01 YOUR PROFESSOR

02 COURSE MODULE 1

03 COURSE MODULE 2

04 COURSE MODULE 3

05
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT
ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 YOUR PROFESSOR

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 COURSE MODULE 1

Objectives:
02
1. Familiarize with the parts
of alternator machines
2. Identify the components
of the EMF Equation
3. Solve sample problems
Dealing with EMF
Equation of an alternator
and Voltage Regulation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
WHAT IS ALTERNATOR?
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/alternator1.htm

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
WHAT IS ALTERNATOR?
01 is madeCOURSE
In a gasoline- or diesel-powered car, the charging system OBJECTIVES
up of three major components:
the battery, the voltage regulator and an alternator. The alternator works with the battery to
generate power for the electrical components of a vehicle, like the interior and exterior lights and
the instrument panel. An alternator gets its name from the term alternating current (AC).

Alternators are typically found near the front of the engine and are driven by the crankshaft,
which converts the pistons' up-and-down movement into circular movement. Some early model
vehicles used a separate drive belt from the crankshaft pulley to the alternator pulley, but most
cars today have a serpentine belt, or one belt that drives all components that rely on crankshaft
power.

Most alternators are mounted using brackets that bolt to a specific point on the engine. One of
the brackets is usually a fixed point, while the other is adjustable to tighten the drive belt.
Alternators produce AC power through electromagnetism formed through the stator and rotor
relationship (more on that later). The electricity is channeled into the battery, providing voltage to
run the various electrical systems.
https://auto.howstuffworks.com/alternator1.htm

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
WHAT IS ALTERNATOR?
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
If your car has a bad
alternator, you can
still drive it; however,
it's best not to.

BACHTUB
DMITRII/SHUTTERSTOCK

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/alternator1.htm

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
WHAT IS ALTERNATOR?
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
For the most part, alternators are relatively small and lightweight. Roughly the size of a
coconut, the alternators found in most passenger cars and light trucks (including most
hybrids) are constructed using an aluminum outer housing because the lightweight metal
does not magnetize. This is important since aluminum dissipates the tremendous heat
generated by producing the electrical power and since the rotor assembly produces a
magnetic field.

If you closely inspect an alternator, you'll find it has vents on both its front and back. Again,
this aids in heat dissipation. A drive pulley is attached to the rotor shaft on the front of the
alternator. When the engine is running, the crankshaft turns the drive belt, which in turn spins
the pulley on the rotor shaft. In essence, the alternator transfers the mechanical energy from
the engine into electrical power for the car's accessories.

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/alternator1.htm

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
WHAT IS ALTERNATOR?
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
On the back side of the alternator, you'll find several terminals (or connecting points in
an electrical circuit). The most common terminals include:
•S terminal: Senses battery voltage
•IG terminal: Ignition switch that turns the voltage regulator on
•L terminal: Closes the circuit to the warning lamp
•B terminal: Main alternator output terminal (connected to the battery)
•F terminal: Full-field bypass for regulator

Cooling is essential to an alternator's efficiency. It's easy to spot an older unit by the external
fan blades found on the rotor shaft behind the pulley. Modern alternators have cooling
fans inside the aluminum housing. These fans operate the same way, using mechanical power
from the spinning rotor shaft.

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/alternator1.htm

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
WHAT IS ALTERNATOR?
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
As we start to disassemble the alternator, we find the diode rectifier (or rectifier bridge),
the voltage regulator, slip rings and brushes. The regulator distributes the power the
alternator creates, and it controls the output of power to the battery. The rectifier bridge
converts the power, while the brushes and slip rings help conduct current to the rotor field
winding or wire field.

https://auto.howstuffworks.com/alternator1.htm

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONS
In alternators, a rotating magnet, called the rotor turns within a01
stationary set ofCOURSE
conductorsOBJECTIVES
wound in coils on an iron
core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF (electromotive force), as the
mechanical input causes the rotor to turn.

The rotating magnetic field induces an A.C. voltage in the stator windings. Often there are three sets of stator windings,
physically offset so that the rotating magnetic field produces a three phase current, displaced by one-third of a period
with respect to each other.

