2.90 3.48 4.00 4.53 2.53 1.75
M3C1T3 1.95 2.24 2.70 3.15 3.98 2.50 1.50
M3C1T4 0.82 1.05 1.43 1.80 2.50 1.31 1.00
M3C1T5 2.25 2.53 3.10 3.60 4.95 2.53 1.81
M3C1T6 3.92 4.25 5.40 6.01 7.60 4.67 3.69
M3C1T7 6.67 7.00 7.87 9.13 9.90 8.50 6.82
M3C1T8 2.17 2.00 1.34 2.87 3.30 2.00 1.42
M3C1T9 1.37 1.62 2.30 3.00 3.43 1.05 0.50
M3C1T10 2.82 3.30 4.22 4.72 5.25 2.10 172
M3C1T11 0.15 1.66 2.47 2.87 3.30 1.42 1.18
M3C1T12 0.19 1.92 2.70 3.50 2.16 1.56 1.20
M3C2T1 2.47 2.80 3.82 4.81 5.85 2.00 1.55
M3C2T2 5.00 5.44 6.66 7.35 8.60 4.87 4.27
M3C2T3 3.05 3.40 5.80 5.55 6.65 2.55 2.06
M3C2T4 1.35 1.62 2.45 3.26 4.12 1.30 0.62
M3C2T5 3.70 4.05 5.22 6.33 7.50 3.15 2.62
M3C2T6 5.92 6.30 7.70 8.43 9.77 5.25 4.61
M3C2T7 9.45 9.93 11.68 13.30 14.25 8.61 7.15
M3C2T8 4.07 4.45 5.08 5.70 6.33 3.50 2.55
M3C2T9 2.37 2.60 3.15 3.62 4.12 2.01 1.56
M3C2T10 4.12 4.45 5.08 5.70 6.30 3.50 2.55
M3C2T11 2.55 3.15 3.75 4.26 4.80 2.10 1.68
M3C2T12 3.60 4.37 5.55 6.17 7.31 3.06 2.55
M3C3T1 3.20 3.48 4.40 5.36 6.37 2.71 2.25
M3C3T2 6.32 6.65 7.31 8.50 9.22 5.22 4.62
M3C3T3 4.02 5.34 6.21 6.93 8.07 3.93 3.40
M3C3T4 2.60 2.90 3.48 4.40 4.95 2.17 1.75
M3C3T5 5.12 5.50 6.30 6.98 5.90 3.50 2.92
M3C3T6 8.00 9.00 10.00 12.11 13.00 7.20 6.46
M3C3T7 11.00 11.47 12.60 14.25 15.22 10.12 9.27
M3C3T8 5.17 5.64 6.33 7.50 8.71 4.62 4.05
M3C3T9 3.77 4.40 5.52 6.56 8.10 3.20 2.71
M3C3T10 4.92 4.00 6.37 7.43 8.55 4.40 3.87
M3C3T11 3.80 4.40 5.10 5.68 6.75 3.20 2.71
M3C3T12 3.50 2.76 3.26 4.12 5.03 2.36 1.95
M4C1T1 0.90 1.25 1.68 2.45 3.26 1.25 0.62
M4C1T2 1.65 1.87 2.70 3.15 3.98 1.87 1.56
M4C1T3 0.50 1.42 1.31 1.65 2.58 0.95 0.47
M4C1T4 0.0 0.00 0.60 1.25 1.95 0.55 0.55
M4C1T5 1.72 2.02 290 4.12 5.03 2.02 1.68
M4C1T6 3.10 3.40 4.50 5.55 7.12 2.97 2.55
M4C1T7 4.57 4.80 5.52 6.12 7.65 4.40 3.75
M4C1T8 1.30 1.35 1.75 2.06 6.75 1.35 0.30
M4C1T9 5.5 0.62 1.05 1.70 2.13 0.62 0.50
139
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
M4C1T10 0.50 0.95 1.31 1.65 2.01 0.95 0.47
M4C1T11 0.00 0.00 0.32 3.5 7.5 0.27 0.00
M4C1T12 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.5 1.35 0.60 0.00
M4C2T1 2.40 2.71 3.71 4.25 4.81 3.10 2.62
M4C2T2 3.30 3.60 4.25 4.81 5.85 4.80 1.93
M4C2T3 1.85 2.45 3.00 3.48 4.00 2.10 1.68
M4C2T4 0.80 1.55 2.31 2.85 3.91 2.71 1.50
M4C2T5 3.70 4.05 5.22 6.33 7.00 4.05 3.50
M4C2T6 7.05 8.06 9.06 9.77 10.57 6.45 5.25
M4C2T7 7.87 8.71 9.67 10.92 11.25 7.17 6.50
M4C2T8 3.87 4.12 4.80 5.77 6.37 3.37 2.90
M4C2T9 2.80 3.03 3.98 4.65 5.03 2.36 1.95
M4C2T10 2.70 2.60 3.50 3.98 4.50 2.27 1.87
M4C2T11 0.65 1.12 1.35 2.10 2.53 0.62 0.60
M4C2T12 1.60 1.93 2.88 3.40 4.37 2.32 1.50
M4C3T1 3.97 4.37 5.55 6.17 7.31 3.93 2.97
M4C3T2 5.85 6.12 6.93 7.60 9.26 5.25 4.67
M4C3T3 3.75 3.98 5.03 5.60 6.18 5.07 3.15
M4C3T4 2.87 3.30 4.37 5.40 6.47 3.71 3.20
M4C3T5 6.45 6.82 7.70 8.43 9.31 5.77 5.12
M4C3T6 8.22 8.62 9.60 11.02 12.50 8.62 7.31
M4C3T7 8.60 8.92 9.90 11.25 12.07 8.40 7.17
M4C3T8 3.55 3.87 7.95 5.52 6.12 3.10 2.62
M4C3T9 4.95 4.65 8.61 5.95 6.56 3.87 4.12
M4C3T10 4.35 4.55 5.62 6.20 6.80 3.85 3.37
M4C3T11 2.55 3.26 3.87 4.80 5.77 2.17 1.75
M4C3T12 4.07 4.44 5.03 6.00 6.60 3.62 3.15
SE ± 0.320 0.168 0.251 0.179 0.272 0.245 0.161
CD @ 5% 0.862 0.471 0.699 0.501 0.762 0.685 o.452
4.2.43 Effect of seed treatment on electrical conductivity

(dSm-1)
From the data (Table 60) it was revealed that the
electrical conductivity differed significantly due to different
seed treatment during all the period of storage. It was noticed
that electrical conductivity increased with the advancement of
storage period. At initial stage when seed treated with 2%
KNO3 showed minimum (0.391 dSm-1) electrical conductivity
than the other treatment. Electrical conductivity increased
140
with increases in storage period, at the end of storage period it

was (0.878 dSm-1) recorded.
4.2.44 Effect of temperature on electrical conductivity

(dSm-1)
From the data, it was observed that the temperatures
had significant effect on seed electrical conductivity during all
the periods of storage. The 30 ± 20C temperature (C3) had
lowest electrical conductivity as compared to other
temperature. At initial stage (0.461 dSm-1) electrical
conductivity was recorded after 180 days of storage it was
increased up to (0.952 dSm-1) (Table 61)

interaction of seed treatment and temperature had significant
effect on electrical conductivity during all the periods of
storage. When seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept at 30 ± 20C
temperature (C3T7) recorded significantly lower electrical
conductivity throughout the storage period. At the end of
storage period, an electrical conductivity (0.848 dSm-1) was
recorded in interaction (C3T7).
141
Table 60 Effect of seed treatments on electrical

