101 Navy Expeditionary History and Organization

101.1 Discuss the conditions that led to the formation of the U.S. Navy.

- Recognizing the strategic importance of British resupply by sea during the American Revolutionary
War, General George Washington initiated America’s first sea-based offensive against the British.

- Washington’s armed vessels provided significant support to colonial efforts, demonstrating the value
of military operations at sea. The initial continental fleet assembled made up mostly of converted
merchantmen.

- As Congress continued to commission ships, notable leaders such as John Paul Jones helped to
develop a proud and capable Navy. It was not long before that force was able to capture the world’s
attention by displaying its ability to carry the fight overseas, far from American shores. However, After
the Revolutionary War the Continental Navy and was disbanded.

- In the 1790’s, another threat emerged, the seizure of U.S. merchant ships by predatory French
privateers and pirates from the Barbary coast.

- In 1794, however, Congress authorized the Department of War to construct six frigates, for the
protection of American merchantmen against the Barbary corsairs. Four years later, in response to
renewed aggression by France during its war against Great Britain, Congress finally established the
Department of the Navy.

101.2 State the qualities that characterize the Navy/Marine Corps team as instruments to support
national policies.

- The qualities that characterize most modern naval forces as political instruments in support of
national policies are the same as those that define the essence of our Naval services today,
Readiness, Flexibility, Self-sustainability, and Mobility.

- Readiness - Naval forces must be available and credible not just when crises occur but daily,
wherever our allies and friends rely on our presence and wherever potential adversaries must
perceive our firm commitment to defend our interests.

- Flexibility - The flexibility of naval forces enables us to shift focus, reconfigure, and realign forces to
handle a variety of contingencies.

- Self-sustainability - Naval forces carry their own ammunition, spares, and consumables as well as
support and repair facilities for use early in a crisis or throughout a protracted conflict.

- Mobility - Naval forces are able to respond to indications of pending crises by relocating rapidly
from one end of the theater to another or from one theater to another, independent of fixed logistics.

101.3 When is the U.S. Navy birthday?

- 13 October 1775 - On this day the Second Continental Congress authorized the purchase of two
vessels, establishing it as the official U.S. Navy Birthday.

101.4 Discuss the conditions that led to the creation of the Seabees.

- The Navy’ Seabees were founded on the premise that experienced, armed construction workers
were critically needed in the combat areas of World War II. They were created by Admiral Ben
Moreell in 1942.

- During the war’s Pacific island-hopping campaigns, over 240,000 enlisted men served in the
Seabees from 1942-1944.

101.5 Discuss the significance of March 5, 1942 as it pertains to the Seabees.

- Officially, permission to use the name “Seabee” was granted on 5 March 1942.
 101 Navy Expeditionary History and Organization CONT’D

- The name Seabees is derived from these first construction units or Construction Battalions (CBS) as
they were called.

101.6 Discuss the importance of the following conflicts as they relate to Naval History:

a) Battle of Coral Sea

- During WWII, the U.S. was at war with Japan. At this notable battle the two fleets never saw each
other. The battle was fought entirely with aircraft launched from carriers.

- Jointly under the command of Admiral F. J. Fletcher, the USS Lexington and USS Yorktown
launched 93 attack planes against the Japanese carriers Shoho, Shokaku, and Zuikaku.

- The Navy was able to sink one Japanese carrier, the Shoho and badly damage the other two. The
Navy also withstood the loss of an oiler, and escort and the USS Lexington, although the loss was
heavy in tonnage and men, Australia had been saved from invasion due to the battle.

b) Battle of Midway

- WWII battle, considered to be the turning point of the war in the Pacific, came only one month after
the Battle of Coral Sea.

- The Japanese had concentrated on the central Pacific with the intention of occupying Midway
Island. However, the four-carrier Japanese task force was met by a U.S. carrier force, included the
carriers USS Yorktown, USS Hornet, and USS Enterprise, plus Navy, Marine, and Army air units from
Midway.

- When the battle ended, the Japanese had lost four carriers, one heavy cruiser, and 258 aircraft. The
U.S. had lost 132 aircraft, the USS Hammann (DD 412), and the USS Yorktown (CV 5).

c) Invasion of Normandy

- As the war in the Pacific approached its final days, the Navy continued its fighting in the Atlantic. As
part of this the Navy participated in the Invasion of Normandy, possibly the Navy’s most notable
Atlantic action.

- Occurring on 6 June 1944, the invasion was the largest amphibious operation in history assembling
the greatest armada ever to carry out minesweeping, shore-bombardment, amphibious operations
and the transport of supplies and troops.

- The operations during the invasion allowed allies to complete D-Day landings successfully and
eventually push into Germany.

101.7 Discuss the conditions that led to the creation of Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal
(EOD) and Navy Divers.

a) EOD

- Navy EOD traces, their history back to the first group of volunteers selected to work with the famed
British UXO teams, following the initial German Blitzkrieg attacks in early 1940. In June 1941, these
veterans returned to form the first class in what was originally named the Mine Recovery School.

b) Navy Divers

- Since the middle of the nineteenth century, the Navy has employed divers in salvage and repair of
ships, in construction work, and in military operations. Until 1912, U.S. Navy Divers rarely went below
60 feet of seawater, but developments in dive testing, tables, and decompression stages gave way to
 101 Navy Expeditionary History and Organization CONT’D

Navy Divers progressing deeper into the sea, giving way to the first U.S. Navy Diving Manual and
establishment of a Navy Diving School in Newport, Rhode Island.

101.8 Discuss the following personnel including roles and responsibilities in the chain of
command:

a) Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV)

- Head of the Department of the Navy, responsible for, and has the authority necessary to conduct all
affairs of the Department of the Navy.

- Responsible to the Secretary of Defense for various action including, the function and efficiency of
the Department of the Navy, the formulation of policies and programs for the Navy, and cooperation
and coordination between the Navy and other military departments and agencies.

b) Chief of Naval Operations (CNO)

- Senior military officer of the Department of the Navy, responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for
the command, utilization of resources, and operating efficiency of the operating forces of the Navy
and of the Navy shore activities assigned by the Secretary.

- As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the CNO is the principal naval adviser to the President and
Secretary of the Navy on the conduct of war, and is the principal adviser and naval executive to the
Secretary on the conduct of activities of the Department of the Navy.

c) Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON)

- The Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON) is the senior enlisted person in the Navy. The
MCPON serves as the senior enlisted leader of the Navy, and as an advisor to the Chief of Naval
Operations and to the Chief of Naval Personnel in matters dealing with enlisted personnel and their
families.

d) Fleet Master Chief

- Provides leadership to the enlisted force and advice commanders and commanding officers in
partnership with the deputy, chief of staff, or executive officer in the dissemination and promotion of
command policy and on enlisted matters that support mission accomplishment.

e) Force Master Chief

- Provides leadership to the enlisted force and advice commanders and commanding officers in
partnership with the deputy, chief of staff, or executive officer in the dissemination and promotion of
command policy and on enlisted matters that support mission accomplishment.

f) Commanding Officer

- The commanding officer’s responsibilities include the safe navigation of the ship and the condition
and appearance of the material and personnel.

- The commanding officer must also exert every effort to maintain the command in a state of
maximum readiness for war. The commanding officer issues the necessary directions to the XO, with
the assistance of the various department heads.

g) Executive Officer

- The aide or “executive” to the commanding officer. The XO is usually the next ranking line officer
aboard ship. As such, the XO is the direct representative of the commanding officer in maintaining the
general efficiency of the ship.
 101 Navy Expeditionary History and Organization CONT’D

h) Command Master Chief (CMDMC)

- Direct access to the Commanding Officer, is the voice and principal advisor for all enlisted matters
and personnel in the command.

i) N-1 Admin Assistance Officer

- Directs administrative division or serves as executive assistant to operating head, performing

combination of administrative duties such as personnel administration, organization and methods,
space planning, work-progress reporting, and supervision of postal activities.

j) N-3 Operations Officer

- Assists in determining basis for decisions regarding selection, employment and control of operations
systems. Assists in design of fleet and operational evaluations of new equipment, weapons systems
and tactics and in interpretation of results of evaluations also assists in design, analysis and
interpretation of results of fleet exercises.

k) N-4 Supply Officer

- Administers receipt and issue of Navy-furnished materials to private contractor or naval activity.
Maintains records and systems to account for materials, supervises storage, preservation and control
of stock issues. Coordinates material delivery to needs of activity and may coordinate supply function
with other departments of activity. Recommends stock levels, including shop stores.

l) N-6 Communications Officer

- Advises and assists staff, fleet, or force commanders by planning and administering
communications. Formulates communication plans and directives, maintains liaison with other
services and joint or allied commands on communication matters, enforces communication discipline,
assigns frequencies within allowances and maintains security of communications and
communications equipment.

101.9 State the mission, capabilities, and projected operating areas for the following NECC
commands as applicable:

a) Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC)

- NECC serves as the single functional command for the Navy’s expeditionary.

- Their mission is organize, man, train, equip and sustain the Navy Expeditionary Combat Forces to
execute combat, combat support, and combat service support missions across the full spectrum of
naval, joint and combined operations which enables access from the sea and freedom of action
throughout the sea-to-shore and inland operating environments.

- Capabilities include, Commander Task Force (CTF) 56/68/75, Costal Riverine Force (CRF),
Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), Naval Construction Force (NCF), Navy Expeditionary
Intelligence Command (NEIC), Navy Expeditionary Warfighting Development Center (NEXWDC),
Navy Expeditionary Logistics Support Group (NAVELSG), Expeditionary Combat Readiness
Command (ECRC) and Expeditionary Combat Camera (COMCAM).

b) Coastal Riverine Force (CRS)

- CRF operates in harbors, rivers, bays, across the littorals and ashore. Comprised of units manned,
trained, and equipped to conduct, port and harbor security, high-value unit security and escort,
surveillance and reconnaissance, insertion and extraction of small units, and command and control
for supporting assigned units.
 101 Navy Expeditionary History and Organization CONT’D

- The primary mission of CRF is to conduct maritime security operations across all phases of military
operations by defending high value assets, critical maritime infrastructure, ports and harbors both
inland and on coastal waterways against enemies and when commanded conduct offensive combat
operations.

c) Maritime Civil Affairs and Training Command (MCASTC)

- MCASTC provides personnel, trains, equips and deploys U.S. Navy Sailors for a Task Force
Commander to establish and enhance relations between military forces, governmental and
nongovernmental organizations and the civilian populace.

- MCAST executes civilian to military operations and military to military training, as directed, in
support of security cooperation and security assistance requirements.

d) Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD)

- EODs mission is to locate, identify, render safe and explosively dispose of foreign and domestic
ordnance including conventional, chemical, biological, nuclear, underwater, and improvised type
devices enabling access during military operations in support of Carrier and Expeditionary Strike
Groups, Mine Countermeasures, Naval Special Warfare, and Army Special Forces.

e) Naval Construction Force (NCF)

- Provides a wide range of construction in support of operating forces, including roads, bridges,
bunkers, airfields and logistics bases; provides responsive support disaster recovery operations;
performs civic action projects to improve relations with other nations; and provides anti-terrorism and
force protection for personnel and construction projects.

f) Naval Expeditionary Intelligence Command (NEIC)

- Delivers flexible, capable and ready maritime expeditionary intelligence forces that respond rapidly
to evolving irregular warfare area intelligence requirements.

- Intelligence teams supply expeditionary warfighters with timely relevant intelligence to deny the
enemy sanctuary, freedom of movement and use of waterborne lines of communication while
supported forces find, fix and destroy the enemy and enemy assets within the operational
environment.

g) Naval Expeditionary Logistics (NAVELSG)

- A vital enabler of Maritime Prepositioning Forces (MPF), Joint Logistics Over The Shore (JLOTS)
operations, and maritime forces ashore providing expeditionary cargo handling services for surface,
air, and terminal operations, tactical fueling, and ordnance handling/reporting in support of worldwide
Naval, Joint, interagency, and combined forces/organization.

h) Expeditionary Combat Readiness Command (ECRC)

- ECRC directly assists Individual Augmentee (IA) Sailors by ensuring they are properly uniformed
and equipped while coordinating with the Army to ensure they get the proper stateside training.
Training includes instruction in individual combat skills and specialized mission areas to help IAs
succeed in their mission and keep them as safe as possible while deployed.
 102 Safety Fundamentals

102.1 Discuss historical development of the Navy Safety and Occupational Health (SOH)
program.

- 1970 - The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970 became law.

- Safety programs gained special prominence after passage of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act on 31 December 1970. The primary thrust of the act was directed at the private-sector employer.
However, section 19 of the act and several later Executive orders directed federal agencies to set up
and maintain comprehensive and effective occupational safety and health programs.

- 26 July 1971 - Executive Order (EO) 11612, the Occupational Safety and Health Programs for
Federal Employees, was signed. This EO stated that the federal government, as the nation's largest
employer, has a special obligation to set an example for safe and healthful employment. In that
regard, the head of each federal department and agency was directed to establish an occupational
safety and health program.

- 1983 - The first Navy Safety & Occupational Health Program Manual, OPNAVINST 5100.23 Series
was implemented.

102.2 Explain safety program responsibilities of the following command personnel:

a) Commanding Officer

- Ultimately responsible for safety matters within his or her unit. He or she appoints a safety officer or
safety manager carry out day-to-day safety-related activities.

b) Executive Officer

- The safety officer reports to the executive officer about administrative matters.

c) Safety Officer

- The safety officer is responsible for managing the SOH program, Reports directly to the
commanding officer on SOH matters and to the executive officer for the administration the SOH

- Acts as the principal advisor to the commanding officer on shipboard SOH matters.

- Prepares and submits, through the chain of command, requests for external SOH support such as
industrial hygiene surveys, safety surveys, safety assist visits or technical guidance.

- Participate in mishap and safety investigation, ensures timely and accurate recording and reporting
of required mishap reports and maintains and analyzes SOH records (inspection/assessment reports,
injury reports, and mishap statistics) and determine trends.

- Ensures the dissemination of SOH information, schedules/coordinates required SOH training with
the training officer/planning board for training and conducts training as appropriate and ensure
records of that training are maintained.

- Serves as the advisor-recorder of the safety council. Prepares agenda for issuance by the
chairperson, serves as the chairperson of the enlisted safety committee.

d) Department Head

- Ensures that all assigned workspaces are inspected and maintained free of hazards and are in
compliance with applicable SOH standards.

- Ensures that all assigned personnel are properly trained, advised of any associated hazards, are
equipped/provided with appropriate protective clothing/equipment, and complete any required
medical surveillance screenings.
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

- Takes prompt action to abate/correct any identified deficiency under their control and ensures that
mishaps, hazards, and near mishaps are reported to the safety officer.

e) Division Officer

- Division officers shall appoint a senior petty officer (E-5 or above) as the division safety petty officer
to assist in the responsibilities outlined above and provide appropriate on board indoctrination to
ensure satisfactory performance in the safety field.

f) Work Center Supervisor

- Ensures that workspace are inspected and maintained free of hazards and are in compliance with
applicable SOH standards.

- Ensures that all assigned personnel are properly trained, advised of any associated hazards, are
equipped/provided with appropriate protective clothing/equipment, and complete any required
medical surveillance screenings.

- Takes prompt action to abate/correct any identified deficiency under their control and ensures that
mishaps, hazards, and near mishaps are reported to the safety officer.

g) Safety Petty Officer

- Inspects division spaces and submit hazard reports per OPNAV 3120/5.

- Advises the division officer on the status of the SOH program within the division including any
safety-related items revealed through maintenance, such as noncompliance with or deficiency in the
planned maintenance system (PMS).

- Keeps the division officer informed of safety training needs within the division and conducts division
SOH training and ensure documentation of training is maintained.

- Assists in mishap or hazard investigations and provide recommendations to division officers for
correction.

- Serves on the enlisted safety committee.

h) All hands

- All hands must follow posted safety precautions, comply with safety standards, and report unsafe or
unhealthful conditions.

- They must report injuries and material damage immediately to their supervisor.

102.3 What is the purpose of ORM?

- ORM is a decision making tool used by personnel at all levels to increase effectiveness by
identifying, assessing, and managing risks. It increases the Navy’s ability to make informed decisions
by providing a standardized RM process.

- ORM minimizes risks to acceptable levels and applies to on/ off-duty activities 24 hours a day, 7
days a week, and 365 days a year.

102.4 Explain the following as they apply to ORM:

a) Identifying hazards - A hazard is any condition with the potential to negatively impact mission
accomplishment or cause injury, death, or property damage. Hazard identification is the foundation of
the entire RM process. If a hazard is not identified, it cannot be controlled. The effort expended in
identifying hazards will have a multiplier effect. Therefore, this step should be allotted a larger portion
of the available time. There are three basic actions to be completed in this step:
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

a. Analyze the Mission. Conduct analysis by reviewing the plans and orders describing
the mission or task, identifying the specified and implied tasks, and defining the requirements and
conditions needed to accomplish those tasks and, thus, accomplish the mission. From this,
construct a chronological or sequential list of the major events and tasks in a mission or task,
breaking the operation down into manageable phases. This is the complete picture of what is
expected to happen; it assures all elements of a mission or task are evaluated for potential
sources of risk.

b. List the Hazards. With the mission or task mapped out, each event in the sequence is
reviewed for hazards. Hazards can be identified in many ways and from many sources. It is
important to involve the operators and those with applicable experience. Review any appropriate
reports, lessons learned, and instructions. If time permits, solicit additional expertise.
Brainstorming is useful in this preliminary hazard analysis to identify hazards. Asking “what if,” a
means of thinking about what could go wrong, can help build on the PHA or uncover additional
hazards.

c. Determine the Hazard Root Cause. Make a list of the causes associated with each
identified hazard. Often a hazard may have multiple causes, but it is important to identify the root
cause. The root cause is the first link in the chain of events leading to mission or task
degradation. One technique to help determine a root cause is to keep asking the question
“Why?” With the causes identified, risk controls can be applied to mitigate the risk.

b) Assessing hazards - For each hazard identified, determine the associated degree of risk in
terms of probability and severity. The result of the risk assessment is a prioritized list of hazards,
which ensures that controls are first identified for the most serious threat to mission or task
accomplishment. The hazard list is intended for use as a guide to the relative priority of risks involved
and not as an absolute order to follow.

a. Severity. This is an assessment of the potential consequence that can occur as a result
of a hazard and is defined by the degree of injury, illness, property damage, loss of assets (time,
money, personnel), or effect on the mission or task. Consideration must be given to exposure
potential.

b. Probability. This is an assessment of the likelihood that a potential consequence may

occur as a result of a hazard and is defined by assessment of such factors as location, exposure
(cycles or hours of operation), affected populations, experience, or previously established
statistical information.

c. Complete Risk Assessment. Combine the severity with the probability to determine
the risk assessment code (RAC) or level of risk for each hazard.

d. Risk Assessment Pitfalls. The following pitfalls should be avoided during the
assessment:

i. Over Optimism. Not being totally honest or not looking for root causes.
ii. Misrepresentation. Individual perspective may distort the data.
iii. Alarmism. “The sky is falling” or “worst case” estimates are used regardless of their
possibility.
iv. Indiscrimination. All data is given equal weight.
v. Prejudice. Subjective or hidden agendas are used vice facts.
vi. Inaccuracy. Bad or misunderstood data nullify accurate risk assessment.
vii. Enumeration. Difficulty in assigning a numerical value to human behavior.

c) Making risk decisions - There are three basic actions which ultimately lead to making informed
risk decisions: identifying control options; determining the effect of these controls on the hazard or
risk; and, ultimately deciding how to proceed.
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

a. Identify Control Options. For each hazard, develop one or more control options that
either avoid the hazard or reduce its risk to an acceptable level.

i. Reject the Risk. If overall risks exceed benefits or value, do not take the risk. Without
the authority to apply the proper or necessary controls, rejecting the risk is a valid option
and is a way to elevate the risk to the proper level.
ii. Avoid the Risk. It may be possible to avoid specific risks by “going around” them or
doing the mission or task in a different way.
iii. Delay an Action. If there is no time deadline or other benefit or value to speedy
accomplishment of a mission or task, it may be possible to reduce the risk by delaying
the task. Over time, the situation may change and the risk may be eliminated, or
additional risk control options may become available (additional resources, new
technology, etc.) reducing the overall risk.
iv. Transfer the Risk. Risk may be reduced by transferring all or some portion of that
mission or task to another individual, unit, or platform that is better positioned, more
survivable, or more expendable. Transference decreases the probability or severity of
the risk to the total force
v. Compensate for the Risk. To ensure the success of critical missions or tasks and
compensate for potential losses assign redundant capabilities.

b. Determine Control Effects. With controls identified, the hazard should be re-assessed,
taking into consideration the effect the control will have on the severity and or probability. This
refined risk assessment determines the residual risk for the hazard, assuming the implementation
of selected controls. At this point, it is also appropriate to consider the cost (personnel,
equipment, money, time, etc.) of the control and the possible interaction between controls.

c. Make Risk Decisions. A key element of the risk decision is determining if the risk is
acceptable. This decision must be made at the right level by the individual who can balance the
risk against the mission or task potential benefit and value. This individual decides if controls are
sufficient and acceptable and whether to accept the resulting residual risk. If it is determined the
risk level is too high, the development of additional or alternate controls, modifications, changes,
or rejecting the course of action becomes necessary. Leaders can use the risk assessment in
conjunction with their commanders’ guidance to communicate how much risk they are willing to
allow subordinate leaders to accept. It is important to keep in mind that risk decisions are based
on the residual risk, which is only valid if the selected controls are implemented and remain
effective.

d) Implementing controls - Once the risk control decisions are made, the next step is
implementation. This requires that the plan is clearly communicated to all the involved personnel,
accountability is established, and necessary support is provided. Careful documentation of each step
in the RM process facilitates risk communication and the rational processes behind the RM decisions.

a. Make Implementation Clear. To make the implementation directive clear, consider

using examples, providing pictures or charts, including job aids, etc. Provide a roadmap for
implementation, a vision of the end state, and description of expectations. Controls should be
presented so they will be received positively by the intended audience. This can best be
achieved by promoting user ownership.

b. Establish Accountability. Accountability is important to effective RM. Ultimately, the

accountable person is the appropriate decision maker; the individual responsible for
accomplishing the mission or task. However, successful implementation requires delegation of
risk control actions. Those assigned should acknowledge the responsibility and be held
accountable for the implementation.

c. Provide Support. A properly applied control has the best chance for successful
implementation. In addition to ongoing participation of the leadership, this requires:
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

i. Providing the personnel and resources necessary to implement the control measures.
ii. Designing sustainability into the controls from the beginning.
iii. Employing the control with a feedback mechanism that will provide information on
whether the control is achieving the intended purpose.

e) Supervising - Supervise and review involves determining the effectiveness of risk controls
throughout the mission or task. This involves three actions: monitoring the effectiveness of risk
controls; determining the need for further assessment of all or a portion of the mission or task due to
an unanticipated change; and capturing lessons learned, both positive and negative.

a. Monitor. Monitor the operation to ensure:

i. Controls are implemented correctly, are effective, and remain in place.

ii. Action is taken to correct ineffective risk controls and reinitiate the RM process in
response to new hazards.
iii. Risks and controls are reevaluated any time the personnel, equipment, or mission
tasks change, or new events are anticipated in an environment not identified in the
initial RM analysis.

b. Review. When controls are applied and during the mission or task, a continuous
systematic review must be accomplished to see if the risks versus the benefits and value are
balanced. To determine if appropriate RM controls were applied, compare the earlier risk
assessment to the present risk assessment.

i. To accomplish an effective review, those responsible for the mission or task should
identify whether the actual cost is in line with expectations and determine what effect the
risk control had on mission or task performance. It is difficult to evaluate the risk control
by itself; therefore, the focus should be on the risk mitigation relative to the mission or
task.
ii. Measurements are necessary to ensure accurate evaluations of how effectively controls
reduce risks. Measurement can be done by simple observation, talking with personnel,
or through more formal after action reports, surveys, and in-progress reviews.

c. Feedback. A review by itself is not enough. A mission or task feedback system should
be established to ensure that the corrective or preventative action taken was effective and that
any newly discovered hazards identified during the mission or task are analyzed and corrective
action taken. It is essential that the feedback system be designed to:

i. Inform all involved personnel.

ii. Provide input back into the ORM process during execution of the mission or task.
iii. Provide input into a lessons learned database for use by others or for the next event.
iv. Provide for formal or unit level training updates or revisions.
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

102.5 Discuss the four principles of ORM.

- Accept Risk when Benefits Outweigh the Cost. - The process of weighing risks against the
benefits and value of the mission or task helps to maximize success. Balancing costs and benefits is
a subjective process. Therefore, personnel with knowledge and experience of the mission or task
must be engaged when making risk decisions.

- Accept No Unnecessary Risk. - If all detectable hazards have not been identified, then
unnecessary risks are being accepted. Additionally, an unnecessary risk is any risk that, if taken,
will not contribute meaningfully to mission or task accomplishment or will needlessly jeopardize
personnel or materiel. The RM process identifies hazards that might otherwise go unidentified and
provides tools to reduce or offset risk. The acceptance of risk does not equate to the imprudent
willingness to gamble. Take only risks that are necessary to accomplish the mission or task.

- Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning. - Integrating RM into planning at all levels and as
early as possible provides the greatest opportunity to make well-informed risk decisions and
implement effective risk controls. This enhances the overall effectiveness of ORM and often
reduces costs. Thorough planning identifies associated hazards and the steps necessary to
complete the task or mission.
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

- Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level. - Anyone can make a risk decision. However, the
appropriate level for risk decisions is the person that can make decisions to eliminate or minimize
the hazard, implement controls to reduce the risk, or accept the risk. Leaders at all levels must
ensure that personnel know how much risk they can accept and when to elevate the decision to a
higher level. Ensuring that risk decisions are made at the appropriate level will establish clear
accountability.

102.6 Discuss the following hazard severity codes:

Category I

- Loss of the ability to accomplish the mission.

- Death or permanent total disability.
- Loss of a mission-critical system or equipment.
- Major facility damage.
- Severe environmental damage.
- Mission-critical security failure.
- Unacceptable collateral damage.

Category II

- Significantly degraded mission capability or unit readiness.

- Permanent partial disability or severe injury or illness.
- Extensive damage to equipment or systems.
- Significant damage to property or the environment.
- Security failure.
- Significant collateral damage.

Category III

- Degraded mission capability or unit readiness.

- Minor damage to equipment, systems, property, or the environment.
- Minor injury or illness.

Category IV

- Little or no adverse impact on mission capability or unit readiness.

- Minimal threat to personnel, safety, or health.
- Slight equipment or systems damage, but fully functional and serviceable.
- Little or no property or environmental damage.

102.7 Discuss the following mishap probability codes:

Subcategory A

- Likely to occur, immediately or within a short period of time. Expected to occur frequently to an
individual item or person; or continuously over a service life for an inventory of items or group.

Subcategory B

- Probably will occur in time. Expected to occur several times to an individual item or person; or
frequently over a service life for an inventory of items or group.

Subcategory C

- May occur in time. Can reasonably be expected to occur sometime to an individual item or
person; or several times over a service life for an inventory of items, or group.

Subcategory D

- Unlikely to occur, but not impossible.

 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

102.8 Define the terms “Hazard Severity” and “Mishap Probability” as they apply to the Risk
Assessment Code (RAC).

Hazard Severity - This is an assessment of the potential consequence that can occur as a result of a
hazard and is defined by the degree of injury, illness, property damage, loss of assets (time, money,
personnel), or effect on the mission or task.

Mishap Probability - This is an assessment of the likelihood that a potential consequence may occur
as a result of a hazard and is defined by assessment of such factors as location, exposure (cycles or
hours of operation), affected populations, experience, or previously established statistical information.

- Hazard Severity and Mishap Probability are brought together through the Risk Assessment Matrix to
determine the Risk Assessment Code (RAC), See below:

102.9 Explain requirements to properly use and maintain Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

- Navy policy is that activities provide, use and maintain PPE when competent authority determines
that its use is necessary and that such use will lessen the likelihood of occupational injuries and/or
illnesses. Activities shall provide necessary protective equipment where there is a reasonable
probability that the use of the equipment will prevent or reduce the severity of injuries or illnesses.

- PPE procurement and enforcement of proper use and maintenance is the responsibility of the
activity.

- Activities must recognize that personal protective devices do nothing to reduce or eliminate the
hazard itself. They merely establish a last line of defense, and any equipment breakdown, failure or
misuse immediately exposes the worker to the hazard. Many protective devices, through
misapplication or improper maintenance, can become ineffective without the knowledge of the wearer
and can have potentially serious consequences.

102.10 Explain the functions of the Safety Councils and Committees.

- The Safety Council is composed of operator-level Navy and Marine Corps safety leaders who
advise and recommend safety performance improvements to the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO),
the Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC), and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Navy for
Safety (DASN(S)).
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

- Council membership consists of co-chairs and appointed Chairs of each of the following Safety
Committees:

- Afloat Safety Committee

- Aviation Safety Committee
- Ground Tactical Safety Committee
- Shore Safety Committee

- Safety councils shall be established at all Navy regions, as well as at activities that provide their own
safety support. At the region level, the Program Manager responsible for Safety shall chair the
council; at the activity level, the CO, XO or equivalent shall chair the council.

- Commanding officers shall appoint members in writing, either by letter to an individual or by title or
position, in a local instruction. Membership shall include civilian and military personnel representing
key organizational elements at the region and activity, as well as safety and health professionals. .

- The requirement for a safety council can be met by any formally established region and activity
management board or council that addresses safety issues, even if it also addresses other issues, as
long as such boards/councils meet the basic intent and criteria of this chapter. Commands that do
not have a safety staff and receive safety services from a region may be asked to participate in the
Regional safety council meetings. Participation on the regional council shall be determined by the
mission of the command and complexity of its work environment.

- Commands that do not participate in the regional safety council shall be provided minutes of the
meetings as necessary.

- If the region or activity safety manager attends routinely scheduled department head (staff)
meetings or personally briefs the CO/XO on a recurring basis, where safety Items can be discussed
in a timely manner, only one formal annual meeting is required. Otherwise, the council shall meet
annually or more frequently as needed.

- The council develops agendas and action items based on the nature of the region or activity, its
scope of operations and its hazard or mishap experience. Subject matter discussed by the council
will include goals, program improvement plans, mishap prevention experience, requirements and
initiatives, compliance issues and hazard abatement.

- The safety office shall develop proposed agendas and presentations for the council and ensure
meetings are scheduled.

102.11 Discuss the purpose of a mishap investigation and who’s responsible for conducting the
investigation.

- Shore regions and activities shall conduct a safety investigation of every mishap, major or minor,
and handle the investigation as a search for facts the severity or significance of the mishap
determines the extent of the investigation.

- The region or activity shall establish guidelines delineating roles and responsibilities for reporting
and investigating all classes of mishaps.

- Specifically trained military or civilian safety and occupational health professionals shall conduct
mishap investigations of Class A and B mishaps.

- The safety office shall ensure proper investigation of all mishaps and review all investigation reports.
Management personnel may assist in mishap investigations, however, regions and activities shall not
use information they obtain through the safety investigation for administrative or disciplinary action.
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

- Safety departments shall notify the Injury Compensation Program Administrator (ICPA), medical,
and/or industrial hygienists as needed, of their mishap investigation, which should include a request
for specific support. The safety departments are to document the notification and specific results or
any support received.

- The investigator shall complete a written report with firm, factual findings of mishap root causes and
recommendations for specific corrective action to be taken to prevent recurrence.

- For all mishaps, the safety departments shall forward safety recommendations to appropriate
department heads and/or supervisors, follow up with the appropriate department heads and/or
supervisor to verify progress in implementing the corrective action, and notify command personnel of
the department’s progress in implementing recommendations for corrective action.

- Safety departments shall prepare and maintain a log of current status information on all
recommendations for corrective actions in safety and mishap prevention matters.

- All mishaps meeting the criteria should be reported in WESS (Wed Enabled Safety System.

102.12 Discuss the hierarchy or preferred control measures for fall hazards.

Elimination - Removing the hazard from a workplace. This is the most effective control measure.

Prevention - Isolating or separating the hazard from the general work areas.

Engineering Controls - If the hazard cannot be eliminated, isolated, or separated, engineering

control is the next-preferred measure to control the risk.

Administrative Controls - This includes introducing new work practices that reduce the risk of a
person falling.

102.13 What is the purpose of the Hazmat Program?

- The Hazmat Program focuses on preventing, minimizing, or eliminating the introduction of

hazardous material (HM) into the Navy system, substituting less hazardous HM for HM already in the
Navy system, safely using HM in the workplace, and safely handling and disposing of hazardous
waste.

102.14 Explain the responsibilities of all unit personnel as applied to safety:

- Safe practices should be followed by all unit personnel at all times. Personnel should follow all
posted signs, precautions and procedures to minimize hazard severity. All personnel should be
familiar with reporting procedures for unsafe events, mishaps and near mishaps.

- Unit personnel should also ensure they attend regular safety training ensuring they are up to date on
the most recent and relevant safety protocols and procedures.

102.15 Explain the maintenance and use of PPE and why it is necessary.

- Activities must recognize that personal protective devices do nothing to reduce or eliminate the
hazard itself. They merely establish a last line of defense, and any equipment breakdown, failure or
misuse immediately exposes the worker to the hazard.

- Many protective devices, through misapplication or improper maintenance, can become ineffective
without the knowledge of the wearer and can have potentially serious consequences. Proper
equipment selection, maintenance, employee training (including equipment limitations) and
mandatory enforcement of equipment use are key elements of an effective PPE program.
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

102.16 Discuss safety and occupational health training requirements.

- All new employees regardless of position require safety orientation training. Training should cover
various topics applicable to employees including mishaps, compensation, MSDSs, work procedures,
smoking, stress, plans and goals, radiation, etc.

- The supervisor can provide these at "stand-up" safety meetings at industrial regions or activities,
safety stand-downs or through routed handouts and publications in offices. Formal classroom
training is not required.

- For non-industrial (office) regions or activities, or personnel, the supervisor should use monthly or
periodic "captain's call" or other meetings or methods to distribute information to promote safety.

- All full time journeyman level SOH personnel (to include safety managers and officers, industrial
hygienists and industrial hygiene officers) shall receive an equivalent of four CEUs or 40 hours of
continuing education annually.

- All full time SOH personnel who have not attained journeyman level shall receive an equivalent of
eight CEUs or 80 hours of professional development training annually.

102.17 Discuss electrical and electronic safety and tag-out precautions.

- Requirements apply only when the unexpected energizing or movement of machinery/equipment or

the release of energy during the maintaining or servicing of such equipment/machinery could cause
injury to personnel and/or property damage.

- When similar machines and/or equipment are covered with a single generic written procedure, the
procedure shall list the types of equipment to which the operating procedure applies.

- Lockout/tag-out is the preferred method of energy control and commands shall use it ashore where
feasible. Regions/Activities shall not use combination locks for lockout. No two lockout devices
(locks) shall have the same key. No more than two keys shall exist for any lock. The worker shall
maintain one key and the supervisor shall maintain the other in a location readily accessible to that
supervisor in the event of an emergency.

- Both lockout and tag-out devices shall indicate the identity of the employee applying the device(s).
Lockout/tag-out devices shall be standardized throughout a region or within each shore activity.

- Commands shall ensure that all training complies with references, is specific to the region or activity,
but need not include instruction on energy sources or means of isolation that are not applicable to the
region or activity.

102.18 Discuss the purpose of safety stand-downs.

- Safety stand-downs should be used to cover various topics applicable to employees including
mishaps, compensation, MSDSs, work procedures, smoking, stress, plans and goals, radiation, etc.
However, they may be used to cover a wider range of topics.

102.19 Describe parameters of the following mishap classifications:

Class A

- The resulting total cost of damages to DoD or non-DoD property in an amount of $2 million or
more, or
- DoD aircraft is destroyed, or
- Injury and/or occupational illness result in a fatality or permanent total disability.
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

Class B

- The resulting total cost of damages to DoD or non-DoD property is $500,000 or more, but less
than $2 million, or
- Injury and/or occupational illness result in permanent partial disability, or
- Three or more personnel are hospitalized for inpatient care (beyond observation) as a result of a
single mishap.

Class C

- The resulting total cost of damages to DoD or non-DoD property is $50,000 or more, but less
than $500,000, or
- An event involves one or more DoD personnel that results in one or more days away from work.

102.20 Discuss the label elements of the Globally Harmonized System (GHS).

- The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) is an

internationally agreed-upon system, created by the United Nations. GHS label elements have been
standardized (identical with no variation) and are directly related to the endpoints and hazard level.
The standardized label elements included in the GHS are:

Symbols: (hazard pictograms) - Convey health, physical and environmental hazard information,
assigned to a GHS hazard class and category.