The rotor's magnetic field may be produced by induction (as in a "brushless" alternator), by permanent magnets (as in
very small machines), or by a rotor winding energized with direct current through slip rings and brushes. The rotor's
magnetic field may even be provided by stationary field winding, with moving poles in the rotor. Permanent magnet
machines avoid the loss due to magnetizing current in the rotor, but are restricted in size, due to the cost of the magnet
material. Since the permanent magnet field is constant, the terminal voltage varies directly with the speed of the
generator.

An automatic voltage control device controls the field current to keep output voltage constant. If the output voltage from
the stationary armature coils drops due to an increase in demand, more current is fed into the rotating field coils through
the voltage regulator (VR). This increases the magnetic field around the field coils which induces a greater voltage in the
armature coils. Thus, the output voltage is brought back up to its original value.
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=3287

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONS
According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic, induced emf is generated
01 whenOBJECTIVES
COURSE a coil is rotated in any
magnetic field. The magnitude of the induced emf in the coil rotating in a magnetic field in given as:
emf (e) = B l v N sin θ
Where,
e = induced emf in volt.
B = Magnetic field flux density, Wb/m2
l = length of the wire in the coil.
v = Velocity of rotation
N = Number of turns in the coils.

Since the coil has two sides (Fig. 1): Fig. 1 Two sides of coil in an alternator
Total emf generated e = 2 B l v N sin θ
Since the angular velocity of the spinning coil is ω = v/r and in this case r = W/2, then v = ωW/2 . ω is in
radians/sec, so if θ = 0 at t = 0, then θ = ωt , and our expression for e becomes,
e = 2BLv sin θ
= 2BL(ωW/2) sin ωt
= (LW)Bω sin ωt
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=3287

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONS
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Where,
W = width of the coil
L = length of the coil
N = Number of turns or loops
For a coil of N loops and identifying A = LW
(valid for any planar shape),
e = NABω sin ωt
= eo sin ωt
Where,
eo = maximum emf = NABω

http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=3287

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONS
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
An A.C. generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The mechanical system
to provide rotation to the alternator is known as the prime mover (Fig. 2). Thus an alternator
can be operated using a steam turbine, hydraulic turbine or a diesel/kerosene engine.

Fig. 2 Prime mover for an alternator

Fig. 3 shows a 3∅ alternator. When the rotor rotates,

the stator winding are cut by the magnetic flux of the
Fig. 3 3∅ alternator
poles. Since the poles are arranged alternately North
(N) and South (S) on the rotor the emf induced is of
alternating type.
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=3287

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Relationship between Speed, Frequency and Number of Poles
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

Following equation gives the relation between speed, frequency and number of poles

Where
P = no. of poles
N = r.p.m.

http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=3287

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONS
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
The output frequency of an alternator depends on the number of poles and the rotational speed. The speed
corresponding to a particular frequency is called the synchronous speed for that frequency (Table 1).
Table 1 Rotational speed and poles required for producing A.C. at different frequencies

http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=3287

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATIONS
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Suppose a steam turbine rotates at 1000 rpm. Number of poles required in an alternator to
generate 50 Hz alternator current is:

Similarly Table 2 denotes the rotational speed required for alternator with different number
of poles for producing a.c. at 50 Hz:
Table 2 Rotational speed and poles required for producing a.c. at 50 Hz frequency

http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=3287

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Sample Computations:
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. Calculate the frequency of the alternating current if speed = 300 rpm
and numer of poles = 8.

2. A generator with a circular coil of 75 turns of area 3.0 x 10-2 m2 is

placed in a 0.20 T magnetic field and rotated with a frequency of 60
Hz. Find the maximum emf which is produced during a cycle.

http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=3287

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Answer:
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. Calculate the frequency of the alternating current if speed = 300 rpm
and numer of poles = 8.

