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Understanding Myopia, Hypermetropia, and Refraction

The document discusses three common vision defects: myopia (near-sightedness), hypermetropia (far-sightedness), and presbyopia (age-related vision decline), along with their causes and corrective measures. It also explains atmospheric refraction, which is the bending of light due to varying air densities, leading to phenomena such as the twinkling of stars and mirages. Additionally, it highlights the effects of atmospheric refraction on the visibility of celestial bodies and the colors observed during sunrise and sunset.

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48 views3 pages

Understanding Myopia, Hypermetropia, and Refraction

The document discusses three common vision defects: myopia (near-sightedness), hypermetropia (far-sightedness), and presbyopia (age-related vision decline), along with their causes and corrective measures. It also explains atmospheric refraction, which is the bending of light due to varying air densities, leading to phenomena such as the twinkling of stars and mirages. Additionally, it highlights the effects of atmospheric refraction on the visibility of celestial bodies and the colors observed during sunrise and sunset.

Uploaded by

charvikamadduri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Myopia

1. Myopia is also known as near – sightedness


2. A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly but cannot see distant objects
distinctly.
3. A person with this defect has the far point nearer than infinity.
4. In a myopic eye, the image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina and not at the
retina itself
5. (i) excessive curvature of the eye lens, (ii) elongation of the eyeball. This defect can be
corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power.
6. A concave lens of suitable power will bring the image back on to the retina and thus the
defect is corrected.

Hypermetropia :

1. Hypermetropia is also known as far-sightedness


2. A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but cannot see nearby objects
distinctly.
3. The near point, for the person, is farther away from the normal near point (25 cm).
4. This is because the light rays from a closeby object are focussed at a point behind the retina
5. (i) the focal length of the eye lens is too long, or (ii) the eyeball has become too small.
6. This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of appropriate power
7. Eye-glasses with converging lenses provide the additional focussing power required for
forming the image on the retina.
Presbyopia :
1. The power of accommodation of the eye usually decreases with ageing
2. For most people, the near point gradually recedes away.
3. They find it difficult to see nearby objects comfortably and distinctly without corrective eye-
glasses.
4. This defect is called PresbyopiaIt arises due to the gradual weakening of the ciliary muscles
and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens. a person may suffer from both myopia and
hypermetropia. Such people often require bi-focal lenses. A common type of bi-focal lenses
consists of both concave and convex lenses.
5. These days, it is possible to correct the refractive defects with contact lenses or through
surgical interventions.

ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION :

1.  Definition: Atmospheric refraction is the bending of light as it passes through air


layers of different densities.
2.  Cause: Light slows down in denser air, causing it to bend toward the denser layers.
3.  Day and Night Effects: Causes the sun to appear slightly above the horizon and
affects the moon and stars' apparent positions.
4.  Twinkling of Stars: Light bends through turbulent layers of the atmosphere,
causing stars to twinkle.
5.  Colors of Sunset and Sunrise: Light scattering during sunset and sunrise makes
the sky appear red/orange.
6.  Mirages: Optical illusions caused by light bending over hot surfaces, making the
ground appear wet.
7.  Ship Visibility: Refraction allows ships to be seen beyond the horizon.
8.  Green Flash: A brief green color seen at sunrise or sunset due to light separation.
9.  Astronomical Impact: Refraction distorts the positions of stars, planets, and the
moon.

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