Treatments Electrical conductivity (dSm-1)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
T1: Control 0.529 0.627 0.728 0.819 1.005 1.018 1.043
T2: conc.H2SO4 3 min 0.448 0.553 0.647 0.738 0.911 0.924 0.948
T3: conc.H2SO4 5 min 0.483 0.578 0.689 0.781 0.958 0.971 0.996
T4: conc.H2SO4 10 min 0.504 0.600 0.711 0.796 1.011 1.023 1.048
T5: 1% KH2PO4 0.445 0.562 0.647 0.742 0.929 0.941 0.968
T6: 1% KNO3 0.420 0.508 0.615 0.711 0.883 0.895 0.920
T7: 2% KNO3 0.391 0.489 0.588 0.682 0.840 0.852 0.878
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 0.509 0.586 0.714 0.803 0.926 0.938 0.968
T9: Cow urine 0.538 0.631 0.748 0.837 1.028 1.041 1.066
T10: Mechanical 0.493 0.613 0.722 0.813 0.984 0.988 1.017
scarification
T12: Water soaking 0.510 0.608 0.718 0.809 0.992 1.016 1.030
SE ± 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.013 0.013 0.009
CD @ 5% 0.017 0.009 0.008 0.011 0.035 0.037 0.026
Table 61 Effect of temperature on electrical conductivity

(dSm-1)
Electrical conductivity(dSm-1)
Temperature DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1: 20 ± 20C 0.505 0.599 0.705 0.797 1.009 1.030 1.057
C2: 25 ± 20C 0.481 0.582 0.688 0.778 0.946 0.962 0.984
C3: 30 ± 20C 0.461 0.563 0.669 0.761 0.914 0.926 0.952
SE ± 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.007 0.005
CD @ 5% 0.008 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.018 0.019 0.013

Electrical conductivity (dSm-1)
Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T1 0.553 0.640 0.745 0.838 1.075 1.087 1.115
C1T2 0.478 0.561 0.668 0.758 0.973 0.985 1.010
C1T3 0.518 0.618 0.723 0.818 1.015 1.027 1.053
C1T4 0.533 0.638 0.738 0.833 1.078 1.089 1.115
C1T5 0.470 0.588 0.675 0.770 0.985 0.998 1.028
C1T6 0.440 0.513 0.641 0.735 0.935 0.948 0.973
C1T7 0.415 0.516 0.613 0.703 0.888 0.901 0.924
C1T8 0.520 0.595 0.723 0.813 0.985 0.998 1.023
C1T9 0.558 0.643 0.753 0.843 1.098 1.110 1.135
C1T10 0.530 0.635 0.733 0.825 1.058 1.045 1.095
142
Electrical conductivity(dSm-1)
Treatment
DAS
combination
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T11 0.530 0.630 0.735 0.825 0.993 1.130 1.153
C1T12 0.518 0.613 0.720 0.810 1.030 1.041 1.068
C2T1 0.528 0.633 0.728 0.818 0.985 0.998 1.023
C2T2 0.445 0.546 0.640 0.735 0.898 0.909 0.935
C2T3 0.480 0.568 0.690 0.780 0.945 0.959 0.983
C2T4 0.498 0.593 0.715 0.805 0.995 1.009 1.033
C2T5 0.453 0.570 0.648 0.738 0.918 0.931 0.955
C2T6 0.418 0.513 0.613 0.708 0.860 0.873 0.898
C2T7 0.398 0.485 0.588 0.683 0.825 0.838 0.863
C2T8 0.520 0.593 0.713 0.783 0.913 0.922 0.965
C2T9 0.538 0.631 0.748 0.838 1.005 1.018 1.043
C2T10 0.460 0.623 0.725 0.815 0.965 0.979 0.991
C2T11 0.515 0.624 0.715 0.808 1.030 1.046 1.065
C2T12 0.518 0.611 0.730 0.823 1.018 1.066 1.055
C3T1 0.508 0.609 0.710 0.803 0.955 0.967 0.993
C3T2 0.420 0.550 0.633 0.723 0.863 0.876 0.900
C3T3 0.453 0.548 0.655 0.745 0.915 0.926 0.953
C3T4 0.483 0.571 0.680 0.750 0.960 0.973 0.998
C3T5 0.413 0.528 0.618 0.718 0.885 0.894 0.923
C3T6 0.403 0.500 0.593 0.690 0.853 0.865 0.890
C3T7 0.361 0.465 0.563 0.660 0.809 0.816 0.848
C3T8 0.486 0.570 0.706 0.813 0.880 0.894 0.918
C3T9 0.519 0.620 0.743 0.830 0.983 0.995 1.020
C3T10 0.488 0.583 0.708 0.800 0.930 0.939 0.965
C3T11 0.508 0.608 0.715 0.805 1.015 1.026 1.050
C3T12 0.495 0.600 0.703 0.795 0.928 0.940 0.966
SE ± 0.011 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.004 0.012 0.016
CD @ 5% 0.031 0.016 0.014 0.019 0.011 0.035 0.047
4.2.46 Effect of seed treatment on seed moisture content

(%)
From the data (Table 63), it was revealed that the seed
moisture content showed significant difference due to different
seed treatments during all the period of storage. The moisture
content of seeds was highest at initial stage and decreased
with increased in storage period.
The initial moisture content (2.48 %) was recorded when
seed treated with 2% KNO3 (T7). At the end of storage period of
180 days the moisture content decreased up to (1.77 %).
143
4.2.47 Effect of temperatures on seed moisture content

(%)
From the data, it was concluded that the temperatures
had significant effect on moisture content during all the
periods of storage. Initially the lowest moisture content (2.55
%) was recorded at 30 ± 20C (C3) as compared to other
temperature. Moisture content decreased with increased in
storage period, at the end of storage 180 days (1.91%) was
recorded. (Table 64)

interaction effect of temperatures and seed treatment had
significant effect on seed moisture content. The moisture
content of seeds was highest at initial stage and decreased
during storage period. When seed treated with 2% KNO3 and
kept at 30 ± 20C temperatures (C3T7) recorded significantly
lower moisture content throughout the storage period. At the
end of storage period, the moisture content (1.79 %) was
recorded in interaction (C3T7) initially it was (2.47 %) recorded.
144
Table 63 Effect of seed treatment on seed moisture

content (%)
Treatments Moisture content (%)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
T1: Control 2.62 2.60 2.48 2.28 2.14 2.02 1.93
(9.32) (9.29) (9.07) (8.69) (8.42) (8.18) (7.98)
T2: conc.H2S04 3 min 2.55 2.53 2.42 2.24 2.08 1.96 1.86
(9.19) (9.16) (8.95) (8.60) (8.30) (8.06) (7.84)
T3: conc.H2S04 5 min 2.57 2.56 2.45 2.31 2.15 2.03 1.93
(9.23) (9.20) (9.00) (8.75) (8.44) (8.19) (8.00)
T4: conc.H2S04 10 min 2.59 2.57 2.47 2.32 2.17 2.07 1.98
(9.26) (9.23) (9.05) (8.77) (8.48) (8.28) (8.10)
T5: 1% KH2PO4 2.54 2.53 2.41 2.26 2.11 2.01 1.91
(9.18) (9.16) (8.93) (8.65) (8.35) (8.15) (7.96)
T6: 1% KNO3 2.49 2.48 2.35 2.20 2.04 1.92 1.87
(9.09) (9.06) (8.82) (8.53) (8.22) (7.96) (7.85)
T7: 2% KNO3 2.48 2.46 2.32 2.16 2.00 1.87 1.77
(9.07) (9.03) (8.76) (8.46) (8.14) (7.86) (7.65)
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 2.56 2.54 2.41 2.26 2.11 2.01 1.85
(9.21) (9.18) (8.94) (8.65) (8.36) (8.16) (7.80)
T9: Cow urine 2.62 2.59 2.47 2.30 2.15 2.05 1.97
(9.32) (9.27) (9.04) (8.73) (8.44) (8.24) (8.08)
T10: Mechanical 2.59 2.58 2.47 2.31 2.19 2.07 1.98
scarification (9.27) (9.25) (9.05) (8.74) (8.51) (8.27) (8.08)
(9.31) (9.27) (9.04) (8.72) (8.44) (8.26) (8.09)
T12: Water soaking 2.59 2.57 2.45 2.28 2.13 2.05 1.98
(9.27) (9.23) (9.02) (8.68) (8.40) (8.23) (8.09)
SE ± 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.019
CD @ 5% 0.017 0.015 0.017 0.017 0.020 0.017 0.052
Table 64 Effect of temperature on seed moisture content