Signal Words: "Danger" or "Warning" - Used to emphasize hazards and indicate the relative level of
severity of the hazard, assigned to a GHS hazard class and category.

Hazard Statements: - Standard phrases assigned to a hazard class and category that describe the
nature of the hazard.
 102 Safety Fundamentals CONT’D

102.21 At what decibels is single and double hearing protection required?

- Single Hearing Protection: 84 dBA –140 dBA or a peak sound greater than

140 dBA.

- Double Hearing Protection: Greater than 140 dBA or a peak sound greater than

165 dBA.

102.22 What are the risk factors work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs).

- WMSDs result from the cumulative effect of repeated traumas associated with specific workplace
risk factors. When present for sufficient duration, frequency, magnitude, or in combination, these risk
factors may cause WMSDs. In addition, personal risk factors, such as, physical conditioning, existing
health problems, gender, age, and work technique will also contribute to the risk.

Risk factors include but are not limited to:

- Force - the amount of physical effort required to maintain control of equipment or tools or
perform a task such as heavy lifting, pushing, pulling, grasping, or carrying.

- Repetition - performing the same motion or series of motions continually or frequently for an
extended period of time with little variation. Examples include prolonged typing, assembling
components and repetitive hand tool usage.

- Awkward or static postures - awkward posture refers to positions of the body (limbs, joints,
back) that deviate significantly from the neutral position while performing job tasks. For example,
overhead work, extended reaching, twisting, and squatting or kneeling. Static postures refer to
holding a fixed position or posture. Examples include gripping tools that cannot be set down or
standing in one place for prolonged periods.

- Vibration - Localized vibration, such as vibration of the hand and arm, occurs when a specific
part of the body comes into contact with vibrating objects such as powered hand tools (e.g., chain
saw, electric drill, chipping hammer) or equipment (e.g., wood planer, punch press, packaging
machine). Whole-body vibration occurs when standing or sitting in vibrating environments (e.g.,
operating a pile driver or driving a truck over bumpy roads) or when using heavy vibrating
equipment that requires whole-body involvement (e.g., jackhammers).

- Contact stress - results from occasional, repeated or continuous contact between sensitive
body tissues and a hard or sharp object. Examples include resting the wrist on a hard desk edge,
tool handles that press into the palms or using the hand as a hammer.

* Additionally, environmental conditions such as working in temperature extremes may contribute

to the development of WMSDs.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals

103.1 Describe the following as it pertains to how equipment and cargo are to be
prepared for air, land and sea movement:

a) Palletization - Units shall palletize cargo from the heaviest to the lightest and distribute large and
heavy objects from the center of the pallet outwards to prevent the pallet from becoming heavy on
one end. Doing this also helps maintain the CB at or near the center. Units shall:

I. Place lighter and/or smaller items on top of or beside the heavier cargo.

II. Ensure containers are positioned right side up with special handling labels facing out.

III. Construct the load in a square or pyramid shape whenever possible to make the load
stable, easy to handle, and easier to secure on the pallet.

IV. Always put three points of dunnage under 463L pallets prior to cargo placement. The
dunnage shall consist of a minimum of three 4-inch by 4-inch by 88-inch pieces of lumber
equally spaced. This aids the movement of the pallets by forklift and protects the lower
surface from damage.

b) Weighing and Marking - The CB of cargo must be determined to accurately compute the weight
and balance condition of a loaded aircraft.

I. The unit offering cargo for air shipment is responsible for marking each item with the
correct GWT and a CB point. This includes any item measuring 10 feet or longer and/or
any item having a balance point other than its center.

II. All vehicle type cargo shall have axle weights marked above each axle, on both sides of
the vehicle, and with weather resistant material.

III. Vehicle-type cargo with a load-carrying capability shall be marked to indicate an empty or
loaded CB.

c) Shoring - Shoring and dunnage may be required when loading cargo and equipment on all
modes of transportation. The unit owning or presenting the equipment for shipment is responsible
for purchasing and providing the shoring and dunnage required for the movement.

d) Joint Inspections - The JI ensures that all unit supplies and equipment presented for air
movement are properly prepared, documented, and manifested.

- The JI procedures checklist is broken into five main sections that address the heading,
documentation, vehicles and non-powered equipment, pallets, and pallet trains, and
helicopters (flyaway).

- The JI is conducted between the deploying unit, DACG, and USAF airlift support personnel
using DD Form 2133.

e) 463L Pallet System - The 463L cargo system was designed to reduce the time required to
load and unload an aircraft.

- The 463L pallet is made of corrosion-resistant aluminum with a soft wood core and is framed
on all sides by aluminum rails.

- The rails have 22 tie-down rings attached so that there are six rings on each long side and
five rings on each short side. Each ring has a 7,500 lb restraint capacity.

- The overall dimensions of the 463L pallets are 88-inches by 108-inches by 2-1/4 inches thick;
however, the usable dimensions of the upper surface are only 84-inches by 104-inches. This
allows 2-inches around the periphery of the pallet to attach straps, nets, or other restraint
devices. An empty 463L pallet weighs 290 lbs (355 lbs with nets).
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

103.2 State the types of Air Mobility Command (AMC) organic aircraft and their primary use and
mission.

a) C-130 Hercules - A four-engine, turbo-prop, medium-range assault transport airplane. Its short
field capability makes it suitable for tactical and theater air transport.

- Cargo: 6 Pallets or 90 Passengers.

b) C-17 Globemaster - A high-wing, four-engine, turbofan, heavy transport airplane with the ability
to land on short runways enabling delivery of equipment directly to short airfields without
intermediate trans-shipment.

- Cargo: 18 Pallets or 102 Passengers.

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

c) C-5 Galaxy - A high-wing, four-engine, turbofan, heavy-transport airplane. It is used mainly in

a strategic role to airlift cargo. Unique features include the forward cargo door (visor) and
ramp, the aft cargo door system and ramp, and a separate passenger compartment. These
features allow drive-on/drive-off loading and unloading.

- Cargo: 36 Pallets plus 73 Passengers.

d) KC-10 Extender - Swept-wing, wide-body, tri-jet with a dual purpose mission as an aerial
refueler and cargo/passenger aircraft. Unit personnel, equipment, and materiel are carried on
the upper deck, fuel tanks are contained in the lower compartments. unique loading
requirements and limitations for the KC-10 require special equipment and attention. The
aircraft does not have a ramp at ground level and requires the use of a wide-body elevating
loader.

- Cargo: 22 Pallets and 10 passengers or 16 Pallets and 69 Passengers

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

103.3 Explain the procedures to calculate the center of balance for Civil Engineer Support
Equipment (CESE).

- Computing the Center of Balance on Wheeled Vehicles:

1. Multiply the weight by distance of each axle from the RDL (in inches) and then divide the
total results by the vehicle GWT to compute the CB location of vehicles.

2. The resulting figure is the number of inches to be measured aft from the reference line to the
CB of the vehicle.

3. The vehicle CB is computed to the nearest whole inch. Any answer with a fraction of 0.5 or
higher is increased to the next higher number. If 0.4 or less, drop the number.

4. After computing the CB of a vehicle, mark its location and GWT on both sides using weather
resistant masking tape and grease pencil/magic marker, forming the letter “T”;. The horizontal
portion of the “T” shall contain the GWT information, and the vertical portion of the “T” shall
contain the letters “C/B,” to indicate the exact position of the vehicle’s CB.

5. Also indicate the number of inches from the RDL of the CB location and mark the axle
weights on each axle. The RDL measurements shall be taken from the FFE of the vehicle.

For the Center of Balance Formula:

CB = (W1 x D1) + (W2 x D2) / GWT

103.4 Discuss the information found on Time-Phased Force Deployment Data.

- TPFDD development begins with mission analysis and determining force structure to satisfy mission
requirements. TPFDD provides the following information:

I. In-place forces (units already deployed).

II. Forces deployed to support the OPLAN with a priority indicating the phased sequence for
their arrival at the POD/destination.

III. Routing of forces to be deployed.

IV. Movement data associated with deploying forces.

V. Estimates of non-unit related cargo and personnel movements to be conducted

concurrently with force deployment.

VI. Estimated transportation requirements that must be fulfilled by common-user lift resources
and requirements that can be fulfilled by assigned or attached transportation assets.

103.5 Discuss the Military Sealift Command mission.

- The mission of MSC is to provide ocean transportation of equipment, fuel, supplies, and ammunition
to sustain U.S. forces worldwide across the full range of military operations for as long as operational
requirements dictate.

- MSC provides the sea transportation component for USTRANSCOM. MSC operates ships that
provide combat logistics support to USN ships at sea, special mission support to U.S. government
agencies, pre-positioning of U.S. military supplies and equipment at sea, and ocean transportation of
DOD cargo.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

103.6 Discuss Op Funds.

- Congress provides Operations and Maintenance, Navy (O&M, N) obligation authority for a 12-month
fiscal year (FY). The Navy Comptroller provides these O&M, N funds to the fleet Commanders under
their role as a Budget Submitting Office (BSO), (i.e., COMUSFLTFORCOM for the Atlantic Fleet and
COMPACFLT for the Pacific Fleet). The fleet then allocates funding in the form of an Operating
Budget (OB) to the TYCOMs who then allocates the OPTAR grants periodically to the subordinate
units. TYCOMs grant each ship or activity funding authority in the form of OPTARs to obtain the
material and services necessary for day-to-day operations.

103.7 What are the 10 Army Classes of Supplies.

1) Food
2) Expendables
3) Petroleum
4) Construction materials
5) Ammunition
6) Personal demand items (health and hygiene items)
7) Major end items (launchers, tanks, mobile machine shops, etc.)
8) Medical material
9) Repair parts
10) Material to support nonmilitary programs such as agriculture and economic development

103.8 State the purpose of your departments Table of Allowance (TOA) TA-77.

- The TOA identifies and quantifies the basic material and equipment required by Navy Expeditionary
Forces to carry out operational requirements under a range of anticipated operational environments in
contingency, wartime and disaster recovery operations.

- It is the primary requirements allowance document of the Navy Expeditionary Forces and is
approved by the CNO. TOAs are developed for unit-specific Navy Mission Essential Tasks (NMETs)
and are the same for all units with the same Required Operational Capabilities (ROCs) and Projected
Operating Environments (POEs). Each TOA is listed by functional components, sections,
facility/group, assembly and associated line items

103.9 Explain the uses of the Government commercial purchase Card (IMPAC) (VISA) card.

- The GCPC is authorized for making and/or paying for micro purchases of supplies, services, or
construction. The GCPC is also authorized for making contract payments when a contractor agrees to
accept payment by the card.

103.10 Describe the purpose of shipper declaration of dangerous goods.

- The format describes the HAZMAT and provides handling information. Depending on the hazard
being shipped, some HAZMAT cannot be transported on aircraft with passengers onboard, so the
documentation would have the “Cargo Aircraft Only” annotation where required.

103.11 Describe the different types of cargo containers that may be used for unit movements.

1. Internal Airlift/Helicopter Slingable Container Unit (ISU)

There are two variations based on size:

- ISU-60 (108 inches by 88 inches by 60 inches)

- ISU-90 (108 inches by 88 inches by 90 inches)
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

2. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Container

There are two basic variations based on overall length:

- 20-foot (240 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches)

- 40-foot (480 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches)

3. Triple Container (TRICON)

There are two variations depending on size:

- Individual (77.5 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches)

- A set (three individuals) connected together: TRICONs (240 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches)

4. Quadruple Container (QUADCON)

There are two variations depending on size:

- Individual (58 inches by 82 inches by 96 inches)

- A set (four individuals) connected together: QUADCONs (240 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches)

5. PALCON

There is only one type

- 48 inches by 40 inches by 41 inches

6. Half-Height Container (HALFCON)

There is only one type

- 240 inches by 96 inches by 48 inches

7. Flat Rack Loaders

There is only one type

- 240 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches

8. Side-Opening Containers

There is only one type

- 240 inches by 96 inches by 96 inches

103.12 Define the following as applied to embarkation:

a. ACL - Allowable Cabin Load. The maximum payload that can be carried on an individual sortie.

b. CRE/CRT - Designated Contingency Response Element/Contingency Response Team

c. Marshaling - The process by which units participating in an amphibious or airborne operation

group together or assemble when feasible or move to temporary camps in the vicinity of embarkation
points, complete preparations for combat, or prepare for loading.

Also, The process of assembling, holding, and organizing supplies and/or equipment, especially
vehicles of transportation, for onward movement.

d. AACG - Arrival Airfield Control Group

e. DACG - Departure Airfield Control Group

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

** The AACG/DACG is designed to assist AMC and the deploying unit in receiving, processing,
and loading personnel and equipment. The capabilities of the DACG are based on the mission and
the units performing aerial port OPS. Overall responsibility for AACG/DACG OPS in CONUS is
assigned to the installations. Personnel and equipment resources come from units or activities that
are not required to move with the deploying force. Outside the continental United States
(OCONUS), AACG/DACG OPS are supported by resources drawn from the deploying or
redeploying force.

103.13 Explain the four types of shoring used during embarkation operations.

a. Sleeper - Protects the surface or floor area while in transit under the vehicle frame or axle.

b. Rolling - Protects parking ramps, cargo floor, or loading ramps of cargo airplanes from damage.

c. Parking - Protects the surface or floor area from damage.

d. Approach - Decreases the approach angle of aircraft ramps when loading aircraft.

Rolling Shoring Parking Shoring

Sleeper Shoring Approach Shoring

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

103.14 Discuss the following convoy planning elements:

a. Route Reconnaissance and Selection.

A reconnaissance of possible convoy routes should precede the actual selection of a route in order
to avoid predictability. (Don’t be easily timed, approached, or observed.) Higher headquarters may
specify the route selected or the determination may be left to the CC. The CC or a designated
representative should make a reconnaissance of both the primary and alternate route by ground or
air if circumstances will allow it.

- Reconnaissance.

(1) A map reconnaissance is made first, followed by a physical (ground or air) reconnaissance,
if possible. When making the map reconnaissance, other available information such as
engineer intelligence, military police/security force information, civilians supporting military (e.g.,
security contractors and military contracted vehicle operators), and overhead photos should be
used. Since route conditions are susceptible to change in a relatively short time due to enemy
action or weather, a physical reconnaissance is highly beneficial if time and the security
situation permit.

(2) Ground/physical reconnaissance should be conducted in concert with the supporting

engineer element. This is particularly critical when gap crossings and route construction may be
required. Aerial reconnaissance may be conducted visually, using overhead photography, or
using other intelligence assets to identify danger areas and choke points on each proposed
route.

- Convoy Reconnaissance Considerations.

(1) In general, convoy routes are selected by identifying, evaluating, and comparing those
factors which tend to facilitate convoy movement and control.

(2) Route Characteristics. Considerations related to route characteristics include:

- Road surface and bridge capacity.

- Grades.
- Height, weight, widths, and turning radius limitations.
- Trafficability.
- Rural versus urban areas.
- Estimated operating speeds over various sections of the route.
- Probable traffic conditions.
- Probable effect of adverse weather on trafficability.
- Convoy control requirements.
- Friendly and threat force locations.
- Choke points.

(3) Enemy Capability. The enemy’s capabilities along a route are fully evaluated based on
current intelligence. Other considerations in evaluating the enemy threat include recent
experiences by other convoys utilizing the route and the identification of danger areas along the
route, which enhance the enemy’s ability to interdict the convoy.

(4) Route Classifications. Movement restrictions and highway route control classifications
must be considered within the AO. Route classification is assigned to a route using factors of
minimum width, worst route type, least bridge, raft, or culvert military load classification, and
obstructions to traffic flow.

b. Convoy Troop Leading Procedures.

a. Receive the Mission.

(1) CCs receive the mission in a warning order (WARNO), an operations order (OPORD),
fragmentary order (FRAGO), transportation movement request, or verbal order.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

(2) CCs ensure that both the mission and the specified and implied tasks involved are
completely understood.

(3) CCs quickly analyze the unit’s current capability to accomplish the assigned mission. The CC
must make a rapid assessment of any problems (people, supplies, or maintenance) that could
jeopardize the mission. If the issues are serious enough to require assistance from higher
headquarters, the CC raises them immediately.

b. Issue the WARNO.

- CCs issue WARNOs to ensure that subordinate leaders have key information they need to
maximize their preparation time. The initial WARNO should include a manifest and timeline. The
manifest provides the detailed organization for combat: formation, personnel, and equipment.
The timeline is a schedule of all preparatory tasks from receipt of the mission to start point (SP).
CCs may issue multiple WARNOs as additional information or changes from higher
headquarters are received.

c. Make a Tentative Plan.

- CCs ensure every member in the convoy has enough information needed to complete the
mission. A simplified approach to tactical analysis and planning makes use of the following basic
considerations of mission, enemy, terrain and weather, time, troops available and civilian
(METT-TC).

(1) Mission.
- CCs plan to execute all specified and implied tasks found in the higher headquarters
OPORD and commander’s intent. CC determines specified and implied tasks. Restrictions
and limitations must be identified, considered, and applied (detours, restricted routes, ROE).

(2) Enemy.
- CCs coordinate with the unit intelligence officer (S-2), movement control element,
engineers, area security forces, and the military police (MP) to assist in development of the
enemy situation. CCs determine danger areas and possible ambush sites. CCs gather any
additional information needed to complete the mission.

(3) Terrain and Weather.

(a) Terrain. - Normally leaders focus on the standard military aspects of terrain for combat
operations known as KOCOA:

• Key terrain
• Observation/fields of fire
• Cover and concealment
• Obstacles
• Avenues of approach

- While this traditional approach is occasionally necessary during convoy operations, the
primary focus should be the route. This analysis cannot be accomplished using only a map.
Combat imagery base (CIB) products and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery available
through intelligence (S-2) imagery channels are additional tools, but nothing replaces a
thorough ground reconnaissance. CCs take detailed notes pertaining to navigation,
trafficability, congestion, and the threat. The primary method for providing information to
convoy leaders concerning the route is the strip map. These sketches are easily developed,
refined, and produced. Strip maps for long haul routes should be constructed at high levels
of command, but maps for local short haul routes are ideally produced at battalion or lower
levels. CCs should issue these maps to every vehicle in the convoy.

(b) Weather. - Terrain and weather analysis are inseparable. The effects of weather should
be factored in during the review of the terrain. In this substep, weather analysis evaluate the
weather’s direct effects on a convoy operation. The military aspects of weather include:
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

• Visibility
• Winds
• Precipitation
• Cloud cover
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Light Data. CCs should collect and review the following information concerning light
data prior to each operation. The effects of light could provide advantages to the threat.

(4) Time.
- CCs complete the plan as quickly as possible to allow for subordinate preparation and
implementation. CCs supervise pre-combat checks (PCC).

(5) Troops Available.

- CCs should analyze the positive or negative effects of the factors listed below. Any
limitations noted result in increased risk to the convoy and should be mitigated during the
preparation phase. Also CCs should look at the support available from friendly units along
the convoy route.

• Coordinate movement support through adjacent units' area of operations (AO) if

required.
• Identify battle hand-off procedures with quick reaction force (QRF).
• Identify logistics and life support along the route.
• Identify availability of materials handling equipment.
• Identify any additional requirements to military forces to safeguard civilian drivers and
vehicles within the convoy.

(6) Civilian.
- The Law of Armed Conflict imposes strict limitations on the use of civilian personnel in the
combat environment. DOD, Service, and combatant commander guidance will dictate policy,
limitations, and restrictions for civilians supporting military forces. Heavy civilian presence in
operational areas will be a major complicating factor along any convoy route. The potential
interference may vary when considering the following types of potential civilian activity.

• Active insurgents
• Criminals (pilferage/theft)
• Sympathizers (nonlethal harassment such as children throwing rocks)
• Unwilling accomplices
• Innocent bystanders
• Vehicle traffic
• Legitimate armed police/militia
• Civilian/government property

d. Initiate Movement.

- During the preparation period it may be necessary to move elements of the convoy for refueling,
rearming, or to pick up loads. CCs should schedule these moves in the timeline and delegate
execution to subordinate leaders so that convoy planning is not disrupted.

e. Reconnoiter.

- A reconnaissance of possible convoy routes should precede the actual selection of a route. CCs
identify checkpoints (CP), release points (RP), and rally points along the route. As time and
conditions permit, CCs should conduct a map recon, ground (physical) recon, or aerial recon. Unit
intelligence, military police, area security forces, and engineers responsible for the route or route
segments can amplify and update route information. Imagery recons are an excellent method to
obtain information regarding specific areas of interest, such as, known enemy "hot spots" or
areas that may slow or restrict movement thereby increasing the threat environment for a convoy.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

f. Complete the Plan.

- All convoy briefings are verbal orders; however, several planning products should be completed
and used during the briefing. Examples of each with preparation guidance are listed below.

• Manifest
• Timeline
• Strip map for every vehicle and subordinate leader
• Convoy Briefing Format
• Risk Management

g. Issue the Convoy Brief (OPORD).

- CCs determine a site conducive to giving an order for a combat operation and properly set up
for the convoy brief. This site should support the use of multiple visual aids such as charts, map
blow-ups, and a whiteboard or butcher paper board. CCs must prepare carefully and rehearse the
presentation. Subordinate leaders should give a back brief or confirmation brief to their CCs at
the conclusion of all convoy briefings.

h. Supervise.

- Every aspect of preparation for a convoy should be supervised. CCs designate an assistant
convoy commander (ACC). The CC and ACC cannot accomplish the planning requirements
without the assistance of all subordinate leaders and noncommissioned officers (NCO). CCs
conduct mission planning while their ACCs and subordinate leaders concentrate on staging,
inspections, manifesting, and rehearsals. CCs should alert their ACCs to time-consuming tasks
that must begin at the outset of preparations including cross-loading, distribution of tow-bars and
cables, and vehicle hardening. CCs delegate preparatory tasks in priority order. CCs remain
responsible for all preparations.

c. General Planning Considerations.

a. Additional factors CCs should consider:

(1) Have gun trucks. Gun trucks will provide the convoy with additional firepower to deter and/or
destroy an enemy threat. See chapter II for further discussion.

(2) Use a forward security element (FSE). An advance security element should be used in
conjunction with a convoy escort. Its purpose is to move ahead of the convoy as a
reconnaissance element providing CCs with route information, as well as current enemy and
civilian situational awareness.

(3) Maintain operations security (OPSEC). Throughout each phase of planning, preparation, and
execution, every effort must be made to maintain OPSEC to deny intelligence to the enemy, such
as:

• Conceal the reflective parts of the vehicles’ windows and headlights.

• Consider conducting convoys at night.
• Use proper radio procedures and authorized communications equipment.
• Cover and protect high-value cargo with armed guards.
• Do not stencil or write names, rank, or information, such as call signs and frequencies, on
windshields.

(4) Have a destruction plan to destroy classified documents, radio fill, and in extreme cases be
prepared and equipped to destroy some vehicles or loads. Absent of higher headquarters
direction, CCs determine priorities of destruction based on items within the convoy that may be
used against the convoy or other friendly forces.

(5) Develop a vehicle recovery plan.

(6) Have ambulance/medical coverage (ground and/or air).

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

(7) Disperse combat life savers (CLS)/medics throughout convoy.

(8) Designate aid and litter teams throughout convoy.

(9) Designate assault teams.

(10) Develop a rest or rotation plan for drivers.

(11) Have window screens to deflect grenades.

(12) Have a supply guard to prevent pilferage.

(13) Have MP, security force, infantry, or other escort.

(14) Disperse commodities throughout the convoy—cross load!

(15) Use convoy signals (i.e., flares, hand and arm, use of vehicle signals/lights).

(16) Develop a fire support plan along the route (indirect and close air support (CAS)).

(17) Have aviation support.

(18) Develop deception plan considerations.

(19) Complete a closure report at destination and upon return.

(20) Coordinate boundary crossing considerations. Convoys that cross unit or national
boundaries must be properly coordinated by movement control organizations—before the convoy
moves. CCs must also have the information available and the capability to contact the units along
the route in order to facilitate boundary coordination and convoy support if required. CCs should
contact stationary units upon entering that unit’s battlespace and have call signs/frequencies for
the QRF of those units.

b. Rehearse.

- Well planned rehearsals are a critical aspect of preparation for any combat operation. With
limited time, rehearsals must concentrate on battle drill reactions to the most likely threat.
Rehearsals ensure that everyone in the convoy understands and demonstrates a capability to
execute the plan and essential drills. Rehearsals instill confidence in all convoy participants that
they (and the entire convoy) are fully prepared.

(1) Routes. Conduct sand table exercise or route walkthrough with focus on immediate action
drills.

(2) Medical Evacuation (MEDEVAC). Plan for and rehearse medical evacuation procedures
(ground and air) during convoy operations.

(3) Communication. Include audio, visual, and radio. Communication rehearsals and redundant
means of communication are a must. There should be redundancy for both long haul and short
haul communications. Nonsecure means of communication should not be used.

(4) Escorts. Ensure escort (FSE, gun trucks) roles, responsibilities, and actions are understood.

(5) Vehicle Recovery Operations for Disabled Equipment. Ensure PCC included checking for tow
bars or cables for each vehicle.

c. Conduct convoy operation actions (battle drills)

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

d. Complete post convoy actions.

(1) Immediately upon convoy closure, report vehicle convoy operation completion to the higher
headquarters.

(2) Conduct thorough mission debrief with key leaders from convoy.

(3) Conduct debrief with operations and intelligence section. Report any suspicious activity,
enemy TTPs, or unusual events to intelligence or counter intelligence element.

(4) Record and report actual convoy route taken (as opposed to planned route). These should be
used as a historical record to avoid patterns and predictability (sometimes referred to as “Honesty
Trace”).

(5) Vehicles, Weapons, and Equipment: Refuel, clean, inventory, and perform Preventative
Maintenance Checks and Services (PMCS).

(6) Conduct PCCs/pre-combat inspections (PCI) to prepare for next mission.

e. Summation.

- The bottom line is that a tactical convoy requires all the preparation requirements of any
detached tactical operation. CCs plan, prepare, and rehearse to execute convoys the same way
infantry squads conduct a combat patrol.

103.15 Discuss how the Operating Target (OPTAR)/budget impacts your Department.

- OPTAR funds are derived from the activity's projected obligations and expenditures based on the
amount used during the previous 12 months and their operating schedule for the next 12 months. The
activity submits its budget request to their Type Commander who then consolidates all subordinate
command budget projections and submits them to the next level of command until a consolidated
budget for the entire Department of Defense reaches the President. The President accumulates the
budgets from all cabinet secretaries and sends Congress a consolidated budget for the entire U.S.
Government. Congress then works with the President to pass appropriation bills into law. These
funds are then distributed back through the chain of command.

- Operating targets are issued to activities for a particular fiscal year. Obligations can only be incurred
during the first twelve months of the accounting cycle. Expenditures (i.e. Payment for obligations) can
be made throughout the entire 72 month or 6 year period. The 6-year period includes the current
fiscal year and next 5 years to where expenditures can be incurred or previous obligations may be
adjusted or canceled.

103.16 Discuss the following forms and they’re purpose:

a. DD Form 1348-6

- DOD Single Line Item Requisition System Document (Manual Long Form). It is used for
requisitioning non-NSN items. It is also used for NSN, part number, or other items for which a DD
1348 does not permit inclusion of sufficient identifying data.

b. NAVCOMPT 2276

- The NAVCOMPT 2276 is used to request contracting action for work or services from a Navy
contracting office or office in support of the command such as a facility maintenance contract
(2276 is used to request contracting support from Navy Public Works).

c. NAVSUP 1250-2

- The NAVSUP Form 1250-2 is a seven part multipurpose form used for procuring non-NSN
material.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

d. DD Form 448 (MIPR)

- Military Interdepartmental Purchase Requests (MIPR). Originating military departments may use
the MIPR to forward a request for contractual action to another military department or Government
agency. Field contracting activities responsible for single department procurements may receive
requests for purchase action on a MIPR or from Navy activities, on a request for Contractual
Procurement (NAVCOMPT Form 2276).

e. SF 44

- The SF 44 is a variation of the purchase order (PO) method of procurement. It is a multi-purpose

form that can be used as a PO, receiving report, invoice and public voucher. It is a pocketsize form
designed for on-the-spot, over-the-counter purchases of supplies and non-personal services while
away from the purchasing office or at otherwise isolated activities.

f. DD Form 1155

- Order for Supplies or Services (unless the contracting officer is issuing an unsigned electronic
PO

g. SF 1449

- Solicitation/Contract/Order for Commercial Items. Use of the Standard Form 1449 is encouraged
when issuing written solicitations and placing orders for commercial items. The SF 1449 may also
be used for documenting receipt, inspection and acceptance.

h. SF 30

- The Standard Form 30 is used to amend or modify an existing SF 1449 (obligating document).

i. DD Form 200

- If government-owned property used by DoD personnel is lost, stolen, damaged or destroyed, an

investigation will be launched and Form DD 200 Financial Liability Investigation of Property Loss
(FLIPL) will be filed to determine if personnel showed negligence or abuse in the situation. A DD
Form 200 is required to relieve the accountable property officer or property custodian from
responsibility.

103.17 States the purpose of the following:

a. Table of Allowance (TOA)

- The TOA identifies and quantifies the basic material and equipment required by Navy
Expeditionary Forces to carry out operational requirements under a range of anticipated
operational environments in contingency, wartime and disaster recovery operations. It is the
primary requirements allowance document of the Navy Expeditionary Forces and is approved by
the CNO. Each TOA is listed by functional components, sections, facility/group, assembly and
associated line items.
b. Defense Property Accountability System

- The purpose of DPAS is to assure the timely availability of industrial resources to meet current
national defense and emergency preparedness program requirements and to provide an operating
system to support rapid industrial response in a national emergency.

103.18 Define and discuss DLR procedures:

- Depot Level Repairables (DLRs) are those Navy managed items which, based on unit cost, annual
demand, difficulty of repair, or other economic considerations, have been selected by Cognizant
inventory managers for special inventory control. Most DLRs require a turn-in of the defective
material in order to receive a new DLR part, known as a one-for-one exchange.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

103.19 Discuss the functions and purpose of:

a. Joint Acquisition Review Board (JARB).

- The JARB is a joint acquisition review board, not a contracting board. The JARB's main role is to
make specific approval and prioritization recommendations for all GCC directed, subordinate JFC
controlled, high-value and/or high-visibility CUL requirements and to include recommendations on
the proper source of support for these requirements.

b. Joint Facilities Utilization Board

- A joint board that evaluates and reconciles component requests for real estate, use of existing
facilities, inter-Service support, and construction to ensure compliance with Joint Civil-Military
Engineering Board priorities.

103.20 Discuss the procedures for hardening vehicles.

- Use Kevlar blankets, armor plating, ballistic glass, and other protective devices (i.e., sand bags).
 Makes certain vehicle components less vulnerable.
 Significantly protects occupants from injury or death in the case of attack.

103.21 Discuss the duties and responsibilities of the following personnel:

a. Convoy Commander/A-Convoy Commander

Convoy Commander (CC) - The leader charged with responsibility for the planning, preparation,
execution, and tactical employment of a convoy.

(a) Overall responsibility for conduct of convoy.

(b) Ultimate on-ground decision maker.
(c) Approves task organization and delegates personnel and vehicle responsibilities.
(d) Conducts convoy OPORD/brief and debrief.
(e) Responsible for maintaining internal and external communications.
(f) Optimal location for the CC is in the center or just forward of center of the convoy in order to
facilitate C2. However, CCs are free to travel or move to any location to enhance their ability to
command and control the convoy.

Assistant Convoy Commander (ACC) - Prepared to assume the duties of the CC in addition to
the following responsibilities:

(a) Normally in charge of the rear convoy element to monitor rear security.
(b) Assists the CC in all duties.
(c) Responsible for logistics and maintenance (vehicles, weapons, communications) and other
key equipment support of the convoy.
(d) Prepares and coordinates medical assets to treat and evacuate casualties.
(e) Records changes to route and provides to S-2/Intelligence, postoperation.

b. Lead Vehicle Commander (LVC) - LVC responsibilities are given to mature, experienced
subordinate leaders.

(a) Performs convoy navigation duties.

 Ensures vehicle is on correct route via map, global positioning system (GPS) based
movement tracking system (Blue Force Tracker, Movement Tracking System (MTS),
and/or Qualcomm).
 Communicates checkpoints, turns, danger areas, etc., to CC.

(b) Covers assigned sector with direct fire.

(c) Maintains convoy speed/interval as seen from their location or via radio.
(d) Is familiar with the route.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

c. Vehicle Commander - The VC is part of the convoy chain of command.

(a) Responsible for standard equipment requirements (ammunition, food, water, fuel, etc.) as
well as, organizing and rehearsing crew drills of assigned vehicle.
(b) Task organizes all personnel in vehicle based on type of assigned vehicle.
(c) Responsible for PCCs of all individuals and equipment of assigned vehicle.
(d) Supervises rehearsals for individuals of assigned vehicle to include:

 Dry shooting practice left and right sides.

 Exiting the vehicle on the left and right sides.
 Security at halts.
 Re-entry of the vehicle from the left and right sides.

(e) Maintains communications with CC and other vehicle commanders.

(f) Provides supervision and guidance to driver as required.
(g) Serves as alternate navigator (if applicable based on type of assigned vehicle).
(h) Designates alternate driver (if applicable based on type of assigned vehicle).
(i) Designates crew-served weapon (CSW) sectors of fire.

d. Driver/A-Driver

(a) Primary duty is to drive.

(b) Scans assigned sector of observation.
(c) Is prepared to return fire in extreme situations.
(d) Responsible for fueling and maintaining vehicle.
(e) Can be rotated out when required.

e. Crew Served Weapons Operator

(a) Responsible for primary and alternate sectors of fire.

(b) Targets greatest threat along the route.
(c) Can be rotated out.

f. Designated Marksman

(a) The purpose of the designated marksman is to facilitate precision fires.

(b) Assists the CC to ensure proportionate fire is used for any given threat. This helps to
prevent collateral damage and unnecessary civilian casualties (e.g., a single designated
marksman in the convoy engaging a single IED trigger man).
(c) Should be an expert shooter if possible and/or have an advanced optical sight.

g. Combat Life Savers/Medics - CLS/medics render medical treatment and supervise evacuation of
casualties. If possible, multiple CLSs should be assigned throughout the convoy and given
responsibility for designated vehicles in order to speed medical attention. If limited capability exists,
CLS assets should be positioned in the rear of the formation to better support the convoy.

h. Litter Team - The A&L teams consist of two personnel each and are responsible for providing
buddy aid, preparation of casualties for movement and/or evacuation under supervision of the CLS. If
possible, multiple A&L teams should be assigned throughout the convoy and assigned responsibility
for designated vehicles to speed medical assistance. If limited capability exists, teams should be
positioned in the rear of the convoy to support the CLS. CLS personnel should not be assigned to an
A&L team. They should focus on treatment.

i. Landing Zone Team - The LZ team consists of a minimum of two personnel responsible for
establishing and marking the LZ for possible MEDEVAC or other required support provided by air. If
possible, assign an alternate team. PCC should include inventory of all equipment necessary for LZ
establishment.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

j. Assault Team - The CC may designate personnel within the convoy to act as an assault element in
the event the convoy encounters heavy enemy action requiring the convoy to halt. If designated, this
assault element should travel within the body of the convoy to act as an assault element under the
guidance of the CC. The assault team should be spread throughout several vehicles, have a
designated assault team leader, and have its own communication capability.

k. Recovery Team - Maintenance recovery personnel and vehicle(s) should be designated to assist
with maintenance and recovery of convoy assets along the route. Wheeled maintenance and
recovery vehicles are preferred. If not available, the recovery vehicle should be capable of towing any
vehicle in the convoy and be equipped with chains, tow cables, etc., and requisite tools to provide
minor repairs and recovery. The personnel assigned to this vehicle rehearse hasty recovery prior to
SP. This vehicle is normally the next to last vehicle in the convoy if there is a rear gun truck. If it is the
last vehicle, it must have a rear guard with an automatic weapon to provide protection to the rear of
the convoy. As an additional recovery capability, all vehicles should carry tow cables or ropes in order
to be able to recover a like or smaller size vehicle.

l. Security Personnel - All other personnel participating in the convoy. THERE ARE NO
PASSENGERS IN A TACTICAL CONVOY!

(a) Observe for potential close threats.

(b) Signal and direct civilian traffic as required by VC.
(c) Rotate as necessary into other positions (except for VC).
(d) Dismount on order.
(e) Under duress, can serve as VC.
(f) Should be formed into tactical elements and rehearse as such.

