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Histology
The branch of biology which deals about tissue is called Histology.
Marcello Malpighi (1628 1694) is regarded as Father of Histology..
Tissue:-
Group of identical or, unidentical cells which associate to perform a
specific function is called tissue.
The term tissue is coined by Francois Xavier Bichot (1771 – 1802)
The term Histology is coined by Mayer (1819)
Types of animal issue:-
There are four major types of animal tissue which are as
follows:-
1. Epithelial
helial Tissue
2. Muscular tissue
3. Connective issue
4. Nervous tissue.
Epi
Epithelial Tissue
It consists of cells which covers external and
internal surface of the body or, organ.
Characteristics:-
v Cells are closely packed and firmly attached to each other
with the help of small amount of Carbohydrate
arbohydrate based
cementing substance or, by special junctions between cells.
v Lack
ack of intercellular space or, intercellular fluid.
v The base of cells rests on basement membrane composed of
network of collagenous fibres.
v Absence of blood vessel in this tissue. So this tissue obtains
neutrient from lymph vessel present in intercellular space.
Origin:-
It is ectodermal, mesodermal and endode
endodermal in origin.
The epithelium which forms the lining of blood vessel is called endothelium.
The epithelium lines the body cavity is called mesothelium.
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The epithelium lines the ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord is called
ependyma.
Types of epithelial tissue:
tissue:-
On the basis of number of layers of cells it is
differentiate into two types:-
A. Simple Epithelium:-
Cells are remain arranged in only one layer.
B. Compound Epithelium:
lium:-
Cells are remain arranged into two or, more than two
layers.
A. Simple Epi
Epithelium
It is of four types on the basis of shape of cells:-
cells:
a) Squamous epithelial tissue:
tissue:-
It is made up of thin flat cells with a centrally
placed nucleus.
Its edge or, margin is irregular (tessellated).
1 Pavement Epithelial
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Occurrence-
It occurs in renal corpuscle of the kidney, alveoli of lungs, blood capillary wall,
lining of body cavities, covering of visceral organs. (Where it is referred as mesohelium).
Funcion:-
It remains outside so it works as protecting membrane, exchange of gases in
alveoli of lungs, diffusion etc.
b) Cuboidal epithelium:-
It consists of cells which are of cube shaped but upper
surface is polygonal
nal (Pentagonal and hexagonal).
Each cell contains a spherical centric nucleus.
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Occurrence-
This is occurred in duct of salivary gland, follicles of thyroid gland, germinal
epithelium of ovary, PCT of the kidney , choroid plexus, pigmented layer of retina, pancreatic
duct etc.
Funcion:-
Secretion and absorption.
It has two modified forms
forms:-
a) Ciliated cuboidal epithelium:
epithelium:-
It is a modified form of cuboidal epithelium. Its free
surface contains cilia.
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Occurrence-
Tubules of nephron.
Function:-
Flow of nephric filtrate.
b) Brush bordered cuboidal:-
It is also a modified form of cuboidal epithelium. It
contains microvilli on its free surface.
Occurrence-
PCT of nephron.
Function:-
Increased surface area for effective absorption.
C) Columnar epithelial tissue:
tissue:-
It consists of tall closely packed cells contains
elongated nucleus at the base of the cells.
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Occurrence-
It lines stomach, small and large intestine digestive glands gall bladder etc.
Function:-
It is specially meant for absorption and secretion.
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It has two modified forms:-
a) Ciliated columnar epithelium:
epithelium:-
It is modified form of simple columnar epithelium. Its
free ends contain cilia. Mucus secreting goblet cells are remain embedded between the
cells.
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Occurrence-
It is found in oviduct, respiratory passage (Bronchioles) spinal canal.
Function:-
It helps to maintain tthe flow of material
erial or, fluid in only one direction.
b) Brush bordered columnar e epithelium:-
It is modified form of simple columnar epithelium. Its free ends
contain cilia. Mucus secreting goblet cells are remain embedded between the cells.
D. Pseudostralified Epithelium: -
This epithelial tissue consists of cells of different sizes.
Larger cells bear cilia & smaller one lack cilia. Nuclei are remain
arranged at different level so it appears to made up of two or more
layer but all the cells are remain based on same basement membra
membrane.