2. A generator with a circular coil of 75 turns of area 3.0 x 10-2 m2 is

placed in a 0.20 T magnetic field and rotated with a frequency of 60
Hz. Find the maximum emf which is produced during a cycle.
Solution:
N = 75, A = 3.0 x 10-2 m2, B = 0.20 T and f = 60 Hz .
Since ω = 2πf = 2π(60) = 377 radians/s
eo = (75)(3.0 x 10-2)(0.20)(377) = 170 V
http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/resource/view.php?id=3287

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 An alternator is an electrical machine which
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 mechanical
converts COURSEenergy into alternating
OBJECTIVES
electric energy. They are also known
as synchronous generators.

https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Where is an Alternator Used?

Alternators produce the power for the electrical systems of modern

vehicles. Previously, DC generators or dynamos were used instead. But
after the development of the alternator, they replaced DC dynamos since
alternators are more robust and lightweight.

Since the electrical system of motor vehicles requires direct current and
not alternating current, an alternator is used alongside a diode rectifier to
convert the current from AC to DC.

https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Despite this need to convert the current from AC to DC, an alternator
is still used as it lacks the complicated commutation present in a DC
generator.

This particular type of generator used in the vehicle is known as an

automotive alternator (learn how an alternator is constructed).

Another use of alternators is in diesel-electric locomotive. The engine

of this locomotive is nothing but an alternator, driven by a diesel
engine.

https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
The alternating current produced by this generator is converted to DC by
integrated silicon diode rectifiers to feed all the DC traction motors.
These DC traction motors drive the wheel of the locomotive.

We also use this machine in marine similar to a diesel-electric locomotive.

We specially design the synchronous generator used in marine and navy
with appropriate adaptations to the salt-water environment.

The typical output level of a marine alternator is about 12 or 24 volt. In

big marine sheep, more than one units are used to provide massive
power.

https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
In this marine system, the energy produced by the alternator is first
rectified then used for charging the engine starter battery and auxiliary
supply battery of the marine.

One of the primary uses of alternators is in the production of bulk ac

power for commercial purposes. In thermal power plants, in hydel
power plants, even in nuclear power plants, alternators only converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy for supplying to the power
system.

https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Types of Alternators
Alternators or synchronous generators can be classified in many ways
depending upon their applications and designs.

The five different types of alternators include:

•Automotive alternators – used in modern automobiles.
•Diesel-electric locomotive alternators – used in diesel-electric
multiple units.
•Marine alternators – used in marine applications.
•Brushless alternators – used in electrical power generation plants as
the main source of power.
•Radio alternators – used for low band radio frequency transmission.
https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
We can categorize these AC generators (alternators) in many ways, but
the two main categories depending on their design are:
1.Salient Pole Type
2.Smooth Cylindrical Type

We use it as low and medium speed alternator. It has a large number of

projecting poles having their cores bolted or dovetailed onto a heavy
magnetic wheel of cast iron or steel of good magnetic quality.

Such generators get characterized by their large diameters and short

axial lengths. These generators look like a big wheel. These are mainly
used for low-speed turbine such as in hydel power plant.
https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Smooth Cylindrical Type

We use it for a steam turbine-driven alternator. The rotor of this generator

rotates at a very high speed. The rotor consists of a smooth solid forged
steel cylinder having certain numbers of slots milled out at intervals along
the outer periphery for accommodating field coils.

These rotors are designed mostly for 2 poles or 4 poles turbo generator
running at 36000 rpm or 1800 rpm respectively.

https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii gave the very first concept of
alternator. Michael Faraday designed a rotating rectangular turn of
conductor inside a magnetic field to produce alternating current in the
external static circuit.

After that in the year of 1886 J.E.H. Gordon, designed and produced
first prototype of useful model. After that Lord Kelvin and Sebastian
Ferranti designed a model of 100 to 300 Hz synchronous generator.
Nikola Tesla in 1891, designed a commercially useful 15 KHz generator.
After this year, poly phase alternators came into picture which can
deliver currents of multiple phases. https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT
ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
USE OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
The power for electrical system of modern vehicles produces from alternator. In
previous days, DC generators or dynamos were used for this purpose but after
development of alternator, the DC dynamos are replaced by more robust and
light weight alternator. Although the electrical system of motor vehicles
generally requires direct current but still an alternator along with diode rectifier
instead of a DC generator is better choice as the complicated commutation is
absent here. This special type of generator which is used in vehicle is known as
automotive alternator.

https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
USE OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Another use of alternator is in diesel electric locomotive. Actually the engine of
this locomotive is nothing but an alternator driven by diesel engine. The
alternating current produced by this generator is converted to DC by integrated
silicon diode rectifiers to feed all the DC traction motors. And these DC traction
motors drive the wheel of the locomotive.