103.22 Discuss advantages and disadvantages of the following formations:

Note: Convoy Configuration/Order of March: Convoys operating with escorts are generally
organized in three elements: the head, main body, and trail. The head element consists of the lead
gun truck (if available) and the LVC. The main body element consists of the majority of the vehicles in
the convoy with the CC traveling wherever deemed necessary to best command and control from
within the main body. Petroleum or ammunition vehicles should be separated throughout this
element. Heavier and slower vehicles should be forward in the main body to assist in
gauging/maintaining convoy speeds. The trail element consists of a CLS/A&L team, the recovery
vehicle(s), the ACC, and the rear gun truck.

Notional Small Convoy Configuration

Notional Large Convoy Configuration (20 or more vehicles)

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

a. File - Best used with inexperienced or foreign drivers.

Advantages:
 Simplicity.
 Usable at night but interval will have to be compressed.
 Minimizes IED blast effects (when driving on centerline of road).

Disadvantages:
 Weak left flank security.
 Reduced field of view.
 Reduced headlight coverage at night

Formation: File with Gun Trucks

b. Staggered- Used only on multilane roads.

Advantages:
 Allows for all around security.
 Greater flexibility.
 Permits ease of maneuver during contact.
 Limits third party vehicle interference.
 Greater headlight coverage at night.

Disadvantages:
 Requires more command and control and driver experience.
 More vulnerable to IED blast effects.

Formation: Stagger

Formation: Stagger with Gun Trucks

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

c. Offset - Used to block third party traffic and assists in changing lanes.

Advantages:
 Combines flexibility of stagger with the ease of file Formation.
 Allows CC to control third party traffic.

Disadvantages:
 Vulnerable to IED blast effects.
 Difficult to command and control.

Formation: Offset with Gun Trucks

d. Inverted “T” - Used on multilane roads, convoy runs the centerline of their lanes.

Advantages:
 Limits third party vehicle infiltration.

Disadvantages:
 Requires experienced drivers.
 Difficult to command and control without sufficient communications.

Formation: Inverted "T" with Gun Trucks

e. Diamond - Used on multilane roads.

Advantages:
 Limits third party vehicle infiltration.

Disadvantages:
 Requires experienced drivers.
 Difficult to command and control without sufficient communications.

Formation: Diamond with Gun Trucks

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

103.23 Discuss actions for the following battle drills:

a. Downed Driver

(a) VC gains control of steering wheel.

(b) If possible, third person pulls driver out of driver’s compartment and VC moves into driver’s
seat.

b. Bailout - Used when vehicle is inoperative or when occupants are required to use the vehicle as
cover.

(a) Crew on the cold side dismounts, assumes hasty position to the rear of the vehicle and returns
fire.
(b) Hot side returns fire until clear to dismount on the cold side and moves to the front of the
vehicle.
(c) Assume firing positions using the vehicle as cover.
(d) Establish 360 degree security. Look for indications of enemy presence.

c. Hasty Vehicle Recovery

(a) Use a strap, cable, or chain. Preposition the straps, cable, or chain ahead of time.
(b) After fire superiority is obtained, recovery vehicle moves forward.
(c) Driver stays in vehicle while VC ties onto disabled vehicle.
(d) VC gets into disabled vehicle to steer/work brakes.
(e) Recovery vehicle moves out pulling disabled vehicle behind it.
(f) Recovery vehicle moves to a rally point and reconfigures to a more stable means of towing.
(g) If unable to get in front of disabled vehicle, push-through is an option.
(h) Pre-mounting a used tire on the front of the vehicle assists with push-through.

d. In-Stride Hasty Vehicle Recovery

(a) For small to medium vehicles and not a heavy or tractor trailer configuration.
(b) Minimum of two 10,000 lb (HMMWV/NTV) or 25,000 lb straps (LMTV, 5-ton, 7-ton, or HEMTT)
with a connecting device (clevis or 10,000 lb carabineer).
(c) Straps are mounted on the left front and right rear of the vehicles.
(d) Straps are s-rolled and held in place by a break-away method (retainer bands, Velcro, ¼” 80 lb
test cotton webbing or 100 mile-per-hour tape).
(e) Front strap runs into the driver’s compartment.
(f) Rear strap runs into VC compartment.
(g) If vehicle is disabled, the driver and VC extend the strap from both the disabled and recovery
vehicle.
(h) Recovery vehicle moves alongside disabled vehicle.
(i) VC and driver attach connecting device and release straps.
(j) Recovery vehicle continues to move forward slowly taking up the slack and pulling the vehicle
out.

In-stride Hasty Vehicle Recovery

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

e. Dismount/Re-mount procedures - These procedures can be used to dismount when not in

contact but in proximity of persons who may pose a threat.

(a) Dismount/Mount.

 Dismount call is made by the VC.

 Dismounts do not get in between any vehicles but protect space between vehicles.
 Dismounts use buddy teams to over watch each other. They always maintain line of sight
with buddy.
 Rear security is the only one behind a vehicle, but should stay off to the side.
 If necessary, dismounts use hand motions and verbal commands to motion civilians back. If
that fails, they use weapon at port arms to motion civilians back.
 If more force is required, dismounts ensure actions taken are in accordance with current
ROE.
 If fired upon, dismounts move to cover, suppress with fire, or mount and extract (situation
dependent).
 Vehicles moving forward can signal the mounting call.

(b) Dismount: Short Halt. Used for slow traffic, market places, or for quick rests:

 Rear of convoy is protected by vehicles and 360 degree security.

 Dismounts act as a buffer between third party personnel and vehicles.
 Dismounts maintain situational awareness. They continually scan sectors and act as a
deterrent. They begin by scanning the area within 5 meters and increase the scan out to 25
meters (5/25 meter scan technique).
 Have more than one egress route at all times.
 Dismounts should be prepared to use the vehicle as a lethal weapon if necessary.
 CSWs remain manned and have interlocking sectors of fire.
 Drivers remain in vehicles and ready to drive.
 If vehicles are slowly moving with dismounts, VCs make sure that dismounts can keep
pace. If dismounts are running, then either slow down or remount.
 Dismounts ensure no third party personnel/vehicles get between or near vehicles.
 Remount call given by CC through VCs. Dismounts collapse the perimeter back into
vehicles.

Dismount: Short Halt

(c) Dismount: Long Halt.

 Used for longer durations, i.e., vehicle breakdowns, dropping off cargo, etc.
 Dismounts seek out and use hard cover, i.e., vehicle hard points, buildings, etc.
 Dismounts clear blind spots and cover adjacent alleys and streets.

Dismount: Long Halt

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

f. React to Contact:

React to Contact Flow Chart

(1) Blow Through

 Speed up.
 Signal. Visual signal to indicate general direction of enemy.
 Return fire. Proportional and accurate fires within the ROE.
 Send a report.
 Move to a rally point away from site based on SOP and METT-TC.
 Establish 360 degree security.
 Send ACE report.
 Continue the mission.

Battle Drill: Blow Through (Unescorted)

Battle Drill: Blow Through (Escorted)

 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

g. React to Contact:

(1) Recovery: No Obstacle

 Convoy is forced to stop; no obstacle to movement.

 Convoy stops.
 Dismount.
 Dismounts establish 360 degree security. Maintain sector of scan/fire. Look for indications
of enemy presence.
 Achieve fire superiority by maneuvering gun trucks (escorts if available) to support by fire
positions.
 Report to higher headquarters and request assistance if needed.
 Dismounts recover casualties from cold side of vehicle.
 Recovery vehicle executes hasty recovery with strap, chain, or cable, or have a rear vehicle
push disabled vehicle out of kill zone.
 Convoy continues movement. Gun trucks/escort vehicles cover
 movement out of area.
 Convoy moves to rally point.
 It establishes 360 degree security.
 CC sends ACE report.
 Convoy continues the mission.

Battle Drill: Recovery Drill (In Stride Tow)

Battle Drill: Recovery Drill (Push Through)

h. React to Contact:

(1) Recovery: Obstacle

 Crowd or other impediment prevents movement and convoy is forced to stop.

 Convoy stops.
 VCs and other personnel on vehicles dismount. Drivers and CSW operators remain on
vehicle and remain ready to react.
 Establish 360 degree security. Maintain sector of scan/fire. Look for indications of enemy
presence.
 Achieve fire superiority by maneuvering gun trucks/escorts to support by fire positions.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

 Dismounts recover casualties from cold side of vehicle.

 CC assesses situation and establishes a hasty defense and awaits QRF, or directs escort
force to assault through ambush using fire and maneuver.

i. Hasty Attack

 Gun trucks, designated marksmen, assault force suppress identified threat with accurate
fires.
 Gun trucks maneuver to suitable position to protect convoy and cutoff enemy egress route
by fire.

Battle Drill: Hasty Attack (Suppress)

Battle Drill: Hasty Attack (Assault)

103.24 Discuss sectors of observation and fields of fire in a convoy.

a. Sector of observation is comprised of the entire area visible to the crew member. Not all areas that
can be observed can be affected by direct fire. Observers scan both in depth and width without
excessive focus on any object, activity, or person. Their eyes do not depart from their sector of
observation regardless of what others within their vehicle are doing.

 Driver’s sector of observation is from 9 o’clock to 1 o’clock.

 VC’s sector of observation is from 11 o’clock to 3 o’clock.

b. Sector of fire is the area that can be covered with direct fire. Consider designating primary and
alternate sectors of fire for both crew compartment as well as CSW personnel. Drivers must be
trained to fire their weapon while continuing to operate the vehicle. The driver’s primary mission is to
operate the vehicle and should only engage targets if the vehicle is halted unless there is no one else
who can neutralize the threat from that side.

 Driver’s sector of fire is from 9 o’clock to 11 o’clock.

 VC’s sector of fire is from 1 o’clock to 3 o’clock.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

Single Vehicle Sectors of Observation and Fire

Convoy Sectors of Observation and Fire

103.25 Discuss convoy communications.

- Primary means of communication with movement control, air support, and within the convoy is by
radio. Radios must be secure-capable communications means.

a. There are three types of communications to be considered:

(1) Vehicle internal.

(2) Vehicle to vehicle.
(3) External to convoy.

- Alternate communications techniques within the convoy (e.g., hand signals, pyrotechnics, vehicle
signals, etc.). Techniques must be covered by the CC during the convoy briefing and rehearsals.

- Strive to have a minimum of two GPS navigation and messaging systems within each convoy.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

- CC and ACC must know theater-level convoy channel to coordinate with battalion-level command
posts that monitor and can assist with QRF. They must also know the emergency frequencies for
MEDEVAC and air support along the route and brief this information to the drivers. Most USAF
aircraft are not single channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS) capable, with the
exception of Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS) and some special operations
aircraft.

103.26 Identify characteristics and considerations of a roadside IED or VBIED.

a. IEDs are one of the greatest threats to convoys and are often used to initiate an ambush. Convoy
personnel should always expect an ambush immediately following an IED detonation. CCs should
brief convoy personnel on the latest IED threat: what types of IEDs are being used and where they
have previously been emplaced along the route.

b. The bottom line is to protect the convoy. All personnel must maintain situational awareness looking
for actual IEDs and likely IED hiding places. Varying routes and times, switching lanes at random,
entering overpasses on one side of the road and exiting on the other, training weapons on
overpasses as the convoy passes under them, and avoiding chokepoints will reduce the risk from
these devices.

When to expect an IED attack.

 Anytime. IEDs present reduced exposure time for the enemy compared to a traditional
ambush.
 Mornings are especially dangerous. Many IEDs are emplaced under cover of darkness.
 Periods of reduced visibility.

Suspicion categories. - The following categories enable leaders to better prioritize responses and
minimize wasting time or resources:

 Level 1: Large amounts of debris on road that has a history of recent IED attacks.

 Level 2: Evidence of on-going emplacement: prepared holes (no device visible), removed
curbstone, suspicious activity or total lack of activity when there would be otherwise. Report
immediately.

 Level 3: Suspicious object, activity, or condition on road. Rucksacks, mail bags, dead animals,
meals ready to eat (MRE) bags, roadside mounds, rock piles, etc. could conceal IED. There
are no obvious IED indicators (wires, det cord, antennas). Report immediately. Requires
explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) response.

 Level 4: Clear indicators of imminent IED activity: protruding wires, an individual with a
command detonating device, etc. Verifiable and easily identified. Report immediately.
Requires direct action or EOD response.

(a) IEDs may be constructed using mortar shells, artillery projectiles, antitank mines, diesel fuel,
rockets, black powder, fertilizer, chemical explosives, etc. Construction is only limited by the enemy’s
imagination.

(b) IEDs can be hidden in potholes, abandoned vehicles, in dead animal carcasses, and secured to
telephone poles and guardrails.

(c) IEDs may be disguised as loose trash/debris, trash bags, soda cans, milk cans, buckets, burlap
bags, MRE bags, etc.

(d) IEDs can be command detonated, victim activated, or timed. Car alarms, battery-powered remote
doorbell devices, remote controlled light switches, and cordless and cellular telephones are common
means of detonation.

(e) Insulated wire or det cord is used to connect the detonator to the explosive.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

Basic IED Attack

(f) IEDs can be dropped from or attached to the underside of overpasses. Drivers should watch for
suspicious activity on overpasses and never stop under one.

(g) Enemy hide positions will usually have line of sight to the kill zone and an easy escape route.
IEDs are commonly placed along the side of the road on the shoulder or placed on the median strip.

(h) IEDs can be daisy chained in a decoy attack. A daisy chain is two or more explosive devices wired
together so that a single signal will detonate all the munitions at once.

Decoy IED Attack

(i) VBIEDs can be initiated by either the driver, an occupant, or remotely. SUVs, pickup trucks, and
delivery trucks can carry a large payload. Watch for abandoned vehicles, vehicles parked where they
do not belong, vehicles sitting low on suspension system (due to weight of explosives), and vehicles
with loose wires hanging off of them. Mobile VBIEDs may ignore warnings or wave-offs when
approaching checkpoints, TCPs or convoys.

Disabled Vehicle IED Attack

Suspicious Activities and Objects

 Abandoned or disabled vehicles parked on or near the roadway.

 Animal-drawn carts or wagons moving near or on the roadway.
 103 Combat Logistics Fundamentals CONT’D

 Signs of tampering, exposed wires, or objects taped or otherwise attached to the backsides of
guardrails.
 Fresh concrete or asphalt work on or around the road surface.
 Suspicious packages, containers, or any other foreign objects on or near the roadway.
 Markings warning the local population of IEDs (e.g., a blue “X” painted on a rock). Obtain
latest techniques from Intel/S-2 during pre-convoy brief.
 Third party vehicles attempting to pass or enter convoy formation.
 Third party personnel, including children, approaching convoy vehicles (may be wearing
explosive vests).

Possible indicators of an IED or impending ambush:

 Absence of women and children where normally present.

 Dramatic changes in population from one block to the next.
 No activity where there are normally large crowds.
 Sudden activity within crowds as convoy approaches (small IEDs can be thrown).
 Third party personnel dispersing or disappearing as convoy approaches.
 Sudden reduction or absence of civilian traffic.
 Signals with flares/city lights (turned off/on) as convoy approaches.
 Suspicious movement in upper floor windows of buildings.
 Presence of vehicles or personnel on overpasses.
 Third party personnel with video cameras or presence of a media crew.
 Vehicle following convoy for long distances and then pulling off to the side.
 Freshly dug holes along the roadway. (Possible future IED site. Report it.)
 Obstacles in roadway in order to channel the convoy.
 Personnel inside traffic circles.

Driving Considerations

 Be unpredictable: vary SP times and convoy routes.

 Attach signs to convoy vehicles in common languages of the indigenous population warning
civilians to stay clear of military vehicles.
 Configure vehicle to eliminate blind spots (i.e., move mirrors, fording kits, and avoid obscuring
vision during vehicle hardening).
 Use available optics to facilitate scanning (binoculars, tube-launched optically tracked wire-
guided missile sight optics, other weapons sights, handheld forward looking infrared devices,
etc.).
 If available, use two designated “spotter personnel” to scan (using optics) in the forward
convoy element.
 Use available electronic countermeasure systems.
 Wear helmets, ballistic vests (with collars attached), seat belts, and ballistic eye protection.
 Maintain the minimum designated convoy speed when possible.
 If conditions permit, periodically change your rate of speed and vary convoy formations to
avoid predictability.
 Maintain vehicle interval; avoid accordion effect.
 Watch for visible ordinance on the road. Convoys may be channeled into the kill zone after the
lead vehicle discovers a suspected IED in the open.
 Follow the tracks of preceding vehicles on unpaved roads.
 Stay on the pavement. Avoid driving on the shoulder of the road.
 Travel in the lane best suited to allow rapid travel.
 If conditions permit, travel down the middle of the road, changing lanes often, to stay as far
away as possible from IEDs on the median and breakdown lane.
 If convoy must stop, watch the flanks for IEDs, dismount and establish 360 degree security.
 Use “rolling stop” when halting; slow vehicle and scan using 5/25 scan pattern for IEDs before
coming to a complete stop.
 Exercise caution at choke points; watch for vehicle breakdowns, bridges, one-way roads,
traffic jams, and sharp turns.
 Once dismounted, initially conduct 5/25 scan for IEDs.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals

104.1 State the purpose of first aid.

- The purpose of first aid is to apply temporary measures to save life, prevent further injury, and
preserve resistance to vitality.

104.2 Discuss the possible causes and treatment for the following injuries:

a. Asphyxiation - The state or process of being deprived of oxygen, which can result in
unconsciousness or death; suffocation.

- Cause: Foreign body choking, anaphylactic reaction, trauma to the neck or chest, swelling of the
mouth, tongue, or airway, etc.

- Treatment: Heimlich maneuver, epinephrine injection for allergic reaction, administer O2,
maintain airway with airway adjuncts (OPA/NPA/ET Tube), Specific treatment depends on the
cause.

b. Hemorrhage (bleeding) - The escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel.

- Cause: Avulsions, amputations, trauma, gunshot wounds, punctures, etc.

- Treatment: Direct pressure, pressure dressings, indirect pressure or tourniquet. Specific

treatment depends on the type of bleeding.

c. Cardiac arrest - A sudden, sometimes temporary, cessation of the heart's functioning.

- Cause: Usually when an artery is severely occluded by arteriosclerosis (plaque (cholesterol

buildup) or completely blocked by a blood clot. The result is an Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI
aka Heart Attack), this leads to starvation of oxygen in the heart muscle eventually leading to death
of the muscle and the inability for the heart to function correctly (pump) eventually leads to death if
not corrected.

- Treatment:
 Place the patient in a position of comfort, usually sitting up.
 Apply a high concentration of oxygen via a non-rebreather mask.
 Assist the patient in taking nitroglycerin, if available.
 Transport promptly to the nearest medical treatment facility.
 Perform CPR if needed with assistance of an AED.

d. Fractures (Broken Bone) - Damage in the continuity of the bone.

- Cause: There are two main types of fractures:

(1) A closed fracture is one in which the injury is entirely internal; the bone is broken but there
is no break in the skin.

(2) An open fracture is one in which there is an open wound in the tissues and the skin.
Sometimes the open wound is made when a sharp end of the broken bone pushes out
through the flesh; sometimes it is made by an object such as a bullet that penetrates from the
outside.

**If the fracture is open take care of the wound and stop the bleeding before splinting,
NEVER attempt to push the bone back into the body.**

- Treatment: If required to give first aid to a person who has suffered a fracture, follow these
general guidelines:
 If there is any possibility that a fracture has been sustained, treat the injury as a fracture
until an X-ray can be made.
 Get the casualty to a definitive care facility at the first possible opportunity. All fractures
require medical treatment.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

 Do not move the casualty until the injured part has been immobilized by splinting (unless
the move is necessary to save life or to prevent further injury).
 Treat for shock.
 Do not attempt to locate a fracture by grating the ends of the bone together.
 Do not attempt to set a broken bone unless a medical officer will not be available for
many days.
 When a long bone in the arm or leg is fractured, the limb should be carefully straightened
so that splints can be applied, unless it appears that further damage will be caused by
such a maneuver.
 Never attempt to straighten the limb by applying force or traction with any improvised
device.
 Pulling gently along the long axis of the limb is permissible and may be all that is
necessary to get the limb back into position.
 Apply splints.
 If the casualty is to be transported only a short distance, or if treatment by a medical
officer will not be delayed, it is best to leave the clothing on and place emergency
splinting over it.

e. Burns - Type of injury to skin, or other tissues, may affect the nerve, muscle and bones.

- Cause: There are 3 types of burns and 4 classifications of burns:

Types:
- Thermal
- Electrical
- Chemical

Classifications:
- Superficial
- Superficial partial-thickness
- Deep partial-thickness
- Full-thickness

- Treatment:
 After the casualty has been removed from the source of the injury, first aid should be kept
to a minimum.
 Maintain an open airway, control hemorrhage, and treat for shock.
 Remove constricting jewelry and articles of clothing.
 Protect the burn area from contamination by covering it with clean sheets or moist
dressings. DO NOT remove clothing adhering to a wound.
 Chemical burns should be flushed with water.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

 For all serious and extensive burns (over 20 percent Body Surface Area (BSA)), and in
the presence of shock, start intravenous therapy with an electrolyte solution (Ringer’s
lactate) in an unburned area.
 Maintain intravenous treatment during transportation.
 Pain resulting from small burns may be relieved with an anesthetic ointment if the skin is
not broken. Relieve mild pain (as with superficial burns) with aspirin. Relieve moderate
pain with cool, wet compresses or ice water immersion (for burns of less than 20 percent
BSA). Severe pain may be relieved with morphine or Demerol® injections

f. Shock (Hypovolemia) - A state of decreased blood volume; more specifically, a decrease in

volume of blood plasma.

- Cause: There are many different types of shock. The most common experienced in the
expeditionary environment is hypovolemic shock. Hypovolemic shock is shock caused by any loss
of fluid volume either by blood loss, dehydration, burns, etc. The container has retained its normal
size but the fluid volume has decreased, creating an imbalance. The most common cause of
hypovolemic shock on the battlefield is due to massive hemorrhage which causes hemorrhagic
shock (Blood loss).

- Treatment:
 Control bleeding, tourniquet if necessary.
 Maintain airway, administer O2 if available.
 Keep the patient warm and calm.
 Monitor vital signs and CASEVAC.

104.3 Define and discuss the following types of fractures and the treatment:

(1) Simple (closed) - A closed fracture is one in which the injury is entirely internal; the bone is
broken but there is no break in the skin.

Treatment:
 Do not move the casualty until the injured part has been immobilized by splinting (unless the
move is necessary to save life or to prevent further injury)
 Treat for shock
 Do not attempt to locate a fracture by grating the ends of the bone together
 Do not attempt to set a broken bone unless a medical officer will not be available for many
days
 When a long bone in the arm or leg is fractured, the limb should be carefully straightened so
that splints can be applied, unless it appears that further damage will be caused by such a
maneuver
 Never attempt to straighten the limb by applying force or traction with any improvised device
 Pulling gently along the long axis of the limb is permissible and may be all that is necessary
to get the limb back into position
 Apply splints

(2) Compound (open) - An open fracture is one in which there is an open wound in the tissues and
the skin. Sometimes the open wound is made when a sharp end of the broken bone pushes out
through the flesh; sometimes it is made by an object such as a bullet that penetrates from the outside.

Treatment:
 Take care of the wound before dealing with the fracture
 Bleeding from the wound may be profuse, but most bleeding can be stopped by direct
pressure on the wound
 Other supplemental methods of hemorrhage control were discussed in the section on wounds
of this chapter. Use a tourniquet as a last resort
 After the bleeding has been stopped, treat the fracture.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

104.4 Discuss the following types of bleeding:

(1) Arterial: If an artery near the surface is cut, the blood, which is bright red in color, will gush out in
spurts that are synchronized with the heartbeats. If the severed artery is deeply buried, however, the
bleeding will appear to be a steady stream.

(2) Venous: Blood from the veins is dark red. Venous bleeding is characterized by a steady, even
flow.

(3) Capillary: Capillary blood is normally dark brick red in color. If capillaries are cut, the blood oozes
out slowly.

104.5 Discuss what type of battle field injury/bleeding are the following actions appropriate:

a. Direct pressure: May be used initially on all types of bleeding, should be applied as a stop gap
while preparing to apply a tourniquet on arterial bleeding.

- If bleeding continues after applying the sterile field dressing, direct manual pressure may be used to
help control bleeding. Apply such pressure by placing a hand on the dressing and exerting firm
pressure for 5 to 10 minutes. The casualty may be asked to do this himself if he is conscious and can
follow instructions. Elevate limbs to help reduce the bleeding.

b. Pressure dressing: Pressure dressing’s aid in blood clotting and compresses the open blood
vessel. A pressure dressing is direct pressure applied with without the aid of the provider. An example
would be pressure applied to a wound with gauze and an ACE bandage.

- If bleeding continues after the application of a field dressing, manual pressure, and elevation, then a
pressure dressing must be applied as follows:

(1) Place a wad of padding on top of the field dressing, directly over the wound. Keep the injured
extremity elevated.
(2) Place an improvised dressing (or cravat, if available) over the wad of padding. Wrap the ends
tightly around the injured limb, covering the previously placed field dressing.
(3) Tie the ends together in a nonslip knot, directly over the wound site. DO NOT tie so tightly that
it has a tourniquet-like effect. If bleeding continues and all other measures have failed, or if the
limb is severed, then apply a tourniquet. Use the tourniquet as a LAST RESORT. When the
bleeding stops, check for shock; administer first aid for shock as necessary.

c. Indirect pressure (pressure points): Indirect pressure is an alternative method to control

bleeding. This method uses pressure from the fingers, thumbs, or hands to press at the site or point
where a main artery supplying the wounded area lies near the skin surface or over bone. This
pressure may help shut off or slow down the flow of blood from the heart to the wound and is used in
combination with direct pressure and elevation. It may help in instances where bleeding is not easily
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

controlled, where a pressure dressing has not yet been applied, or where pressure dressings are not
readily available.

- There are 22 pressure points, 11 on each side of the body. (See Below)

d. Tourniquet: A tourniquet is a constricting band placed around an arm or leg to control bleeding.
The tourniquet should not be used unless a pressure dressing has failed to stop the bleeding or an
arm or leg has been cut off. Place the tourniquet around the limb, between the wound and the body
trunk (or between the wound and the heart). Never place it directly over a wound, a fracture, or joint.
Tourniquets, for maximum effectiveness, should be placed on the upper arm or above the knee on
the thigh.

- The tourniquet should be well-padded. If possible, place the tourniquet over the smoothed sleeve or
trouser leg to prevent the skin from being pinched or twisted. If the tourniquet is long enough, wrap it
around the limb several times, keeping the material as flat as possible. Damaging the skin may
deprive the surgeon of skin required to cover an amputation. Protection of the skin also reduces pain.

- DO NOT cover the tourniquet—you should leave it in full view. If the limb is missing (total
amputation), apply a dressing to the stump. All wounds should have a dressing to protect the wound
from contamination. Mark the casualty’s forehead with a “T” and the time to indicate a tourniquet has
been applied. Check and treat for shock. Seek medical aid.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

Applying a touniquet to the arm and leg

104.6 Discuss the symptoms and treatment of shock.

Shock may be the result of a number of conditions, including:

 Dehydration.
 Allergic reaction to foods, drugs, insect stings, and snakebites.
 Significant loss of blood.
 Reaction to the sight of a wound, blood, or other traumatic scene.
 Traumatic injuries, such as—
 Burns.
 Gunshot or shrapnel wounds.
 Crush injuries.
 Blows to the body (which can cause broken bones or damage to internal organs).
 Head injuries.
 Penetrating wounds (such as from a knife, bayonet, or missile).

- There are many types of shock, however, no matter what the cause, the patient signs and
symptoms will allow the provider to know what stage of shock they are in. There are 3 stages of
shock.

(1) Early compensated shock

(2) Decompensated shock
(3) Irreversible shock
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

Signs and symptoms include:

 Sweaty but cool skin (clammy skin).
 Weak and rapid pulse.
 Paleness of skin (in dark-skinned individuals they may have a grayish look to their skin).
 Restlessness, nervousness.
 Thirst.
 Loss of blood (bleeding).
 Confusion (or loss of awareness).
 Faster-than-normal breathing rate.
 Blotchy or bluish skin (especially around the mouth and lips).
 Nausea and/or vomiting.

Treatment includes:
 Move the casualty to cover, if cover is available and the situation permits.
 Lay the casualty on his back.
NOTE: A casualty in shock from a chest wound or one who is experiencing breathing difficulty,
may breathe easier in a sitting position. If this is the case, allow him to sit upright, but monitor
carefully in case his condition worsens.
 Elevate the casualty’s feet higher than the level of his heart.
 Loosen clothing at the neck, waist, or wherever it may be binding.
 Prevent chilling or overheating. The key is to maintain body temperature.
 Calm the casualty.
 Seek medical aid.

104.7 Discuss the symptoms and treatment for the following types of burns:

a. Rule of Nines - The Rule of Nines is used to give a rough estimate of the amount of surface area
of the body that is burned. This allows for an understanding of the severity of the effects of the
burn on the patient.

Rule of Nines chart

b. Thermal burns - True burns are generated by exposure to extreme heat that overwhelms the
body’s defensive mechanisms. Burns and scalds are essentially the same injury: Burns are caused
by dry heat, and scalds are caused by moist heat. The seriousness of the injury can be estimated by
the depth, extent, and location of the burn, the age and health of the casualty, and other medical
complications.

Symptoms: Vary depending on the severity of the burn.

 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

Treatment:
 After the casualty has been removed from the source of the thermal injury, first aid should
be kept to a minimum.
 Maintain an open airway.
 Control hemorrhage, and treat for shock.
 Remove constricting jewelry and articles of clothing.
 Protect the burn area from contamination by covering it with clean sheets or dry dressings.
DO NOT remove clothing adhering to a wound.
 For all serious and extensive burns (over 20 percent BSA), and in the presence of shock,
start intravenous therapy with an electrolyte solution (Ringer’s lactate) in an unburned
area. Maintain intravenous treatment during transportation.
 Pain Relief.
o Pain resulting from small burns may be relieved with an anesthetic ointment if the
skin is not broken.
o Relieve mild pain (as with superficial burns) with aspirin. Relieve moderate pain
with cool, wet compresses or ice water immersion (for burns of less than 20
percent BSA, as estimated with the Rule of Nines).
o Severe pain may be relieved with morphine or Demerol® injections.

c. Electrical burns - Electrical burns may be far more serious than a preliminary examination may
indicate. The entrance and exit wounds may be small, but as electricity penetrates the skin it burns a
large area below the surface. The patient should always be assessed for an entry and exit wound in
electrical burns.

NOTE: Before treatment is started, ensure that the casualty is no longer in contact with a live
electrical source. Shut the power off or use a non-conducting rope or stick to move the casualty away
from the line or the line away from the casualty.

Symptoms: Vary depending on the amount of electrical current that went into the casualty. The
patient may present with having only a small surface burn to full cardiac arrest.

Treatment:
 Monitoring the basic life functions
 Deliver CPR (as needed) - Due to the nature of the injury, the patient may require
defibrillation with an AED in order to re-set the electric circuits in the heart so that a normal
cardiac rhythm can return.
 Treat for shock
 Cover the entrance and exit wounds with a dry, sterile dressing
 Transport the casualty to a medical treatment facility

d. Chemical burns - When acids, alkalis, or other chemicals come in contact with the skin or other
body membranes, they may cause injuries that are generally referred to as chemical burns. For the
most part, these injuries are not caused by heat but by direct chemical destruction of body tissues.
Areas most often affected are the extremities, mouth, and eyes. Alkali burns are more serious than
acid burns because alkalis penetrate deeper and burn longer.

Symptoms:
 Redness, irritation, or burning at the site of contact
 Pain or numbness at the site of contact
 Formation of blisters or black dead skin at the contact site
 Vision changes if the chemical gets into the eyes
 Cough or shortness of breath
 Vomiting

Treatment: (General)
 Quickly flush the area with large amounts of water, using a shower or hose, if available
 Do not apply water too forcefully
 Flood the area while the clothing (including shoes and socks) is being removed and
continue flushing the skin after removal of all clothing
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

NOTE: There are two exceptions to the above:

(1) In alkali burns caused by dry lime, the mixing of water and lime creates a very
corrosive substance. Dry lime should be brushed away from the skin and clothing, unless
large amounts of water are available for rapid and complete flushing.

(2) In acid burns caused by phenol (carbolic acid), wash the affected area with alcohol
because phenol is not water soluble; then wash with water. If alcohol is not available,
flushing with water is better than no treatment at all.

 After thorough washing, neutralize any chemical remaining on the affected area
WARNING: DO NOT attempt to neutralize a chemical unless it is known exactly what the
agent is and what substance will neutralize it. Further damage may be done by a
neutralizing agent that is too strong or incorrect.

o For acid burns, make a solution of 1 teaspoon of baking soda to a pint of water
and flush it over the affected area.
o For alkali burns, mix 1 or 2 teaspoons of vinegar to a pint of water and flush it over
the affected area.
 Flush the area again with water and gently pat dry with sterile gauze, do not rub the area
 Transport the casualty to a medical treatment facility

Treatment: (Eyes)
 When treating chemical burns to the eye, the one and only emergency treatment is to
flush the eye(s) immediately with large amounts of water or sterile saline solution
 Irrigate acid burns to the eyes for at least 5 to 10 minutes with at least 2000 ml of water
 Irrigate alkali burns to the eyes for at least 20 minutes
 Because of the intense pain, the casualty may be unable to open the eyes. If this occurs,
hold the eyelids apart so that water can flow across the eye
 After thorough irrigation, loosely cover both eyes with a clean dressing. This prevents
further damage by decreasing eye movement

e. Superficial burns:

Symptoms: Pain, redness, mild swelling.

Treatment:
 Run cool (not cold) water over the area for about 10 minutes then loosely cover the area
with a sterile, non-adhesive bandage
 Over-the-counter pain relievers can help reduce pain and inflammation

f. Superficial partial-thickness burns:

Symptoms: Pain, blisters, splotchy skin, severe swelling.

Treatment:
 Flush the partial thickness burn with cool water for approximately 15 minutes and pat dry
with a clean cloth
 Do not open any blisters that may form
 Do not use ice to cool the burn
 Bandage the burn with a nonstick bandage or sterile cloth to protect from bacteria and
foreign debris

g. Deep partial-thickness burns:

Symptoms: White, leathery, relatively painless.

Treatment:
 Following first aid and cleansing, deep dermal burns should be covered with an
appropriate silver or antibacterial dressing and referred to a surgeon for surgical
management.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

h. Full-thickness burns

Symptoms: Charred, insensate, eschar formation.

Treatment:
 First-aid
 Control any related symptoms from the burn
 Refer to medical ASAP for surgical evaluation

104.8 Discuss the treatment for the following types of wounds:

a. Chest wounds:

- Since chest injuries may cause severe breathing and bleeding problems, all chest injuries must be
considered as serious conditions. Any casualty showing signs of difficulty in breathing without signs of
airway obstruction must be inspected for chest injuries.

- The most serious chest injury that requires immediate first aid treatment is the sucking chest wound.
This is a penetrating injury to the chest that produces a hole in the chest cavity. The chest hole
causes the lung to collapse, preventing normal breathing functions. This is an extremely serious
condition that will result in death if not treated quickly.

NOTE: All penetrating chest wounds should be treated as if they were sucking chest wounds.

Symptoms: Casualties with open chest wounds gasp for breath, have difficulty breathing out, and
may have a bluish skin color to their face. Frothy-looking blood may bubble from the wound during
breathing.
Other symptoms may include the following (depending on the type and severity of the chest
wound):

 Pleuritic pain that is increased by or occurs with breathing and is localized around the
injury site
 Labored or difficult breathing
 Diminished or absent breath sounds
 Cyanotic lips, fingertips, or fingernails
 Rapid, weak pulse and low blood pressure
 Failure of one or both sides of the chest to expand normally upon inhalation
 Paradoxical breathing - the motion of the injured segment of a flail chest, opposite to the
normal motion of the chest wall
 Enlarged neck veins
 Coughing up blood or bloody sputum
 Tracheal deviation - shift of the trachea from the midline toward the unaffected side due to
pressure buildup on the injured side. THIS IS A LATE SIGN

Types and Treatment:

 Perform an initial assessment of the casualty
 Check the casualty for signs and symptoms of chest injuries
 Check for an exit wound or injury
 Determine the type of injury

o Open pneumothorax - air entering pleural space through defect in pleural wall
 Seal the wound(s), covering the larger wound first
 Cut the dressing wrapper on one long and two short sides and remove the
dressing
 Apply the inner surface of the wrapper to the wound when the casualty exhales
 Ensure that the covering extends at least two inches beyond the edges of the
wound
 If you have the ability to perform a needle chest decompression, seal by applying
overlapping strips of tape to three sides of the plastic covering to provide a
flutter-type valve.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

 If you don’t have the ability to perform a needle chest decompression, ensure all
four sides of the occlusive dressing are secured.
 Cover the exit wound in the same way, if applicable.

o Flail chest - Two or more ribs fractured in two or more places or a fractured sternum.
Symptoms include: Severe pain at the site, rapid shallow breathing and/or paradoxical
respirations.
 Establish and maintain an airway
 Assist the casualty's respirations, if necessary
 Monitor the casualty for signs of pneumothorax/hemothorax or tension
pneumothorax, as necessary

o Hemothorax - Bleeding from lacerated blood vessels in the chest cavity and or lungs. It
results in the accumulation of blood in the chest cavity not outside the lungs.
Symptoms include: Hypotension due to blood loss, shock, cyanosis, tightness in the
chest, mediastinal shift may produce deviated trachea away from the affected side. LATE
SIGN, Coughing up frothy red blood.
 Establish and maintain an airway
 Assist the casualty's breathing, as necessary

o Tension pneumothorax – A condition in which air enters the chest cavity (pleural space)
through a hole in the lung, expanding the space with every breath the casualty takes, the
air becomes trapped and cannot escape.
Symptoms include: Chest pain, increased pressure in the chest causes the lung(s) to
collapse, may result from the laceration of the lung by a broken rib or by spontaneous
rupture of a bleb or lesion on the lung.
 Establish and maintain an airway
 Perform needle chest decompression, if indicated.
 Assist the casualty's respirations, as necessary
 Monitor the casualty for progression of symptoms
 Position the casualty for evacuation.
- Conscious - in a comfortable position, preferably sitting.
- Unconscious - on the injured side.

