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regular astigmatism:
• With the rule the greater refractive power is in the
vertical meridian
• Against the rule the greater refractive power is in the
horizontal meridian
• Oblique astigmatism the principal meridians are more
than 20° from the horizontal and vertical meridians
Types of regular astigmatism
• Refractive types of astigmatism :
– Simple hyperopic astigmatism one meridian is
emmetropic, the other is hyperopic
– Simple myopic astigmatism one principal meridian is
emmetropic, the other is myopic
– Compound hyperopic astigmatism both principal
meridians are hyperopic to different degree
– Compound myopic astigmatism both principal
meridians are myopic to different degree
– Mixed astigmatism one principal meridian is hyperopic,
the other is myopic
• Symptoms of astigmatism:
– Blurred vision high astigmatism
– Good VA but asthenopia & frontal headache especially
while patient is doing precise work at a fixed distance with
prolonged periods low grade astigmatism
– Transient blurred vision at near, relieved by closing or
rubbing the eyes
– Tilting / turning of the head high degree of oblique
astigmatism
– Squint to achieve a pinhole effect at distance and near
The letters seen by astigmatic
patients
• Treatment of astigmatism:
– Cylinders lenses
– Rigid Gas Permeable (RGP) contact lens
– Toric Contact lens
(Vaughan, 2004)
CONTACT LENS PROBLEM
Mild iritation,discomfort,corneal aberration ..>
Seriously potential Infection
Symptoms of this infection include irritation,
pain, redness, watery eyes or discharge from
the eye. A person may also become sensitive
to light and experience blurred vision..>blind
CL PROBLEMS
• Predisposing factors
• Dry eye.
• Blepharitis.
• Atopic or allergic conjunctivitis.
• Poor lens care or inexperienced CL user.
• Prolonged lens wear including overnight wear.
• Smoking.
• Immunosuppression.
• Trauma
• Systemic disease.
spectacles
CLE
Contact lens
Phakic IOL
Thank You