This machine is also used in marine similar to diesel electric locomotive. The
synchronous generator used in marine is specially designed with appropriate
adaptations to the salt-water environment. The typical output level of marine
alternator is about 12 or 24 volt. In large marine, more than one units are used to
provide large power. In this marine system the power produced by alternator is
first rectified then used for charging the engine starter battery and auxiliary
supply battery of marine. https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.electrical4u.com/alternator-or-synchronous-generator/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
HISTORY OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
OPERATION OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
OPERATION OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
OPERATION OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
OPERATION OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
OPERATION OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
OPERATION OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
OPERATION OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
OPERATION OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
OPERATION OF ALTERNATOR
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

https://www.slideshare.net/IFTEKHARHAQ/synchronous-generatoralternatorpptx/

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Generalised expression for EMF equation of an
Alternator:

Considering full pitch, concentrated winding,

EØ = 4.44 f ΦTph volts

For full pitch coil, Kc = 1

For concentrated winding Kd = 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
But due to short pitch, distributed winding used
in practice, this Eph will reduce factors Kc and Kd.
So generalised expression for the derivation of
emf equation of Synchronous
generator or Alternator can be written as
EØ = 4.44 Kc Kd f ΦTØ volts
For full pitch coil, Kc = 1
For concentrated winding Kd = 1

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Key Point: Now the factor by which, induced emf gets
reduced due to short pitching called pitch factor or coil
span factor denoted by Kc or Kp.

It is defined as the ratio of resultant emf when the coil is

short pitch to the result emf when the coil is full pitched.
It is always less than one.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

Where: α = Angle of short pitch

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
Distribution Factor (Kd):
01
Similar to full pitch coils, concentrated COURSE OBJECTIVES
winding is also rare in
practice. Attempt made to use all the slots available under a pole
for the winding which makes the nature of the induced emf
more sinusoidal. Such a winding is called distributed winding.

Consider 18 slots 2 pole alternator.

So slots per pole i.e. n = 9.

m = Slots per pole per phase = 3

β = 180°/9 = 20°

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
The distribution factor is defined as the ratio of the resultant emf when coils are
distributed to the resultant emf when coils01 are concentrated.
COURSE ItOBJECTIVES
is always less
than one.

where m = Slots per pole per phase

β = Slot angle = 180°/n
n = Slots per pole

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT

ENGR. JUN A. TERESA
1. The number of cycles generated in 01
an 8-Pole COURSE OBJECTIVES
alternator in one
revolution is ____?
2. What is the speed of a 100kW, 230V, 3Ø, 4P, 60Hz alternator?
3. A 6P, 3Ø alternator has 72 slots having a coil span of 12. What is
the pitch factor?
4. A 3Ø, 4P, 36 slots alternator has its armature coil short- pitched
by 1. What is the pitch factor?
5. A 3Ø, 60Hz, 10P alternator has 120 slots and 4 turns in every coil.
The coil pitch is shorted by 2 slots. What is the winding distribution
factor?
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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. An 8-Pole ac generator is running at 750rpm. What is

the frequency? At what speed must the generator be run
so that the frequency shall be 40cps?

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2. A 12-Pole, ac 1Ø generator has 01144 slots,
COURSE OBJECTIVES
2/3 of which
are wound with 8 conductors/slot. The flux per pole is
42mWb. The distribution factor is 0.829 and the coil span
factor is unity. If the speed is 500 rpm, find the frequency
and the generated emf.

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
3. A 4-Pole, 3Ø, 50Hz, star connected generator
has 24 slots, 40 conductors / slot, and a flux per
pole of 63mWb. Find the terminal voltage on
open circuit if the coil span factor is unity.