 Treat the injury

 Treat the casualty for shock
 Record the care provided
 Evacuate the casualty

b. Abdominal wounds - A deep wound in the abdomen is likely to constitute a major emergency
since there are many vital organs in this area.

- The provider should give only the most essential first aid treatment, and concentrate efforts on
getting the casualty to a medical treatment facility.

Symptoms: Abdominal wounds typically cause intense pain, nausea and vomiting, spasm of the
abdominal muscles, and severe shock.

Treatment:
 Position the casualty
o Place the casualty on his back (face up)
o Ensure the casualty has a patent airway
o Flex the casualty's knees
o Turn the casualty's head to the side and keep the airway clear if vomiting occurs
 Treat for shock. Initiate one large bore (18 gauge) IV if the casualty is exhibiting signs and
symptoms of shock
WARNING: The most important concern in the initial management of abdominal injuries is
shock. Neither the presence nor absence of a wound, nor the size of the external wound
are safe guidelines for judging the severity of the wound.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

 Expose the wound. Inspect for distention, contusions, penetration, eviscerations or

obvious bleeding. Do not attempt to replace protruding internal organs or remove any
protruding foreign objects
 Stabilize any protruding objects
 Apply a sterile abdominal dressing
NOTE: Protruding abdominal organs should be kept moist to prevent the tissue from
drying out. A moist, sterile dressing should be applied if available.
 Using the sterile side of the dressing, or other clean material, place any protruding organs
near the wound
 Ensure that the dressing is large enough to cover the entire mass of protruding organs or
area of the wound
 If large enough to cover the affected area, place the sterile side of the plastic wrapper
directly over the wound to provide an additional barrier layer to protect the organs from
rupture and contamination
 Place the dressing directly on top of the wound or plastic wrapper, if used
 Tie the dressing tails loosely at the casualty's side, If necessary, loosely cover the
dressings with cravats. Tie them on the side of the casualty opposite that of the dressing
ties
 Do not cause further injury to the casualty.
o Do not touch any exposed organs with bare hands
o Do not try to push any exposed organs back into the body
o Do not tie the dressing tails tightly or directly over the dressing
o Do not give the casualty anything by mouth
 Prepare the casualty for evacuation
 Place the casualty on his back (face up) with the knees flexed
 Consider pain management as necessary
 Record the treatment given
 Evacuate the patient

c. Head wounds - Head wounds must be treated with particular care, since there is always the
possibility of brain damage. The general treatment for head wounds is the same as that for other
fresh wounds.

Symptoms: (Closed vs. Open)

Closed Head Injury: Caused by a direct blow to the head. Types may include a concussion,
contusion, or aneurism.
 Deformity of the head.
 Clear fluid or blood escaping from the nose and or ear(s).
 Periorbital discoloration (raccoon eyes).
 Bruising behind the ears, over the mastoid process (battle sign).
 Lowered pulse rate if the casualty has not lost a significant amount of blood.
 Signs of increased intracranial pressure:
o Headache, nausea, and or vomiting.
o Possible unconsciousness.
o Change in pupil size or symmetry.
o Lateral loss of motor nerve function--one side of the body becomes paralyzed.
 Change in the casualty's respiratory rate or pattern.
 A steady rise in the systolic blood pressure if the casualty hasn't lost significant amounts of
blood.
 A rise in the pulse pressure (systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure).
 Elevated body temperature.
 Restlessness--indicates insufficient oxygenation of the brain.

Open Head Injury:

 Visibly deformed skull
 Exposed brain tissue
 Possible unconsciousness
 Paralysis or disability on one side of the body
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

 Change in pupil size

 Lacerated scalp tissue- may have extensive bleeding

Treatment: (Open and Closed)

 Check for the signs and symptoms of head injuries (depending on open or closed)
 Direct manual stabilization of the casualty's head
 Check the casualty's vital signs
 Assess the casualty's level of consciousness using the AVPU scale
o A--alert. The casualty responds spontaneously to stimuli and is able to answer
questions in a clear manner
o V--verbal. The casualty does not respond spontaneously but is responsive to
verbal stimuli
o P--pain. The casualty does not respond spontaneously or to verbal stimuli but is
responsive to painful stimuli
o U--unresponsive. The casualty is unresponsive to any stimuli

 Assess the casualty's pupil size

o Observe the size of each pupil
o Shine a light into each eye to observe the pupillary reaction to light
 Assess the casualty's motor function
o Evaluate the casualty's strength, mobility, coordination, and sensation
o Document any complaints, weakness, or numbness
 Treat the head injury
o Treat a superficial head injury
 Apply a dressing
 Observe for abnormal behavior or evidence of complications
o Treat a head injury involving trauma
 Maintain a patent airway using the jaw thrust maneuver
 If the casualty is unconscious, insert an oropharyngeal airway without
hyper-extending the neck
 Administer high concentration oxygen by non-rebreather mask (NRB)
and evaluate the need for artificial ventilations with supplemental oxygen
 Apply a cervical collar
 Dress the head wound(s)
 Control bleeding
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

 Treat for shock

 Monitor the casualty for convulsions or seizures
 Position the casualty with the head elevated 6 inches to assist with the
drainage of blood from the brain
 Continue to monitor the casualty and check and record the following at 5 minute intervals
o Level of consciousness
o Pupillary responsiveness and equality
o Vital signs
o Motor functions
 Record the treatment
 Evacuate the casualty

d. Eye injuries - Treat foreign bodies of the eye, minimizing the effects of the injury, without causing
additional injury to the eye.

Symptoms: Irritation, bleeding, blurred vision, loss of sight.

Treatment:
 Assess eyes: pupils, equal and round, regular in size, and react to light (PEARRL)
 Locate the foreign body
o Method one
 Pull the lower lid down
 Tell the casualty to look up and to both sides and check for foreign bodies
 Pull the upper lid up
 Tell the casualty to look down and to both sides and check for foreign
bodies
o Method two
 Tell the casualty to look down
 Grasp the casualty's upper eyelashes and gently pull the eyelid away from
the eyeball
 Place a cotton-tipped swab horizontally along the outer surface of the
upper lid and fold the lid back over the swab
 Look for the foreign bodies or damage on the globe
 NOTE: If the foreign bodies cannot be located, bandage both eyes and
seek further medical aid immediately.
 Remove the foreign body
 Small foreign body on an anterior surface
o Hold the casualty's eye open
o Irrigate the eye
 Foreign body stuck to the cornea or lying under the upper or lower eyelid
 For a foreign body under the lower eyelid, pull the lower lid down
 For a foreign body under the upper eyelid, pull the upper lid up
 Remove the foreign body with a moistened, sterile cotton-tipped swab
 Foreign body stuck or impaled in the eye
o Apply dry sterile dressings to build around and support the object
o Cover the injured eye with a paper cup or cardboard cone
o Cover the uninjured eye with a dry dressing or eye patch
o Reassure the casualty by explaining why both eyes are being covered
o NOTE: The eyes move together. If the casualty uses (moves) the uninjured eye,
the injured eye will move as well. Covering both eyes will keep them still and will
prevent undue movement on the injured side
o Seek further medical aid immediately
 Obtain details about the injury
o Source and type of the foreign bodies
o Whether the foreign bodies were wind-blown or high velocity
o Time of onset and length of discomfort
o Any previous injuries to the eye
 Record the procedure
o Do not cause additional injury to the eye
o Do not probe for foreign bodies
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

o Do not put pressure on the globe

o Do not remove an impaled object
 Evacuate the casualty, as required

e. Facial Wounds - Soft tissue injuries of the face and scalp are common.

 Abrasions (scrapes) of the skin cause no serious problems

 Contusions (injury without a break in the skin) usually cause swelling, A contusion of the
scalp looks and feels like a lump
 Laceration (cut) and avulsion (torn away tissue) injuries are also common are mostly non-
serious. Avulsions are frequently caused when a sharp blow separates the scalp from the
skull beneath it.
 Because the face and scalp are richly supplied with blood vessels (arteries and veins),
wounds of these areas usually bleed heavily.

Treatment: Basic first-aid should be applied to facial wounds with the goal of preventing further
injury and infection as well as controlling bleeding. Ensure that the patient is assessed for
breathing difficulties and an open airway is established.

104.9 Define and discuss the causes, symptoms and treatment for:

a. Hypothermia - General cooling of the whole body is caused by continued exposure to low or
rapidly falling temperatures, cold moisture, snow, or ice. Those exposed to low temperatures for
extended periods may suffer ill effects, even if they are well protected by clothing, because cold
affects the body systems slowly, almost without notice.

Symptoms: As the body cools, there are several stages of progressive discomfort and disability.
The first symptom is shivering, which is an attempt to generate heat by repeated contractions of
surface muscles. This is followed by a feeling of listlessness, indifference, and drowsiness.
Unconsciousness can follow quickly.

- Shock becomes evident as the casualty’s eyes assume a glassy stare, respiration becomes slow
and shallow, and the pulse is weak or absent. As the body temperature drops even lower,
peripheral circulation decreases and the extremities become susceptible to freezing. Finally, death
results as the core temperature of the body approaches 80°F.

Treatment:
 Carefully observe respiratory effort and heart beat; CPR may be required while the
warming process is underway
 Re-warm the casualty as soon as possible
o It may be necessary to treat other injuries before the casualty can be moved to a
warmer place
o Severe bleeding must be controlled and fractures splinted over clothing before the
casualty is moved
o Replace wet or frozen clothing and remove anything that constricts the casualty’s
arms, legs, or fingers, interfering with circulation
 If the casualty is inside a warm place and is conscious, the most effective method of
warming is immersion in a tub of warm (100 to 105°F or 38 to 41°C) water
o The water should be warm to the elbow never hot
o Observe closely for signs of respiratory failure and cardiac arrest (re-warming
shock)
o Re-warming shock can be minimized by warming the body trunk before the limbs
to prevent vasodilatation in the extremities with subsequent shock due to blood
volume shifts
 If a tub is not available, apply external heat to both sides of the casualty
o Natural body heat (skin to skin) from two rescuers is the best method. This is
called "buddy warming."
o If this is not practical, use hot water bottles or an electric re-warming blanket.
 Do not place the blanket or bottles next to bare skin
 Monitor the temperature of the artificial heat source, since the casualty is
very susceptible to burn injury
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

o Because the casualty is unable to generate adequate body heat, placement under
a blanket or in a sleeping bag is not sufficient treatment
 If the casualty is conscious, give warm liquids to drink. Never give alcoholic beverages or
allow the casualty to smoke
 Dry the casualty thoroughly if water is used for re-warming
 As soon as possible, transfer the casualty to a definitive care facility. Be alert for the signs
of respiratory and cardiac arrest during transfer, and keep the casualty warm

b. Frostbite - Frostbite occurs when ice crystals form in the skin or deeper tissues after exposure to a
temperature of 32°F (0°C) or lower. Depending upon the temperature, altitude, and wind speed, the
exposure time necessary to produce frostbite varies from a few minutes to several hours. The area’s
most commonly affected are the face and extremities.

Symptoms: The symptoms of frostbite are progressive. Casualties generally incur this injury
without being acutely aware of it. Initially, the affected skin reddens and there is an uncomfortable
coldness. With continued heat loss, there is a numbness of the affected area due to reduced
circulation. As ice crystals form, the frozen extremity appears white, yellow-white, or mottled blue-
white, and is cold, hard, and insensitive to touch or pressure.

- Frostbite is classified as superficial or deep, depending on the extent of tissue involvement.

(1) Superficial Frostbite - In superficial frostbite the surface of the skin will feel hard, but the
underlying tissue will be soft, allowing it to move over bony ridges. This is evidence that only the
skin and the region just below it are involved.

Treatment:
 Take the casualty indoors
 Re-warm hands by placing them under the armpits, against the abdomen, or between the
legs
 Re-warm feet by placing them in the armpit or against the abdomen of the buddy
 Gradually re-warm the affected area by warm water immersion, skin-to-skin contact, or hot
water bottles
 Never rub a frostbite area

(2) Deep Frostbite - In deep frostbite, the freezing reaches into the deep tissue layers. There are
ice crystals in the entire thickness of the extremity. The skin will not move over bony ridges and
will feel hard and solid.

Treatment: The objectives of treatment are to protect the frozen areas from further injury, to
rapidly thaw the affected area, and to be prepared to respond to circulatory or respiratory
difficulties.
 Carefully assess and treat any other injuries first. Constantly monitor the casualty’s pulse
and breathing since respiratory and heart problems can develop rapidly. Be prepared to
administer CPR if necessary.
 Do not attempt to thaw the frostbitten area if there is a possibility of refreezing. It is better
to leave the part frozen until the casualty arrives at a medical treatment facility equipped
for long-term care. Refreezing of a thawed extremity causes severe and disabling
damage.
 Treat all casualties with injuries to the feet or legs as litter patients. When this is not
possible, the casualty may walk on the frozen limb, since it has been proven that walking
will not lessen the chances of successful treatment as long as the limb has not thawed
out.
 When adequate protection from further cold exposure is available, prepare the casualty for
re-warming by removing all constricting clothing such as gloves, boots, and socks. Boots
and clothing frozen on the body should be thawed by warm-water immersion before
removal.
 Rapidly re-warm frozen areas by immersion in water at 100°F to 105°F (38°C to 41°C).
Keep the water warm by adding fresh hot water, but do not pour the water directly on the
injured area. Ensure that the frozen area is completely surrounded by water; do not let it
rest on the side or bottom of the tub.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

 After re-warming has been completed, pat the area dry with a soft towel. Later it will swell,
sting, and burn.
o Blisters may develop. These should be protected from breaking.
o Avoid pressure, rubbing, or constriction of the injured area.
o Keep the skin dry with sterile dressings and place cotton between the toes and
fingers to prevent their sticking together.
 Protect the tissue from additional injury and keep it as clean as possible (use sterile
dressings and linen).
 Try to improve the general morale and comfort of the casualty by giving hot, stimulating
fluids such as tea or coffee. Do not allow the casualty to smoke or use alcoholic
beverages while being treated.
 Transfer to a medical treatment facility as soon as possible. During transportation, slightly
elevate the frostbitten area and keep the casualty and the injured area warm. Do not allow
the injured area to be exposed to the cold.

104.10 Discuss the following methods of transporting a victim:

a. Stokes stretcher - The Navy service litter most commonly used for transporting sick or injured
persons. It is a wire basket supported by iron rods. Even if the stretcher is tipped or turned, the
casualty can be held securely in place, making the Stokes adaptable to a variety of uses. This
stretcher is particularly valuable for transferring injured persons to and from boats. It can also be used
with flotation devices to rescue injured survivors from the water. Additionally, it can be used for direct
ship-to-ship transfer of injured persons. Fifteen-foot tending lines are attached to each end for
shipboard use in moving the casualty. It is limited to one casualty or 400 lbs.

Stokes stretcher

b. Blanket drag – Used by placing the patient on a blanket, sheet, poncho or liner and pulling the
patient by the blanket. A variant of the blanket drag is the clothes drag, where the rescuer drags the
casualty by the clothing on the casualty’s upper body

Blanket drag
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

c. Fireman’s carry - One of the easiest ways to carry a casualty (unconscious or unable to walk).

Fireman’s carry

d. Arm carry – Additional option for carrying a casualty, used best for conscious casualties that are
able to assist the rescuer by holding on. Never try to carry a person who is seriously injured with this
method, unless that casualty is smaller than the rescuer. Not suitable for long distance carry.

Arm carry

e. Stretchers - The military uses a number of standard stretchers. When using a stretcher, the
rescuer should consider a few general rules:

1. Use standard stretchers when available and be ready to improvise safe alternatives.
2. When possible, bring the stretcher to the casualty.
3. Always fasten the casualty securely to the stretcher.
4. Always move the casualty FEET FIRST so the rear stretcher bearer can watch for signs of
breathing difficulty
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

f. Pack-strap carry - With the pack-strap carry, it is possible to carry a heavy casualty for a
considerable distance. Do not attempt to carry a seriously injured person by means of the pack-strap
carry, especially if the arms, spine, neck, or ribs are fractured.

Pack-strap carry

104.11 Define and discuss the causes, symptoms and treatment for:

a. Heat stroke - Less common but far more serious condition than heat exhaustion, since it carries a
20 percent mortality rate. The most important feature of heat stroke is the extremely high body
temperature (105F, 41C or higher) accompanying it. If the body temperature raises too high, the
brain, kidneys, and liver may be permanently damaged. A true life-and-death emergency.

Symptoms: The casualty suffers a breakdown of the sweating mechanism and is unable to
eliminate excessive body heat buildup. The casualty may have preliminary symptoms such as
headache, nausea, dizziness, or weakness. Breathing will be deep and rapid at first, later shallow
and almost absent. The casualty will be flushed, very dry, and very hot. The pupils will be
constricted (pinpoint) and the pulse fast and strong.

Treatment: Reduce heat immediately by dousing the body with cold water or by applying wet,
cold towels to the whole body. Move the casualty to the coolest place available and remove as
much clothing as possible. Maintain an open airway. Place the casualty on his back, with the head
and shoulders slightly raised. If cold packs are available, place them under the arms, around the
neck, at the ankles, and in the groin. Expose the casualty to a fan or air conditioner, since drafts
will promote cooling. Immersing the casualty in a cold water bath is also very effective. If the
casualty is conscious, give cool water to drink. Get the casualty to a medical facility as soon as
possible. Cooling measures must be continued while the casualty is being transported.
Intravenous fluid infusion may be necessary for effective fluid and electrolyte replacement to
combat shock.

NOTE: Discontinue cooling when the rectal temperature reaches 102F; watch for recurrence of
temperature rise by checking every 10 minutes. Repeat cooling if temperature reaches 103F
rectally.

b. Heat exhaustion - The most common condition caused by working or exercising in hot
environments. In heat exhaustion, there is a serious disturbance of blood flow to the brain, heart, and
lungs.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

Symptoms: The casualty may experience weakness, dizziness, headache, nausea, and loss of
appetite. The casualty may faint but will probably regain consciousness as the head is lowered,
which improves the blood supply to the brain. Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion are similar
to those of shock; the casualty will appear ashen gray, the skin cool, moist, and clammy and the
pupils may be dilated. The vital signs usually are normal; however, the casualty may have a weak
pulse, together with rapid and shallow breathing. Body temperature may be normal or even below
normal.

Treatment: Treat heat exhaustion as if the casualty were in shock. Move the casualty to a cool or
air-conditioned area. Loosen the clothing, apply cool wet cloths to the head, maxilla, groin, and
ankles, and fan the casualty. Do not allow the casualty to become chilled. (If this does occur, cover
with a light blanket and move into a warmer area.) Give cool fluids if the casualty is conscious and
has not vomited. DO NOT give salt or oral rehydration salts! Transport the casualty to a medical
treatment facility as soon as possible. Intravenous fluid infusion may be necessary for effective
fluid and electrolyte replacement to combat shock.

c. Heat cramps - May be caused by excessive sweating related to heat exposure or exercise. Heat
cramps may also result from drinking ice water or other cold drinks either too quickly or in too large a
quantity after exercise. Muscle cramps are often an early sign of approaching heat exhaustion.

Symptoms: Painful cramps in the muscles of the abdomen, legs, and arms.

Treatment: Move the casualty to a cool place, since heat cramps are caused by loss of salt and
water, give the casualty plenty of cool (not cold) water to drink, if available, give the casualty an
electrolyte solution and something to eat such as a banana or granola bar. Apply manual pressure
to the cramped muscle, or gently massage it to relieve the spasm. If there are indications of
anything more serious, transport the casualty immediately to a medical treatment facility.

104.12 Discuss the 9-Line MEDEVAC and its components:

- A 9-Line MEDEVAC request is used to request transport of a casualty to a higher echelon of

medical care. A MEDEVAC may be coordinated by any means or transportation including, helicopter,
vehicle and boat. MEDEVAC information is transmitted over secure communication systems and
must be encrypted. In most cases the first 5 lines are required prior to the departure of the MEDEVAC
asset to the requested location (Additional information may be required depending on the AOR).

Steps:

1. Collect all applicable information needed for the MEDEVAC request. This includes all lines of
the 9-line MEDEVAC form. Knowing this information prior to sending the report ensures that all
information is passed accurately and in a timely manner.

2. Record the gathered MEDEVAC information using the authorized brevity codes (May vary
depending on the AOR, however, most the times the information is standard and understood by
all MEDEVAC assets.)

3. Use effective call sign and frequency assignments when making proper contact with the
intended receiver. Ensure that the intention of the message is clearly stated prior to sending any
information from the request.

4. Transmit the MEDEVAC information in the proper sequence. State all line item numbers in
clear text.

NOTE: Line 6 and 9 vary depending on if the situation is during peacetime or wartime.
104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D
104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

104.13 Discuss Tactical Combat Casualty Care triage categories:

- Triage, a French word meaning "to sort”, is the process of quickly assessing patients in a multiple-
casualty incident and assigning patients a priority (or classification) for receiving treatment according
to the severity of the illness or injury. Triage in the tactical environment is very different due to the
environmental and human hazards, i.e. bullets and ordnance.

- The person in charge is responsible for balancing the human lives at stake against the realities of
the tactical situation, the level of medical consumable resources on hand, and the realistic capabilities
of medical personnel on the scene. Triage is a dynamic process, and a patient’s priority is subject to
change as the situation progresses.

Categories:

IMMEDIATE: This group includes those that require lifesaving surgery. The surgical procedures in
this category should not be time-consuming and should concern only patients with high chances of
survival.

Examples include:
• Upper airway obstruction
• Severe respiratory distress
• Life-threatening bleeding
• Tension pneumothorax
• Extensive burns other than superficial
• Untreated poisoning (chemical agent) with severe symptoms
• Heat stroke
• Decompensated shock
• Rapidly deteriorating level of consciousness
• Any other rapidly deteriorating life-threatening condition

**IMMEDIATE casualties are labeled RED**

DELAYED: This group includes those wounded who are badly in need of time-consuming surgery,
but whose general condition permits delay in surgical treatment without unduly endangering life,
sustaining treatment will be required.

Examples include:
• Compensated shock
• Fracture, dislocation, or injury causing circulatory compromise
• Severe bleeding, controlled by a tourniquet or other means
• Penetrating head, neck, chest, back, or abdominal injuries without airway or breathing
compromise or decompensated shock
• Severe combat stress symptoms or psychosis

**DELAYED casualties are labeled YELLOW**

MINIMAL: These casualties have relatively minor injuries and can effectively care for themselves or
can be helped by non-medical personnel.

Examples include:
• Uncomplicated closed fractures and dislocations or minor lacerations
• Frostbite
• Strains and sprains
• Minor head injury (loss of consciousness of less than 5 minutes with normal mental status
and equal pupils)

**MINIMAL casualties are labeled GREEN**

EXPECTANT: Casualties in this category have wounds that are so extensive that even if they were
the sole casualty and had the benefit of optimal medical resource application, their survival would be
unlikely. Using a minimal but competent staff, provide comfort measures for these casualties.
 104 Expeditionary First Aid Fundamentals CONT’D

Examples include:
• Traumatic cardiac arrest
• Massive Brain Injury
• Partial-thickness and Deep tissue burns over 70% of the body surface area (BSA)
• Gunshot wound to the head with Glasgow Coma Scale of 3

**EXPECTANT casualties are labeled BLACK**

104.14 Discuss the steps regarding the following:

- Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) is divided into 3 phases based on the tactical situation.
During the gunfight, attention should be focused on primarily eliminating the threat. As the threat
decreases, increasing focus is applied to providing the best possible medical care to casualties. The
3 phases below take the provider from taking contact by the enemy to evacuation of the casualty.

a. Care under Fire - In care under fire situations, the provider should return effective fire, move
the casualty to a safe area, rapidly assess the casualty for sources of massive extremity
hemorrhage, and apply a tourniquet if necessary.

b. Tactical Field Care - The tactical field care phase begins once the provider and casualty are
no longer under effective hostile fire. It also applies to situations in which an injury has occurred,
but there has been no hostile fire. The provider is able to take their time with the casualty and
complete a head to toe assessment looking for all obvious and obscure injuries. Treatment
should be rendered at this time as resources allow.

c. Tactical Evacuation - The tactical evacuation phase begins once the patient has been picked
up by a MEDEVAC asset for transport to a higher echelon of medical care. Care during the
tactical field care phase should not delay the tactical evacuation phase. Care should be continued
throughout this phase when medical resources are available.

104.15 What is the special gauze used in the field to aid in the control of bleeding?

- QuikClot Combat Gauze® is the hemostatic (blood clotting) dressing approved by TCCC guidelines.
The gauze is effective in stopping bleeding in areas where tourniquets can’t reach and has added
benefits from other earlier granule type products due to its ease of use and lack of heat producing
properties. It may also be used to allow a provider to convert from a previously applied tourniquet, if
evacuation time is anticipated to be longer than 2 hours.

104.16 What does M.I.S.T. stand for and why is it used?

- A “M.I.S.T” report is used as amplifying information to a 9-Line MEDEVAC report. It is designed to

gather and pass on important information that will affect the casualty’s treatment.

M – Mechanism:
What was the cause of the injury or pattern of illness? Get a brief description of what happened.

I – Injury/Illness:
What is the injury sustained or illness found? What injury/illness do you suspect?

S – Signs & Symptoms:

What have you seen that are signs something is wrong with the casualty? What symptoms do
they describe to you when you ask them ‘what’s wrong’?

T – Treatment:
What emergency care have you provided up to the handover of the casualty?
 105 Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Fundamentals

105.1 Discuss the proper use of:

a. Phonetic alphabet and numerals - When necessary to identify a letter of the alphabet, the
standard phonetic alphabet should be used. This helps to prevent the receiving operator from copying
your words or groups of words incorrectly. Bs, Ps, Ts, and other letters that sound alike can be
confusing when heard on radio telephone nets.

b. Prowords - A pronounceable word or phrase that has been assigned a meaning to speed up
message handling on radio nets that use radio and telephone. Includes words such as; OUT, BREAK,
OVER and ROGER.

105.2 Discuss the three methods of communications in areas where oral communications is not
reliable.

1. Arm and hand signals - Signals are used to transmit commands or information when voice
communication is difficult or impossible or when silence must be maintained.

-Leaders should repeat signals to their units whenever necessary to ensure prompt and correct
execution of orders. A leader giving arm and hand signals should remember that these are an
order of command. The signal is given smartly. Leaders must be aware of their location to ensure
the signal can be seen by the intended unit.

2. Whistle signals - As a rule, only three whistle signals are used, since a large variety could cause
confusion. The following three are commonly used whistle signals:

 ATTENTION TO ORDERS: indicated by one short blast on the whistle. It is used to fix the
attention of unit members on the unit leader who gives the signal and means that other
signals, orders, or commands are to follow.

 CEASE FIRING: indicated by one long blast on the whistle. This signal is verified
immediately by an arm and hand signal or by some other means.

 HOSTILE AIRCRAFT or MECHANIZED VEHICLE: Indicated by three long blasts repeated

several times.

3. Special signals - Certain special signals are standard for all branches of the armed forces to
indicate the approach or presence of hostile aircraft or mechanized vehicles. They are as follows:

 Three long blasts of a whistle, vehicular horn, siren, or Klaxon repeated several times.
 Three equally spaced shots with rifle or pistol.
 Three short bursts of fire from automatic small arms.
 105 Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

105.3 Discuss the communications plans.

- On a modern battlefield, the ability of a battalion commander to pass information between his or he
troops and superiors is critical for the success of any mission. An uncomplicated, reliable, flexible,
and responsive communication plan will enable the battalion commander to carry out his or her
operational plans effectively.

- A well-thought-out communication plan is paramount to command and control. Communication is

the instruments by which a battalion commander makes his or her orders known and, as such, is the
voice of the command.

- Since the COC is the nerve center for the battalion and the terminating point for all tactical and non-
tactical radio nets, a well-thought-out communication plan must be established. Like everything else,
the communication plan is based upon the mission. The communication officer is usually tasked with
the development of the communication plan. He or she should include in the plan communication
requirements for the COC, the setup of a remote antenna farm, and a communication network.

105.4 Discuss the following terms as they relate to Command and Control:

a. Nature and Purpose - Command and control enables the Naval Commander to understand the
situation in his battle space. Command and control is “the exercise of authority and direction by a
properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the
mission.”

b. Process - Includes the “planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling of forces and operations,”
whereas the system of command and control includes the “personnel, equipment, communications,
facilities, and procedures employed by a commander.

105.5 Discuss the following terms as they relate to Naval intelligence:

a. Nature and Purpose:

 The nature of intelligence is “The Product” from collecting, exploiting, processing,

interrogation and analysis

 The purpose of intelligence is to allow the Commander to take that “picture” and use it to
move the resources they have “effectively” to complete the mission tasking.

b. Support to Operating Forces:

- Support to operating forces is the cornerstone of naval intelligence. Naval intelligence is

designed to support operations at sea, from the sea, and ashore—through an organization closely
linked with joint and national intelligence centers.

- Naval forces engaged in operations are supported by theater Joint Intelligence Centers (JICs).
The theater JIC serves as a focal point to ensure that operating forces receive intelligence support
from national and service intelligence centers such as DIA, CIA, NSA and the National Maritime
Intelligence Center.

- Naval forces also maintain such organic intelligence capabilities as photographic interpretation,
communications intelligence analysis, and finished intelligence production, which support not only
the commander and embarked forces, but theater and national decision makers as well.

c. Fundamentals of Naval Intelligence:

- The fundamentals of naval intelligence, distilled from years of operational experience, guide both
the commander and the intelligence officer. The commander who understands these fundamentals
can employ intelligence to his best advantage; the intelligence officer who understands these
fundamentals can support the commanders’ requirements better.
105 Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

- The fundamentals of naval intelligence include principles, key attributes, intelligence sources and
the process of the intelligence cycle. They apply across the spectrum of military operations from
peacetime, to operations other than war, to combat.

 Principles:
o Know the Adversary
o The Commander’s Needs are Paramount
o Ensure Unity of Intelligence Effort
o Plan for Combat
o Use an All-Source Approach

 Key Attributes:
o Timeliness
o Objectivity
o Usability
o Availability
o Thoroughness
o Accuracy
o Relevance

d. Intelligence Cycle - The intelligence cycle produces intelligence products as a result of a series of
interrelated activities. The cycle is a five step process composed of the following elements:

 Planning and Direction

 Collection
 Processing
 Production
 Dissemination

e. Support for Expeditionary Forces:

- Intelligence requirements in littoral regions are significantly different from those of open-ocean
operations. Our proximity to littoral threats will mean less warning and reaction time for friendly
forces. Any potential adversary’s acquisition of advanced technology is a significant concern as
well. Consequently, naval intelligence must maintain detailed databases on potential threats and
develop methods to exploit each adversary’s weaknesses.

- Identifying those areas where military operations may be conducted is vital. Detailed information
on the environment and local infrastructure (bathymetry, weather, topography, ports, air facilities,
etc.) will be required to support the full range of expeditionary operations. Nontraditional
intelligence sources, collection means, and dissemination methods must be explored and
employed. Open-source intelligence may be especially important. In addition, forces deploying to
areas known for infectious diseases must have advance information about local medical
conditions. Forward deployed expeditionary forces must incorporate medical intelligence as a
force protection measure.

- Intelligence databases and communications must be interoperable with other services, non-DOD
government agencies, and joint intelligence centers to ensure the uninterrupted flow of intelligence
to the commander. Naval intelligence must be prepared to support amphibious operations during
sustained operations ashore, while simultaneously supporting requirements of the ships,
submarines, and aircraft that maintain battlespace dominance in the littoral area of operations. To
be most effective in expeditionary operations, naval intelligence personnel should be integrated
into national, theater, and service intelligence organizations to articulate naval capabilities and
operational philosophies, influence decisions, and optimize intelligence support to naval forces.
 105 Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

105.6 Describe the following types of orders:

a. OPLAN:

- An operation plan for the conduct of joint operations that can be used as the basis for
development of an OPORD. It pertains to a single operation or series of connected operations that
the force performs simultaneously or in succession. It is used by a higher authority to permit
subordinate commanders to prepare supporting plans and orders.

- Identifies the forces and supplies required to execute the CINC’s strategic concept and a
movement schedule of these resources to the theater of operations. The forces and supplies are
identified in time-phased force and deployment data files. OPLANs will include all phases of the
tasked operation.

b. OPORD:

- A directive issued by a commander to subordinate commanders for the purpose of effecting the
coordinated execution of an operation. Since it is an order to conduct an operation, it normally
does not contain assumptions. Unless otherwise stated, an operation order is effective from the
date and time it is signed. An operation plan already issued that contains appropriate tasking may
be implemented as an order with changes as necessary; in which case, the promulgation of a
separate operation order is not required.

c. WARNORD:

- A preliminary notice of an order or action that is to follow at some future date. It may be issued to
alert subordinate commands to impending operations and to give subordinates time to make
necessary plans and preparations. These orders are intended to provide subordinates maximum
planning time, provide essential details of the impending operation, and detail major timeline
events that will occur with mission execution.

d. FRAGO:

- A series of FRAGOs may be issued after the basic OPORD to change or modify the desired
sequence of events. They are usually issued in the form of a brief oral or written messages and
contain timely changes of existing orders to subordinate and supporting commanders while
providing notification to higher and adjacent commands

e. EXORD:

- An execute order is an order issued by competent authority to initiate military operations as

directed.

f. DEPORD:

- If required by prevailing circumstances, the warning order may include a deployment preparation
order or deployment order (i.e., changes to alert status of units and movement of selected forces
to pre-position for impending operations).

g. CONOPS:

- A verbal or graphic statement in broad outline of a commander’s assumptions or intent in regard

to an operation or series of operations. The concept of operations frequently is embodied in
campaign plans and operation plans; in the latter case, particularly when the plans cover a series
of connected operations to be carried out simultaneously or in succession. The concept is
designed to give an overall picture of the operation. It is included primarily for additional clarity of
purpose.
 105 Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

105.7 Discuss the speed of service objectives for the following message precedence:

a. Routine - Up to 6 hours

b. Priority - Up to 3 hours

c. Immediate - Up to 30 min

d. Flash - As fast as humanly possible; objective is less than 10 minutes

105.8 What is meant by the term Two-Person Integrity (TPI)?

- The security measure taken to prevent single-person access to COMSEC keying material and
cryptographic maintenance manuals. TPI is accomplished as follows:

 The constant presence of two authorized persons when COMSEC material is being handled
 The use of two combination locks on security containers used to store COMSEC material
 The use of two locking devices and a physical barrier for the equipment
 At no time can one person have in his or her possession the combinations or keys to gain
access to a security container or cryptographic equipment containing COMSEC material
 One person cannot have sole possession of COMSEC material that requires TPI security

105.9 Discuss the following terms:

a. Access - The ability and opportunity to obtain knowledge of classified information.

b. Classification - The determination that official information requires, in the interest of National
security, a specific degree of protection against unauthorized disclosure, coupled with a designation
signifying that such a determination has been made

c. Compromise - A security violation which has resulted in confirmed exposure of classified

information or material to a person.

d. Need to know - A determination made by an authorized holder of classified information that a

prospective recipient requires access to specific classified information.

e. Clearance - A formal determination that a person meets the personnel security standards and is
thus eligible for access to classified information other than that protected in a special access program.