(%)
Temperature Moisture content (%)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1: 20 ± 2 0C 2.60 2.58 2.45 2.27 2.12 2.01 1.92
(9.27) (9.24) (9.00) (8.67) (8.36) (8.15) (7.93)
C2: 25 ± 2 0C 2.57 2.55 2.44 2.29 2.13 2.01 1.93
(9.23) (9.19) (8.99) (8.70) (8.39) (8.16) (7.99)
C3: 30 ± 2 0C 2.55 2.54 2.42 2.26 2.12 2.02 1.91
(9.19) (9.16) (8.94) (8.64) (8.38) (8.16) (7.97)
SE ± 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.003 0.009
CD @ 5% 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.026

Treatment Moisture content (%)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T1 2.65 2.63 2.51 2.29 2.13 2.01 1.91
(9.36) (9.33) (9.11) (2.29) (8.38) (8.15) (7.94)
C1T2 2.57 2.56 2.42 2.23 2.07 1.96 1.87
(9.22) (9.20) (8.95) (2.23) (8.27) (8.05) (7.85)
145
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T3 2.60 2.59 2.46 2.31 2.17 2.03 1.92
(9.29) (9.26) (9.02) (2.31) (8.46) (8.19) (7.95)
C1T4 2.62 2.60 2.48 2.32 2.18 2.06 1.95
(9.31) (9.27) (9.05) (2.32) (8.49) (8.25) (8.02)
C1T5 2.57 2.55 2.42 2.26 2.08 1.99 1.89
(9.22) (9.18) (8.94) (2.26) (8.29) (8.11) (7.91)
C1T6 2.51 2.49 2.36 2.20 2.03 1.91 1.85
(9.11) (9.08) (8.84) (2.20) (8.19) (7.94) (7.82)
C1T7 2.51 2.49 2.33 2.15 1.99 1.86 1.76
(9.11) (9.08) (8.77) (2.15) (8.11) (7.84) (7.61)
C1T8 2.58 2.57 2.44 2.30 2.14 2.04 1.71
(9.25) (9.23) (8.99) (2.30) (8.41) (8.21) (7.44)
C1T9 2.66 2.61 2.47 2.30 2.14 2.07 2.00
(9.38) (9.29) (9.05) (2.30) (8.42) (8.26) (8.13)
C1T10 2.62 2.61 2.49 2.32 2.19 2.07 2.00
(9.32) (9.29) (9.07) (2.32) (8.50) (8.26) (8.13)
C1T11 2.65 2.63 2.50 2.29 2.15 2.07 2.01
(9.37) (9.33) (9.09) (2.29) (8.44) (8.26) (8.14)
C1T12 2.61 2.60 2.48 2.29 2.14 2.06 2.05
(9.30) (9.28) (9.05) (2.29) (8.42) (8.26) (8.23)
C2T1 2.63 2.61 2.49 2.29 2.17 2.01 1.93
(9.33) (9.30) (9.07) (2.29) (8.46) (8.14) (7.99)
C2T2 2.55 2.54 2.44 2.29 2.10 1.97 1.86
(9.18) (9.16) (8.98) (2.29) (8.33) (8.06) (7.84)
C2T3 2.58 2.56 2.47 2.32 2.16 2.02 1.94
(9.23) (9.20) (9.04) (2.32) (8.44) (8.16) (8.01)
C2T4 2.60 2.58 2.51 2.34 2.18 2.08 2.02
(9.27) (9.25) (9.11) (2.34) (8.48) (8.29) (8.16)
C2T5 2.55 2.53 2.41 2.31 2.14 2.03 1.93
(9.18) (9.15) (8.92) (2.31) (8.42) (8.18) (7.98)
C2T6 2.51 2.49 2.37 2.24 2.06 1.92 1.92
(9.11) (9.08) (8.85) (2.24) (8.26) (7.96) (7.94)
C2T7 2.49 2.47 2.34 2.21 2.02 1.88 1.78
(9.08) (9.04) (8.79) (2.21) (8.17) (7.87) (7.67)
C2T8 2.57 2.54 2.43 2.28 2.12 2.01 1.93
(9.22) (9.17) (8.97) (2.28) (8.37) (8.15) (7.98)
C2T9 2.62 2.60 2.49 2.33 2.18 2.07 1.97
(9.32) (9.28) (9.07) (2.33) (8.50) (8.28) (8.06)
C2T10 2.60 2.59 2.47 2.28 2.19 2.10 2.00
(9.27) (9.26) (9.03) (2.28) (8.52) (8.33) (8.14)
C2T11 2.62 2.59 2.47 2.30 2.13 2.06 1.97
(9.31) (9.25) (9.04) (2.30) (8.39) (8.25) (8.06)
C2T12 2.60 2.58 2.46 2.30 2.16 2.06 1.99
(9.27) (9.24) (9.01) (2.30) (8.45) (8.26) (8.10)
C3T1 2.60 2.58 2.47 2.29 2.15 2.06 1.96
(9.28) (9.24) (9.04) (2.29) (8.44) (8.26) (8.04)
C3T2 2.54 2.52 2.41 2.20 2.09 1.98 1.86
(9.17) (9.13) (8.93) (2.20) (8.31) (8.09) (7.83)
146
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C3T3 2.56 2.54 2.43 2.31 2.15 2.05 1.96
(9.20) (9.16) (8.97) (2.31) (8.42) (8.24) (8.04)
C3T4 2.56 2.54 2.45 2.32 2.18 2.09 2.00
(9.20) (9.17) (8.99) (2.32) (8.49) (8.32) (8.13)
C3T5 2.53 2.53 2.42 2.23 2.11 2.02 1.93
(9.16) (9.16) (8.94) (2.23) (8.35) (8.16) (7.99)
C3T6 2.49 2.47 2.33 2.18 2.05 1.94 1.85
(9.07) (9.04) (8.78) (2.18) (8.23) (8.01) (7.81)
C3T7 2.47 2.45 2.30 2.14 2.01 1.88 1.79
(9.04) (9.00) (8.73) (2.14) (8.15) (7.87) (7.68)
C3T8 2.55 2.52 2.38 2.23 2.09 2.01 1.94
(9.18) (9.14) (8.87) (2.23) (8.31) (8.14) (8.00)
C3T9 2.60 2.59 2.46 2.29 2.15 2.03 1.97
(9.28) (9.25) (9.03) (2.29) (8.43) (8.19) (8.06)
C3T10 2.58 2.56 2.48 2.34 2.19 2.05 1.94
(9.24) (9.21) (9.05) (2.34) (8.51) (8.23) (8.00)
C3T11 2.60 2.58 2.45 2.31 2.19 2.07 1.97
(9.27) (9.24) (9.01) (2.31) (8.51) (8.27) (8.07)
C3T12 2.58 2.56 2.45 2.26 2.12 2.03 1.92
(9.24) (9.20) (8.99) (2.26) (8.36) (8.18) (7.97)
SE ± 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.005 0.012 0.011 0.032
CD @ 5% 0.031 0.027 0.029 0.015 0.034 0.029 0.090
4.2.49 Effect of seed treatment on seed mycoflora (%)

From the data, it was revealed that seed mycoflora had
significant differences due to different seed treatment during
all the periods of storage. It was observed that seed mycoflora
increased with the advancement of storage period. When the
seed treated with conc. H2SO4 (T2,T3,T4) no mycofloral growth
was seen. Initially control (T1) i.e. untreated seed showed (20
%) mycoflora and at the end of storage period, it was (70 %)
recorded. (Table 66)
4.2.50 Effect of temperature on seed mycoflora (%)
From the data presented in table.67, it was observed that
the temperature had significant effect on seed mycoflora
during all periods of storage. Initially, lower (8.29 %) seed
mycoflora was recorded when seed kept at 20 ± 20C for
147
germination. It was observed that seed mycoflora increased