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4. An ac generator winding has 01
an effective resistance of
COURSE OBJECTIVES
0.2Ω and synchronous reactance of 2.2 Ω. Find the
generated emf when the load is 50Amp at a terminal
voltage of 500V, at
a) unity pf
b) 0.866 lagging pf
c) 0.8 pf leading

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 01
5. A 2-Pole, 3Ø, 50Hz, star connected alternator
COURSE OBJECTIVES

has 9 slots per pole and 6 conductors /slot. What

is the flux per pole (in mWb) if the voltage on
open circuit is 1.1kV? Assume full pitched.

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6. A 6-Pole, 3Ø, 60Hz, wye-connected alternator
has 12 slots per pole and 4 conductors /slot. The
winding is 5/6 pitched. The flux per pole is
0.025Wb. Determine the voltage on open circuit.

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1. A 100MVA, 13.8kV, 3Ø, 60Hz, wye-connected alternator
will have a nominal impedance of ___?

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

2. A 2500kVA, 6.6kV, 3Ø, 60Hz, wye-connected alternator

has a synchronous reactance of 10.4Ω per phase and
negligible resistance. It delivers a full load current at 0.8 pf
lagging at rated voltage. What will be the voltage
regulation?

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2. A 2500kVA, 6.6kV, 3Ø, 60Hz, wye-connected alternator
has a synchronous reactance of 10.4Ω per phase and
negligible resistance. It delivers a full load current at 0.8 pf
lagging at rated voltage. What will be the voltage
regulation?

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2. A 2500kVA, 6.6kV, 3Ø, 60Hz, wye-connected alternator
has a synchronous reactance of 10.4Ω per phase and
negligible resistance. It delivers a full load current at 0.8 pf
lagging at rated voltage. What will be the voltage
regulation?

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING – EE DEPARTMENT
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3. A generator is rated at 100MW, 13.8kV and 90% pf lagging. The
effective resistance ratio is 1.5. The ohmic resistance is obtained by
connecting two terminals to a dc source. The current and voltage
are 87.6A and 6V respectively. What is the resistance per phase?

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4. Synchronous impedance test is taken on a 3-phase generator.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Under short circuit condition, the currents in the three lines are
26.2A, 23.7A, and 27.4A. What current should be used for the test?

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5. If in a 3-phase alternator, field current
01 of 50ACOURSE
produces a full
OBJECTIVES
load current of 200A on short-circuit and 1730V on open circuit,
then its synchronous impedance is _____?

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6. A 50kVA, 550V, 1-phase alternator draws a field current of 10A at
rated load. With the same field current, the EOC and ISC are 300V
and 150A respectively. Resistance between terminals is 0.8Ω. The
ratio of the effective to ohmic resistance is taken at 1.5. What will
be the voltage regulation at 0.8pf lagging?

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6. A 50kVA, 550V, 3-phase alternator draws a field current of 10A at
rated load. With the same field current, the EOC and ISC are 300V
and 150A respectively. Resistance between terminals is 0.8Ω. The
ratio of the effective to ohmic resistance is taken at 1.5. What will
be the voltage regulation at 0.8pf lagging?

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SPECIAL PROBLEMS ON HARMONICS
01
1. Calculate the RMS value of the induced emf per phase of a 10-
Pole, 3Ø, 50Hz alternator with 2 stator slots per pole per phase and
4 conductors per slot in 2 layers. The coil span is 150o. The flux per
pole has a fundamental component of 0.12Wb and a 20% third
component.

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SPECIAL PROBLEMS ON HARMONICS
01
2. A 3Ø alternator has a generated emf per phase of 230V with 10%
third harmonic and 6% fifth harmonic
i) calculate the RMS line voltage for
(a) star-connection (b) delta-connection
ii) Find also the circulating current in delta-connection if the
reactance per phase of the machine at 50Hz is 10Ω.

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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Sample Problems 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
1.

2.

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Sample Problems
3.