105.10 Define the following terms:

a. Minimize - Drastically reducing normal message and telephone traffic so that vital messages
connected with the situation indicated will not be delayed, similar to “Silence on the net” for
Urgent/emergency traffic.

b. EEFI:

- (Essential Elements of Friendly Information) Standardized EEFI is established to identify specific

items of information which, if acquired by an adversary, would degrade the security of military
operations, special projects, etc.

- As a means to rapidly identify an EEFI violation on an uncovered radio telephone circuit, the
BEADWINDOW code was developed to provide a means for immediate notification of insecure
practices.

- The EEFI list will be posted in clear sight of operators at all insecure voice positions for rapid
reference.
 105 Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

c. BEADWINDOW:

- BEADWINDOW is a real-time procedure which brings to the immediate attention of circuit

operators the fact that an EEFI disclosure has (or may have) occurred.

- The BEADWINDOW technique uses a code word and a number combination which is transmitted
immediately by any net member to the unit disclosing the EEFI. At no time will the validity of the
BEADWINDOW be discussed on the net.

- Proper response for a net member receiving a BEADWINDOW will be "ROGER OUT" using
proper net call signs.

105.11 Discuss the following with respect to radio communication frequencies:

a. HF (High Frequency) - 3 to 30 MHz

b. VHF (Very High Frequency) - 30 to 300 MHz

c. UHF (Ultra High Frequency) - 300 to 3000 MHz

d. SATCOM (Satellite Communications) - 2290 to 2700 MHz

105.12 Discuss the development of an intelligence/tactical picture.

- Formed from all sources in the battlespace, including dedicated force intelligence collection
resources, national and theater assets, liaison officers, and units in contact with the enemy. Such
collection can take place at the tactical, operational, or strategic levels.

105.13 Discuss contents of the CEOI.

- Communications Electronic Operating Instruction (CEOI); contains a list of necessary items that are
used to accomplish the communications portion of a mission. The following information and
instructions are normally included in the CEOI:

 Call sign assignments

 Frequency assignments
 Radio net circuit designator
 Wire/cable trunk circuit designations
 Wire/cable tagging codes
 Telephone directory names and numbers
 Teletype and data muting indicators
 Identification and marking panel codes
 Signal panel message instructions
 Pyrotechnic and smoke codes
 Ground-air signals
 Sound warning signals
 General cryptographic instructions
 Cryptographic devices to be used
 Current effective editions of the cryptographic key lists
 Codes and ciphers
 Passwords/challenge
 General authentication instructions

105.14 List and describe watch stations within the TOC.

- The layout and internal organization of the COC will vary with each battalion commander and
operation. Written Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are established to formalize the
organization and avoid any confusion.
105 Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

1. Administration and Personnel Officer (S-1) - This person is the principal staff officer for all
matters on personnel management, personnel administration, and headquarters management.

2. Intelligence Officer (S-2) - He or she has staff responsibility for all intelligence operations. The
commander relies on the S-2 to provide information on weather, terrain, and enemy capabilities,
status, and intentions. Through the intelligence annex B of an operational plan (OPLAN), the main
duties of the S-2 are as follows:
 Provide complete supervision of handling and processing of information relating to
intelligence.
 Gather and distribute information gained from intelligence (INTEL) sources.
 Prepare written and oral briefings as required.
 Maintain overlays for the enemy situation map (INTEL MAP).
 Promptly inform the operations officer of significant or unusual incidents.
 Supervise the maintenance of the INTEL situation bead, such as enemy and friendly
updates.
 Manage the Blue Force Tracker (BFT).

3. Operations Officer (S-3) - The S-3 is the principal staff officer responsible for coordinating,
organizing, operating, and training COC watch stander personnel. Duties of the S-3 include:
 Participate in all phases of operational planning.
 Coordinate briefings that present the current tactical situation to the commander.

4. COC Watch Officer - The COC watch officer is authorized to release all outgoing messages.
The main duties of the COC watch officer are as follows:
 Before assuming watch, read the message board, obtain a brief on the present situation
from the current COC watch officer, and liaison with other staff sections.
 During watch keeps current on the tactical situation, make routine decisions, and notify S-3
of incidents of an unusual nature.
 Read all incoming and outgoing messages. Take action by delivering messages to the
cognizant section, and ensure the appropriate action is taken.
 Supervise the actions of the communication personnel, such as radio and telephone
operators.
 Ensure incoming and outgoing messages adhere to established routing procedures.

5. Journal Clerk - The unit journal provides a summary of activities that is used by commanders
and oncoming duty personnel to determine the current tactical situation. The main duties of the
journal clerk are as follows:
 Prepare the unit journal under the direction of the COC watch officer.
 Enter items in the journal in a brief, accurate form.
 Maintain journal entries in chronological order using local time.
 Make references only for periodic reports such as situation reports (SITREPs).

6. Communications Chief - The main duties of the communications chief are as follows:
 Verify correct communication security measures are used by all assigned communicators.
 Determine communication nets for all outgoing message traffic.
 Request technical assistance in case of equipment or net failure.
 Keep the COC watch officer informed on the status of all nets.
 Maintain a log on radio nets, noting opening and closing times, frequency changes, traffic
delays, or other pertinent incidents.

7. Communicators (Radio/Telephone Operators [RTOs]) - The main duties of the

communicators are as follows:
 Monitor and operate radios and switchboards as assigned.
 Be familiar with authentication and encryption methods.
 Drafts, receives, and transmits messages.

8. Messengers/Security - Messengers and security personnel perform all duties as assigned and
ensure all personnel entering the COC appear on the access list.
 105 Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

9. Plotters - The main duty requirements for plotters are as follows:

 Ensure the proper maintenance of section journals, situation charts, and maps.
 Assist the section watch officer as required.

10. Nuclear, Biological, Chemical/Chemical, Biological, Radiological (NBC/CBR) Officer -

The NBC/CBR officer plays a critical role in the early warning of a nuclear, biological, or chemical
attack. The NBC/CBR officer should hold the proper Naval Enlisted Classification (NEC) code to fill
this position proficiently. The main duties of the NBC/CBR officer are as follows:
 Organize, train, and supervise personnel assigned to the battalion’s decontamination
teams.
 Monitor all incoming messages related to weather information.
 Manage all outgoing and incoming NBC reports.
 Establish NBC fallout zones to provide early warning of an NBC attack.
 Advise the section watch officer on the setting of Mission-Oriented Protective Posture
(MOPP) levels.

11. Unit Movement Control Center (UMCC) Officer - The UMCC officer provides support for the
deployment and redeployment of troops. He/She coordinates with the appropriate Movement
Control Agency (MCA). The main duties of the UMCC officer are as follows:
 Ensure that units are prepared for embarkation.
 Ensure direct marshaling.
 Identify additional support requirements.
 Coordinate the movement of forces to port of embarkations, as directed by the appropriate
MCA.

TOC/COC Layout Example

105.15 List and describe TOC equipment and resources.

- Depends on unit SOP’s.

 105 Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

105.16 Discuss the following types of circuits and nets:

a. Tactical - For security/ tactical communications.

b. Administrative - Mission support communications.

c. Directed - To use net, you must obtain permission from the Net Controller.

d. Free - No permission is required for use.

105.17 Discuss the following requirements for handling CMS:

a. Responsibilities - You are responsible to national security, whether you are a user or a witness.

b. Training Requirements - Must be PQS qualified and trained by the CMS custodian.

c. Storage Requirements - Must be stored by clearance. TS must have two combinations.

d. Receipt - Sign (SF-153) to establish custody.

e. Inventory - Must be done every time you are conducting shift turnover.

f. Destruction - TPI is required, regardless of the classification.

105.18 Discuss the purpose of the date time group (DTG) on a naval message.

- Used for identification, tracking, and filing purposes for messages.

- The DTG format consists of a 2 Digit day, 4 Digit Time then single letter zone and 3 letter month and
year.

- EXAMPLE: 091630ZJUL11 represents 1630 UTC on 9 July 2011.

105.19 Discuss the purpose of the unexploded ordnance Hazards Report (UXO).

- UXO reports are used to report the discovery of UXO and request support from EOD or other
resources as needed.

105.20 Define the following types of control.

a. OPCON:

- The authority to perform those functions of command over subordinate forces involving
organizing and employing commands and forces, assigning tasks, designating objectives, and
giving authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission.

b. TACON:

- The command authority that is limited to the detailed direction and control of movements or
maneuvers within the operational area necessary to accomplish assigned missions or tasks.

c. ADCON:

- In doctrinal terms, these are administrative control (ADCON) responsibilities, even after the
assignment of SDDC’s capabilities to TRANSCOM, which is a functional combatant command. It is
important to note that ADCON is not a command relationship but serves as a doctrinal
interpretation of the departmental responsibilities outlined in the Federal statute.
 105 Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

d. COCOM:

- The authority of a Combatant Commander (CCDR) to perform those functions of command over
assigned forces involving organizing and employing commands and forces; assigning tasks;
designating objectives; and giving authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations,
joint training, and logistics necessary to accomplish the missions assigned to the command.

105.21 Discuss the purpose of the following messages and the general situations and time lines
in which each would be submitted:

a. OPREP 3, Navy Blue:

- Used by any unit to provide the CNO and other naval commanders with immediate notification of
incidents of military, political, or media interests that are of high Navy, vice national level, interest.
These incidents have been categorized into “major” operational incidents, personnel incidents, and
other incidents.
 A major incident is defined as an incident that results in loss or degradation in the ability of a
command to perform its mission, as determined by the CO.
 Personnel incidents - significant misconduct to include:
o Lost of automatic weapon, murder, rape, forcible sodomy, aggravated sexual assault,
armed robbery, aggravated assault, assault with a deadly weapon, kidnapping,
carjacking, and burglary of an occupied dwelling.

b. OPREP 3, Unit SITREP:

- Used by an U.S. Navy CO, officer-in-charge, or other commander to provide the ISIC and
appropriate Navy operational commanders and higher authority with timely notification of any
incident not meeting OPREP-3 PINNACLE or OPREP-3 NAVY BLUE special incident reporting
criteria.
 The decision to submit an OPREP-3 UNIT SITREP vice other OPREP-3 reports is driven by
potential media interest.
 If an incident is not “major”, then it is to be reported as an OPREP-3 NAVY UNIT SITREP
 Could cover operational incidents, but this is generally where most of your personnel incident
reporting will fall.

105.22 Explain the use of the following:

a. Naval Message:

- A message is an official communication in brief form transmitted by electrical means through

Navy telecommunication centers. A message is used for urgent communication where speed is of
primary importance.

- Messages should not be used when the necessary information can reach its destination in time
for proper action by letter or speed letter. Naval messages are prepared on Department of
Defense MESSAGEFORM 173 (DD 173).

b. E-mail:

- Messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via
a network.

105.23 Discuss the factors that affect the capabilities of radio communications.

1. Location
2. Power
3. Antenna
4. Terrain
5. Weather
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals

106.1 Describe the following in regards to dug-in emplacements.

a. Discuss Survivability Operations:

- Personnel and physical assets have inherent survivability qualities or capabilities which can be
enhanced through various means and methods. One way to enhance survivability—when existing
terrain features offer insufficient cover and concealment is to alter the physical environment to
provide or improve cover and concealment. Similarly, natural or artificial materials may be used as
camouflage to confuse, mislead, or evade the enemy.

- Together, these are called survivability operations—those military activities that alter the physical
environment to provide or improve cover, concealment, and camouflage. By providing or improving
cover, concealment, and camouflage, survivability operations help military forces avoid or
withstand hostile actions. Although such activities often have the added benefit of providing shelter
from the elements, survivability operations focus on providing cover, concealment, and
camouflage.

- All units conduct survivability operations within the limits of their capabilities. Engineer and CBRN
personnel and units have additional capabilities to support survivability operations. Engineer
support to survivability operations is a major portion of the enhance protection line of engineer
support. CBRN support to survivability operations includes the employment of obscurants, which
can be used to enable survivability operations by concealing friendly positions and screening
maneuvering forces from enemy observation.

- Although survivability encompasses capabilities of military forces both while on the move and
when stationary, survivability operations focus more on stationary capabilities—constructing
fighting and protective positions and hardening facilities. In the case of camouflage and
concealment, however, survivability operations include both stationary and on-the-move
capabilities.

b. Discuss individual fighting positions:

- Individual fighting positions protect one or more dismounted Soldiers/Marines armed with
individual weapons—intended to be operated by an individual rather than by a crew—while
supporting their ability to engage the enemy from the position. Such positions typically consist of a
hole in the ground, supplemented with frontal, overhead, and flank or rear cover as the time and
situation permit. Individual fighting positions are generally constructed in the defense in generally
rural areas. Other individual fighting positions may be constructed in urban terrain or may be
constructed in support of base camps. The positions should be planned and designed so that they
are concealed, mutually supporting, and have interlocking fields of fire in all directions. Each
weapons system must be assigned a primary sector of fire to support the defensive plan. Alternate
positions that over watch the primary sector should also be selected. Finally, each weapon should
be assigned a supplementary position to engage attacks from other directions.

c. Discuss crew served fighting positions:

- Like individual positions, crew-served weapons positions are also classified as hasty and
deliberate. The same principles apply to the crew-served weapon, although minor changes include
dimensions of the position and characteristics to facilitate effective use of the weapon system.
Frontal, overhead, flank, and rear protection provide increased survivability and protection as well.
For crew-served weapons that create a backblast, overhead and rear protection must be
considered for effective employment of the weapon while minimizing the risk of injury to the
operator.

- As with individual fighting positions, Soldiers/Marines are responsible for constructing their crew-
served weapon fighting positions. These positions must be tailored to the operating characteristics
and requirements of the weapon that will occupy the position. Weapon crews—and their leaders—
must thoroughly understand and apply the descriptions and procedures for constructing fighting
positions as well as camouflage and concealment of fighting positions.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

d. Discuss vehicle fighting positions:

- Vehicle fighting positions include fighting and protective positions for major weapons systems
vehicles and their support equipment. Initially, vehicles use the natural cover and concealment in
hide positions to increase survivability. As time, assets, and situation permit, positions are
prepared using engineer support. Priority is given to those vehicles containing essential critical
equipment or supplies.
Drivers and crews should also use these fighting positions for individual protection.

- Berms and revetments positioned at the front of or around major weapons systems will provide
improved protection from direct fire and from blast and fragments of indirect-fire artillery, mortar,
and rocket shells. At its base, a berm has a thickness of at least 8 feet. Further, the berm or
revetment functions as a standoff barrier for impact-detonating, direct-fire HEAT and antitank
guided missile (ATGM) projectiles. It should cause the fuses to activate, thereby increasing
survivability for the protected vehicles. If the expected enemy uses kinetic energy direct-fire armor
piercing or hypervelocity projectiles, it is impossible to construct berms thick enough for protection.
To protect against these projectiles, prepare deep-cut, hull defilade, or turret defilade positions.
Construct fighting and protective positions that are no larger than operationally necessary.

106.2 Explain the general rules of camouflage and how they apply:

- Using natural conditions and materials is the first priority for camouflage and concealment, but using
manmade materials can greatly enhance camouflage and concealment efforts. Available materials
include pattern-painted equipment, LCSS, radar-absorbing paint, radar-absorbing material, false
operating surfaces, vegetation, expedient paint, decoys, and battlefield by-products.

- Selected camouflage and concealment techniques should capitalize on terrain features that are
favorable to the defender and on the short time available to attacking aircrews for target acquisition.
Use artificial and natural means to camouflage the asset. Where time and resources allow, deploy
alternative targets (decoys) to draw the attention of the attacking aircrews away from the fixed asset.

106.3 Utilizing BAMCIS, describe the planning process for issuing a five-paragraph order.

1. Begin Planning:

- The receipt of a mission triggers the BAMCIS cycle. To make effective use of available time, the
leader issues a Warning Order (an abbreviated set of instructions to inform of an impending
action) to his subordinates; this allows his subordinates to execute the Warning Order while the
leader conducts a detailed analysis, which we call the Tactical Thought Process (described
below). Here, unit leaders will develop questions and therefore will have to make assumptions
about the enemy to continue planning. The level of risk the leader will have to assume is directly
related to the depth of analysis they perform during the Tactical Thought Process. At the end of
this step, you will emerge with an initial plan that you expect to execute, pending the answers to
your questions, and the validation of the assumptions you made about the enemy. To begin
answering these questions you will move to Arrange for Reconnaissance.

2. Arrange for Reconnaissance:

- Based on the detailed analysis (Tactical Thought Process) performed during Begin the Planning,
the leader must ask, “What information am I lacking in order to achieve success?” To get this
information to further mitigate risk assumed during the Tactical Thought Process, the leader must
arrange for a reconnaissance of the enemy and terrain. First, the commander must determine the
most effective means of available reconnaissance. Frequently, this is a physical reconnaissance in
which the commander visits the ground on which he will fight. Second, the commander must
determine his priority of reconnaissance, or what order he will try to fulfill the information gaps. The
first priority must be the gaps regarding the enemy; focusing on confirming or denying any
assumptions made about his location, orientation, or current tactical activity. The second priority is
to identify elements of the friendly SOM such as the route, assault position, or defensive positions.
Finally, the leader must determine which subordinate leaders will accompany them during the
collection of information. The personnel will vary according to the tactical situation, but the leader
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

should take only as many subordinate leaders as necessary, while others remain behind to
supervise mission preparation.

3. Make Reconnaissance:

- The commander now acts to answer his questions and validate any assumptions based on his
priorities of reconnaissance and the time available. Every effort must be made to conduct a
physical reconnaissance of the enemy. This means “eyes on the enemy” must be the focus. In
addition to a physical recon, the commander should also look to use other assets (imagery, air
reconnaissance, etc) available to help fill information gaps. The reconnaissance is only successful
if it answers those questions needed to successfully accomplish the mission.

4. Complete the Plan:

- The unit leader must now take the information gained during the reconnaissance and validate his
initial plan made during Begin the Planning. This is done by conducting the Tactical Thought
Process again, now armed with the answers to our questions. This analysis must be conducted
again to ensure necessary changes are ultimately reflected in our plan to our subordinates. A
common problem occurs when leaders receive updated information that conflicts with their
previous analysis or established plan, but fail to update their METT-TC or amend their scheme of
maneuver. Do not fall in love with your plan. At the conclusion of your second conduct of the
Tactical Thought Process, you will write an order (Five Paragraph Order) to communicate to your
subordinates.

5. Issue the order:

Here, leaders verbally communicate their analysis and scheme of maneuver using proper order-
issuing techniques. Without coherent communication, the leader’s decisions will never successfully
be turned into action.

6. Supervise:

The leader ensures compliance with the details of his plan until the mission is accomplished. This
includes the timeline the commander set forth (non-negotiable), the mission rehearsals defined (as
combat realistic as possible), the inspections (PCCs and PCIs) of personnel prior to execution,
and the complete execution of the mission. Delegation to subordinate unit leaders is utilized,
however check, do not assume, that your plan is being executed by subordinates to your
standards.

106.4 Explain the procedures for basic land navigation using a map, lensatic compass, and
associated equipment.

The Lensatic Compass

- The best method of finding direction, during both day and night, is with a compass. The lensatic and
M2 are the two types of compasses issued to infantry units. Both work on the same principle.

- The standard compass for general use is the pivot-mounted lensatic compass, so called because
azimuths are read through a magnifying lens in the eyepiece. The meter graphic scale on the side of
the compass is 1:50,000, which is the most used scale in military mapping. The graphic scale is
useful in the field as a straightedge, an aid in orienting the map, and a means of reading map grid
coordinates. The plastic dial is graduated in both degrees and mils. Numbers on the dial are printed in
black. There are luminous markings on the bezel, floating dial, and on both ends of the sighting wire,
plus a 3-degree bezel serration and clicking device that permit reading azimuths at night. The
compass is carried in a nylon case that may be attached to the cartridge belt.

Reading an Azimuth

- To read an azimuth to any point, the cover of the compass is raised to an angle of 90 degrees in
relation to the index face, and the eyepiece is lifted to a 45- degree angle in relation to the bezel, or
so the numbers on the dial can be seen. The thumb of either hand is placed in the thumb loop, the
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

index finger extended along the side of the compass case, and the remainder of the hand closed. The
closed hand and wrist are grasped with the other hand. The elbows are drawn in close to the body,
forming a firm foundation for the compass. The eye is placed to the lens on the eyepiece. The
compass is pointed at the object or point to which the azimuth is to be read. A sighting is taken
through the sighting slot in the eyepiece, and the point is lined up with the sighting wire in the cover.
The compass is held until the dial steadies; then the reading is taken through the lens of the
eyepiece. This reading is the magnetic azimuth of the line from the observer to the point.

Reading a Back Azimuth

- A back azimuth is the direction opposite the line of sight. If the azimuth is less than 180 degrees, the
back azimuth is obtained by adding 180 degrees. If the azimuth is greater than 180 degrees, the back
azimuth is obtained by subtracting 180 degrees. Back azimuths are used to determine a return route
or to resection to determine a current position.

Circumventing Obstacles

- When traveling on an azimuth and you come upon an obstacle—such as a contaminated area,
minefield or swamp—the following steps (sometimes referred to as the 90-degree offset method) is
employed to go around or circumvent the obstacle and resume movement along the original azimuth,
the steps are as follows:

 Move up to the obstacle and make a full 90- degree turn to the right (or left).

 Walk beyond the obstacle, keeping track of the distance in paces or meters.

 Stand at the end of the obstacle, face in the original direction of march, and follow that
azimuth until the obstacle has been passed.

 Make a 90-degree turn to the left (or right) and move the distance previously measured to
return to the original line of march.

Circumventing Obstacles

Following an Azimuth During the Day

- The eye is placed to the lens in the eyepiece and the compass moved until the desired azimuth
reading is visible beneath the fixed index. Without moving the compass, the vision is shifted from the
lens through the sighting slot in the eyepiece, and a sighting is taken out beyond the sighting wire in
the cover. A prominent terrain feature on this line of sight is selected, the compass closed, and the
landmark approached. When the scout reaches the landmark, the procedure is repeated.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

Following an Azimuth at Night

- It is necessary to prepare and set the compass before departing on a night movement because at
night only the luminous parts of the compass can be seen. To prepare the compass for night use, the
luminous parts must be fully charged by sunlight or artificial light, such as a flashlight. To set a
compass:

 Move the compass so that the desired azimuth on the dial is directly under the index line on
the lower glass.

 Rotate the upper movable glass so that the luminous line is directly above the north arrow of
the dial.

 Set the compass for marching at night on the specified azimuth.

—OR—
 Face the general direction of movement.

 Line up the north arrow and the luminous line on the bezel with the luminous sighting dots.

 Hold the compass still with one hand and grip the knurled bezel ring with the other hand.

 Turn the bezel ring the prescribed number of clicks in the proper direction, remembering that
each click equals 3 degrees. For example, to set an azimuth of 21 degrees, the bezel ring
would be turned seven clicks to the left.

 Turn the whole compass until the north needle lines up with the luminous line. The compass
is then set on the desired azimuth. The azimuth is the line formed by the two luminous
sighting dots on the inside of the cover.

- To march on a preset azimuth during night movement, open the compass and move it so the north
arrow is directly below the luminous line. Move in the direction of the line formed by the two luminous
sighting dots. It is necessary to refer to the compass more frequently at night than during the day. If
stars are visible, find a prominent star along the azimuth of movement to use as a reference point.
When the view of the sky is restricted by overcast conditions or vegetation, send a scout forward
along the azimuth of movement to the limit of visibility. This scout is guided along the azimuth of
movement by a stationary navigator. When the scout reaches the limit of visibility, the navigator
moves to the scout’s location. This process is repeated until the destination is reached.

- A more rapid method for reaching the scout’s destination is to equip the navigator with a compass.
The navigator can set the compass as explained earlier and the scout proceeds providing security
180 degrees to the front on the specified azimuth, receiving right and left corrections from the
navigator while both are on the move. The point scout must stay within visual range of the navigator.
If available, a strip of white or luminous tape on the back of the point scout’s helmet will assist.

106.5 Describe the grid system utilized on all military maps.

- Known as the Military Grid Reference System that is read left to right then up. A position on a map
can be found depending on the amount of numbers in the grid coordinate, as noted below:

 4-digit grid coordinate: Locates a point within 1000 meters.

 6-digit grid coordinate: Locates a point within 100 meters.
 8-digit grid coordinate: Locates a point within 10 meters.

106.6 Explain resection and intersection.

Resection:

- The location of the user's unknown position by sighting on two or three known features that are
identifiable on the map. To determine a resection, perform the following steps:
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

 Orient the map using the compass.

 Locate two or three known positions on the ground and mark them on the map.
 Measure the magnetic azimuth to a known position then convert to grid azimuth.
 Change the grid azimuth to a back azimuth and draw a line on the map from the known
position back toward the unknown position.
 Repeat the last two steps to determine a second known position.

Resection Intersection

Intersection:

- Intersection is the location of an unknown point by successively occupying at least two, preferably
three known positions and sightings on the unknown point. It is used to locate features not depicted
on the map or not readily identifiable. To determine an intersection, perform the following steps:

 Orient the map using the compass.

 Locate and mark your position on the map.
 Measure the magnetic azimuth to the unknown position; then convert to grid azimuth.
 Draw a line on the map from your position on this grid azimuth.
 Move to a second known position from which unknown point is visible. Locate this position on
the map and again orient the map using the compass. The second unknown position should
be a minimum of 30 degrees offset from the first position.
 Repeat the last two steps.

106.7 Discuss the following reports:

a. SALUTE - An acronym used to assist in remembering how and what to report about an enemy.
Must be reported quickly and accurately.

 S - Size
 A - Activity
 L - Location
 U - Unit
 T - Time
 E - Equipment
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

- An example of a SALUTE report is: “Seven enemy soldiers, unit unknown, traveling SW, crossed
road junction on BLACK RIDGE at 211300 August carrying one machine gun and one rocket
launcher.”

b. Spot:

- A written more detailed version of the SALUTE report. Spot reports are used to communicate
findings about an enemy identified with a SALUTE report as well as other important details up the
chain of command.

- Facts and opinions should be distinguished. If the information is secondhand, the source should
be identified. Any information of value should be included. Information requirements for Spot
reports may vary due to a unit’s SOP.

106.8 Describe the purpose of the following:

a. Security patrol:

-Security patrols are assigned missions that may or may not require them to engage the enemy.
They are used in proximity to defensive positions, on the flanks of advancing units or in rear areas.
The purpose of security patrols are to detect infiltration by the enemy, destroy infiltrators, and
protect against surprise and ambush.

- In any situation where there is a threat of attack, such as a rear area threatened by guerrillas or a
facility that is under threat of a terrorist attack, all personnel, not just the infantry, must know how
to conduct a security patrol.

- In just the offensive operations, infantry units provide security patrols to screen their flanks,
areas, and routes. Whereas, in defensive operations, security patrols are used to prevent the
enemy from infiltrating an area, detect and destroy infiltrators, and prevent surprise attacks. In rear
areas, particularly when there is guerrilla or terrorist threat, the requirement to conduct security
patrols increases for all units.

b. Reconnaissance patrol:

- The commander needs accurate, timely information about the enemy and the terrain the enemy
controls to assist in making tactical decisions. Reconnaissance patrols are one of the most reliable
means for obtaining this information.

- Reconnaissance patrols engage the enemy only when necessary to accomplish their mission or
for protection. They generally avoid combat, accomplish the mission by stealth, and do not
maintain contact with the unit that sent them out.

- A reconnaissance patrol is capable of carrying the search for information into the area occupied
by enemy forces—usually beyond the range of vision of friendly ground observation posts—and
examining objects and events at close range.

106.9 State the twelve patrol planning and preparation steps.

1. STUDY THE MISSION

- The patrol leader carefully studies the mission, through study of the mission, the terrain, and the
situation; he identifies the essential tasks to be accomplished to execute the mission. These
essential tasks become missions of the patrol's elements and teams for which the organization,
personnel, and equipment must be considered

2. PLAN USE OF TIME

- The first step in planning is to allot (approximately) the available time remaining before departure.
When you fully understand the order, mentally outline everything that must be done before you
leave, and allot time for each item. Start with the time of departure and work backward. This
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

procedure, tilled BACKWARD PLANNING, helps to ensure that you have allowed sufficient time
for each necessary action.

3. STUDY TERRAIN AND SITUATION

-Study the friendly and enemy situation closely for the effect that troop dispositions, strengths, and
capabilities may have on your mission. These factors will influence the route you take, the size and
organization of your patrol, and the weapons and equipment the patrol will carry.
Study the map of the terrain over which the patrol intends to operate. The nature of the terrain in
the vicinity of the objective will determine the number of security teams needed and the manner in
which you will conduct your leader's reconnaissance of the objective.

4. ORGANIZE THE PATROL

-Organizing consists of determining the elements and teams required to accomplish the mission of
the patrol. Organization of the patrol, either special or general, is given in the patrol warning order.

5. SELECT MEN, WEAPONS, AND EQUIPMENT

- The patrol leader selects patrol members from the platoon or squad he commands. He should
maintain the regular fire team or squad organization when possible. No man who may interfere
with the mission should be included in the patrol. An example is a man with a cold. His coughing or
sneezing could give the patrol away to the enemy.

The patrol takes along only those weapons absolutely necessary for mission accomplishment. The
same criterion applies to the equipment. Five categories of equipment are usually required. They
are as follows:

 OBJECTIVE AREA equipment. This IS the equipment you need to accomplish the mission.
It includes such items as weapons and ammunition, demolition charges, and fiber line (small
stuff) for binding prisoners.
 EN ROUTE equipment. This is equipment that assists or enables you to reach the objective.
It includes such items as maps, compasses, binoculars, flashlights, wire cutters, and stream-
crossing lines.
 CONTROL equipment. This is equipment for maintaining communications and control. It
includes telephones, whistles, pyrotechnics, flashlights, and luminous tape.
 WATER AND FOOD. Every man carries a canteen of water. On a long patrol, each man may
carry two canteens plus rations to cover mealtimes during absence. For a very long patrol,
arrangements must be made to resupply food and water.
 ROUTINE equipment. This is the equipment patrol members carry. It includes the uniform
and web equipment. Usually, each man carries a poncho and one extra pair of socks. Gloves
should be worn, even in warm weather, to protect your hands from thorns, sharp rocks, and
barbed wire.

6. ISSUE THE WARNING ORDER

- To given individual patrol members maximum time to prepare, the patrol leader should issue a
WARNING ORDER to ALL members as soon as possible after the patrol order is received. The
warning order should include the following:

 A brief statement of the situation so patrol members will know what friendly and enemy units
are doing.
 The mission of the patrol, given exactly as it was received.
 General instructions, which should include the following:

o The patrol's general or special organization; that is, assigning specific tasks to specific
elements.
o The specified uniforms, including any camouflage and identification measures.
o The specific weapons, ammunition, and equipment.
o The individuals to accompany the patrol leader on reconnaissance and those individuals
that are to supervise subcategories of preparation.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

o Instructions for obtaining water, rations, weapons, ammunition, and equipment.

o The chain of command. (In a patrol composed of personnel from different units, the patrol
leader establishes a chain of command.)
o The time schedule. (The time schedule includes meal times and the time, place, and
uniform for receiving the patrol leader's order.)

7. COORDINATION

- In general, coordination means the arrangements made by other units to cooperate in the
mission of the patrol. Examples are as follows:

 Friendly units in whose areas the patrol will operate must be informed so the patrol will not be
endangered by fire from other friendly units.
 To depart from or reenter a friendly area, the unit occupying that area may be required to
provide guides to lead the patrol around obstacles, such as mines or wire.

- Friendly units may be called on to give the patrol fire support. Fire support is fire delivered for the
purpose of aiding another unit by doing the following:

 Inflicting casualties on the enemy

 Diverting the attention of the enemy from the patrol
 Concealing the movements of the patrol by smoke
 Providing illumination
 Giving the patrol directional guidance

- You may be required to establish coordination with other units yourself, or some or all of your
coordination may be established by the command. In the latter case, you must check to ensure
that nothing required has been overlooked.

8. MAKE RECONNAISSANCE

- While the patrol is preparing for the mission, the leader should make a visual reconnaissance,
when possible, to get information not available on the map. This should be an aerial
reconnaissance, if possible. Check the route to be followed, noting prominent features of the
terrain and any signs of enemy activity. When aerial reconnaissance is impossible, try to find a
good location from which to observe the area.

9. COMPLETE DETAILED PLAN

- After the patrol leader has received the patrol order, issued the warning order, and made a
reconnaissance, he prepares a detailed plan for accomplishing the mission. This place includes
the following: The specific duties of each element. The route of return and an alternate route in
case of detection by the enemy. Patrol conduct, such as:

 The formation to maintain and the order of movement to follow,

 The points of departure from and reentry into friendly areas,
 The rallying points and the action(s) to take there,
 The action to take upon enemy contact,
 The action to take in danger areas, and
 The action to take at the objective.

- Check to ensure that all the weapons, ammunition, and equipment specified in the warning order
have been obtained.
- Determine the disposition to be made of friendly forces that are wounded and enemy prisoners.
- Signal system to use.
- Report system to follow.
- Challenge and password to use not only within the patrol but also in areas covered by other
friendly units.
- Check to ensure that everybody has a place in the chain of command.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

- Location of leaders-that is, where the leader plans to be in the formation and where the leader
plans to station the assistant patrol leader.

10. ISSUE OF PATROL ORDERS

- A patrol leader should issue orders in a clear, concise, and forceful reamer. Follow the standard
operation order format, as shown in figure 11-36 of chapter 11. All patrol members should be
present. The patrol leader precedes the order with a complete oral description of the plan and
answers all questions after completing the order.

11. SUPERVISE, INSPECT, REHEARSE, AND REINSPECT

- The patrol leader should hold a REHEARSAL of the mission, even if the patrol is thoroughly
experienced. Before the rehearsal, the leader should hold an INSPECTION to determine the state
of readiness, both physical and mental, of the men. The patrol leader must satisfy himself as to the
completeness and correctness of uniform, weapons, and equipment. Then he will question the
men to ensure that each man knows the following:

 The planned operations of the patrol

 The part he will play
 What others will do, insofar as their actions relate to him
 All challenges, passwords, reporting times, and other significant details

- A rehearsal improves the operational proficiency of the patrol and allows you to check the plans
and to make needed changes. If the patrol is to operate at night, conduct both day and night
rehearsals. When possible, use terrain similar to that over which you will operate. If time permits,
rehearse all actions. Where time is limited, rehearse critical actions. Action at the objective is the
most critical phase of the patrol and should always be rehearsed.
Supervision is continuous by all patrol leaders throughout the planning, preparing, and completing
of the patrol mission.

12. EXECUTE THE MISSION

- The successful completion of a patrol is the end result of the continuing efforts of every patrol
member, including yourself, who has earnestly applied knowledge, skills, and ingenuity to
accomplish the mission.

- Some of the principles to follow in the conduct of your patrol and some of the techniques you
may use are provided below. Remember, details vary with different circumstances.

106.10 Discuss the organization of a patrol for movement.

- The patrol’s task organization establishes the elements and teams needed to accomplish the
mission in the objective area and to and from the objective. The patrol leader determines the
formation(s) in which the patrol moves to the objective area. The proper use of patrol formations is
critical to the patrol’s success. Because the movement of the patrol must be concealed from the
enemy, the patrol normally moves through terrain that provides concealment. Control of the patrol in
this type of terrain is difficult; thus the column formation, which is easily controlled, is normally used.
However, as various types of terrain are encountered, the patrol leader uses the same considerations
in determining the appropriate formation used in other infantry operations.

- The standard squad and fire team formations are adaptable to a patrol. The patrol may change
formations en-route to match the situation and terrain. The patrol leader may have to sacrifice some
control for better dispersion or give up some speed for greater stealth and more security. Other
considerations include:

 Visibility, weather, terrain, and vegetation will influence dispersion and control of individuals
and units. These factors may also affect the enemy; if visibility is good for the patrol, it is also
good for the enemy. Two pieces of luminous tape worn on the back of the collar will aid in
control and movement on dark nights. The collar is turned down when near the enemy. The
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

tape can also be worn on the back of the cap, but should be covered or removed when near
the enemy.

 Preserving the integrity of fire units (fire teams and, if attached, machine-gun teams) is of
primary importance. If team members are detached from a machine-gun team, the unit
integrity is lost and effectiveness is reduced. The patrol leader must also position fire units so
as not to mask their fires.

 All-around defense of the patrol must not be sacrificed under any circumstances. The
conventional squad and platoon formations provide adequate firepower in any direction
required. When attachments are made to the patrol, the attachments are positioned within the
formation to enhance the firepower of the patrol. If a fire unit, such as a machine-gun team or
squad, is attached, it is incorporated into the all-around defense of the patrol by modifying the
conventional formation. It is permissible to employ machine- gun teams individually during
movement. However, assault rocket squads and teams should be employed primarily as rifle
fire units for movement. Firing the SMAW or AT-4 from within a patrol formation can present
a serious back blast danger to patrol members and should only be fired on the patrol leader’s
direction.

