AM1 Mathematical Analysis 1 Oct. 2011 Feb.

2012
Exercises Lecture 13
Date: January 13
Example 13.1.
1. lim
x0
+
4
1
x
2. lim
x0

4
1
x
1. lim
x0
+ 4
1
x
= lim
x0
+ e
log 4
x
= +
2. lim
x0
4
1
x
= lim
x0
e
log 4
x
= 0
Example 13.2.
lim
x1
+
(sin x)
1
log
2
x
lim
x1
+
(sin x)
1
log
2
x
= lim
x1
+
e
log sin x
log
2
x
= 0
Since log sin x < 0 for any x such that sin x > 0.
Example 13.3.
lim
x1
|x 1|
x1
lim
x1
|x 1|
x1
= lim
x1
e
(x1) log |x1|
= lim
y0
e
y log |y|
= 1
Since lim
y0
y log y = 0.
Example 13.4.
lim
x0
sin x

x
1 cos
4

x
We have that
sin x

x =

x(
sin x

x
1)
=

x(1 + o(1)) for x 0

13-1
13-2
and
1 cos
4

x =
1
2

x(1 + o(1)) for x 0

Thus
lim
x0
sin x

x
1 cos
4

x
= 2
Example 13.5.
lim
x+
x[log(x + 1) log x]
We have that
lim
x+
x[log(x + 1) log x] = lim
x+
xlog
_
x + 1
x
_
= lim
x+
xlog
_
1 +
1
x
_
= lim
y0
1
y
log(1 + y)
= lim
y0
y(1 + o(1))
y
= 1
Example 13.6.
lim
x+
(x + 5)
_
x + 1
x 1
x
We have that
lim
x+
(x + 5)
_
x + 1
x 1
x = lim
x+
x
_
_
x + 1
x 1
1
_
+ 5
_
x + 1
x 1
= 5 + lim
x+
x
_
_
1 +
2
x 1
1
_
= 5 + lim
x+
x
_
1 +
1
2
2
x 1
+ o
_
1
x
_
1
_
= 5 + lim
x+
x
x 1
= 6
Where
x+1
x1
= 1 +
2
x1
is obtained by polynomial division.
13-3
Example 13.7.
lim
x+
_
x
3
2x + 1
x
2
+ x
3
_
2x
2
+1
x3
First of all we rewrite the limit in the following equivalent form
lim
x+
e
2x
2
+1
x3
log

x
3
2x+1
x
2
+x
3

Next we perform the division of x

3
2x + 1 by x
3
+ x
2
and nd
x
3
2x + 1
x
2
+ x
3
= 1 +
x
2
2x + 1
x
3
+ x
2
Therefore
2x
2
+ 1
x 3
log
_
x
3
2x + 1
x
2
+ x
3
_
=
2x
2
+ 1
x 3
log
_
1 +
x
2
2x + 1
x
3
+ x
2
_
=
_
2x
2
+ 1
x 3
_ _
x
2
2x + 1
x
3
+ x
2
_
(1 + o(1))
=
2x
4
(1 + o(1))
x
4
(1 + o(1))
(1 + o(1))
= 2 (1 + o(1)) for x +
Thus
lim
x+
_
x
3
2x + 1
x
2
+ x
3
_
2x
2
+1
x3
= e
2
Example 13.8.
lim
x0
log cos x
sin 2x
2
We have that
sin 2x
2
= 2x
2
+ o(x
4
) for x 0
cos x = 1
x
2
2
+ o(x
3
) for x 0
log
_
1
x
2
2
+ o(x
3
)
_
=
x
2
2
+ o(x
2
) for x 0
Thus
lim
x0
log cos x
sin 2x
2
=
1
4
13-4
Example 13.9.
lim
x0
+
(sin x)
x
2
+3xlog x
First of all we do the classic trick
lim
x0
+
(sin x)
x
2
+3xlog x
= lim
x0
+
e
(x
2
+3xlog x) log(sin x)
Then we note that
sin x = x + o(x
2
) for x 0
+
log sin x = log(x + o(x
2
))
= log(x(1 + o(x)))
= log x + log(1 + o(x))
= log x + o(x) for x 0
+
Thus
lim
x0
+
(sin x)
x
2
+3xlog x
= lim
x0
+
e
x
2
log x+3xlog
2
x+o(1)
= 1
since lim
x0
+ x

log

x = 0 for any > 0 and any real .