So, its cells are remain arranged in a single
layer but appears multilayer that’s why it is called Psendostralified
(Psendo – false, stralified – multilayer)
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· Location: -
It is found in lining of trachea, Primary brunchi, nasal
epithelium etc.
· Function: -
It plays an important role to remove mucous, dust etc. from
respiratory tract.
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B. Compound Epithelium
The epithelial tissue in which cells are remain arranged into
two or more than two layers is called compound epithelial tissue.
The lower most layer of cells called stratum stratum-
germiratum forms upper layers of cells. It of two types: -
1. Stratified Epithelium: -
The lower most layer is cuboidal epithelial tissue
as it is pushed outwards gets cha characteristics
racteristics shape (pavement,
cubical, cuboidal etc.)
It is of following types on the basis of shape
of cells of the outermost layer: -
a. Stratified Squamous Epithelium: -
The stratified epithelium of which inner layer are cuboidal or
columnar but upper most layer becomes flattered or
squamous is called stratified squamous epithelium.
It of two types: -
i. Keratinized Stratified Epithelium: -
The stratified squamous epithelium in which heavy
deposits of keratin which is insoluble protein in
cytoplasm of upper layer is called keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium.
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§ Function: -
Its outermost layer is hand & it is multilayered so it is
protective in function rather than absorption &
secretion.
§ Location: -
It forms
orms outer layer of skin & goes to all opening of
body organ.
[This layer always wear out to it is replaced by inner
layer of cells throughout the life.]
ii. Non-Keratinized
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium: -
The stratified squamous epithelial tissue in which
there is absence of keratin or horny layer is called non
non-
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
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§ Location: -
Lining of pharynx & oesophagous.
§ Function: - Protection.
b. Stratified Columnar epithelium: -
In this stratified epithelium upper
layer of cells becomes columnar of pillar like & inner layer
remains cuboidal stoped , is called stratified columnar
epithelium.
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§ Location: - Duct of mammary gland
c. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium: -
In this stratified epithelium cuboidal cells are remain
present.
§ Location: - Duct of sweat gland, conjuctiva of eyes
etc.
2. Transitional Epithelium: -
The compound epithelium which consists of
3-44 layers of cells of same size & shape except of outermost layer.
The cells of outermost layer remain more flattered in comparison
to other.
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· Location: -
It can facilitate to stretch so
so,, it is found in urinary blodder meter,
pelvic region of kidney.
Gland
Glandular Epithelium
The epithelial tissue which can secrete a chemical
is called glandmlar epithelium. The cell or group of cells which can
secrete a chemical is called gland.
On the basis of number of cells gland may be of two types: -
A. Unicellular Gland: -
The gland which contains only one cell or only
one cell can act like a gland is called unicellular gland. Example: -
Gollet cell – It secrets mucin.
B. Multicellular Gland: -
The
he gland which consists of two or more than
two cells is called multicellular gland.
It may be of following types: -
1) Straight Tubular Gland: -
This gland is a tube like remains attached to some
organ. Example; Crypts of lieburkulin in the intestine.
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2) Simple Coiled Tubular Gland: -
It is simple tubular gland but remains coiled at the
base. Example; Sweat gland.
3) Simple Branched Tubular Gland: -
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It is a tubular gland in which a larger number
of branched are formed but having only one duct. Example;
Gastric glands of stomach, Bruner’s gland of intestine.
4) Simple Alveolar Gland: -
This is a glandular epithelium in which
secretory region gets swollen & forms ball like structure.
Example; Cutaneous glands of frog.
5) Simple Branched Alveolar Gland: -
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In this glandular epithelium a large
number of alveolar or ball like structure is formed with only
one opening in the same duct. Example; Sebaceous gland in
the skin.
Compound Glands
This is glandular epithelium
consists of many branching with many ducts. It of two types:
-
I. Compound Tubular Glands: -
There are two or more than two
branched of tubular gland. Example; Salivary
gland
gland.
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II. Compound Alveolar Glands: -
In this gland many branches of
alveolar gland is formed.
Example; Mammary glands, PanPancreatic
tic glands
etc.
III. Compound Tubular-Alveolar Glands: -
In this glandular epithelium
both structures that are tubular and alveolar duct
are formed.
Example; Parts of salivary & mammary glands.