 Time allotted for mission accomplishment is also a major consideration. In selecting the
formations, the patrol leader must consider the speed of the movement required to meet the
time constraints (if any) imposed on the patrol. If required to meet a time schedule, a
formation that permits rapid movement should be used. Speed, however, must never be
permitted to force the patrol leader to make rash tactical decisions.

- The patrol leader is positioned for best control over the patrol. The assistant patrol leader moves at
or near the rear of the patrol. Other subordinate leaders move with their elements. All patrol members
assist by staying alert and passing on signals and orders. A signal to halt may be given by any patrol
member, but the signal to resume movement is given only by the patrol leader.

- One or more members are assigned as navigators for the patrol. Their function is to assist the patrol
leader in maintaining direction by the use of the compass.

The patrol leader assigns at least two members as pacers to keep track of the distance from point to
point. The average of their count is used to approximate the distance traveled. Pacers are separated
so they do not influence each other's count. Pacers must know how to convert their own paces to
meters.

The patrol is dispersed consistent with control, visibility, cover, and concealment. Scouts are
employed to the front, flanks, and rear of the patrol to provide security. For the patrol members
traveling in the main body of the patrol, areas of responsibility are assigned to the front, flanks, and
rear. Scouts are the eyes and ears of the patrol leader. They move when and where directed by the
patrol leader and maintain contact with the patrol leader at all times, except when momentarily
obscured by vegetation or other terrain features.

106.11 Discuss the purpose of combat hand and arm signals in the field.

- Arm-and-hand signals are the primary means of communication within a patrol and should be used
exclusively when near the enemy.

106.12 Discuss the following basic fire team formations:

a. Column:
• Permits rapid, controlled movement.
• Favors fire and maneuver to the flanks.
• Vulnerable from fire to the front and provides the least amount of fire to the front.

b. Wedge:
• Permits good control.
• Provides all-around security.
• Formation is flexible.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

• Fire is adequate in all directions.

c. Skirmishers (right or left):

• Maximum firepower to the front.
• Used when the location and strength of the enemy is known, during the assault, mopping up,
and crossing short open areas.

d. Echelon (right or left):

• Provides heavy firepower to front and echeloned flank.
• Used to protect and open or exposed flank.

106.13 Discuss challenge and password.

- When a secret challenge and password are prescribed, the secret challenge is given by the sentry
after the person is advanced to be recognized. The person challenged should then give the
password. Both the secret challenge and the password are given in a low tone in a sentence to
prevent them from being heard by others.

- Pre-established prior to the mission. The challenge and password should be changed daily to avoid
compromise by the enemy.

106.14 Discuss the immediate actions required for the following types of enemy contact:

a. Immediate Halt:

- When the patrol detects the enemy but is not itself detected, the situation requires the immediate,
in-place halt of the patrol. The first member visually detecting the enemy gives the silent signal for
FREEZE. Every member halts in place, weapon at the ready, and remains absolutely motionless
and quiet until further signals or orders are given.

b. Air Observation/Attack:

- When an enemy or unidentified aircraft that may detect the patrol is heard or observed, the
appropriate immediate action drill is FREEZE. The first member hearing or sighting an aircraft that
may be a threat signals FREEZE. Every member halts in place until the patrol leader identifies the
aircraft and gives further signals or orders. Members of the patrol must not look up at the aircraft
as sunlight can reflect off their faces even when camouflaged.

c. Hasty Ambush:

- This immediate action is used to avoid contact and to prepare to initiate an unplanned ambush
on the enemy. It may often be a subsequent action after the command freeze. When the signal
HASTY AMBUSH is given (by the point member, patrol leader or another authorized patrol
member), the entire patrol moves quickly to the right or left of the line of movement, as indicated
by the signal, and takes up the best available concealed firing positions. The patrol leader initiates
the ambush by opening fire and shouting, “FIRE”; thus ensuring initiation of the ambush if the
weapon misfires. If the patrol is detected before this, the first member aware of detection initiates
the ambush by firing and shouting.

d. Assault:

- This immediate action drill is used defensively to make and quickly break undesired but
unavoidable contact (including ambush) and offensively to decisively engage the enemy (including
ambush). When used in a meeting engagement, members nearest the enemy open fire and shout,
“CONTACT,” followed by the direction of the incoming attack: FRONT, LEFT, REAR or RIGHT.
The patrol moves swiftly into line formation and assaults.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

e. Near Ambush:

- In a near ambush, the killing zone is under very heavy, highly concentrated, close range fires.
There is little time or space for members to maneuver or seek cover. The longer they remain in the
killing zone, the greater the chance they will become casualties. Therefore, if members in the
killing zone are attacked by a near ambush, they immediately assault without order or signal
directly into the ambush position, occupy it, and continue the assault or break contact, as directed.

f. Far Ambush

- In a far ambush, the killing zone is also under very heavy, highly concentrated fires, but from a
greater range. This greater range provides members in the killing zone maneuver space and some
opportunity to seek cover at a lesser risk of becoming a casualty. If attacked by a far ambush,
members in the killing zone, without order or signal, immediately return fire, take the best available
positions, and continue firing until directed otherwise.

106.15 Describe the following types of movement:

a. Crossing a wall:

- Each Sailor should learn the correct method of crossing a wall. After reconnoitering the other
side, the Sailor quickly rolls over the wall, keeping a low silhouette. The speed of his movement
and a low silhouette deny the enemy a good target.

b. Observing Around Corners:

- The area around a corner should be observed before the Sailor moves beyond it. The most
common mistake the Sailor makes at a corner is allowing his weapon to extend beyond the corner
before observing, thereby exposing his position.

c. Movement Past Windows:

- Windows present another hazard to Sailors. The most common mistake made when passing a
window is exposing the head to enemy observation from inside the room. The correct technique
for passing a window is for the Sailor to stay below the window level.

d. Use of Doorways:

- Doorways should not be used as entrances or exits because they are normally covered by
enemy fire. If a Sailor must use a doorway as an exit, he should move quickly through it to his next
position, staying as low as possible to avoid silhouetting himself.

e. Movement Parallel to Buildings:

- Sailors and small units may not always be able to use the inside of buildings as a route of
advance. In such cases, they should move on the outside of the buildings. Smoke, covering fires,
and cover and concealment should be used to hide movement. When correctly moving along the
outside of a building, the Sailor hugs the side of the building, stays in the shadow, presents a low
silhouette, and moves rapidly to his next position.

f. Crossing Open Areas:

- Open areas such as streets, alleys, and parks should be avoided. They are natural kill zones for
enemy crew-served weapons. They can be crossed safely if certain fundamentals are applied:

 Smoke from hand grenades or smoke pots should be used to conceal movement.
 Run the shortest distance between buildings and move along the far building to the next
position.
 Before moving to another position make a visual reconnaissance and select the position that
offers the best cover and concealment.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

 When you reach your next position, you should be prepared to cover the movement of other
members of his assault force or element.

g. Assault Element Employment:

- Moving as an assault element from building to building or between buildings presents a problem
because an assault element presents a large target to enemy fire. When moving from the corner of
one building to another, the assault element should move across the open area in groups of two,
maintaining their integrity within their respective clearing or covering team.

h. Movement Inside Buildings:

- When moving within a building that is under attack, Sailors should avoid silhouetting themselves
in doors and windows. If forced to use a hallway, Sailors should move by hugging the wall to avoid
presenting targets to the enemy.

106.16 Discuss the following types of clearing techniques:

a. Clearing a Room, Door Closed or Open, From Stacked Positions:

- The following discussion and series of figures will focus on the two-man clearing team in the
conduct of clearing a room. The covering team is positioned by the assault element leader to
provide security as the clearing team begins its procedures to enter and clear a room.

1. Shooter Number Two is behind Shooter Number One (stacked position). This positioning is
the same if the door is already open or nonexistent.

Clearing a Room, Door Closed

2. Shooter Number One determines the direction in which the door opens then quickly informs
Shooter Number Two and forces the door open.

3. Once the door is open, Shooter Number Two immediately throws a hand grenade into the
room. Shooter Number One maintains cover for Shooter Number Two as he prepares to throw
the grenade into the room. Shooter Number Two then returns to the original stacked position
behind Shooter Number One. If a grenade is not available, the procedure stays the same
except for throwing the grenade.

Throwing a Grenade into a Room

 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

4. After the grenade explodes, Shooter Number One steps across the threshold and clears his
immediate area. He engages targets from the ready carry position. Shooter Number Two
follows immediately behind Shooter Number One, buttonhooks, and clears his area.

Shooters Enter the Room

5. Both shooters clear the immediate area and along their respective walls, starting from the
nearest respective corner and continuing to the farthest respective corner. Shooters use the
pieing technique to systematically clear the room by sector.

Clearing a Room

6. Both shooters then establish a dominant position in the room one step away from the wall
and two steps into the room and clear the room by sector, pieing to the opposite side of the
room. Meanwhile, the covering team (two-man team) in position outside the room being cleared
provides security.

Clearing a Room

7. When the clearing team has cleared the room and is ready to exit the room, it uses the
following voice alerts. Once a room has been cleared, the clearing team yells, “CLEAR,” to
inform the covering team. Before leaving the room and rejoining the covering team, the clearing
team yells, “COMING OUT” and waits to hear the covering team yell, “ALL
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

CLEAR.” The clearing team then executes its movement out of the room. The assault element
then marks the room according to unit SOP.

8. When moving up or down a staircase, the appropriate team yells, “COMING UP” or
“COMING DOWN.” As before, it waits for the response “ALL CLEAR” before executing
movement and rejoining its element. When exiting a building, the clearing team or assault
element yells, “COMING OUT” and waits for the support force or covering team to respond with
“ALL CLEAR.”

b. Clearing a Room, Door Closed, Split Positions:

1. Before opening a door, Shooter Number Two of the clearing team positions himself opposite
Shooter Number One on the other side of the door and away from the wall in a safe position
that allows Shooter Number One to shoot the door-opening mechanism. This positioning allows
Shooter Number Two to be in position to immediately move to a wall position opposite Shooter
Number One. No matter what method is used to open the door, Shooter Number Two should
get in a position on the side of the door opposite Shooter Number One.

Positioning to Open a Door

2. After Shooter Number One shoots the door open, Shooter Number Two immediately moves
to a kneeling position against the wall. Shooter Number One kicks the door open from a
standing position. If the Marines have grenades, then Shooter Number Two immediately throws
a grenade into the room. If the Marines do not have any grenades, the stand/kneel positioning
of shooters places the shooters’ weapons at different levels, thus allowing each shooter to
engage targets inside the room while staying out of the other shooter’s line of fire. The shooters
scan the room for targets.

Positioning to Enter a Room

 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

3. If no grenade was thrown: Once the initial scan of the room is complete, Shooter Number
One yells, “MOVE,” and both shooters pivot from their respective positions toward each other,
pieing while maintaining eye-muzzle-target contact. Shooter Number Two is kneeling, and
Shooter Number One is still standing. Both shooters clear their respective sector of fire.

If a grenade was thrown: After the explosion, Shooter Number One yells, “MOVE,” and both
shooters pivot from their respective positions toward each other, immediately enter the room,
and buttonhook Shooter Number Two goes from kneeling to standing as he pivots. Both
shooters clear their respective sector of fire.

Shooters Clear Sectors of Fire from Doorway

4. If no grenade was thrown: After scanning is completed, Shooter Number Two stands up and
yells, “READY,” and Shooter Number One Yells, “MOVE.” Both shooters enter the room
together.

Shooters Enter the Room Together

5. Both shooters pass through the doorway together and immediately face respective corners,
using the adjacent wall for cover. Both shooters buttonhook their respective areas.

Shooters Clear Immediate Area

 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

c. Covering Team Members Used To Support Clearing of a Room:

1. Three Marines Clearing a Room. Clearing a room with three men involves the same
procedures used by the aforementioned two-man clearing team, with a third Marine (from the
covering team) following immediately (stacked) behind Shooters Number One and Two.
Shooter Number Three moves to one side of the door and establishes a center sector of fire
Coverage. The remaining covering team Marine provides outside security. If the split position is
used, Shooters Number Two and Three are placed on the opposite side of the door.

Three-Marine Clearing Team (Stacked)

2. Four Marines Clearing a Room. When four Marines (entire assault element) are used to
clear a room, outside security should be established by another assault element. (If outside
security cannot be established, then the two- or three-Marine clearing team should be used.)
The two-Marine clearing team procedures are used for initial entry into the room. Shooters
Number Three and Four (split position example) stack up opposite Shooters Number One and
Two. Shooters Number Three and Four follow Shooter Number Two into the room. Shooter
Number Three crosses the threshold and establishes a center sector of fire coverage. Shooter
Number Four follows Shooter Number Three and establishes a center sector of fire coverage
opposite Shooter Number Three. If the stacked position is used to enter a room, all shooters
stack up on the same side of the door and follow each other in with the same positioning.

Four-Marine Clearing Team (Split)

3. Single Marine Clearing a Room. This is the least preferred method of clearing a room.
However, there may be times when this is the only method available, for example, when
gaining access to an upper story window. When this is the case, the Marine gains entry to the
room by shooting, kicking, ramming, or breaking a window. He then throws a grenade into the
room if one is available and no restrictions apply and takes cover. Immediately after the
grenade explodes, he crosses the threshold using the buttonhook technique depicted in earlier
figures, scans the room for targets, and engages targets with two shots as they appear.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

d. Clearing an L-Shaped Hallway:

- After entering a room or building, the clearing team may encounter an L-shaped hallway that
should be cleared. The following procedures are used:

 The clearing team finds an L-shaped hallway.

 Each shooter takes a dominant position.
 Shooter Number Two aims his weapon to cover the dead space (Figure below).

Positioning to Clear an L-Shaped Hallway

 Shooter Number Two, with his weapon covering the dead space, pies as far as possible
and moves forward to increase his angle of fire further into the dead space. Shooter
Number One moves accordingly with Shooter Number Two (Figure below).

Clearing an L-Shaped Hallway

 Shooter Number Two stops pieing just before he reaches the position where he cannot
cover the dead space. Shooter Number One stops short of the hallway and goes to a
kneeling position.
 Shooter Number One says, “READY!”
 Shooter Number Two then says, “MOVE!” and both shooters move simultaneously to clear
the hallway (Figure below). Shooter Number Two remains standing, and Shooter Number
One remains kneeling as he pivots around the corner of the wall into the hallway.

Clearing an L-Shaped Hallway (Continued)

 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

e. Clearing a T-Shaped Hallway:

- After entering a room or building, the clearing team may find a T-shaped hallway that should be
cleared. The following procedures are used:

 Both shooters approach the T-shaped intersection together, pieing their individual sectors
while maintaining eye-muzzle-target contact (Figure below).
 Both shooters move to dominant positions without entering the intersection.

Positioning to Clear a T-Shaped Hallway

 Shooter Number One clears his sector of fire and then says, “READY!” (Figure below).
 Shooter Number Two clears his sector of fire and then says, “MOVE!”
 Both shooters buttonhook into their next positions.

Clearing a T-Shaped Hallway

 Both shooters clear their immediate areas along their respective walls, starting from the
nearest respective corner and continuing to the farthest respective corner (Figure Below).
 Both shooters establish dominant positions that give them control of the hallway and the
doorways leading into hallways. The covering team can then be called forward to provide
security while the clearing team clears one end of the hallway and associated rooms. The
clearing team then clears the other end of the hallway.

Clearing a T-Shaped Hallway (Continued)

 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

f. Clearing a Stairwell:

- After entering a building, the assault element may encounter stairwells. The following procedures
are used:

 Shooter Number One leads upstairs, one step ahead of Shooter Number Two (Figure
below). Upon reaching the point just before he can be engaged from above, Shooter
Number One turns around and covers overhead. From this point, Shooter Number One
ascends the stairs, moving backward while covering behind and above.
 Shooter Number Two follows Shooter Number One upstairs, one step behind and to the
side of Shooter Number One. When Shooter Number One turns to cover overhead,
Shooter Number Two remains oriented to the front, covering directly up the stairwell.
 The clearing team’s speed of movement is determined by Shooter Number One. Marines
pie as much of an area as possible before ascending each step.

Clearing a Stairwell

106.17 Discuss the priorities of establishing a defense.

 Protection: Reinforced concrete or brick buildings protect best.

 Dispersion: It is better to spread out in more than one location in case attacked.
 Concealment: Obvious positions that give you away should be avoided.
 Covered Routes: These are used for movement and resupply.
 Fire Hazards: Buildings which burn easily should be avoided.
 Fields of Fire: Fighting positions should offer good all-around fields of fire.
 Time: Buildings which need a lot of preparation are undesirable when time is short.
 Observation: The building should permit observation into the adjacent sectors.

- Machine guns & automatic rifles should be on ground floors to provide grazing fire. Anti-armor
weapons placed on upper floors to take advantage of the longer ranges offered. Each squad should
have a primary and supplementary fighting position for continuous all-around defense.

- Food, water and ammunition may be stockpiled at each defensive position.

- If there is a fire hazard, firefighting equipment should be positioned throughout the building.

- Mines and obstacles are used to cover dead space. These obstacles shall be covered by fire.

- All fighting position are camouflaged and should be improved with sandbags.

106.18 Describe the three classes of wire entanglement.

1. Protective:
• Prevents close surprise attacks
• Placed around each fighting position at hand grenade range (35-50 meters)
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

2. Tactical
• Used to hamper enemy aggression
• Placed along the front of the defensive line

3. Supplementary
• Placed to conceal the exact line of tactical wire

106.19 State the purpose of the following:

a. Triple-standard concertina fence:

• Consists of two lines of concertina serving as the base, with a third resting on top
• On average, a platoon can place 984 foot section in an hour

b. Double-apron fence:

- Two types:
• 4 and 2 pace fence, which is more common and more effective, and 6 and 3 pace fence
• A 984 foot section usually requires 1 ½ hours for a platoon to complete

c. Low wire entanglement:

• A 4 and 2 pace double apron fence constructed with medium pickets instead of long pickets
in the fence center line
• Used when concealment of the barrier is essential

d. Tangle foot:
• Used to slow enemy movement

106.20 Describe the procedures to establish a LZ.

- Site selection for an LZ should be established during the planning phase whenever possible. The
following considerations and guidelines will aide in establishing a pre-mission LZ or hasty LZ:

 The ground chosen must support the safe landing of helicopters.

 The selected site should be identifiable from the air.
 The enemy situation must be such that the site can be secured without undue interference
from enemy fires.

- Each helicopter requires a different size LZ and each area needs to be on level ground. Lighting
conditions also affect the size of the LZ for each helicopter:

 Daylight zones should be 100 feet larger than the diameter of aircraft rotor blades.
 Night zones should be 150 feet larger than the diameter of aircraft rotor blades.

- The table below provides recommended landing zone diameter for different types of helicopters.

- Ideally, each LZ is as level as possible, and free of major obstacles that might obstruct landings or
takeoffs (e.g., tall trees, telephone/power lines). Plans must be made to mark or identify obstacles
than cannot be removed in order to aid the aircrew’s ability to safely land the aircraft. The ground
itself must be firm enough to prevent bogging down; otherwise aircraft may have to hover during
loading or unloading operations.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

- The site must be free of heavy dust, loose snow, logs, rocks, or dry grass. Although level ground is
preferable, some areas that can support the helicopter will not be level. As a planning rule, LZs with
slopes greater than 7 degrees require additional consideration.

- LZ entry and exit routes are chosen to ensure that takeoffs or landings can occur over the lowest
obstacles and that the direction is into the wind with minimum crosswinds of 10 knots and tailwinds of
no more than 5 knots. Wind direction must also be considered in terms of its effect on the dust
created by the helicopter’s landing and takeoff.

- The helicopter must be able to ascend or descend vertically into the LZ/PZ when fully loaded. The
landing point for each helicopter should be at a distance 10 times as far from an obstacle as the
obstacle is high (Figure below).

LZ Obstacle Clearance

106.21 Discuss an individual’s responsibilities under the code of conduct.

- There are six articles of the code of conduct:

 Article I - I am an American, fighting in the forces, which guard my country and our way of life.
I am prepared to give my life in their defense.

 Article II - I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the
members of my command while they still have the means to resist.

 Article III - If I am captured, I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every
effort to escape and aid other to escape.

 Article IV - If I become a Prisoner of War, I will keep faith with my fellow prisoners. I will give
no information or take part in any action, which might be harmful to my comrades. If I am
senior, I will take command. If not, I will obey the lawful orders of those appointed over me and
will back them up in every way.

 Article V - When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give my

name, rank, service number, and date of birth. I will evade answering further questions to the
utmost of my ability. I will make no oral or written statements disloyal to my country and its
Allies or harmful to their cause.

 Article VI - I will never forget that I am an American, fighting for freedom, responsible for my
actions, and dedicated to the principles which made my country free. I will trust in my God and
in the United States of America.

106.22 Describe the procedures for handling detainees/Enemy Prisoner of War (EPW).

- When handling POWs, it is important to remember that they are a potentially valuable source of
information. Use the 6-S’s in handling EPW’s:

1. Search: For weapons and documents

2. Secure: Ensure escape is impossible
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

3. Silence: Do not allow EPW’s to talk to each other

4. Segregate: Into groups by rank, gender, and status (deserter, civilian, EPW, etc)
5. Speed: Timely delivery of information obtained from EPW’s is essential
6. Safeguard: Protect EPW’s from harm

106.23 Describe the following type of firing techniques:

a. Pieing:

- Pieing is an effective technique for clearing dead space inside rooms and buildings to gain
security of hallways, stairwells, mouse holes, and so on. It is conducted by using the ready carry
position or short stocking technique. The weapon is aimed at a sector of a window, doorway,
corner, or hallway and slowly moved at different angles, sectoring off the window, doorway, corner,
or hallway until each sector is cleared of any threat. As soon as a hostile threat is seen,
immediate, accurate fire can be placed on the threat.

b. Aim Quick Fire:

- The Sailor’s initial focus is on the target. As the rifle is brought up, the firing eye looks through or
just over the rear sight aperture, and the front sight post is used to aim at the target. The Sailor
fires two quick shots. Focus remains on the front sight post throughout the aiming process.
Immediately after target engagement, the Marine scans for additional targets. To scan, perform the
following steps:
 Lower the weapon to look over the sights.
 Place the trigger finger straight along the receiver.
 Scan the area for targets and assess the situation. Wherever the head moves, the muzzle
moves (eyes, muzzle, target). Keep both eyes open to increase the field of view.

c. Pointed Quick Fire:

- The pointing system is based on the phenomenon that when a person looks at an object and
simultaneously points a finger at it, the finger aligns itself on the point of focus of the eyes with no
conscious effort on the part of the individual. When a Sailor looks at an object and simultaneously
brings his rifle to his shoulder, the rifle in effect becomes an extension of the pointed finger.
Consequently, it aligns itself naturally with the object on which the shooter is focusing.

- When a target appears, the Marine will keep both eyes open, concentrating intensely on a small,
specific focal point near the base of the target mass. The rifle is brought simultaneously to the
hollow of the shoulder. The head is held high, stock welded to the jaw. The eyes are 2 - 3 inches
over the top of the sights, staring intently at the target. As soon as the rifle is brought to the
shoulder, two quick shots are fired. Focus on the target is not broken during the interval between
initially seeing the target and discharging the rifle.

d. Instinctive Shooting:

- There may be situations in which a Marine is surprised and may need to react immediately. If
possible, the Marine should engage the threat by using the tip of the front sight post. However,
speed may be more important. The Marine’s weapon and body are quickly “pointed,” and the
target is engaged. It is important that the body be turned with the weapon in order to achieve a
natural point of aim. Simply pointing the weapon will usually result in a miss. Once the first two
shots have been fired and the Marine regains the initiative, the weapon should be quickly moved
to the Marine’s shoulder and the tip of the front post used for sighting subsequent shots.

106.24 Describe the following characteristics of machine gun fire:

a. Trajectory:

- The flight path the bullet takes from the weapon to the target. The trajectory, or path of a
projectile through the air, is influenced by several factors. The major factors influencing the
trajectory are the velocity of the bullet, the gravity of the earth, the rotation of the bullet, and the
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

resistance of the air. To overcome the influence of these factors, it is necessary to elevate the bore
above a straight line from the muzzle of the gun to the target.

b. Burst of Fire:

- The number of shots in a burst of fire is limited by several factors, including the size and shape of
the target, ground formation, and ammunition supply. For normal ground targets, the number of
rounds in each burst varies from about 6 to 20 for the heavy machine gun, and from 6 to 12 for the
medium machine gun.

c. Cone of Fire:

- When a burst is fired, the vibrations of the gun and tripod, variations in ammunition, and
conditions of the atmosphere give each bullet a trajectory differing slightly from that of the others.
The resulting group of trajectories is known as the cone of fire.

d. Beaten Zone:

- The beaten zone is the area on the ground upon which the cone of fire falls.

e. Dead Space:

- Dead space is an area within the maximum range of a weapon which cannot be covered by fire
or observation from a particular position because of intervening obstacles, the nature of the
ground, the characteristics of the trajectory, or the limitations of the pointing capabilities of the
weapon. The identification of dead space in the FPL, a mission assigned to machine guns in the
defense, is particularly critical. Dead space in the FPL that is not covered by other weapons
systems could provide the enemy the opportunity to penetrate friendly lines.

f. Danger Spaces:

- This is the area from the muzzle of the gun, out to and including the beaten zone, where a
standing man (measured as 1.8 meters tall) will be hit, somewhere on his body, by some part of
the cone of fire.

106.25 Discuss methods of determining range.

- Range should be determined by the range of your weapon, eye estimate, lateral distance and tracer
rounds and range finder.

- The ability to determine range is a skill, which must be developed by your shooter to engage targets
at unknown distances in a combat environment.

106.26 Discuss the methods of engaging the following types of targets:

a. Point targets: Fixed fire

b. Wide targets: Traverse
c. Deep targets: Search
d. Oblique targets: Traverse and search
e. Area targets: Traverse and swing
f. Moving targets: Aim in the direction of the target, shot in front of target

106.27 Discuss procedures for preparing a range card.

- A range card is a rough sketch or drawing which serves as both a record of firing data and a
document for defensive fire planning. Each gun makes a range card in duplicate using the available
Standard Range Card form (DA Form 5517-R).

- One copy remains at the gun position as a record of firing data. The gunner uses the card to recall
the data to fire on predetermined targets and as an aid in estimating ranges to other targets during
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

good visibility. The other copy is sent to the next higher headquarters (usually the company), who use
it to organize the defense and prepare a fire plan sketch. Regardless of the length of time the gun
crew expects to occupy a position, preparation of a range card begins immediately. Revisions and
improvements are made later as necessary. To construct a range card, the sketch first must be
oriented, and then the data obtained must be recorded.

Orientation:

- A dot is drawn to signify the position of the gun so that higher headquarters can determine where
the gun is located on the ground. The gun position can be positively located by an 8-digit grid
coordinate. Finally, the range card is signed by writing down the gun number, unit designation, and
date. For security reasons, no higher unit designation than the company is shown. A separate range
card is made for an alternate position. The cards are clearly marked, indicating either primary or
alternate position.

Range Card

Recording Information:

- As the firing data is obtained, it is recorded on the range card. Particular attention is paid to the final
protective fires, either the FPL or the PDF, whichever is assigned. This is the single most important
piece of information of concern to superiors.

- An FPL is drawn as a heavy line, shaded to signify grazing fire. Gaps are left in the heavy line to
indicate dead space. The range is recorded to the near and far ends of the dead space and to the
maximum extent of graze along the FPL. The firing data needed to engage this target and the
magnetic azimuth (measured with a compass) is written on the range card. Although the range cards
are not required to be drawn to scale, the magnetic azimuth will aid the higher headquarters to do so
if necessary.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

- The PDF is drawn as a solid line with an arrow, and the range is recorded to the near end of the
avenue of approach. The firing data and a magnetic azimuth are also written in.

Range Card with a PDF

- Sector limits are designated by dashed lines and named either the right or left sector limit. The firing
data is recorded. The elevation reading from the T&E is recorded when using the T&E method. The
elevation data for the field expedient method is based on the placement of the stakes and is not
recorded on the card.

- Other targets of tactical significance are predetermined, then sketched and recorded on the range
card.

- The targets are numbered consecutively from the FPL. The FPL is always target number 1. When a
principal direction of fire is assigned, targets are numbered starting from either side.

106.28 Discuss the use of tactical lighting.

- Important considerations when using a handheld flashlight are as follows:

 The flashlight must have a bright light.

 The light must have an impulse On/Off switch for one-handed use.
 The flashlight must be small enough to be carried and, when used, not interfere with the
operation of the Sailor's weapon.
 Always hold the flashlight in the weak, non-firing hand.
 Hold the flashlight with overhand grip and thumb on impulse switch.
 Hold strong hand near or on the primary weapon.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

- Techniques to avoid include:

 Lighting or silhouetting your partner from behind.

 Keeping the flashlight lit when not absolutely necessary.

WARNING! The flashlight can also be a disadvantage to the entry team because it can identify your
position.

106.29 Discuss the elements of a fire plan sketch.

- A fire plan sketch has three combat positions:

1. Primary firing position: The backbone of the defense, receives the full force of the enemy’s
attack.

2. Alternate firing position: The fallback position used if the primary position is in danger of being
overrun, should have the same sector of fire as primary.

3. Supplementary firing position: The sector of fire covering the flank or rear.

106.30 Discuss sectors of fire and fire discipline.

Sectors of Fire:

- Area assigned to an individual, unit, or crew served weapon to defend. Pie shaped section with
edges called lateral limits. Lateral limits extend from the firing position to an easily identifiable
terrain feature. Two stakes are placed near the firing position to indicate lateral limits during
darkness. Sectors of fire interlock to ensure mutual support by adjacent units.

Fire Discipline:

- The ability to efficiently apply fire on a target, dependent on the ability of the leader, the discipline
and control of the crew and includes:

 The ability to select and designate targets.

 Preserve element of surprise by opening fire at the desired moment only
 Regulate the rate of fire
 Shift from one target to another
 Adjust and cease-fire

106.31 Discuss the following elements of mission planning:

a. Mission Analysis:

- First step in planning. This is your review and analysis phase.

b. COA Development:

- In this step, planners use the mission statement.

c. COA War Game:

- Detailed instructions on how the information pertains to the enemy.

d. COA Comparison and Development:

- Evaluate all friendly COAs against established criteria, and then evaluates them against each
other. The commander then selects the COA that will best accomplish the mission.
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

e. Order Development:

- Serves as the principle means for guidance.

106.32 Discuss the following elements of a mission plan and information contained in each:

a. Situation:

- Provides information about the current situation.

b. Mission:

- Clear concise statement of the mission to be accomplished by the unit (who, what, when, where,
and why).

c. Execution:

- This is a 5-part paragraph identifying detailed information on the execution of the operation and
includes the commander's intent, concept of operations and tasks.

d. Administration and Logistics:

- Food, ammunition, first aid, etc.

e. Command and Logistics:

- This paragraph contains communications/signal instructions.

106.33 Define the following terms and discuss their application to mission planning:

METT-TC:

M- Mission
E- Enemy
T- Terrain
T- Time
T- Troops available
C- Civilians

KOCOA:

K- Key terrain
O- Observation and fields of fire
C- Concealment and cover
O- Obstacles to movement
A- Avenues of approach

SAFE:

S- Security
A- Automatic and crew-served weapons
F- Fields of fire
E- Emplacements

DRAW-D:

D- Defend
R- Reinforce
A- Attack
W- Withdraw
D- Delay
 106 Expeditionary Tactics Fundamentals CONT’D

106.34 Discuss the acronym METOC and how it applies to mission planning.

- Meteorological and Oceanographic (METOC).

- METOC is a term used to convey all meteorological, oceanographic, and space environmental
factors as provided by the Services, support agencies, and other sources. These factors include
the whole range of atmospheric (weather) and oceanographic phenomena, from the sub-bottom of
the Earth’s oceans up to the top of the atmosphere and the space environment (space weather).

- METOC operations are critical to a commander’s awareness of the operational environment and
the ability to exploit that awareness to gain an advantage during military operations. Few military
endeavors, including those of our adversaries, are immune to the effects of the natural
environment. Neglected or ignored, the natural environment and its effects can negatively impact
even the most carefully planned and executed campaigns and operations. Properly applied, joint
METOC operations can provide our air, land, maritime, space, and special operations forces
(SOF) with a significant, even decisive, advantage over our enemies.
 107 Antiterrorism/ Force Protection Fundamentals

107.1 List and discuss tactics used by terrorists.

- Terrorism is always unlawful and specifically intended to inculcate fear to achieve its aims. The most
common TTP employed by terrorist groups are:

1. Assassination:

- An assassination is a deliberate action to kill specific, usually prominent, individuals such as

political leaders, notable citizens, collaborators, or particularly effective government officials,
among others. Assassinations are an effective psychological tool of terrorist tactics.

2. Arson:

- Less dramatic than most tactics, arson has the advantage of low risk to the perpetrator and
requires only a low level of technical knowledge. It is most often used for symbolic attacks and
to create economic effects.

3. Bombing:

- The IED is the terrorist’s weapon of choice. IEDs can be inexpensive to produce and may be
a low risk to the perpetrator. Another common method of attack is suicide bombings.
Announcing responsibility for the bombing or denying responsibility for the incident generates
media interest and may lead to increased coverage of a terrorist group’s agenda/activities.

4. Kidnapping and Hostage Taking:

- Kidnapping is the unlawful seizure and captivity of one or more individuals. Kidnappings
usually result in the individual being held hostage in order to extract specific demands, but
may be for intelligence gathering or execution. Similarly, hostage taking is the seizure of one
or more individuals usually overtly, with the intent of gaining advantage: publicity, ransom,
political concessions, and release of prisoners. Hostages can also serve as human shields,
increasing terrorists’ chances of success in carrying out a mission or to use in exchange for
other government detainees or prisoners. Killing of hostages may occur once the terrorist
group believes that it has fully exploited the media coverage from the situation.

5. Hijacking:

- Hijacking involves the forceful commandeering of a mode of conveyance. Normally

associated with aircraft—often referred to as skyjacking—it may also include ships, trains, or
other forms of conveyance. Hijacking normally is carried out by terrorists to produce a
spectacular hostage situation or provide a vehicle for carrying out a lethal mission, but is also
employed as a means of escape.

6. Seizure:

- Seizure usually involves occupying and holding a prominent building or object of symbolic
value (e.g., a US embassy, DOD Web site, or cyberspace node). There is usually
considerable risk to the terrorist because security personnel have time to plan and react.
Security personnel are more likely to use force to resolve the incident, if few or no innocent
lives are involved.

7. Raids or Ambushes:

- A terrorist raid is similar in concept to a conventional military operation, but usually is

conducted with smaller forces against targets marked for destruction, hijacking, or
hostage/barricade operations. An ambush is a surprise attack characterized by violent
execution and speed of action.
 107 Antiterrorism/ Force Protection Fundamentals CONT’D

8. Sabotage:

- Sabotage is defined as deliberate action aimed at weakening another entity through

subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction. The objective in most sabotage
incidents is to demonstrate how vulnerable society and its critical infrastructure are to terrorist
actions and the inability of the government to stop terrorism. Military facilities and installations,
information systems, commercial industry, human resources, and energy and communication
infrastructures are examples of attractive targets of terrorist sabotage.

9. Threats or Hoaxes:

- Any terrorist group that has established credibility can employ a hoax with considerable
success. A credible threat causes time and effort to be devoted to increased security
measures. A bomb threat can close a commercial building, empty a theater, or delay an
aircraft flight at no cost to the terrorist. Threats may also be used by terrorists to probe and
observe security procedures. Repetitive or an inordinate number of false alarms may dull the
analytical and operational efficiency of key security personnel, thus degrading readiness.

10. Environmental Destruction:

- Although this tactic has not been widely used, the increasing accessibility of sophisticated
weapons to terrorists has the potential to threaten damage to the environment. For example,
possible tactics may include the intentional dumping of hazardous chemicals into the public
water supply, poisoning or destroying a nation’s food supplies through introduction of exotic
plants or animals, destroying oil fields, or attacking an oil tanker to cause ecological harm. The
use of exotic insects, animals, or plants to poison or damage the food supply or ecosystem is
a potential low-cost weapon.