with the advancement of storage period. At the end of storage
period after 180 days higher (37.08 %) seed mycoflora was
recorded at same temperature.
treatments on seed mycoflora are presented in the Table 68.It
treatments had significant effect on seed mycoflora. The seed
when treated with conc. H2SO4 (T2,T3,T4) and kept at different
temperature (20, 25, 30 ± 20C) does not showed any
mycofloral growth.
Table.66 Effect of seed treatment on Seed mycoflora (%)
Treatments Seed mycoflora (%)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
T1: Control 20.00 26.66 40.00 50.00 55.83 63.33 70.00
(26.06) (30.94) (39.04) (44.97) (48.33) (52.79) (56.84)
T2: conc. H2SO4 3 min 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
T3: conc. H2SO4 5 min 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
T4: conc. H2SO4 10 min 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
T5: 1% KH2PO4 11.66 18.33 30.00 35.00 39.58 48.33 53.33
(19.86) (24.98) (33.20) (36.26) (38.98) (44.04) (46.92)
T6: 1% KNO3 6.66 13.33 20.00 26.66 35.83 40.00 45.00
(12.27) (21.32) (26.55) (31.06) (36.65) (39.17) (42.11)
T7: 2% KNO3 0.00 10.00 15.00 21.66 26.66 31.66 38.33
(0.00) (18.41) (22.77) (27.70) (31.04) (34.22) (38.22)
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.83 41.66 50.00
(22.58) (26.44) (29.92) (33.15) (36.72) (40.17) (44.99)
T9: Cow urine 26.50 31.66 40.00 46.66 50.41 60.00 66.66
(30.82) (34.14) (39.21) (43.07) (45.24) (50.79) (54.78)
T10: Mechanical 20.00 25.00 33.33 38.33 41.66 48.33 51.66
scarification (26.44) (29.92) (35.11) (38.15) (40.16) (44.04) (45.96)
(29.92) (33.15) (36.23) (41.12) (42.59) (45.97) (48.86)
T12:Water soaking 21.66 26.66 30.50 36.66 40.41 53.33 55.00
(27.51) (30.94) (33.45) (37.20) (39.44) (46.92) (47.88)
SE ± 0.177 0.185 0.176 0.154 0.149 0.147 0.148
CD @ 5% 0.496 0.516 0.493 0.430 0.417 0.411 0.413
148
Table 67 Effect of temperature on seed mycoflora (%)

Temperature Seed mycoflora (%)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
8.29 13.33 18.75 22.92 28.44 32.50 37.08
C1: 20 ± 2 0C
(12.80) (18.50) (22.38) (25.08) (28.44) (30.83) (33.53)
12.50 17.50 22.91 27.91 32.50 38.33 42.08
C2: 25 ± 2 0C
(16.92) (21.46) (24.98) (28.12) (30.84) (34.23) (36.41)
15.83 19.58 25.54 31.25 32.08 38.75 42.50
C3: 30 ± 2 0C
(19.15) (22.60) (26.52) (29.97) (30.52) (34.47) (36.70)
SE ± 0.089 0.092 0.088 0.077 0.075 0.074 0.074
CD @ 5% 0.248 0.258 0.246 0.215 0.208 0.206 0.206

Treatment Seed mycoflora (%)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T1 10.00 20.00 25.00 35.00 48.75 55.00 65.00
(18.41) (20.00) (30.00) (36.27) (44.29) (47.87) (53.73)
C1T2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
C1T3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
C1T4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
C1T5 10.00 10.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00
(18.41) (10.00) (33.21) (36.27) (39.23) (42.13) (45.00)
C1T6 0.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 33.75 35.00 40.00
(0.00) (15.00) (26.56) (30.00) (35.44) (36.27) (39.23)
C1T7 0.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 26.25 30.00 35.00
(0.00) (10.00) (22.78) (26.56) (30.80) (33.21) (36.27)
C1T8 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 32.50 35.00 40.00
(18.41) (15.00) (26.56) (30.00) (34.71) (36.27) (39.23)
C1T9 19.50 25.00 35.00 40.00 46.25 60.00 70.00
(26.20) (25.00) (36.27) (39.23) (42.85) (50.77) (56.79)
C1T10 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 36.25 40.00 45.00
(22.78) (20.00) (30.00) (33.21) (37.01) (39.23) (42.13)
C1T11 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 41.25 45.00 50.00
(26.56) (25.00) (33.21) (36.27) (39.96) (42.13) (45.00)
C1T12 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 36.25 45.00 50.00
(22.78) (20.00) (30.00) (33.21) (37.01) (42.13) (45.00)
C2T1 20.00 25.00 45.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00
(26.56) (25.00) (42.13) (47.87) (50.7) (53.73) (56.79)
C2T2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.0) (0.00) (0.00)
C2T3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
C2T4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
C2T5 10.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 55.00 60.00

(18.41) (25.00) (33.21) (36.27) (39.23) (47.87) (50.77)
149
Treatment Seed mycoflora (%)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C2T6 10.00 15.00 20.00 30.00 45.00 50.00 55.00
(18.41) (15.00) (26.56) (33.21) (42.13) (45.00) (47.87)
C2T7 0.00 10.00 15.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 45.00
(0.00) (10.00) (22.78) (30.00) (33.21) (36.27) (42.13)
C2T8 20.00 (25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 55.00
(26.56) (25.00) (33.21) (36.27) (39.23) (42.13) (47.87)
C2T9 25.00 30.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00
(30.00) (30.00) (39.23) (42.13) (45.00) (47.87) (50.77)
C2T10 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00
(26.56) (25.00) (33.21) (36.27) (39.23) (42.13) (45.00)
C2T11 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00
(30.00) (30.00) (36.27) (39.23) (42.13) (45.00) (47.87)
C2T12 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 60.00 55.00
(26.56) (25.00) (33.21) (36.27) (39.23) (50.77) (47.87)
C3T1 30.00 35.00 50.00 60.00 58.75 70.00 75.00
(33.21) (35.00) (45.00) (50.77) (50.09) (56.79) (60.00)
C3T2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
C3T3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
C3T4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) 0.00) (0.00) (0.00)
C3T5 15.00 20.00 30.00 35.00 38.75 45.00 50.00
(22.78) (20.00) (33.21) (36.27) (38.49) (42.13) (45.00)
C3T6 10.00 10.00 20.00 25.00 28.75 35.00 40.00
(18.41) (10.00) (26.56) (30.00) (32.40) (36.27) (39.23)
C3T7 0.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 23.75 30.00 35.00
(0.00) (10.00) (22.78) (26.56) (29.14) (33.21) (36.27)
C3T8 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 45.00 55.00
(22.78) (20.00) (30.00) (33.21) (36.22) (42.13) (47.87)
C3T9 35.00 40.00 45.00 55.00 55.00 65.00 70.00
(36.27) (40.00) (42.13) (47.87) (47.88) (53.73) (56.79)
C3T10 25.00 30.00 45.00 50.00 48.75 60.00 60.00
(30.00) (30.00) (42.13) (45.00) (44.25) (50.77) (50.77)
C3T11 30.00 35.00 40.00 55.00 51.25 60.00 65.00
(33.21) (35.00) (39.23) (47.87) (45.71) (50.77) (53.73)
C3T12 30.00 35.00 36.50 45.00 45.00 55.00 60.00
(33.21) (35.00) (37.16) (42.13) (42.10) (47.87) (50.77)
SE ± 0.307 0.433 0.305 0.267 0.258 0.255 0.256
CD @ 5% 0.859 1.210 0.853 0.745 0.722 0.712 0.715
4.2.52 Effect of seed treatment on seed weight (g)