Example 13.10.
lim
x0
+
log(1 + sin x)
sin 2x + x
2
log x
Now we have that
sin 2x = 2x + o(x
2
) for x 0
+
log(1 + sin x) = log(1 + x + o(x
2
))
= x + o(x) for x 0
+
sin 2x + x
2
log x = 2x + o(x
2
) + x
2
log x
= 2x(1 + xlog x + o(x))
= 2x(1 + o(1)) for x 0
+
Thus
lim
x0
+
log(1 + sin x)
sin 2x + x
2
log x
=
1
2
Example 13.11.
lim
x0
e
2x3
e
3
sin x
13-5
We have that
lim
x0
e
2x3
e
3
sin x
= e
3
lim
x0
e
2x
1
x(1 + o(x
2
))
= e
3
lim
x0
1 + 2x + o(x) 1
x(1 + o(x
2
))
= 2e
3
Example 13.12.
lim
x0
sin
_

1 + x
2
1
_
x
We have that
lim
x0
sin
_

1 + x
2
1
_
x
= lim
x0
1 +
1
2
x
2
+ o(x
2
) 1
x
= lim
x0
1
2
x
2
+ o(x
2
)
x
= 0
Example 13.13.
lim
x0
_
log(1 + x) + sin x + x
x + x
2
_
2
We have that
x + x
2
= x + o(x) for x 0
log(1 + x) = x + o(x) for x 0
sin x = x + o(x
2
) for x 0
Thus
lim
x0
_
log(1 + x) + sin x + x
x + x
2
_
2
= lim
x0
_
3x + o(x)
x + o(x)
_
2
= 9
Example 13.14.
lim
x0
e

1
x
2
+ log
_
1 + x
1
5
sin
3

x
_
3

x 2
5

x
13-6
We have that
e

1
x
2
= o(x

) > 0, for x 0
log
_
1 + x
1
5
sin
3

x
_
= x
1
5
sin
3

x + o(x
1
5
sin
3

x)
=
5

x
3

x + o(
5

x)
=
5

x(1 + o(1)) for x 0

3

x 2
5

x = 2
5

x(1 + o(1)) for x 0

Thus
lim
x0
e

1
x
2
+ log
_
1 + x
1
5
sin
3

x
_
3

x 2
5

x
= lim
x0
5

x(1 + o(1))
2
5

x(1 + o(1))
=
1
2
Example 13.15.
lim
x+
sin
_
x
5
3
x
_
x
4
2
x
We have that
lim
x+
x
5
3
x
= 0 sin x
5
3
x
= x
5
3
x
(1 + o(1)) for x +
Thus
lim
x+
sin
_
x
5
3
x
_
x
4
2
x
= lim
x+
x
5
3
x
(1 + o(1))
x
4
2
x
= lim
x+
x
_
2
3
_
x
(1 + o(1))
= 0
since
_
2
3
_
x
= o(x

) for any real for x +.

Example 13.16.
lim
x+
_
cos
1
x
cos
2
x
_x
2
+1
x
First of all we do the usual transformation
lim
x+
_
cos
1
x
cos
2
x
_x
2
+1
x
= lim
x+
e
x
2
+1
x
log

cos
1
x
cos
2
x

13-7
then we study the exponent.
log
_
cos
1
x
cos
2
x
_
= log
_
1
1
2x
2
+ o
_
1
x
3
__
log
_
1
1
x
2
+ o
_
1
x
3
__
=
1
x
2

1
2x
2
+ o
_
1
x
3
_
Thus
lim
x+
_
cos
1
x
cos
2
x
_x
2
+1
x
= lim
x+
e
x
2
+1
x

1
x
2
+o

1
x
3

= lim
x+
e
x
2
+1
2x
3
+o

1
x
2

= 1
Example 13.17.
lim
x0
+
(2x
x
1)
1

x
1

xlog x
Bearing in mind that lim
x0
+ xlog x = 0, let us study the numerator for x 0
+
:
2x
x
1 = 2e
xlog x
1
= 2(1 + xlog x + o(xlog x)) 1
= 1 + 2xlog x + o(xlog x)
then
(1 + 2xlog x + o(xlog x))
1

x
1 = e
1

x
log(1+2xlog x+o(xlog x))
1
= e
2x log x+o(x log x)

x
1
= e
2

xlog x+o(

xlog x)
1
= 1 + 2

xlog x + o(

xlog x) 1
= 2

xlog x + o(

xlog x)
Thus
lim
x0
+
(2x
x
1)
1

x
1

xlog x
= 2