107.2 Describe the following phases of terrorist attack methodology:

a. Broad Target Selection:

- Terrorists closely examine all details of a target, including watch schedules, entry control
procedures periodicity of rowing patrols, and volume of traffic, citizenship of security guards, and
the presence of defensive weapons.

b. Initial Intelligence and Surveillance:

- Mobile and fixed personnel and devices. Mobile surveillance means following targets to discern
their patterns and routines. Fixed surveillance occurs when both terrorist’s personnel and devices
stay in one spot to observe that target.

c. Specific Target Selection:

- Watch schedules, entry controls procedures, periodicity of rowing patrols, volume of traffic,
citizenship of security guards, and the presence of defensive weapons.

d. Pre-attack Surveillance and Planning:

- Terrorists may use a variety of electronic means to assist in surveillance, to include the use of
recording devices. Terrorists have also used the Internet to obtain private information, security
information, and open-source Internet mapping data to assist in attack planning.

e. Attack Rehearsal:

- Terrorists rehearse their actions prior to an actual attack. Similar to our PCCs/PCIs terrorist
ensure they are ready to carry out an attack on a desired target.

f. Actions on the Objective:

- Attacks can occur in an installation, unit, exercise, port, ship, residence, facility or other sites.
 107 Antiterrorism/ Force Protection Fundamentals CONT’D

g. Escape and Exploration:

- After the attack, the acting terrorists flee the scene in most cases and then claim responsibility
allowing for recognition of their cause.

h. Post-attack Surveillance and Documentation:

- Terrorist may watch from a safe distance the actions of first responders. A secondary device
should always be in the mind of responders. Terrorist may also observe the area for post-attack
information and corrective vulnerability actions for a later attack.

107.3 List and discuss the FPCON.

- The Force Protection Condition (FPCON) system describes the progressive levels of protective
measures implemented by all DOD components in response to terrorist threats. This system allows
the commander to apply an operational decision to best protect personnel or assets from terrorist
attacks.

- There are five FPCONs. The circumstances under which they apply and the purpose of each
protective measure are as follows:

1. FPCON Normal - Global threat of possible terrorist activity.

2. FPCON Alpha - Possible terrorist activity against personnel and facilities.

3. FPCON Bravo - More predictable threat of terrorist activity exists.

4. FPCON Charlie - Terrorist action or targeting against personnel or facilities is likely to occur.

5. FPCON Delta - Terrorist attack has occurred, or terrorist action against a specific location or
person is imminent. Delta measures cannot be sustained indefinitely.

107.4 Discuss criticality and vulnerability assessments.

- Criticality assessment is an assessment that identifies key assets and infrastructure that support
Department of Defense missions, units, or activities and are deemed mission critical by military
commanders or civilian agency managers. It addresses the impact of temporary or permanent loss of
key assets or infrastructures to the installation or a unit’s ability to perform its mission.

- Vulnerability assessment is a Department of Defense, command, or unit-level evaluation

(assessment) to determine the vulnerability of a terrorist attack against an installation, unit, exercise,
port, ship, residence, facility, or other site.

107.5 Discuss Antiterrorism/Force Protection Plans.

- ATFP plans are written plans that document the specific measures taken to establish and maintain
an antiterrorism/ force protection program, ensuring readiness against terrorist attacks.

107.6 Discuss the following in regards to ECP:

a. Approach, Access Control, Response, and Safety Zones:

- Approach Zone - Lies between the installation boundary and the access control zone. It is the
interface between the off-installation road network and the installation and the area all vehicles
must traverse before reaching the actual checkpoint.

- Access Zone - The main body of the ECP and includes guard facilities and traffic management
equipment used by the NSF.
 107 Antiterrorism/ Force Protection Fundamentals CONT’D

- Response Zone - The area extending from the end of the access control zone to the final denial
barrier. This zone defines the end of the ECP. The response zone should be designed so that NSF
has time to react to a threat, operate the final denial barriers, and close the ECP if necessary.

- Safety Zone - The safety zone extends from the passive and active barriers in all directions to
protect installation personnel from an explosion at the vehicle barricade. The size of the safety
zone is determined by the acceptable standoff distance by the expected weight of the explosive
charge and the facility or asset to be protected.

Zones at an ECP

b. Suicide bomber Techniques - It is imperative that sentries are familiar with and alert to suicide
bomb indicators which include:

 Surveillance, particular focusing on the ECP

 Rehearsals in or around the ECP
 Information about purchase of or illicit access to facility blueprints
 Unseasonable, conspicuous, or bulky clothing.
 Obvious or awkward attempts to blend into crowds.
 Repeated and nervous handling of clothing items.

c. Interview techniques - ECP personnel shall develop interviewing techniques that can be used as
a tool to determine hostile intent.

d. Obstacles and Barriers - Obstacles obstructions employed to disrupts channel, turn or block the
movement of personnel or vehicles and barriers should be constructed using defense in depth
principles.

107.7 Discuss the steps to conduct a personnel/detainee search:

1. Search of suspects:

- NSF searches suspects for weapons or evidence. A search may escalate if NSF members detect
an object that they believe may be a weapon or other instrument likely to cause death or bodily
harm. At that time, NSF may begin an intrusive search into the garment, etc., to retrieve the item.
A good rule of thumb is to remember that all apprehended suspects are potentially dangerous;
NSF should afford themselves all possible protection.

2. Patrol safety:

- Search apprehended suspects as soon as possible after apprehension unless the situation
dictates otherwise. NSF members should not search an individual without the aid of another NSF
member. Do not draw a weapon unless its use is imminent or the reason for apprehension would
justify its use.
 107 Antiterrorism/ Force Protection Fundamentals CONT’D

3. Decision to search:

- NSF must make an on-the-scene decision and assessment of each situation to decide which
search method to employ. For quickness, search systematically; for thoroughness, never pat or
run hands over the suspect lightly—grab or squeeze every inch of the suspect’s clothing during the
search. Although a NSF member can start a search from either side, it should always start from
the same side the hand rotation technique is applied to maintain effective control over the suspect.

4. Precautionary check:

- Make a precautionary check of the suspect prior to the actual search. The precautionary check
will consist of verbal communication with the suspect (e.g., needles, razor blades, or knives).
Regardless of the suspect’s reply, proceed with caution to determine the location of any objects.

5. Types of searches:

- The two most commonly used searches by NSF are the standing and prone searches. Security
should apply handcuffs before beginning any search.

 Standing search - The standing search is used primarily on suspects who do not appear
dangerous or violent or are not so drunk/ drugged that they cannot stand under their own
power.

 Prone search - The prone search is used primarily on suspects who appear to be
dangerous or violent or are so drunk/ drugged that they cannot stand under their own
power.

107.8 Discuss the steps to perform a vehicle search.

1. Look for devices designed to kill rather than harass.

2. Whereas a bomb in a building is normally set to detonate at a specific time, an auto bomb usually
has a triggering device.

3. The initial action in a vehicle-involved incident is to evaluate and secure as much information as
possible from the driver/owner (any threats, evidence of tampering, suspicious noises, unfamiliar
objects).

4. Find out when the vehicle was last operated; whether it is locked; and who may be the next person
in the vehicle (who is the intended target, driver, or passenger?).

5. Check the area around the vehicle for signs of tampering (marks on the ground, bits of tape, wire
insulation, etc.).

* NOTE: A vehicle bomb can be installed in 15–30 seconds. A detailed search emphasizing safety
may take several hours depending on the situation.
 108 Deadly Force, Use of Force, ROE and LOAC

108.1 Define deadly force.

- Force that a person uses causing, or that a person knows or should know would create a substantial
risk of causing, death or serious bodily harm.

108.2 List and explain the circumstance that deadly force is authorized.

- Deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity and when all three of the
following circumstances are present:

1. Lesser means have been exhausted, are unavailable, or cannot be reasonably employed;

2. The risk of death or serious bodily harm to innocent persons is not significantly increased by
use; and

3. The purpose of its use is one or more of the following:

 Self-Defense and Defense of Others

 Assets Involving National Security
 Assets Not Involving National Security But Inherently Dangerous To
 Others
 Serious Offenses Against Persons
 Protect Public Health or Safety
 Arrest or Apprehension
 Escape

108.3 Discuss additional requirements for the use of firearms.

- Additional requirements for the use of firearms:

1. Warning shots are prohibited (NOT ALLOWED!)

2. When a firearm is discharged, it will be fired with the intent of rendering the person(s) at whom it
is discharged incapable of continuing the activity or course of behavior prompting the individual to
shoot.

3. Shots shall be fired only with due regard for the safety of innocent bystanders.

4. In the case of holstered weapons, a weapon should not be removed from the holster unless
there is reasonable expectation that use of the weapon may be necessary.

5. The Heads of the DoD Components may establish additional considerations in implementing
procedures over the use of firearms.

108.4 List and describe the components of the “Deadly Force Triangle”.

Opportunity:

- In order for a person to have the ability to inflict damage or serious bodily harm, he or she must
be present or in place.

Capability:

- Capability would be present if the individual possesses the actual ability to inflict serious bodily
injury/death.

Intent:

-A hostile or dangerous person must clearly indicate the INTENT to cause damage to protected
resources, or bodily harm to others. Are they actually aiming a weapon or other dangerous object
 108 Deadly Force, Use of Force, ROE and LOAC CONT’D

in a fashion that is capable of, and is obviously being used with the intention of, inflicting damage
or serious bodily harm to persons?

108.5 List and explain the six steps in the escalation of force.

1. Presence - Uniform, U.S. Flag

2. Verbal/Visual warnings - Display of weapons

3. Soft Control - Escorts, handcuffs, and flexi cuffs

4. Hard Control - Mach Takedown Techniques, OC Spray, Empty Hand Strikes

5. Non-lethal weapons - Baton, MWD

6. Lethal weapons - M9, M16, M500

108.6 Discuss the purpose of SROE.

- To establish fundamental policies and procedures governing the actions to be taken by U.S.
commanders and their forces during all military operations and contingencies and routine Military
Department functions occurring outside U.S. territory and outside U.S. territorial seas.

108.7 Discuss Combatants v. Noncombatants.

Combatant:

- Combatants are persons engaged in hostilities during an armed conflict. Combatants can be
lawful or unlawful. The term “enemy combatant” refers to a person engaged in hostilities against the
United States or its coalition partners during an armed conflict. The term “enemy combatant” also
includes both “lawful enemy combatants” and “unlawful enemy combatants.”

Lawful Enemy Combatants:

- Lawful enemy combatants include members of the regular armed forces of a State party to the
conflict; militia, volunteer corps, and organized resistance movements belonging to a State party to
the conflict, which are under responsible command, wear a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a
distance, carry their arms openly, and abide by the laws of war; and members of regular armed
forces who profess allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the detaining
power. Lawful combatants also include civilians who take part in a levee en masse. A levee en
masse is a spontaneous uprising by the citizens of a non-occupied territory who take up arms to
resist an invading force without having time to form themselves into regular armed units. Combatant
immunity for a levee en masse ends once the invading forces have occupied the territory.

Unlawful Enemy Combatants:

- Unlawful enemy combatants are persons not entitled to combatant immunity, who engage in acts
against the United States or its coalition partners in violation of the laws and customs of war during
armed conflict.

Noncombatants:

- Members of the armed forces who do not take direct part in hostilities because of their status such
as medical personnel and chaplains.

108.8 List examples of violations of the LOAC.

- The following acts, if committed intentionally, are examples of war crimes, which must be reported
and would be considered grave breaches:
 108 Deadly Force, Use of Force, ROE and LOAC CONT’D

1. Offenses against prisoners of war, including killing without just cause; torture or inhumane
treatment.

2. Offenses against civilian inhabitants of occupied territory, including killing, rape, torture, use as
human shields, or inhumane treatment.

3. Offenses against the sick and wounded to include the killing, wounding, or mistreating enemy
forces disabled by sickness or wounds.

4. Denial of quarter and offenses against combatants who have laid down their arms and
surrendered.

5. Offenses against the survivors of ships and aircraft and failing to provide for the safety of
survivors.

6. Wanton destruction of cities, towns, and villages.

7. Deliberate attack upon medical facilities.

108.9 Define the following fire control commands:

a. Open Fire:

- Deliver fire on target

b. Cease Fire:

- Stop firing!

c. Check Fire:

- Check effectiveness of your shooting

d. Response to Commands:

- Fire commands are sent to the firing unit or gunner by the best understood means (visually or
orally). To limit errors in transmission, the person receiving the commands repeats each element
as it is received.
 109 Civil Engineer Support Equipment (CESE)

109.1 Define the following terms:

a. MHE:

- Material Handling Equipment (MHE) is all self-propelled and conveyor equipment used in storage
and materials handling operations in and around warehouses, shipyards, industrial plants,
airfields, magazines, depots, docks, terminals, and on-board ships. Included are warehouse
tractors, forklift trucks, rough terrain forklift trucks, pallet trucks, conveyors and conveyor systems,
and straddle carrying trucks. The Naval Supply Systems Command (NAVSUP) has cognizance
over MHE.

b. WHE:

- Weight Handling Equipment (WHE) includes mobile or transportable truck, crawler and railway
mounted locomotive cranes normally used for lifting, moving, and placing heavy material or
equipment.

109.2 Explain the procedures in filling out the following forms:

a. Operator’s inspection guide, trouble report (9-11240/13):

 Also referred to as the “Hard Card”

 Used daily before checking out a piece of CESE
 Note deficiencies on card and return to dispatch
 If minor maintenance is needed (I.E. low on oil, water, air, etc.), it is incumbent on the operator
to correct those deficiencies

b. Vehicle trip ticket (DD 1970):

 Required daily for all off station dispatching

 The following information will be completed by the operator:

o Date
o Type of vehicle
o Registration # of vehicle
o Organization
o Fuel and Oil (recorded in remarks)
o Operators name and signature
o Odometer or hour meter reading for both “out” and “in”

109.3 Explain the difference between organic and augment CESE and how they are Identified.

Organic CESE:

- Organic Allowances are designed to support a unit’s mission as defined by that unit’s ROC and
POE. Organic Equipment is on our Table of Allowance (TOA). Identified in NMCB by a red diamond
shaped decal which contains the appropriate designator in white numerals.

Augment CESE:

- Requested when an assigned project requires more equipment than the organic allowance
supplies. Augment CESE is requested by the Commanding Officer. Identified in NMCB by a white
diamond shaped decal which contains the appropriate designator in red numerals.

109.4 State the purpose of a Standard Form 91 Mishap report.

- Every mishap involving a Navy motor vehicle or item of construction equipment must be reported by
the operator on a Motor Vehicle Accident Report, SF-91 on site before leaving the scene of the
accident. Each vehicle shall carry the SF-91 and an accident identification card (DD Form 518); all
drivers shall be thoroughly instructed in the proper use of each.
 109 Civil Engineer Support Equipment (CESE) CONT’D

109.5 Explain the duties and responsibilities of the following:

a. Dispatcher:

- The key position in the management of the equipment of the unit is the Dispatcher, who controls
the day-to-day assignment and CESE usage. The Dispatcher's primary duties are to receive and
evaluate requests for vehicles and then dispatch suitable equipment from authorized resources. It
is the dispatcher's responsibility to check the operator's license prior to issuing a trip ticket, provide
for the most economical use of manpower and equipment, and ensure equipment safety, security,
and proper use.

b. Equipment Yard Supervisor (Yard Boss):

- The Equipment Yard Supervisor, "Yard Boss” has one of the operations section's most important
jobs. The Yard Boss manages the equipment yard and the vehicles parked in it, and establishes
and enforces traffic control through the yard, such as stop signs, speed limits, and one-way traffic
flow. The Yard Boss makes certain that a pre-start check of CESE is performed by the operator
prior to leaving the yard.

c. License Examiner:

- License Examiners must be designated in writing by the Commanding Officer or Officer in

Charge. The License Examiner plans and administers a Unit's licensing program and supervises
the unit's operator training program. Before the examiner issues or validates a license, each
applicant's qualifications are determined. Locally prepared knowledge examinations, clinical tests,
and performance qualification tests are conducted.

d. Operator:

- Every person who drives or operates any item of equipment is called an operator. All military
operators who use government-owned or rented equipment must be examined and licensed.
Under no circumstances will a vehicle be dispatched to a person who does not possess a valid
U.S. Government operator's license that covers the size and type of vehicle requested.

109.6 Discuss the purpose of the following publications and instructions:

a. P-300:

- The purpose of this publication is to assist management at all levels in properly discharging their
responsibilities in the efficient management of the transportation program. Further provides
instructions for the management of transportation equipment. Procedures for administration,
operation, and maintenance are detailed.

b. P-307:

- This publication provides the uniform Navy program for the management, maintenance,
inspection, testing, certification, alteration, repair, and operation of Weight Handling Equipment
(WHE) at Navy shore installations and Navy owned WHE at non-Navy installations. Its purpose is
to ensure the equipment is safe to operate; to ensure weight handling operations are conducted
safely and efficiently; and to ensure optimum equipment service life.

109.7 State the purposes and uses of the following licenses:

a. OF/346:

- The military driver’s license, lists the vehicles you are authorized to drive, can be used for
vehicles ranging from the 1¼ ton pick-up truck to 20 ton tractor. Valid for 4 years from the issue
date.
 109 Civil Engineer Support Equipment (CESE) CONT’D

b. 11260/2:

- Heavy construction equipment license, maintained with the license record in the license
examiner’s office. Lists all the construction equipment individual personnel are authorized to
operate. Valid for 4 years from the issue date.

109.8 Discuss the difference in Class A, B, & C assigned CESE.

Class A (Continuing Assignments):

- For Navy purposes, a Class A assignment is defined as the full-time assignment of a specific
nonstandard vehicle (i.e., midsize/large sedan or command and control vehicle) to an individual
billet.

Class B (Recurring Dispatch Assignments):

- Class B assignment is the assignment of an automotive vehicle authorized in writing by the local
Commander, or the Commander's designee, to an organizational unit of the Command or a tenant
activity on a regular or continuous basis for the conduct of official business.

Class C (Pool Vehicles):

- All DoD motor vehicles not designated as Class A or Class B assignments shall be pooled for
performance of services on an on-call basis. Maximum pooling of vehicles at all levels within a
naval activity is to be emphasized.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals

110.1 Discuss the following security zones and factors that can effect zone size/location.

- Security zones are used in the protection of High Value Assets (HVAs). Tactical boats are often
called upon to protect both moving and stationary HVAs. HVAs can range from military and
commercial vessels to important shoreside facilities. Defense in depth planning considerations,
security zone establishment, and tactics employed to achieve specific goals to deter, detect, defend
against, and mitigate terrorist or enemy attacks are discussed. Tactics and techniques are dynamic.
What may be appropriate for a U.S. port may be forbidden in a foreign port. Factors influencing which
tactics and techniques a commander will employ are based on specific threat conditions, geography,
available forces, laws, and diplomatic considerations.

- Security zones are established to provide protection to HVAs and to control civilian/commercial
vessel traffic in a designated area. As a general rule, DOD has authority over security zones outside
of U.S. Government jurisdiction and the USCG has authority over security zones within areas of U.S.
Government jurisdiction. They are configured to protect stationary HVAs (assets at anchor, pierside,
or ashore) and underway HVAs.

- Security zone is an overarching term and inclusive of the following three zones:

 Reaction Zone
 Intercept Zone
 Assessment Zone

1. Reaction Zone:

- Ideally, the reaction zone extends at least 1,000 yards/meters from the HVA. The reaction zone
is where unidentified or potentially hostile contacts are engaged with increasing levels of force
until they retreat outside of the zone or are no longer a threat.

- Potentially hostile threats are not allowed to approach the HVA inside this minimum distance.
Any vessel traffic in this zone must be kept under positive control.

- The actual distance for this zone may be based on the FPCON in effect for that AO. Any attempt
to penetrate the reaction zone, after being warned off by security boats, could constitute hostile
intent.

2. Intercept Zone:

- Ideally, the intercept zone extends at least 1,000 yards/meters from the outer boundary of the
reaction zone away from the HVA. This zone is established to increase the time to react to a
threat.

- Screening vessels (SVs) patrol this zone and intercept Contacts of Interest (COIs) entering this
zone to determine their intent. Vessel traffic in this zone is controlled. Personnel, vehicle, and
vessel access control points may be constructed to control shoreside and waterside access from
outside the perimeter to this zone.

- The actual distance for this zone may be based on the FPCON in effect for that AO, physical
characteristics of the terrain, activity, and the corresponding threat analysis.

- The intercept zone may be divided into two or more sectors based on the number of available
tactical boats.

3. Assessment Zone:

- The outermost security zone for HVA protection and extends to the reach of organic and
inorganic sensors. This zone may be integrated into the overall defensive sea area force
protection plan.

- Security forces detect and identify COIs as they approach or pass near the intercept zone.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

- Security forces assigned to a specific HVA typically do not patrol the distant assessment zone,
nor do they generally control access or challenge contacts unless their track will approach the
intercept zone.

- Establishing authorities will specify procedures and limits of the assessment zone in appropriate
OPORDs or directives for operational areas.

NOTE:

- Security zones may be divided into sectors to assign tactical boats with more specific AO and to
provide a common reference for COI reporting. Sectors are defined by boundary lines that converge
at the HVA and radiate out through the intercept zone outer boundary. The number of sectors will
vary according to the number of tactical boats available for patrol.

- It will not always be practical to establish a 1,000-meter reaction zone and 1,000-meter intercept
zone because of channel width, port size, traffic patterns, nearby friendly shore facilities, and other
considerations. In this case, shoreside security forces should be employed in support of waterborne
security operations to provide quicker reactions to threats from nearby shorelines or on the water.

Security Zones

110.2 Discuss the following factors that determine navigability of waterways.

a. Currents:

- The river current along a route has a significant effect on fuel consumption and speed capability,
anchoring, craft orientation, and tactical operations.

b. Depth of Waterways:

- The depths of the various waterways in a riverine AO affect route selection as well as anticipated
speed of advance.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

c. Water Levels:

- In most riverine areas, water levels are an important factor in riverine movement planning and
execution. Vertical datum for navigation charts and water-level gauges are the same. For safety,
chart datum display depths on a navigation chart from a low-water surface or a low-water datum. On
most lakes, chart datum adopts a single level surface over the whole lake. Along a river, chart datum
is a sloping surface that approximates the slope of the river surface under low-water conditions.

- Ideally, water levels on a lake or river will seldom fall below its chart datum elevation and only
rarely will there be less depth available than what is portrayed on the chart. This is not always true,
however, so riverine forces must possess up-to-date navigation charts and know how water levels
compare to chart datum wherever they operate.

- In the absence of a local datum, riverine forces should establish a local datum with a digital or
manual measuring device.

d. Natural Obstacles:

- Natural obstacles in the riverine environment include floating debris, rapids/whirlpools, low hanging
branches and limbs, underwater stumps and roots, and sandbars. These obstacles affect the speed
and course of the vessel as well as can provide significant damage.

e. Manmade Obstacles

- Manmade water obstacles are numerous and can range in complexity and size from simple fish
stakes to earthen dikes. The enemy may place some obstacles designed to damage craft or foul
propellers just below the surface to avoid detection.

- If possible, aircraft should conduct an aerial visual/electro-optical reconnaissance of the intended

route at both low and high tide periods to locate obstacles as well as to identify other danger areas.

110.3 Discuss the following:

a. Guard Mount - A standardized watch turnover between on-coming and off-going watch
personnel. The supervisor must be thoroughly familiar with all matters directly related to the watch
and ensure all personnel are briefed and fully prepared to assume duties. Command-specific guard
mount procedures may amplify the basic list of required turnover items.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

b. Five Paragraph Order (SMEAC) - Planners should write standing and event-driven OPORDs in
the five-paragraph format:

 Situation
 Mission
 Execution
 Administration and logistics
 Command and control

- Situation: The Situation paragraph provides details on both friendly and enemy personnel
operating in your area of operations. We combine our understanding of the terrain with an
understanding of the enemy force we are facing, and what friendly support we may have around
us to help our decision making process for finding our solution.

- Mission: A short statement containing all five “W’s”. When is who, doing what, to whom, and
why. This is the problem that we have to determine the solution for. Using all of the information we
have at this point, we determine a course of action to accomplish the mission.

- Execution: This is where we communicate the plan (solution) for our problem (the mission) we
are tasked to accomplish. Starting from our present location, we brief how we get to the point
where the “what” has been accomplished that leads to the “why” of the operation. We provide
enough detail to direct how to accomplish the mission without being too detailed where we lose
initiative from subordinates. We imply discretion to subordinates in determining how they
accomplish their tasks.

- Administration & Logistics: Providing some of the smaller details of the operation, this
paragraph focuses on medical issues, Enemy Prisoner of War handling, food, water, and
ammunition needed to accomplish the mission. We remember the details involved in this portion
through the use of four “B’s”: Beans, Bullets, Band-Aids, and Bad Guys.

- Command and Control: Here we wrap up the order by discussing how we will communicate key
events throughout the operation. We also discuss where key personnel are going to be located,
and what the order will be for succession of command in the event the unit leader becomes a
casualty.

110.4 Discuss the following reports/documents:

a. SALUTE - Tactical boats should use the SALUTE format when reporting contacts to other boats or
C2 elements. This uniform format is common across the services and allows units to update track
information when amplifying data becomes available. A SALUTE report contains the following
information:

 Size (number and size of craft being reported)

 Activity (what is the craft doing, i.e., fishing)
 Location (using a grid reference or another agreed-upon system of position reference;
include estimated course, speed, true bearing and range to contact, and target angle of
the craft)
 Unit (name, if visible, nationality, type of craft, and number of people observed)
 Time (when observed)
 Equipment (type of equipment, sensors, and weapons observed).

- Since tactical boats constantly change their positions, the bearing and range-to-contact portions of a
SALUTE report can be referenced from a fixed point such as a pier, shore command post, or pierside
ship. When this is not practical, predetermined geographic points on the chart can be labeled with
code words and information can be referenced to those points.

- The reference point also can be the specific boat, which requires the C2 element to have a positive
track on each patrol boat. Use of zone locations (i.e., contact entering Reaction Zone Bravo), code
words (i.e., contact passing Point Zulu from the east), or any other procedure is acceptable as long as
it contributes to efficient and effective communications.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

b. Contact Report - Contact reports should be submitted to the higher chain of command in the
SALUTE format with other amplified information as needed/ required.

- Only COIs need to be relayed to the NCWRON. Initial COI reports will be followed by amplified
information as gained via IBU/PSU, lookout, coast watcher, MSP, or other assets.

c. SITREP - To keep the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS), the Joint Staff and, as
appropriate, the combatant commanders, the Service Chiefs and other interested heads of agencies
of the Government:

 Advised of all national and international critical or disastrous situations.

 Continually apprised of all existing political, military, and operational situations and plans.
 Continually advised of the readiness of combatant commands to meet the requirements
of plans approved by the Chairman.
 Advised of any significant intelligence event.

110.5 Discuss the High Seas AT/FP Program.

- U.S. Navy ships and forces on high seas should use appropriate antiterrorism measures
consistent with the known Threat Level in the AOR.

- Under customary international law, military ships and aircraft are sovereign platforms. Ships and
aircraft require specific and advance entry permission (usually referred to as diplomatic clearance)
for entry into internal waters or airspace of a foreign country, unless other bilateral or multilateral
arrangements have been made.

- When U.S. forces are operating within internal waters or territory of a foreign nation, the foreign
nation has primary responsibility for antiterrorism and law enforcement. Notwithstanding the foreign
nation’s primary responsibility, the U.S. commander remains ultimately responsible for unit self-
defense.

- U.S. Navy ships and aircraft have sovereign immunity from interference by local authorities. Police
and port authorities may never legally board a U.S. Navy ship or aircraft to conduct an onboard
search or inspection without the permission of the Commanding Officer. If such an inspection or
search is desired, commanders should contact the Naval Criminal Investigative Service and the
chain of command for guidance.

- Commanders help ensure antiterrorism requirements are met by augmenting Host Nation (HN)
measures with ship’s company or contracted services within the context of local law and applicable
international agreements. The defense attaché in each country serves as the official liaison between
U.S. military forces and foreign governments. The appropriate naval component commander should
provide the guidelines reflected in Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs) or memoranda of
understanding to all commands visiting that nation.

- Every unit retains the right of self-defense from hostile acts or demonstrated hostile intent, but HN
policies may inhibit U.S. forces’ AT/FP postures.

- Civilian mariners (whether government or contractor employees) who operate Military Sealift
Command ships (whether government-owned or contractor-owned) are not members of the Armed
Forces or Federal law enforcement. In accordance with their civilian status, civilian mariners may not
be protected by SOFAs.

110.6 Discuss waterborne threats.

a. Small Craft:

- Personnel armed with small arms often are not capable of sinking a tactical boat but could inflict
personnel and equipment casualties. However, CSWs could inflict substantial damage on a steel-
hulled military or commercial ship and pose a significant threat to personnel on deck, radar, or
other electronic equipment.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

- Assaults by explosives-laden boats or personal watercraft are typically crewed by a suicide

squad. In this case, it is much harder to determine hostile intent because the explosive charges
will probably be out of sight.

- Hit-and-run attacks by small boats equipped with shoulder-fired, RPGs are extremely effective.
In the littorals, this is one of the likeliest and most dangerous threats. The effective range of an
RPG is approximately 1,000 meters and an RPG round can inflict significant damage. The
weapon is easily concealed, fired very quickly, and several weapons may be carried on board a
single small boat. Similar capabilities are associated with antitank weapons such as recoilless
rifles and wire-guided missiles. Tactical boats must be observant of coastal threats as well as
waterborne threats because these weapons can be fired from adjacent shorelines.

b. Aircraft:

- Though tactical boats can use machine guns to engage hostile small aircraft such as light
planes, helicopters, ultralights, and hang gliders, detection, determination of hostile intent and
engagement can be difficult. Warning zones, broadcasts, and procedures must be established
that are consistent with ROE/RUF.

c. Deep Draft Vessels:

- Blockage of a major port or waterway caused by a disabled ship can pose a significant threat to
a port. Warships and cutters may conduct boarding’s of inbound vessels to ensure they are
seaworthy for entering port. Tactical security boats must ensure they know the boundaries of
shipping channels and can warn vessels when they stray. Establishing authorities may decide to
put armed and trained USN, USCG, or HN personnel on the bridges and in the major machinery
spaces of inbound and outbound deep draft vessels to ensure that mistakes are minimized and a
hijacking does not threaten closure of a key port.

- Tankers, container ships, and merchant ships can be used as bomb transport vehicles. In
addition, the timed scuttling of any major vessel can effectively block a port, possibly for an
extended period of time.

- In order to ensure weapons of mass destruction (WMD) are not transported intentionally or
unintentionally into ports, establishing authorities may have warships and cutters conduct
boarding operations in the approaches. These boarding’s must be executed by trained boarding
teams. Procedures must be developed to deal with the discovery and disposition of WMD.

d. Subsurface Threats:

- Subsurface threats come in the form of swimmers/divers, submerged delivery vehicles

(SDVs)/minisubs, and mines. Swimmers and mines were used successfully during the Vietnam
War and remain attractive options for terrorists because of their relatively low cost and simplicity.
The most difficult aspect when planning to defend against subsurface threats is employment of
capability to detect them.

e. Swimmers / Divers:

- Swimmers/divers will take advantage of night and currents to reach their target. Divers may use
standard Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) or bubble free re-breather
equipment. Telltale signs of swimmers/divers include bubbles, snorkels, piles of floating debris,
phosphorescent, wakes, and other abnormalities in the water.

- The MK 3A2 concussion grenade is extremely effective against a subsurface threat.

f. Mines and Improvised Explosive Devices:

- Mine clearance is not a tactical boat mission; however, tactical boat crews may be the first to
spot floating mines in their operating area. EOD personnel should be called to clear detected
mines. Tactical boats can be used to detect or prevent minelaying operations by hostile forces
and to escort mine countermeasures ships.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

- Another method for delivering an IED is to float the device on the incoming tide. The device is
constructed such that it is of near-neutral buoyancy and then released into the target area.
Detonation may be by contact or by a remotely operated device. A significant disadvantage for
the enemy is that they must get very close to the target to be effective.

110.7 Discuss the following Security Boat terms:

a. Shadowing:

- Identify and deter any vessel before it becomes a danger. Shadowing a vessel is a good means
of deterrence as it communicates to the operator of the COI that security forces are aware of its
presence. The fundamental difference between a vessel escort and a vessel shadow is that a
COI under escort is under the control of and subject to the orders of the Screening Vessel (SV). A
shadowed COI is exercising freedom of navigation and will not be taken under control (or be the
subject of any other involuntary measure) unless it becomes noncompliant or exhibits hostile
intent. Vessel shadowing may be used where an operating area includes an international strait or
other area where U.S. policy allows freedom of navigation. It is also a procedure that may be
appropriate in a harbor or port area if, for example, HN constraints prevent U.S. escort of certain
vessels, such as neutral shipping.

- SV should maneuver to remain between the COI and the HVA at all times. Assume a passive
posture and observe the vessel from a distance, being alert for unusual activity or anything that
may be dropped or deployed from the vessel, i.e., mines or contraband. SV should be in a
position to take a more aggressive posture should the vessel deviate from its intended course,
attempt an assault or harassment of any protected assets, or demonstrate an intent to jeopardize
the safety and security of the area that it is transiting.

- SV should maintain a distance from the shadowed vessel that is close enough to allow visibility
of the sides of the COI, but far enough away so as not to be construed as offensive or invasive in
nature. SV personnel should not man weapons, take any other outwardly offensive or provocative
posture, nor give the shadowed vessel orders.

- Crews shall determine the exact location (with global positioning system (GPS) or radar) of any
unusual activity or where any object was thrown into the water. No attempt to retrieve objects
should be made. The operational commander will determine whether EOD or another asset
should attempt recovery of the object.

Shadowing
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

b. Herding:

- Herding is conducted when the COI is inside the intercept zone and previous attempts to stop or
reroute the COI have failed. The SV maneuvers alongside the COI forcing it to maneuver in a
direction away from the HVA without making physical contact. The intention is to force the COI
out of the intercept zone, preventing a clear line of attack against the HVA.

- Herding requires aggressive maneuvering and constant communication with the rest of the
team. The engaged SV remains with the COI until it clears the intercept zone and its intent to
leave is clear.

NOTE: Herding is an appropriate tactic when handling an intercept zone violator who has not
obeyed an order to heave to or depart the zone but does not pose an imminent threat of death or
serious physical injury.

Herding

c. Shouldering:

- When authorized by the operational commander, shouldering is a method used to physically

force a vessel to stop or change course. The goal of shouldering is to contact a NCV with enough
force to drive it in a new direction and prevent it from traveling on its intended course, compelling
compliance with orders to stop. Employ shouldering only where external appendages on the
suspect vessel will not cause additional damage, in moderate to calm weather conditions, and
when the target is sufficiently seaworthy to withstand contact without threat of capsizing or holing.

The SV performing the shouldering approaches and comes into contact with the COI on a roughly
parallel course to prevent damage inflicted by the tactical boat’s bow and to diffuse the force of
impact along a wide area of the COI’s hull. Modify these general guidelines to meet the specific
situation at hand:

1. Take station close aboard the COI and steady on a parallel course.
2. Rig fenders along the side of the tactical boat that will be used to nudge the COI.
3. Approach the COI and slowly decrease the lateral distance between vessels.
4. Remain alert to rapid course changes by the COI.
5. Maneuver the tactical boat to make contact with the COI at a very shallow angle, the bows
are roughly in line, and relative speed is minimal.
6. Once contact is made, slowly change course and nudge the vessel no more than 20
degrees off the original course.
7. Alter the COI’s course away from its perceived destination (i.e., if the COI is heading for
shore and land is visible off the port side, alter its course to starboard).
8. If necessary, back away after the first course change and repeat the process.
9. Continually direct the COI to stop.
10. Cease shouldering immediately if it results in significant structural damage to either
vessel.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

Shouldering

110.8 Discuss waterborne warning procedures for the following: [Ref. g, Ch. 7, Pg. 7-18]

a. Seaward Continuum of Force Level I:

1. Show waterborne presence

2. Hail by radio and warn to remain clear
3. Verbal hail and warn to remain clear (hailer)
4. Sound siren/Five blasts on horn/Flash blue lights
5. Hand movements
6. Man weapons stations
7. Use unambiguous warning device
8. Aggressively maneuver between COI and HVA to encourage COI to change course
9. Herd contact to cause change in desired direction

b. Seaward Continuum of Force Level II:

1. Use of flares or other authorized visual/audible warning devices

2. Shine spotlights on COI pilothouse
3. Blocking the COI by positioning boat to counter the COI’s heading
4. Shouldering/herding the COI to cause course change in desired direction
5. Train weapons on COI

c. Seaward Continuum of Force Level III:

1. Warning the COI it will be fired upon

2. Warning shots (i.e., across the bow).

d. Seaward Continuum of Force Level IV:

1. Use disabling fire (directed at engine to stop vessel)

2. Use directed destruction fire
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

110.9 Discuss the employment of Crew Served Weapons from a patrol boat.

1. Targeting Considerations during Engagement:

- Targeting will be a dynamic event. Based on target location and motion during the engagement,
the aim point for the weapon will change. In general, for targets that are closing, the gunner should
choose the lower edge of the target for the aim point. As the range decreases, the aim point should
move toward the center of mass of the target. As a target crosses the sector of fire, proper
application of a lead angle should assist the gunner in successfully completing the engagement.