From the data, it was revealed that the seed weight
the periods of storage. It was noticed that seed weight
decreased with increased in storage period. When seed treated
with 2% KNO3 (T7) showed minimum seed weight (3.39 g) as
150
compared to other. The seed weight was decreased (2.80 g)

after 180 days of storage. (Table 69)
4.2.53 Effect of seed temperature on seed weight (g)
From the data, (Table 70) it was observed that, the
different temperatures had significant differences in seed
weight. Among the temperatures 30 ± 20C (C3) showed lower
seed weight as compared to other. At initial stage (3.45 g) seed
weight was recorded, after 180 days of storage it decreased up
to (2.93g).
treatments on germination (g)
From the data (Table 71), it was recorded that, the
interaction effect of seed treatment and temperature had
significant effect on seed weight during all the periods of
storage. The seeds when treated with 2% KNO3 and kept at 30
± 20C (C3T7) recorded significantly minimum seed weight
during all the periods of storage. Initially it was (3.38 g) and
decreased with increased in storage period. At the end of
storage period (2.80 g) seed weight was recorded.
Table 69 Effect of seed treatment on seed weight (g)
Treatment Seed weight (g)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
T1: Control 3.51 3.49 3.41 3.23 3.09 3.04 2.96
T2: conc.H2SO4 3 min 3.44 3.43 3.33 3.14 3.05 2.96 2.87
T3: conc.H2SO4 5 min 3.47 3.46 3.38 3.17 3.08 3.02 2.91
T4: conc.H2SO410 min 3.48 3.47 3.38 3.19 3.12 3.06 2.97
T5: 1% KH2PO4 3.44 3.43 3.33 3.16 3.07 2.99 2.92
T6: 1% KNO3 3.39 3.38 3.27 3.11 3.01 2.92 2.84
T7: 2% KNO3 3.39 3.37 3.24 3.07 2.97 2.88 2.80
T8: 0.5% Thiourea 3.46 3.45 3.36 3.23 3.07 3.03 2.93
T9: Cow urine 3.51 3.50 3.42 3.26 3.11 3.04 2.96
T10: Mechanical scarification 3.49 3.48 3.38 3.22 3.10 3.02 2.96
T12: Water soaking 3.48 3.47 3.38 3.25 3.13 3.06 3.00
SE ± 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.008 0.012 0.010 0.003
CD @ 5% 0.015 0.009 0.009 0.023 0.034 0.028 0.009
151
Table 70 Effect of seed temperature on seed weight (g)

Temperature Seed weight (g)
DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1: 20 ± 2 0C 3.49 3.48 3.40 3.22 3.11 3.04 2.96
C2: 25 ± 2 0C 3.46 3.45 3.34 3.19 3.06 3.00 2.91
C3: 30 ± 2 0C 3.45 3.44 3.34 3.16 3.07 2.99 2.93
SE ± 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.002
CD @ 5% 0.008 0.005 0.005 0.012 0.017 0.014 0.005

Treatment Seed weight (g)
combination DAS
Initial 30 60 90 120 150 180
C1T1 3.54 3.51 3.44 3.29 3.16 3.08 2.99
C1T2 3.47 3.47 3.38 3.17 3.08 3.01 2.90
C1T3 3.50 3.50 3.41 3.21 3.14 3.09 2.98
C1T4 3.52 3.50 3.44 3.24 3.16 3.12 3.01
C1T5 3.48 3.47 3.38 3.18 3.11 3.02 2.92
C1T6 3.41 3.40 3.31 3.17 3.04 2.96 2.88
C1T7 3.40 3.40 3.28 3.11 2.99 2.91 2.82
C1T8 3.48 3.47 3.37 3.30 3.04 3.03 2.93
C1T9 3.55 3.54 3.48 3.31 3.16 3.09 3.00
C1T10 3.52 3.52 3.42 3.24 3.13 3.07 3.00
C1T11 3.54 3.52 3.45 3.24 3.14 3.07 3.01
C1T12 3.50 3.50 3.42 3.23 3.12 3.07 3.02
C2T1 3.52 3.52 3.42 3.23 3.02 3.02 2.95
C2T2 3.44 3.43 3.32 3.16 3.05 2.95 2.85
C2T3 3.47 3.46 3.37 3.18 3.05 3.00 2.92
C2T4 3.48 3.47 3.34 3.19 3.10 3.06 2.98
C2T5 3.43 3.42 3.30 3.17 3.09 3.00 2.92
C2T6 3.40 3.39 3.26 3.13 3.02 2.94 2.84
C2T7 3.39 3.38 3.24 3.10 2.99 2.88 2.78
C2T8 3.47 3.46 3.35 3.21 3.05 3.01 2.94
C2T9 3.51 3.50 3.39 3.24 3.08 3.01 2.92
C2T10 3.49 3.49 3.36 3.21 3.08 3.00 2.92
C2T11 3.51 3.50 3.41 3.25 3.13 3.15 2.95
C2T12 3.48 3.47 3.37 3.29 3.15 3.06 2.98
C3T1 3.47 3.46 3.38 3.20 3.11 3.02 2.96
C3T2 3.44 3.42 3.31 3.10 3.02 2.94 2.87
C3T3 3.45 3.44 3.36 3.13 3.07 2.98 2.87
C3T4 3.45 3.46 3.38 3.16 3.11 3.01 2.94
C3T5 3.42 3.41 3.32 3.13 3.04 2.97 2.92
C3T6 3.38 3.37 3.26 3.04 2.98 2.90 2.83
C3T7 3.38 3.36 3.22 3.02 2.94 2.85 2.80
C3T8 3.45 3.44 3.36 3.19 3.13 3.05 2.93
C3T9 3.49 3.47 3.41 3.23 3.11 3.02 2.97
C3T10 3.48 3.47 3.38 3.22 3.09 3.02 2.97
C3T11 3.49 3.48 3.38 3.25 3.14 3.07 3.02
C3T12 3.48 3.46 3.36 3.24 3.14 3.07 3.02
SE ± 0.008 0.006 0.006 0.015 0.021 0.017 0.006
CD @ 5% 0.024 0.016 0.016 0.041 0.059 0.048 0.016
152
152
5. DISCUSSION
The present investigation was undertaken to
standardize seed germination testing procedure of sarpgandha
(Rauvolfia serpentine Benth). The experiment was conducted
during season 2014-2015, at Seed Technology Research Unit
(STRU), M.P.K.V., Rahuri and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Project (‘Dhanwantari Garden’), M.P.K.V., Rahuri.
The experiment was conducted in Factorial
Completely Randomized Design (FCRD). The different seed
treatments employed were chemicals viz., H2SO4 for 3 min.
(T2), H2SO4 for 5 min. (T3) and H2SO4 for 10 min. (T4), 1%
KH2PO4 for 24 hrs. (T5), 1% KNO3 for 24 hrs. (T6), 2% KNO3 for
24 hrs. (T7), 0.5% Thiourea for 24 hrs. (T8) and Cow urine for 5
min. (T9). Among physical treatments viz., mechanical
scarification (T10), cold stratification for 24 hrs. (T11) and water
soaking for 24 hrs. (T12) were used in this experiment. The
treated seeds were germinated with different methods viz.,
between paper method (M1), sand method (M2), top of paper
method (M3) and cocopeat method (M1) and germinated at
different temperatures viz., 20 +2 OC (T1), 25 + 2 OC (T2) and
30 + 2 OC (T3) for standardization of germination test.
The seed quality attributes were studied in laboratory.
One of the serious hurdles in the commercial cultivation of
medicinal crops is low and prolonged period for germination of
seeds. The growth regulators were mostly useful for
enhancement of the germination of different medicinal plants.
153
The results obtained on seed germination, growth and

seed quality attributes have been discussed under the
following subheadings.
5.1 Germination
It is evident from the data that when seed treated with
2% KNO3 and kept at 30 ± 20C for germination in sand showed
maximum germination in sarpgandha. The seed when soaked
in nitrates of potassium increase the permeability of seed coat
due to that water enters into the seed, which results in
starting of germination activities. Similar result was also
reported by Tyagi and Sharma (1977) in Solanum nigrum. They
showed that, seeds treated with 0.2 per cent KNO3 improved
the germination percentage.
Among the germination methods, sand method (M2)
recorded higher germination. This might be due to rapid
exchange of gases between seed and its surrounding for
proper germination. The germination method plays an
important role in controlling supply of water and exchange of
gases. Similar observations were also been made by Singh et.
al. (1976) in Datura species. It has been noticed that the 30 ±
20C temperature was significantly superior over other
temperature and recorded the highest germination. This could
be owing to high rate of water by seed imbibition at high
temperature, since high temperature known to cause
increases in kinetic energy of water and decreases of its
viscosity.
Similar observation was also reported by Bhagat et al.
(1992) when seeds of Ephedra gerandiana sown in sand
medium recorded maximum germination with shortest period
154
than those sown on soil and filter paper. Interaction effect on