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LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY
01 OF ALTERNATOR
COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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Sample Problems COURSE OBJECTIVES

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Sample Problems COURSE OBJECTIVES

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Sample Problems COURSE OBJECTIVES

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Sample Problems COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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WHEN TO PARALLEL ALTERNATORS
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
Alternators are paralleled for the same reasons that make it
necessary to parallel dc generators. Two alternators are paralleled
whenever the power demand of the load circuit's greater than the
power output of a single alternator.
When dc generators are paralleled, it's necessary to match
the output voltage and electrical polarity of the machines with the
voltage and polarity of the line. The same matching is required
when alternators are paralleled. However, the matching of alternator
polarity to that of the line presents problems not encountered when
matching dc generator and line polarities.
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 01
The output voltage of an alternator is continuously
COURSE OBJECTIVES
changing in both magnitude and polarity at a definite frequency.
Thus, when two alternators are paralleled, not only must the rate
of the rise and fall of voltage in both alternators be equal, but the
rise and fall of voltage in one machine must be exactly in step with
the rise and fall of voltage in the other machine. When
two alternators are in step, they are said to be in
synchronism. Alternators cannot be paralleled until their voltages,
frequencies, and instantaneous polarities are exactly equal.

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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A synchroscope is recommended for synchronizing
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
two alternators since it shows very accurately the exact instant of
synchronism. The pointer rotates clock wise when an alternator is
running fast and counterclockwise when an alternator is running
slow. When the pointer is stationary, pointing upward,
the alternators are synchronized. The synchroscope is connected
across one phase only.

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For this reason, it cannot be used safely until the alternators have been tested and
01 COURSE OBJECTIVES
connected together for the proper phase rotation. Synchronizing lamps or other
means must be used to determine the phase rotation. In commercial applications,
the alternator connections to a three-phase bus through a paralleling switch are
permanent. This means that tests for phase rotation are not necessary. As a result, a
synchroscope is the only instrument required to bring the machines into
synchronization and thus parallel them; however, a set of lights is often used as a
double-check system.

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

A squirrel cage winding placed near the surface of the pole faces of a synchronous motor.
Its main purpose is to dampen any speed fluctuations or oscillations that may occur as a
result of sudden load changes. It is also used to accelerate the motor during starting. All the
windings are shorted at the two ends of each pole of the motor. As the rotating field moves
past the winding it induces currents in the winding which produce torque and accelerate
the motor so as to overcome the lag in its speed.
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Speed vs. Load Characteristics
01

Two alternators operating in parallel must have the same frequency

and the same terminal voltage. In addition, the prime movers of the
parallel alternators must have similar drooping speed load
characteristics. For steam-, diesel-, water-, or gas-driven prime
movers, the speed load characteristic depends on adjustments of a
mechanical speed control governor.
These adjustments determine the division of load for two alternators
operating in parallel. For this reason, the kilowatt load delivered by
two alternators in parallel cannot be divided in any desired
proportion by varying the dc field excitation of either machine.
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 01
Two alternators properly connected in parallel will operate
in stable equilibrium. If one alternator attempts to pull out
of synchronism, a current is created which circulates
between both alternators. This current increases the
speed of the lagging machine and retards the leading
machine thus preventing the machines from pulling out of
synchronism.

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Parallel Operation of Alternator01
Alternator is really an AC generator. In alternator, an EMF is induced
in the stator (stationary wire) with the influence of rotating magnetic
field (rotor) due to Faraday’s law of induction. Due to the
synchronous speed of rotation of field poles, it is also known as
synchronous generator. Here, we can discuss about parallel
operation of alternator. When the AC power systems are
interconnected for efficiency, the alternators should also have to be
connected in parallel. There will be more than two alternators
connected in parallel in generating stations.

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Condition for Parallel Operation of Alternator
There are some conditions to be satisfied for parallel operation of
the alternator. Before entering into that, we should understand
some terms which are as follows.

• The process of connecting two alternators or an alternator and an

infinite bus bar system in parallel is known as synchronizing.
• Running machine is the machine which carries the load.
• Incoming machine is the alternator or machine which has to be
connected in parallel with the system.
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The conditions to be satisfied are
1. The phase sequence of the incoming machine voltage and the bus bar voltage
should be identical.
2. The RMS line voltage (terminal voltage) of the bus bar or already running
machine and the incoming machine should be the same.
3. The phase angle of the two systems should be equal.
4. The frequency of the two terminal voltages (incoming machine and the bus bar)
should be nearly the same. Large power transients will occur when frequencies are
not nearly equal.