germination due to seed treatment, germination methods and
temperature was significant. The best combination for
interaction was germination in sand at 30 ± 20C temperature
when seed treated with 2% KNO3 recorded the highest
germination.
From the data, it was also revealed that the germination
differed significantly due to different seed treatment,
germination methods and temperature during all the period of
storage. It was noticed that at 120 days the germination was
at its highest when seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept in
sand at 300C for germination. At the end of the i.e. after 180
days of germination was decreased.
This indicates that various methods respond
differently at different temperature and seed treatment with
regards to their effect on germination. The storage period also
has same impact on germination of sarpgandha.
5.2 Root-shoot length
The root and shoot length of seedling data from result
revealed that, there was significant differences in root and
shoot length due to different germination methods,
temperature and seed treatments. The sand (M2) germination
method and seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept at 30 ± 20C
temperature recorded highest root and shoot length than the
other combination.
Similar findings had also been made by Bhagat et al.
(1992), who reported maximum germination and seedling
growth inWoodfordia fruiticosa when seeds sown in sand
medium compared to brick media and soil, which registered
155
58 and 43 %, respectively. Interaction effect on root and shoot

length due to seed treatment, germination methods and
temperature was significant. The best combination for
interaction was germination in sand kept at 30 ± 20C
temperature when seed treated with 2% KNO3 recorded the
highest root and shoot length.
In the present study, the root-shoot length increased
progressively up to 120 days of storage, it might be due to
completion of resting period of sarpgandha seed. After 120
days of storage the germination, root-shoot length declined
progressively with the advancing period of storage. This might
be due to ageing of seeds leads to deterioration which causes
decrease in germination percentage and root-shoot length.
5.3 Seedling dry weight
From the data it was seen that different seed
treatment, germination methods and temperature had
significant effect on seedling dry weight. This is because when
seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept at 30 ± 20C temperature
in sand method for germination which resulted increased
seedling dry weight by elongation of root and shoot length.
This improvement in root and shoot length of seedling due to
nitrates of potassium seed treatment which enhanced
metabolic activity, earliness in germination and seedling
growth. These results are in conformity with Kattimani et al.
(2001).
Interaction effect on seedling dry weight due to
different seed treatment, germination methods and
temperature were significant. The best combination for
interaction was sand method at 30± 20C when seed treated
156
with 2% KNO3 recorded highest seedling dry weight. This

indicates that sarpgandha seed respond differently at different
temperature, germination methods and seed treatment.
During the period of storage it was noticed that the
seedling dry weight was increased up to 120 days it might be
due to the completion of resting period of sarpgandha seed
which gave higher germination with higher vigour. At the end
of storage period the seedling dry weight was decreased.
Similar observation was also reported by Srimati et al., (2003)
reported that the dry matter content of seedling decreased
with increase in storage period.
5.4 vigour index I and II
Seed vigour is the sum of those properties of seed which
determine potential level of activity and performance of seed or
seed loss during germination and seedling emergence. It can
be measured by root and shoot length, germination percentage
and seedling dry weight. The seedling vigour-I is the
multiplication of sum of shoot and root length, with
germination percentage, whereas, vigour-II is the
multiplication of seedling dry weight and germination
percentage.
In the present investigation, vigour index-I and II was
maximum when seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept at 30 ±
20C temperature in sand method for germination. The
interaction effect on vigour index I and II due to different
germination methods, seed treatment and temperature were
significant.
The seed treatment 2% KNO3 kept at 30 ± 20C
temperature in sand exhibited highest vigour index I and II, as
157
a result of higher germination percentage, root-shoot length

and dry matter content throughout the storage period.
5.5 Electrical conductivity
The electrical conductivity of seed leachate indicates the
membrane integrity and quality of seed and it is negatively
correlated with seed quality. In the present investigation there
was significant difference in electrical conductivity due to
different seed treatment and temperature. Among the seed
treatment 2% KNO3 showed minimum electrical conductivity
than the other treatments.
The effect of temperature was also significant. It was
observed that electrical conductivity decreases with increases
in temperature.
The lowest electrical conductivity was recorded at 30 ± 20C
temperature.
Interaction effect on electrical conductivity due to various
seed treatment and temperature were found to be significant.
Among the interaction of seed treatment with 2% KNO3 and
kept at 30 ± 20C temperature recorded lowest electrical
conductivity. From the data it was also revealed that the
electrical conductivity differed significantly during all the
periods of storage. It was noticed that electrical conductivity
increased with the advancement of storage period.
5.6 Moisture content
From the data it was seen that different seed
treatment had significant effect on moisture content, the
lowest moisture content was observed when seed treated with
2% KNO3. It might be due to the osmosis phenomenon occurs
in the seed coat which cause loss of moisture from the seed.
158
At temperature 30 ± 20C recorded lowest moisture

content because of moisture content decreases with increases
in temperature. The seed treatment 2% KNO3 kept at 30 ± 20C
temperature recorded relatively lower moisture content
throughout the storage period. It might be due to effect of
potassium salt acting as descant at high temperature.
5.7 Seed mycoflora
Seed mycoflora increased with subsequent increase in
storage period. Increased susceptibility of fungal invasion can
be correlated with the increased metabolites in seed leachate.
Increased leaching from the seed may supply pathogen with a
ready source of food for their growth. When seed treated with
conc. H2SO4 for different duration the mycelia growth was not
seen. This could be of great use for raising disease free
seedling of sarpgandha.
Seed health testing of seed borne fungal spores
indicates the presence of seed borne fungal spores which
germinate and produce mycelium under favourable condition.
The mycelium growth becomes clearly visible on the seed
surface when freshly collected seed were kept at 30 ± 20C
temperature under moist condition. Highest mycelium growth
was observed at 30 ± 20C temperature.
During the period of storage the mycelium growth was
increased with increased in the temperature. Interaction effect
on seed mycoflora due to different seed treatment was
significant. The interaction were seed treated with conc. H2SO4
for different period i.e. 3 min., 5 min., 10 min. and kept at 20,
25, 30 ± 20C did not showed any mycelium growth. Similar
observation was also reported by Nautiyal et al. (2013) who
159
conducted the experiment on effect of some pre-soaking

scarification treatment on water uptake and germination of
Abrus precatorius.
5.8 Seed weight
In the present investigation from the data the seed
weight showed significant differences seed weight due to
different seed treatment. The lowest seed weight was observed
when seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept at 30 ± 20C. This
might be due to when seed treated with nitrates of potassium
it enters in to the seed coat and remove moisture from the
seed by the osmosis phenomenon. This removal of moisture
from seed decreases its weight.
During the storage seed weight slowly declined up to
180 days of storage, at the end of storage the moisture content
of seed was decreased.
160
6. SUMMARY AND CONCULSION
The present investigation was undertaken to standardize

seed germination testing procedure of sarpgandha (Rauvolfia
serpentina). The experiment was conducted during the year
2014-2015, at Seed Technology Research Unit (STRU), M.P.K.V.,
Rahuri. and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Project
(‘Dhanwantari Garden’), M.P.K.V. Rahuri.
The sarpgandha seeds were treated with different
treatments i.e. chemicals viz., H2SO4 for 3 min. followed by shade
drying (T2), H2SO4 for 5 min. followed by shade drying (T3) and
H2SO4 for10 min. followed by shade drying (T4), 1% KH2PO4 for
24 hrs. followed by shade drying (T5), 1% KNO3 for 24 hrs.
followed by shade drying (T6), 2% KNO3 for 24 hrs. followed by
shade drying (T7), 0.5% Thiourea for 5 min. followed by shade
drying (T8) and Cow urine for 5 min. followed by shade drying
(T9) and physical viz., mechanical scarification with sand paper
(T10), cold stratification for 24 hrs. followed by shade drying (T11),
water soaking for 24hrs. followed by shade drying (T12), along
with control i.e. untreated seeds (T1) were used for experiments.
The treated seeds were germinated with different methods
viz., between paper method (M1), sand method (M2), top of paper
method (M3) and cocopeat method and temperatures viz., 20 + 2
OC (T1), 25 + 2OC (T2) and 30 + 2OC (T3) were used for
standardization of germination test. The experiment was
conducted in Factorial Completely Randomized Design (FCRD)
161
with four replications to assess the suitable method, temperature

and treatment for germination.
The observation of seed quality attributes were recorded
viz., germination (%), root length (cm), shoot length (cm), dry
matter content of seedling (mg), vigour index-I, vigour index-II,
seed mycoflora (%), moisture content (%), electrical conductivity
(dsm-1), 100 seed weight.
6.1 Summary
The important findings of the investigation are
summarized, as below.
6.1.1 Germination
The sarpgandha seed exhibited consistently higher
germination when seed treated with 2% KNO3 than the other
treatments. The sand method recorded highest germination
when kept at 30 + 2OC temperature under the studies. During
180 days of storage period 2% KNO3 seed treatment kept at 30 +
2OC in sand for germination (M2C3T7) recorded consistently
higher germination than the other treatment, germination
methods and temperature. Therefore, 2% KNO3 seed treatment,
sand method and 30 + 2OC temperature was found suitable for
germination of sarpgandha seed.
6.1.2 Root and shoot length

The seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept at 30 + 2OC
temperature in sand showed consistently higher root-shoot
length as its germination was higher. In the storage condition the
seed when treated with 2% KNO3 kept at 30 + 2OC temperature
162
in sand exhibited consistent high root-shoot length than other

combinations.
6.1.3 Seedling dry weight
The seedling dry weight exhibited significantly higher value
in the seed treatment 2% KNO3, as its root-shoot length was
higher than others. During 180 days of storage period 2% KNO3
seed treatment kept at 30 + 2OC in sand for germination (M2C3T7)
recorded consistently higher Seedling dry weight than the other
treatments, germination methods and temperature.
6.1.4 Vigour index I and II

The seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept in sand method at
30 + 2OC temperature exhibited consistently higher vigour index.
than the other treatments and germination methods and
temperature combination . Same trend was observed during
storage where seed treated with 2% KNO3 kept at 30 + 2OC
temperature in sand method recorded higher vigour index.
6.1.5 Electrical conductivity

The seed treated with 2% KNO3 showed consistently lower
electrical conductivity, as it had higher germination than the
other treatment. The 30 + 2OC temperature recorded lowest
electrical conductivity than the other temperature. The seed
treated with 2% KNO3 and kept at 30 + 2OC showed consistently
lower electrical conductivity throughout the storage period, as it
had higher germination percentage.
163
6.1.6 Moisture content

Moisture content of 2% KNO3 treated seed and 30 + 2OC
temperature showed statistically significant results. The
moisture content was higher when fresh seed was collected from
the field. The seed treated 2% KNO3 showed lower moisture
content than the other treatments as it had higher germination.
It was observed that the moisture content decrease with increase
in storage period.
6.1.7 Seed mycoflora

In acid scarification i.e. when seed was treated with conc.
H2SO4 for different periods i.e. 3 min, 5 min, 10 min and kept at
20, 25, 30 ± 20C temperature mycelium growths was no seen. It
was also observed that mycelium growth increases with
increases in temperature. Same trend was when seed treated
with conc. H2SO4 did not showed any mycelium growth during
the period of storage.
6.1.8 Seed weight

The seed treated with 2% KNO3 showed lower seed weight
as it had higher germination than the other treatments. The
temperature had significant effect on seed weight; it was
observed that seed weight decreases with increase in
temperature. At initial stage the seed weight was higher as it
contained maximum moisture content. The moisture content
decreases with increase in storage period.
164
6.2 Conclusion
The following broad conclusions are drawn from the present
studies
 It is concluded that the seed treated with 2% KNO3 is the
best seed treatment for successful establishment of
sarpgandha seedlings which gave highest germination
percentage.
 The seed treated with different chemicals viz., 2%, KNO3
and 1% KNO3 increased the root and shoot length.
 The sand method was suitable method to use for seed
germination test for getting the higher germination
percentage.
 The temperature 30 ± 2OC is ideal for increased seed
germination.
 The seeds treated with 2%, KNO3 and kept in sand method
at 30 ± 2 OC are the ideal conditions for higher germination.
However where the seed was treated with conc. H2SO4 the
mycelia growth was not seen. This could be of great use for
raising the disease free seedling.
 It was noticed that at 120 days the germination was at its
highest when seed treated with 2% KNO3 and kept in sand
at 300C for germination. At the end of the i.e. after 180
days of germination was decreased.
The above mentioned conclusions are based on the
results of one season experiment and needs further
experiment to conform the suitable method for germination
and accurate benefits.
165
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176
8. V I T A
A candidate for the degree
Of
In
AGRICULTURAL BOTANY
(SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY)
2015
Title of Thesis : “Standardization of seed germination

testing procedure in Sarpgandha
(Rauvolfia serpentina Benth)”
Major Field : Seed Science and Technology
BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION:
Personal data : Born on 20th July, 1992 at Gokunda,
Tal – Kinwat, Dist – Nanded, Maharashtra
state. Son of Sau. Yeshodhara and Shri.
Renurao Muneshwar
Educational : Passed S.S.C. examination from
Cosmopolitan Vidyalaya Kinwat, Tal-
Kinwat Dist-Nanded with first class (74.76
%) in 2007
177
: Passed H.S.C. from Mahatma Jotiba Phule

Junior Collage Gokunda, Tal-Kinwat Dist-
Nanded with Frist Class (74.67 %) in
2009.
: Passed B.Sc (Agriculture) from, Shri
Shivaji Agriculture College Amravati, Dr.
Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth
Akola with second class (74.10 %) in
2013.
Address : A/ P –Vaishali Nagar Gokunda Tal-
Kinwat, Dist- Nanded, Maharashtra,
(India).
E mail- mbudhabhushan@gmail.com
T1: Control
T2: conc. H2so4 3 min
40 T3: conc. H2so4 5 min

30
Germination %
T5: 1% KH2PO4
T6: 1% KNO3
20
T7: 2% KNO3
T8: 0.5% Thiourea
10
T9: Cow urine
0 T10: Mechanical
scarification
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
T11: Stratification
Seed treatment
T12: Water soaking
Fig 1 Effect of seed treatments on germination %
35
30
Germination %
25
20 M1: Between paper
15 M2: sand method
10
M3: Top of paper
M4: Cocopeat
5
0
M1 M2 M3 M4
Germination methods
Fig 2 Effect of germination methods on germination %
30
25
Germination %
20
C1: 20 ± 2 0C
15
10 C2: 25 ± 2 0C
5 C3: 30 ± 2 0C
0
C1 C2 C3
Temperature
Fig 3 Effect of temperature on germination %

3.000 T1: Control
T2:conc. H2so4 3 min
2.500 T3: conc. H2so4 5 min
2.000
T5: 1% KH2PO4
Root length (cm)
1.500 T6: 1% KNO3

T7: 2% KNO3
1.000
T8: 0.5% Thiourea
0.500 T9: Cow urine
T10: Mechanical
0.000 scarification
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T11: Stratification
Seed treatment T12: Water soaking
Fig 4 Effect of seed treatment on root length (cm)
4.00
Root length (cm)
3.00
M1: Between paper
2.00 M2: sand method
M3: Top of paper
1.00 M4: Cocopeat
0.00
M1 M2 M3 M4
Germination method
Fig 5 Effect of germination method on root length (cm)
2.50
Root length (cm)
2.00
1.50
C1: 20 ± 2 0C
1.00
C2: 25 ± 2 0C
0.50 C3: 30 ± 2 0C
0.00
C1 C2 C3
Temperature
Fig 6 Effect of temperature on root length (cm)

T1: Control
6.000 T4: conc. H2so4 10 min
T5: 1% KH2PO4
Shoot length (cm)
5.000 T6: 1% KNO3
T7: 2% KNO3
4.000
T8: 0.5% Thiourea
3.000 T9: Cow urine
T10: Mechanical
2.000 scarification
T11: Stratification
1.000
T12: Water soaking
0.000
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Seed treatment
Fig 7 Effect of seed treatment on shoot length (cm)
8.00
7.00
Shoot length (cm)
6.00
M1: Between paper
5.00
M2: sand method
4.00 M3: Top of paper
3.00 M4: Cocopeat
2.00
1.00
0.00
M1 M2 M3 M4
Germination method
Fig 8 Effect of germination method on shoot length (cm)
6.40
6.20
Shoot length (cm)
6.00
5.80
5.60
C1: 20 ± 2 0C
5.40 C2: 25 ± 2 0C
5.20 C3: 30 ± 2 0C
5.00
C1 C2 C3
Temperature
Fig 9 Effect of temperature on shoot length (cm)

250.000 T1: Control

200.000 T4: conc. H2so4 10 min
T5: 1% KH2PO4
150.000 T6: 1% KNO3
T7: 2% KNO3
T8: 0.5% Thiourea
100.000 T9: Cow urine
T10: Mechanical
50.000 scarification
T11: Stratification
T12: Water soaking
0.000
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Seed treatment
Fig 10 Effect of seed treatment on seedling dry weight (mg)
250.00
200.00
150.00
M1: Between paper
M2: sand method
100.00 M3: Top of paper
M4: Cocopeat
50.00
0.00
M1 M2 M3 M4
Germination methods
Fig 11 Effect of germination method on seedling dry weight (mg)
200.00
150.00
100.00 C1: 20 ± 2 0C
C2: 25 ± 2 0C
50.00 C3: 30 ± 2 0C
0.00
C1 C2 C3
Temperature
Fig 12 Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight (mg)

400.000 T1: Control
300.000 T4: conc. H2so4 10 min
Vigour index-I
T5: 1% KH2PO4
T6: 1% KNO3
200.000
T7: 2%KNO3
T8: 0.5% Thiourea
100.000 T9: Cow urine
T10: Mechanical
scarification
0.000 T11: Stratification
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T12: Water soaking
Seed treatment
Fig 13 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-I
350.00
300.00
Vigour index-I
250.00 M1: Between paper

200.00
M2: sand method
M3: Top of paper
150.00 M4: Cocopeat
100.00
50.00
0.00
M1 M2 M3 M4
Germination methods
Fig 14 Effect of germination method on vigour index-I
300.00
250.00
200.00
Vigour index-I
150.00 C1: 20 ± 2 0C
C2: 25 ± 2 0C
100.00
C3: 30 ± 2 0C
50.00
0.00
C1 C2 C3
Temperature
Fig 15 Effect of temperature on vigour index-I

T1: Control
10
8 T3: conc. H2so4 5 min
Vigour index-II
6 T5: 1% KH2PO4
T6: 1% KNO3
4 T7: 2%KNO3
T8: 0.5% Thiourea
2 T9: Cow urine
T10: Mechanical
0 scarification
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T11: Stratification
Fig 16 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-II
6
vigour index-II
M1: Between paper

M2: sand method
4 M3: Top of paper
M4: Cocopeat
2
0
M1 M2 M3 M4
Germination methods
Fig 17 Effect of germination method on vigour index-II
8
Vigour index-II
6
C1: 20 ± 2 0C
4 C2: 25 ± 2 0C
C3: 30 ± 2 0C
2
0
C1 C2 C3
Temperature
Fig 18 Effect of temperature on vigour index-II

0.600 T1: Control
Electric conductivity (dSm-1)

0.400 T5: 1% KH2PO4
T6: 1% KNO3
0.300
T7: 2%KNO3
0.200 T8: 0.5% Thiourea
T9: Cow urine
0.100 T10: Mechanical
scarification
Seed treatment
Fig 19 Effect of seed treatment on electric conductivity (dSm-1)

Electric conductivity (dsm-1)
0.520
0.500
0.480
C1: 20 ± 2 0C
0.460 C2: 25 ± 2 0C
0.440 C3: 30 ± 2 0C
0.420
C1 C2 C3
Temperature
Fig 20 Effect of temperature on electric conductivity (dSm1)
T1: Control
Moisture content (%)
2.600 T5: 1% KH2PO4

T6: 1% KNO3
2.550 T7: 2% KNO3
T8: 0.5% Thiourea
2.500 T9: Cow urine
T10: Mechanical
2.450 scarification
T11: Stratification
2.400 T12: Water soaking
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Seed treatment
Fig 21 Effect of seed treatment on moisture content (%)

2.60
Moisture content (%) 2.59
2.58
2.57 C1: 20 ± 2 0C
2.56 C2: 25 ± 2 0C
2.55 C3: 30 ± 2 0C
2.54
2.53
C1 C2 C3
Temperature
Fig 22 Effect of temperature on moisture content (%)
30.000
T1: Control
25.000 T2: conc. H2so4 3 min
Seed mycoflora (%)

20.000 T4: conc. H2so4 10 min
T5: 1% KH2PO4
15.000 T6: 1% KNO3
T7: 2% KNO3
10.000 T8: 0.5% Thiourea
T9: Cow urine
5.000 T10: Mechanical
scarification
Seed treatment
Fig 23 Effect of seed treatments on seed mycoflora (%)
20.00
Seed mycoflora (%)
15.00
10.00
C1: 20 ± 2 0C
5.00 C2: 25 ± 2 0C
C3: 30 ± 2 0C
0.00
C1 C2 C3
Temperature
Fig 24 Effect of temperature on seed mycoflora (%)

3.550 T1: Control
T2:conc. H2so4 3 min
Seed weight (%) 3.500 T3: conc. H2so4 5 min
3.450 T5: 1% KH 2PO4
T6: 1% KNO3
3.400 T7: 2% KNO3
T8: 0.5% Thiourea
3.350 T9: Cow urine
T10: Mechanical
3.300 scarification
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T11: Stratification
Fig 25 Effect of seed treatments on seed weight (g)
3.50
3.49
Seed weight (g)
3.48
3.47
3.46
C1: 20 ± 2 0C
C2: 25 ± 2 0C
3.45
C3: 30 ± 2 0C
3.44
3.43
3.42
C1 C2 C3
Temperature
Fig 26 Effect of temperature on seed weight (g)

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STANDARDIZATION OF SEED GERMINATION

TESTING PROCEDURE IN SARPGANDHA

Mr. BUDHABHUSHAN RENURAO MUNESHWAR

A Thesis Submitted to the

MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BOTANY

POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE

A Thesis submitted to the

MAHATMA PHULE KRISHI VIDYAPEETH

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

Dr. M. T. Bhingarde Dr. S. B. Chaudhary

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL BOTANY

I hereby declare that this thesis or a part

there of has not been submitted

by me or any other person

to any other University

Place: MPKV, Rahuri

This is to certify that the thesis

Place: MPKV, Rahuri (Dr. V. R. Shelar)

Dr. B.R. Ulmek

This is to certify that the thesis entitled,

Place : MPKV, Rahuri ( B.R. Ulmek)

Dated: / /2015. (Associate Dean)

Gratitude cannot be seen or expressed; it can be felt deep in heart

Heartful thanks also to librarian Mr. P. A. Shinde and their

While travelling on the path of life and education, many hands

temperature and seed treatment on

4.2.7 Interaction effect of germination methods, 79

temperature on seedling dry weight (mg)

4.2.48 Interaction effect of temperature and seed 143

Fig.no Caption Between

Interaction effect of germination methods and seed

26 Effect of germination methods on root length (cm) 94

27 Effect of temperatures on root length (cm) 94

41 Effect of temperature on seedling dry weight (mg) 114

Interaction effect of germination methods, temperature

46 Effect of seed treatment on vigour index-I 123

47 Effect of germination methods on vigour index-I 124

The present investigation was undertaken to standardize

Abstract contd… Mr. B.R. Muneshwar

Abstract contd… Mr. B.R. Muneshwar

Sarpgandha Rauvolfia serpentine L. Benth. (Family:

This species is native to Bangladesh, Burma, Sri Lanka,

equable climatic variations seem to be more suited than the

seeds is difficult due to less viability and very low germination

In view of the above, the present study entitled

1. Standardization of seed germination testing procedure of

2.1 Effect of seed treatments

Joshua (1978) reported that pre-sowing seed treatment

Dey and Choudhari (1982) treated the Ocimum sanctum

Bahuguna et al. (1987) reported that the highest

Jones and Sanders (1987) reported that increased the rate

Mandal et al. (1987) reported that 80 and 82 per cent

Veeraragavadatham et al. (1988) found that ipecac

Radhakrishnan et al. (1989) reported that seeds treated

Mehta and Sen (1990) reported that exposing the seed to 8

Gupta et al. (1997) reported that seeds treated with

Harakumar (1997) reported that seeds of Gymnema

Seal and Gupta (1998) reported that highest rate of

nitrates of sodium and potassium at 1.0% for 24 hr produced

Ghule et al. (2001) conducted the experiment on seed