Departure from the above conditions will result in the formation of power surges
and current. It also results in unwanted electro-mechanical oscillation of rotor which
leads to the damage of equipment.

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General Procedure for Paralleling Alternators
The figure below shows an alternator (generator 2) being paralleled
with a running power system (generator 1). These two machines are
about to synchronize for supplying power to a load. Generator 2 is
about to parallel with the help of a switch, S1. This switch should
never be closed without satisfying the above conditions.

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1. To make the terminal voltages01 equal. This can be done
by adjusting the terminal voltage of incoming machine
by changing the field current and make it equal to the
line voltage of running system using voltmeters.
2. There are two methods to check the phase
sequence of the machines. They are as follows :
• First one is using a Synchroscope. It is not actually
check the phase sequence but it is used to measure
the difference in phase angles.

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• Second method is three lamp01method (Figure 2). Here
we can see three light bulbs are connected to the
terminals of the switch, S1. Bulbs become bright if the
phase difference is large. Bulbs become dim if the
phase difference is small. The bulbs will show dim and
bright all together if phase sequence is the same. The
bulbs will get bright in progression if the phase
sequence is opposite. This phase sequence can be
made equal by swapping the connections on any two
phases on one of the generators.

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3. Next, we have to check and verify
01
the incoming and
running system frequency. It should be nearly the same.
This can be done by inspecting the frequency of dimming
and brightening of lamps.

4. When the frequencies are nearly equal, the two

voltages (incoming alternator and running system) will
alter the phase gradually. These changes can be observed
and the switch, S1 can be made closed when the phase
angles are equal.

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Advantages of Parallel Operating Alternators
• When there is maintenance or an inspection, one machine can
be taken out from service and the other alternators can keep up
for the continuity of supply.
• Load supply can be increased.
• During light loads, more than one alternator can be shut down
while the other will operate in nearly full load.
• High efficiency.
• The operating cost is reduced.
• Ensures the protection of supply and enables cost-effective
generation.
• The generation cost is reduced.
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Sample Problems:
1. Two – 3-phase, 4160V, 60Hz alternators are connected in parallel.
The total load of the system is 1050kW at 75% lagging pf. If
alternator A is carrying 700kW at 80% pf lagging, determine the
kVAR of alternator B.

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Sample Problems:
2. Two alternators A and B are operating in parallel supplying a load
of 1000 kVA at 0.8 pf lagging. If alternator A contributes 500 kVA at
0.6 pf lagging, determine the power factor of B. Ans. 0.9284 lagging

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3. Two identical, 3-phase, Y-connected alternators A and B share
equally a load of 10MW at 33kV at 0.8pf lagging. The synchronous
reactance of each machine is 4 ohms per phase and the armature
resistance is negligible. Alternator A has its field excitation adjusted
to carry 125A lagging current. What is the current supplied by
alternator B?

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4. Two alternators are connected in parallel. The total load is
4250kW at 0.85 pf lagging. Alternator A operates with a load of
2125kW at 0.707 pf lagging. Determine the kVAR load of alternator
B. Ans. 2185 kVAR

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5. Two Y-connected alternators A and B are running in parallel
supplying the following loads at 3.3kV:
LOAD 1 – 800kW at unity pf LOAD 2 – 600kW at 0.8 pf lag
and LOAD 3 – 400kW at 0.707 pf lag.
If alternator A is adjusted to carry an armature current of 150A at
0.85 pf lagging, what is the armature current of alternator B?

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6. Two AC generators running in parallel supply the following loads:
400kW at unity pf;
500kW at 0.9 lagging pf;
600kW at 0.866 lagging pf.
One machine is loaded to 1000kW at 0.92 lagging pf, what is the
operating pf of the second machine? Ans. 0.951 lagging

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 01 COURSE OBJECTIVES

To next module…
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