- When a burst is fired, the vibrations of the gun and mount, variations in ammunition, and
conditions of the atmosphere will make each bullet have a slightly different trajectory. The resulting
group of trajectories is known as the cone of fire. The dispersion cone can be excessive if the
weapon is not properly supported and controlled by the gunner. To minimize the dispersion cone,
the gunner should seize the grips firmly with both hands and brace the gun with his body.

- For changes in elevation, the gunner should stand erect and make changes in elevation by
moving hands and arms up and down. For changes in azimuth, the gunner should shift his feet and
move around the mount.

2. Marksmanship Fundamentals:

- To become proficient in CSW marksmanship, a gunner should be thoroughly trained in the

following fundamentals:

 Accurate delivery of initial round (burst) of fire on stationary or moving targets

 Mechanical skill in manipulating the gun and rapidly shifting fire to new targets
 Adjustment of fire by observing projectile strike
 Adjustment of fire by observing tracer flight
 Frequent relaying of the gun during firing
 Speed in combining these fundamentals when delivering fire.

3. Tracking and Leading Exercises:

- Targets may be moving or stationary and the techniques for engaging each type of target differ.
For a moving target, the gun must be aimed ahead of the target at a sufficient distance to cause the
bullet and target to arrive at the same point simultaneously. This distance is typically measured in
target lengths. One target length, as seen by the gunner, is one lead. Leads are measured from the
center of mass. The lead necessary depends upon range, speed, and direction of movement of the
target. To hit the target, the gunner must:

 Aim at a point ahead of the target equal to the estimated number of leads.
 Maintain this lead by tracking the target (manipulating the gun at the same angular speed as
that of the target).
 Fire and adjust fire by observation of strike and/or tracer.

4. Rates of Fire:

- CSWs can be fired using one of the following four rates of fire:

 Single Shot. This method is used to engage a target with well-aimed shots.

 Slow Fire. In automatic mode, slow fire is less than 40 rounds per minute, fired in bursts of 6 to
9 rounds per weapon in use, at 10- to 15-second intervals.

 Rapid Fire. In automatic mode, rapid fire is greater than 40 rounds per minute, fired in bursts
of 6 to 9 rounds per weapon in use, at 5- to 10-second intervals.

 Cyclic Fire. This represents the maximum amount of ammunition that can be expended by the
weapon without a break in firing.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

- The preferred method of employment for these weapons should be a combination of firing rates to
optimize ammunition expenditure while maximizing target kill probability. The recommended
employment is to fire the weapon using short bursts of approximately 3 to 5 rounds until consistent
hits are registered on the target. Once the target is consistently hit, increase the rate of fire to 7 to
10 rounds per burst until the target is destroyed.

110.10 Discuss waterborne defense in depth.

- The central concept in the Navy’s strategy toward defending against terrorism is defense in depth.

- This concept is not new to the Navy and it has been applied to the defense of Navy forces in warfare
for centuries. Defense in depth gains its strength from the layering of defenses. It does not rely on a
single failure point, but rather allows different types of defenses and redundancies to ensure a nearly
impenetrable perimeter around the forces. This perimeter is seen conceptually as a defensive three
dimensional bubble around an installation, ship, aircraft, or individual. This bubble moves with
transiting units and will now be applied at all times including during stays at ports and airfields.

- Early identification of a threat is an important goal of this type of defense. In order to properly defend
and defeat a terrorist attack, the enemy force must be identified as early as possible to provide the
time to make a determination of intent and apply multiple defensive measures.

110.11 Discuss waterborne warning shot procedures.

- Warning shots are authorized in accordance with established preplanned responses (PPRs) or
when directed by the CO or other designated tactical weapons release authority. The PPR for a small
boat attack shall include:

 Layout of the assessment, warning, and threat zones

 Procedures to identify potential threats
 Means to classify potential threats
 Weapons and gun mounts/positions employed to engage the threat once the determination of
hostile intent is made
 Batteries release procedures

- The CO, giving consideration to avoid fratricide and collateral damage, is responsible for
designating which gun mount or post is authorized to fire warning shots. Particular care must be
taken when selecting CSW posts since machine gun rounds tend to ricochet upward upon impact
with the water.

NOTE: When ships are pierside, COs shall coordinate with host installation commanders to ensure
layered defense and deconfliction of fields of fire between shipboard and shore weapons positions.

- Prior to assuming a watch, applicable armed watchstanders and CSW gunners shall be briefed in
detail on the PPR for a small boat attack. The brief provided by the CDO/chief of the guard shall
include details on warning shots. Each watchstander designated to fire warning shots shall have
written orders that contain the small boat PPR and assigned sectors of fire.

110.12 Discuss Security Boat Tactics.

- Tactical boats are often called upon to protect both stationary and moving HVAs. HVAs can range
from military and commercial vessels to important shoreside facilities. Defense-in-depth planning
procedures, security zone establishment, and methods employed to achieve the specific goals to
deter, detect, defend against, and mitigate terrorist or enemy attacks are essential to ashore, afloat,
and expeditionary integrated security plans.

- Security boat employment requires close coordination with adjacent afloat and ashore units to
include communications, RUF/ROE, and areas of responsibility.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

110.13 Discuss the following terms in relation to waterway operations:

a. Selection of Launch and Recovery Sites:

- Riverine forces conducting operations may be required to launch and recover craft from a remote
site. These operations may be as simple as a remote launch and recovery in a relatively safe AO
or may be as complex as launch and recovery while operating from a FOB in a high-threat AO.
When operating in a high-threat environment, protection and security of the force is paramount.
Site selection considerations include the following:

 Selection of the route to and from the launch/recovery site (availability of convoy plans,
route security, immediate actions, surface composition, condition of the route, supportability
of the weight of prime movers, trailers, and boats)
 Security measures and procedures
 Security at the launch/recovery site (security must be established before craft are
launched/recovered and must be maintained during all launch and recovery operations)
 Launch/recovery site characteristics (embankment, grade, soil composition, foliage, enemy
observation, and ability to engage with direct fire)
 Maneuver room (number of craft that can launch or recover from a site)
 Loading/unloading craft (can crews load/unload craft after launch/recovery or must crews
fully load/unload prior to launch/recovery)
 Identification of primary and alternate sites
 Use of different launch and recovery sites
 Staging and security of prime movers and trailers
 Disabled craft procedures at the launch/recovery site
 Communication plans
 Medical evacuation plans
 Fire support plans (indirect fire and aviation assets on-station and ready for immediate
response).

b. Selection of routes:

- The primary consideration in selection of waterway routes between the riverine base and the
selected landing areas are:

 Hydrography
 Enemy capabilities
 Capabilities to support primary and alternate plans
 Terrain/bank characteristics.

c. Selection of Base Site:

- Site selection is of great importance to NCW forces in mission performance. Selection of a

campsite with good long-term habitability and surveillance sites with maximum tracking capability
is crucial.

- Major obstructions (buildings, bridges, mountains, etc.) in the AO will degrade communications
and surveillance capabilities. A typical NCW operation with NCWRONs, MIUWUs, MSDs, IBUs,
and PSUs may consist of nearly 300 personnel.

- If required to relocate a campsite, consideration must be given to the logistics involved in moving
part of or the entire infrastructure. Habitability and transport to/from the operational site must be
considered for the base camp.

110.14 Discuss the three types of Coastal Riverine Patrols:

a. Reconnaissance - Reconnaissance patrols are either point or area. A reconnaissance patrol

attempts to reach its objective, accomplish its mission, and return to friendly positions without being
detected by or engaging the enemy.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

b. Security - A security patrol secures the approaches to friendly forces or installations/facilities.

They give early warning of approaching enemy forces and prevent enemy forces from entering a
designated area or observing the activities of friendly forces.

c. Riverine Support - Potential supporting operations include:

1. Deception operations. Deception operations confuse the enemy and may involve false
insertions or diversions.

2. Logistics support. Patrol craft elements can provide logistics support to forces ashore or to
forces deployed away from their base of operations. This may include limited food, fuel,
water, and ammunition resupply, or health service support teams/casualty evacuation.

3. PSYOP/CA operations. These two related mission areas deal with influencing the “hearts
and minds” of the populace. Riverine forces can embark psychological teams or can
participate in medical or construction efforts, IO, and census operations as part of a civil
affairs campaign.

4. Fire support. Riverine patrol craft units can provide effective fire support or can provide fire
direction and control to both air and artillery elements in the AO. Safety factors are critical.
Adherence to designated fields of fire ensures the safety of all crewmembers and maximum
rounds on target. Absolute formation discipline is required and all patrol force personnel must
know their individual fields of fire at all times regardless of changes in the patrol formation.

110.15 Discuss the following maritime operations:

a. Interdiction:

- Defined as “an action to divert, disrupt, delay, or destroy the enemy’s military surface capability
before it can be used effectively against friendly forces, or to otherwise achieve objectives.” Craft
suspected of such activity are termed COIs. Riverine forces accomplish interdiction through
firepower (such as free-fire zone or craft operating after curfew) or, where legitimate waterway
traffic is an essential ingredient to daily life, through inspection to ensure COIs are not engaged in
wrongful activity.

- Interdiction can be part of blocking operations or may be part of a normal patrol to investigate
suspicious activity. Riverine forces can conduct interdiction during the day or night but should
always use at least two craft. It is potentially one of the most dangerous activities for riverine
forces.

b. Interception:

- In riverine maritime interception operations (RMIO), riverine patrol craft boarding teams enforce
mandates that typically center on protecting critical infrastructure, securing borders, or securing
assigned riverine AOs to include the shoreline and not to exceed the maximum effective range of a
patrol craft’s weapon systems. Riverine maritime interception operations teams conduct operations
to:
 Ensure mandate compliance
 Deny the enemy use of waterways
 Protect friendly LOCs
 Enforce population and resources control measures
 Collect intelligence information
 Secure areas of interest.

110.16 Discuss the role of the Following:

a. Screening Vessel - The SV protects the HVA by determining a COI’s intent and proactively
screening and intercepting COIs in the assessment and intercept zones. The SV detects, identifies,
investigates, classifies reports, warns off, and, if necessary, engages COIs. The SV also escorts
COIs out of the intercept zone, secures the transit route of moving HVAs, and restrains traffic at
strategic locations, if required.
 110 Expeditionary Waterborne Fundamentals CONT’D

b. React Vessel - The primary role of the RV is to intercept, engage and, if necessary, destroy any
vessel attempting to enter a protected HVA’s exclusion zone. The RV provides over watch and fire
support to the SV when it intercepts and investigates a COI. The RV maintains a position that
provides the best possible vantage point of the COI so as to be able to maneuver quickly if the COI
displays hostile intent or evades the SV and continues toward the HVA. Constant radar coverage is
maintained by the RV to maintain situational awareness and to avoid interfering with the fields of fire
of static weapons positions.

* Additional Information: The following images are provided in reference to protecting a HVA while the
vessel is pierside.

- The preferred defensive posture for HVA defense in a low-threat environment is a three-boat patrol, with
two boats operating in the intercept zone and one boat maintaining position in the reaction zone. A fourth
boat should be kept in standby at a nearby safe haven, ready to augment as necessary if the threat
escalates, provide on-site relief, and complete other tasking without the use of boats protecting the HVA.
If conditions warrant, one or two additional SVs may be deployed outside the intercept zone to intercept
and escort COIs prior to approach of the intercept zone to extend the range of interception and detection
for potential threats and to escort vessels entering and leaving port

Multi-Vessel Protection of a Pierside HVA

Two-Vessel Protection of a Pierside HVA

 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals

111.1 Describe the purpose and use of the following CBR Protective Gear:

a. JSLIST Chemical Protective Ensemble:

- The Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST) provides protection against
liquid, solid, and/or vapor CB agents and radioactive alpha and beta particles. It is a lightweight
garment and it can be laundered up to six times for personal hygiene. The JSLIST ensemble will be
worn in all environments when under threat of an imminent NBC attack and after chemical
operations have been initiated.

- The JSLIST has a service life (out of the bag) of 120 days, with a wear time of 45 days under
normal (non-contaminated) conditions, a 24 hour wear time once contaminated, and can be
laundered up to 6 times. However, it cannot be decontaminated.

b. Nerve Agent Antidote Kit (NAAK):

- Nerve agent poisoning requires immediate first aid treatment. Personnel receive three NAAKs,
Mark I, for this purpose. Personnel may become subject to nerve agent poisoning on the battlefield.
Immediate treatment with the NAAK is required if they are to survive. The NAAK consists of one
small auto-injector containing atropine and a second auto-injector containing pralidoxime chloride. A
plastic clip holds the two injectors together. The NAAK should be stored in the mask carrier and
protected from freezing.

c. Protective Mask:

- A protective ensemble designed to protect the wearer’s face and eyes and prevent the breathing
of air contaminated with chemical and/or biological agents. Service members should be familiar with
the specific wear instructions for their issued mask to include donning, doffing, decontaminating and
maintenance.

111.2 Discuss the different types of anti-personnel agents.

- Broadly speaking, there are three types of antipersonnel agents; casualty, incapacitating, and
harassing.

1. Casualty Agents - Highly poisonous and are intended to kill or seriously injure. Included in this
group are; nerve, blister, choking, and blood agents.

 Nerve agents - Probably the most effective because only small doses are needed to
produce death.
 Blister agents - Cause severe burns, blisters, and general destruction of body tissue.
 Choking agents - Inflame the nose, throat, and particularly the lungs.
 Blood agents - Interfere with the distribution of oxygen by the blood.

2. Nonlethal Incapacitating Agents - Renders personnel incapable of performing their duties by

interfering with the mental processes that control bodily functions. Reactions vary among
individuals. One person might go into shock, and still another might have a feeling of extreme
fatigue. These agents are difficult to detect because most of them are colorless, odorless, and
tasteless.

3. Harassing Agents - Include tear and vomiting gases that cause temporary disability.

 Tear gases - Mainly for controlling riots, but they have been used in warfare with varying
degrees of success. Without a gas mask, the individual is rapidly incapacitated, but the
effects disappear in 5 to 10 minutes after the person dons a protective mask or gets to
fresh air.
 Vomiting gases - Useful when the enemy intends to launch an attack with casualty agents.
They cause extreme nausea and vomiting, requiring those who have been exposed to
remove their masks, thus exposing personnel to the casualty agents.
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

111.3 Discuss the effects of biological agents.

- Biological Warfare (BW) is the use of pathogens or toxins as weapons. These agents include
anthrax, plague, cholera, smallpox, ricin toxin, botulinum toxin, mycotoxin, aflatoxin, and many others.
Conventional munitions, such as aerial bombs and missile warheads, can be modified to deliver BW
agents. Other delivery means include spray devices affixed to manned aircraft or aerial drones and
ground-based aerosol generators. Treatment of biological-agent casualties requires medical
assistance as soon as possible

- It is necessary to isolate individuals showing symptoms of contagious disease. This isolation helps
prevent possible spread to others if the disease is communicable. Symptoms associated with some
toxins mimic other illness or chemical-casualty symptoms.

 Additional agent symptoms may include:

o Dizziness, mental confusion, or double or blurred vision.
o Skin tingling, numbness, paralysis, or convulsions.
o Formation of rashes or blisters.
o Coughing.
o Fever, aching muscles, fatigue, and difficulty in swallowing.
o Nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea.
o Bleeding from body openings or blood in urine, stool, or sputum (spit).
o Shock (symptoms appear in minutes or hours after the toxin attack).

111.4 Describe the effects of Nuclear Weapons.

- Nuclear weapons produce explosions of great force and heat and release nuclear radiation. Their
primary purpose is the mass destruction of property and personnel. Their effects are divided into
three categories; blast, heat, and nuclear radiation.

1. Blast - Injuries caused by blast can be divided into primary (direct) injuries and secondary
(indirect) injuries.

 Primary blast injuries result from the direct action of the air shock wave (overpressure) on
the human body. The greater the size of the weapon, the greater the effective range of the
blast wave will be with a subsequent increase in casualties.

 Secondary blast injuries are caused mainly by collapsing buildings and by timber and other
debris flung about by the blast. Personnel may also be hurled against stationary objects or
thrown to the ground by high winds accompanying the explosion.

2. Heat - Heat from nuclear weapons causes burns. These bums can be grouped into two
categories; primary and secondary.

 Primary burns are a direct result of the thermal radiation from the bomb.

 Secondary burns are the result of fires caused by the explosion.

3. Nuclear Radiation - Nuclear radiation consists of four types; alpha and beta particles, neutrons,
and gamma rays.

 Alpha and beta particles can be ignored as initial radiation because they are very short-
range; however, they can be a hazard as residual radiation.

 Neutrons are a direct hazard only during the initial radiation phase and then only in the
general area of ground zero. In the residual phase, however, they cause whatever material
absorbs them to become radioactive and emit gamma rays and beta particles.

 Gamma rays (similar to, but more powerful than, X rays) are the most hazardous form of
radiation. They can travel long distances in air and have great penetrating power, making it
difficult to provide sufficient shielding to protect personnel.
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

111.5 Discuss the purpose, levels, and limiting factor of the Mission-Oriented Protected Posture
system (MOPP).

- MOPP is a flexible system of protection against chemical, biological and radiological threats, which
is used to facilitate mission accomplishment. MOPP gives the commander a range of choices
regarding the level of chemical protection, from full protection to no protection. The flexibility of MOPP
in providing individual protection is limited by the temperature of the surrounding area, fatigue level of
the troops, the degree to which the troops need to use their senses, and personal needs.

 MOPP gear includes:

o The Joint Service Lightweight Integrated Suit Technology (JSLIST).
o Field protective mask with hood.
o Protective gloves.
o Protective boots.
o Individual decontamination kits and antidotes.

 Levels:
o MOPP 0: Carry protective mask and ensure all other gear is readily available.
o MOPP 1: Don over-garments.
o MOPP 2: Don protective over boots.
o MOPP 3: Don protective mask.
o MOPP 4: Don protective gloves.

Mission-Oriented Protective Postures (MOPP)

MOPP Level Mask/ Over Garment Over Boot Gloves Decon/Antidote Kit
Hood
0 Carried Available Available Available Available
1 Carried Worn Carried Carried Carried
2 Carried Worn Worn Carried Carried
3 Worn Worn Worn Carried Carried
4 Worn Worn Worn Worn Carried
This chart provides a quick reference of what equipment needs to be worn
* MOPP Level 0 – Protective equipment should be within easy reach.

111.6 Discuss the following types of Chemical/Nuclear Detectors:

a. M8 Chemical Agent Detector Paper: Used to detect the presence of liquid V type nerve, G type
nerve, and H type blister agents. When a sheet is brought in contact with liquid nerve or blister
agents, it reacts with chemicals in the paper to produce agent-specific color changes. The paper is
blotted on a suspected liquid agent and observed for a color change (liquid agent absorption). The
paper cannot be used to detect chemical agents in water, vapor, or aerosols. The primary users
include all services.

 V type nerve agents turn the paper dark green.

 G type nerve agents turn the paper yellow.
 H type blister agents turn the paper red.

M8 Paper
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

b. M9 Chemical Agent Detector Tape: Placed on personnel and equipment to identify the presence
of liquid chemical agent aerosols. It can detect (but not identify) the specific agent. As soon as it
indicates the presence of chemical agents, protective action must be taken. The primary users
include all services.

 Turns pink, red, reddish brown, or red-purple when exposed to liquid agents.

M9 Tape

c. M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit: A portable, expendable item that is capable of detecting
and identifying hazardous concentrations of chemical agents. It is used after a chemical attack to
determine if it is safe to unmask or reduce the protective posture level. It also determines the type of
agent present and helps confirm the presence or absence of hazardous concentrations of an agent.
Each kit can be used to test for blister agents, blood agents, nerve agents, and lewisite. Each test
spot or detecting tablet develops a distinctive color that indicates whether a chemical agent is or is not
present in the air. The primary users include all services.

M256A1 Chemical Detector Kit

111.7 Explain the following:

a. Chemical Warfare - All aspects of military operations involving the employment of lethal and
incapacitating munitions/agents and the warning and protective measures associated with such
offensive operations.
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

b. Biological Warfare - Biological operations use living organisms to cause disease or death. They
act on living matter only. Most organisms that produce disease enter the body of the victim and grow
in the human tissues. Some organisms produce toxins (poisons) in food or water that causes death
when ingested.

c. Radiological Effects - Nuclear weapons produce explosions of great force and heat and release
nuclear radiation. Their primary purpose is the mass destruction of property and personnel. Their
effects are divided into three categories; blast, heat, and nuclear radiation.

d. Routes by which agents enter the body - Chemical, biological and radiological agents can be
weaponized in many forms to cause harm to an individual, to include:

 Ingestion (swallowing/eating)
 Inhalation (breathing)
 Absorption (skin/eyes)
 Injection

111.8 Describe the colors and marking on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Chemical, Biological and Radiological (CBR) marker signs.

- NATO CBR marker signs are used universally to provide a standardized method for identifying
areas of contamination. See the image below for a description of each marker:

NATO CBR Markers

111.9 Discuss the levels of decontamination.

- The levels of decontamination are Immediate, operational, thorough, and clearance. Immediate and
operational decontamination operations are typically conducted at the tactical level in order to sustain
combat operations. Thorough decontamination is normally done within the rear area. Clearance
decontamination operations are normally conducted post hostilities using theater or higher-level
assets in order to stabilize transition of contaminated forces for redeployment.
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

Levels of CBRN Decontamination

111.10 State the steps and equipment required to perform detailed troop decontamination.

Station # Station name Steps Equipment Personnel

1 Individual-gear At this station, contamination (4) 30-gallon (1) Monitor
Decontamination is removed from individual containers (CAM/ICAM
gear (load-bearing equipment, (2) Long-handled operator)
mask carrier, helmet, and brushes (2) Attendants
weapon). The individual gear (2) Ponchos or plastic
is checked with the ICAM or sheets
M256A1 kit to ensure the (1) CAM/ICAM
completeness of (8) Books of M8
decontamination detector paper
(4) M256A1 detector
kits
(100) Plastic trash
bags
-Sufficient STB slurry
mix
-Rinse water
*Hot, soapy water
*AN/VDR-2 *Sponge
2 Over-boots and At this station, gross (1) Cutting tool (1) Attendant
Hood contamination on over-boots, (1) SDK or IEDK per
Decontamination trouser legs, mask, and hood person
is neutralized. If ample hoods - Large plastic sheet
are available at the reissue - Plastic trash bags
point, the hood should be cut (as required)
away. (10) Drums of STB
(1) Shovel
3 Over-garment At this station, the (2) 30-gallon (1) Attendant
Removal contaminated over-garments containers
are removed before the agent (100) Trash bags
penetrates the over-garment (10) boxes of SDKs
material and touches the
undergarments or the skin.
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

Station # Station name Steps Equipment Personnel

4 Over-boots and At this station, contaminated (8) 30-gallon (3) Attendants
Gloves Removal over-boots and gloves are containers
removed to limit the spread of (2) Long-handled
contamination. The over- brushes
boots and gloves may also be - M8 detector paper
decontaminated for reissue. (as required)
(1) Immersion heater
(100) Plastic trash
bags
(1) CAM/ICAM
- Engineer tape
(1) Cutting tool
(2) Ponchos or large
plastic sheets
- 5% STB/HTH
solution
- Hot, soapy water
- Cold rinse water

5 Monitoring At this station, contamination (1) CAM/ICAM (1) Attendant

on personnel is identified, - First-aid supplies (CAM/ICAM
spot decontamination is (5) Books of M8 operator)
provided, and medical aid is detector paper (1) Trauma
provided, as required. (1) Box of SDKs specialist or
combat lifesaver

6 Mask Removal At this station, the mask is (1) M8A1 or (2) Attendants
removed without M22 ACAA
contaminating the person. - Engineer tape
The mask is taken to a mask
decontamination point,
limiting agent transfer at the
station.
7 Mask At this station, all the (1) 30-gallon (2) Attendants
Decontamination contamination is removed container (1) Monitor
Point from the mask. (4) 3-gallon
containers
(1) CAM/ICAM
(2) Sponges
(1) Case of paper
towels
(1) Immersion heater
- Mask sanitizing
solution
- Hot, soapy water
- Rinse water

8 Re-issue Point At this station, the mask and - Mask PLL CBRN NCO
its components are provided
to personnel for reassembly
and decontaminated
individual equipment from
Station 1 is reissued.
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

Detailed Troop Decontamination Layout

111.11 Discuss the characteristics and use of the following types of decontamination kits.

a. M291 Skin Decontamination Kit - The M291 kit consists of a wallet-like carrying pouch containing
six individual decontamination packets, enough to do three complete skin decontaminations. The kit
allows personnel to decontaminate their skin through physical removal, absorption, or neutralization
of toxic agents with no long-term harmful effects. The kit is used for external use only and may be
slightly irritating to eyes or skin. Personnel must ensure that they keep the decontamination powder
out of eyes, cuts, or wounds and avoid inhalation of the powder. The primary users include all
services.

b. M295 Individual Equipment Decontamination Kit - The M295 kit allows personnel to
decontaminate their individual equipment. Decontamination is accomplished through sorption of
contamination by both the kit nonwoven polyester pad and by the decontaminating powder. (Note: It
is not approved for skin decontamination.). The kit consists of four (4) decontamination mitts that fit
over the hand.

M291 (Individual Skin Decontamination) M295 (Individual Equipment Decontamination)

 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

111.12 Discuss the purpose and use of the M100 Sorbent Decontamination System (SDS).

- The unit or activity will use the M100 SDS for operator surface wipe down. It allows two operators to
perform simultaneous decontamination operations. The M100 contains:

 Two packs of reactive sorbent powder

 Two wash mitt type sorbent applicators
 Two straps

111.13 Discuss unmasking procedures after a CBR attack under the following conditions:

a. When a detector kit is available:

1. Use a chemical agent detector kit to test for the presence or absence of chemical agents.
2. After determining the absence of agents, two or three individuals should unmask for 5 minutes,
then re-mask.
3. Check for chemical agent symptoms.
NOTE: Bright light causes contraction of the pupils that could be erroneously interpreted as a
nerve agent symptom.
4. If no chemical agent symptoms appear in 10 minutes, the remainder of the troops may safely
unmask.

b. When a detector kit is not available:

- Observe animal life within your surrounding area for symptoms of chemical agent poisoning. If the
local animals appear affected by a chemical agent and if it does not impede your mission, move to
an area where the animals appear normal before you attempt the procedures listed below. These
procedures should also be used in an extreme emergency.

1. Two or three individuals should be selected to take a deep breath, hold it, break the seal of
their masks, and keep their eyes wide open for 15 seconds.
2. They then should clear their masks, reestablish the seal, and wait for 10 minutes.
3. If no symptoms appear after 10 minutes, these same individuals should again break the seal,
take two or three breaths, and clear and reseal the mask.
4. After another 10-minute wait, if no symptoms have developed, these same individuals should
unmask for 5 minutes and then re-mask.
5. After this procedure, if no symptoms have appeared, the remainder of the group can safely
unmask. However, remain alert for the appearance of any chemical symptoms.
6. If symptoms occur, resume the wearing of masks.

111.14 Explain the three types of chemical warfare agents and their physical symptoms.

1. Casualty Agents:

 Nerve agents - Runny nose, tightness in the chest with difficulty breathing, contraction of
the pupils, nausea, cramps, headache, coma, and convulsions (leads to death).
 Blister agents - Severe burns, blisters, general destruction of body tissue, nausea, vomiting,
throat irritation and shock.
 Choking agents - Immediate dryness of the throat, coughing, choking, tightness across the
chest, headache, nausea, and watering of the eyes.
 Blood agents - Mild exposure may produce headache, giddiness, and nausea. High
exposure produces difficulty breathing, convulsions, coma and death.

2. Non-Lethal Incapacitating Agents: Mental symptoms which often resemble alcoholic

drunkenness. Physical symptoms such as staggering gait, dizziness, and blurred vision. Some of
these agents cause fainting spells, and others cause severe muscle weakness.

3. Harassing Agents:

 Tear Agent - Watery eyes, upper respiratory tract irritation, nausea and vomiting.
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

 Vomiting Agent – Pepper-like burning of the eyes, nose, throat, and air passages,
repeated coughing\sneezing and vomiting.

111.15 Discuss the following as it relates to CBR Pre-, during, and post attack actions as it relates
to the following types of attacks.

a. Nuclear:

1. Pre-attack actions - Range from selecting the right shelters, fortifying those shelters, and
protecting vital equipment, to using equipment to increase survivability.

2. During-attack actions - Nuclear attack indicators are unmistakable. The bright flash,
enormous explosion, high winds, and mushroom-shaped cloud clearly indicate a nuclear
attack. An enemy attack would normally come without warning. Initial actions must, therefore,
be automatic and instinctive. An attack occurring without warning is immediately noticeable.
The first indication will be very intense light. Heat and initial radiation come with the light, and
the blast follows within seconds. Time needed to take protective action will be minimal.

If exposed when a detonation occurs, personnel should do the following:

 Drop facedown immediately with feet facing the blast. This will lessen the possibility of
heat/blast injuries to the head, face, and neck. A log, a large rock, or any depression in the
earth’s surface provides some protection.
 Close eyes.
 Protect exposed skin from heat by putting hands and arms under or near the body and
keeping the helmet on.
 Remain facedown until the blast wave passes and debris stops falling.
 Personnel should stay calm, check for injury, check weapons and equipment for damage,
and prepare to continue the mission.

Personnel in fighting positions can take additional precautions:

o The fighting position puts more earth between personnel and the potential source of
radiation. They can curl up on one side, but the best position is on the back with
knees drawn up to the chest. This position may seem vulnerable, but the arms and
legs are more radiation-resistant and will protect the head and trunk.
o Personnel can also seek other forms of overhead protection (if available) within a
fighting position/shelter in case the overhead cover/roof collapses.
o Store bulky equipment, such as packs or radios, in adjacent pits if they prevent
personnel from keeping low in their positions, or place these items over the face and
hands for additional radiation and blast protection.

Personnel inside shelters should take protective actions:

o A blast wave can enter the shelter with great force, and the debris it carries can
cause injuries. Lying face down on the floor of the shelter offers protection.
o However, avoid the violent flow of air from doors or windows. Lying near a wall is
safer than standing away from a wall.
o Constructing baffles or turns in shelter entrances can prevent overpressure buildups
and the entry of dust and debris.

3. Post-attack actions - Protection must not stop when the attack ends. Immediately after an
attack, post-attack recovery begins. Personnel must check for radioactive contamination and,
then, must reduce the hazard with basic decontamination. Decontamination techniques to
reduce radioactive contamination are to brush, scrape, or flush radiological contamination from
surfaces.

- As a minimum, unit personnel cover positions and shelters, and radiation meter operators
begin continuous monitoring. IPE reduces the amount of contaminants that can enter the lungs
and the potential for skin burns from beta and alpha particles.

- For the commander, post-strike actions include damage assessment and the restoration of
combat power.
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

b. Biological:

1. Pre-attack actions - Preparations before an attack can be accomplished long before a

biological attack happens. Personal health maintenance and realistic training are just two ways
in which commanders can minimize their biological casualties.

2. During-attack actions - If threat forces attack with biological agents, there may be little or no
warning. This will depend on the IPB assessment. Units automatically assume MOPP4 to
protect themselves against contamination when there are high probability indicators of an
attack.

3. Post-attack actions - Actions after a biological attack include submitting NBC reports,
beginning post attack recovery, and other actions—such as taking samples, identifying
casualties by the symptoms they exhibit, and treating those symptoms. Early recognition of
symptoms and treatment is essential in trying to limit the effects. Additionally, personnel should
decontaminate immediately after an attack by using decontamination kits or washing with soap
and water.

c. Chemical:

1. Pre-attack actions:
 Assess chemical threat, potential risk, and likelihood of attack.
 Implement coordinated chemical defense plan.
 Prepare to provide first aid for unit personnel.
 Determine and implement appropriate MOPP levels.
 Minimize skin exposure.
 Continue good hygiene and sanitation methods.
 Deploy and activate detectors.
 Designate and prepare shelters.
 Watch for attack indicators (e.g., a chemical cloud, a distinctive odor, and release of an
agent).
 Cover unprotected mission-essential equipment.

2. During-attack actions:
 Give attack warnings - Detection and warning of the attack are critical to the
implementation of protective measures. The warning signal for the attack directs personnel
to take cover and use protective measures.

 Take cover - Taking cover protects personnel against blast, shrapnel, heat, liquid, and
particulate contamination. After taking cover, personnel don their masks and other
protective gear, as appropriate.

 Use MOPP4 - All personnel should assume MOPP4 (full IPE) in the absence of any other
information and remain in MOPP4 until directed to reduce their MOPP level. The use of
the MOPP ensemble could also be supplemented by the use of protective clothing—such
as wet-weather clothing; an air crewman’s cape; or the suit, contamination avoidance, and
liquid protective.

3. Post-attack actions:
 Begin post attack recovery - If an adversary uses an air-bursting chemical munition,
mission permitting, personnel will avoid outside activities to the maximum extent possible
after an attack during the chemical droplet fall phase. Additionally, the chemical droplet fall
phase could last up to approximately 60 minutes. The length of time depends on factors
such as meteorological data and the weapon’s height of burst. Outside activities could
result in erroneous initial reconnaissance results and unnecessarily contaminated
personnel and equipment.

 Avoid potentially contaminated surfaces/areas - All personnel should minimize contact with
potentially contaminated surfaces until there are indications that surface contamination is
no longer a hazard.
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

 Obtain and report observations or evidence of an attack - Personnel provide

reconnaissance and assessment information for all types of damage, hazards, and
chemical agents.

 Survey, control, and mitigate health hazards (treat and evaluate casualties) - The HSS
provides treatment for casualties according to established medical protocols.

 Adjust MOPP - Commanders should adjust MOPP to the lowest possible level consistent
with identified hazards.

 Document exposure - Medical staffs should clearly document exposure in the medical
records of those personnel who have been exposed.

 Sample, monitor, and analyze for residual hazard - Once the situation permits, the
detection efforts determine the extent and duration of the residual hazards.

 Plan and implement decontamination and contamination containment actions - These

actions are planned and implemented to minimize the operational impacts of
contamination.

 Conduct unmasking procedures (all-clear) - Commanders should revert to an appropriate

MOPP level based on the current threat in conjunction with the all-clear signal. Personnel
engaged in passive-defense functions should repair and resupply defense equipment in
preparation for follow-on attacks. All personnel should return their IPE to a ready status in
anticipation of the next attack warning.

 Chemical Filter Exchange - Filter exchange is another action that is based on design,
physical condition, climatic conditions, and the possible threat agent that could be
employed. Information in the following paragraphs addresses peacetime, transition-to war,
and wartime exchange criteria.

111.16 Explain the conditions that will affect NBC defense operations in the littoral environment.

- During operations at the sea-land interface, multiple considerations impact NBC defense operations.
For example, land and sea breezes occur almost daily in tropical and mid latitude regions on the
coasts of all islands and continents. This occurs because the land cools and heats more rapidly than
the adjacent water. Therefore, the commander must be concerned about potential offshore CB agent
threat.
 Nuclear - The blast effects from a nuclear detonation can cause significant damage to
military operations ashore and afloat. Additionally, ships could be damaged by tidal surges
caused by such an attack. Reflective surfaces, such as water, can also enhance weapon
thermal effects. Residual contamination can contaminate and hinder critical logistics over-the-
shore (LOTS) operations.

 Biological - During littoral operations, meteorological conditions can be especially favorable

for use of biological agents. Offshore line release of a biological agent can cover larger areas.
Biological-agent surveillance assets monitor for the presence of biological agents in the littoral
environment. Whether the littoral environment is in an extreme temperate (cold or hot)
climatic zone, a biological-agent aerosol can cause casualty producing effects.

 Chemical - Blister agents (especially mustards) may cause casualty-producing effects if

personnel encounter them in salt or fresh water. Generally, water will cause some blister
agents to hydrolyze; however, the temperature and relative acidity or basal content of the
water will affect the rate of hydrolysis. Further, littoral operations in tropical areas (i.e., high
temperatures and humidity) can also enhance the casualty-producing effects of chemical
agents.
 111 Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Fundamentals CONT’D

111.17 Explain the MOPP differences between Afloat and Ashore:

111.18 State when the first large scale use of chemical weapon in war and when it occurred:

- The first large-scale use of chemical agents came in World War I when, in 1915, the Germans
released chlorine gas against the Allied positions at Ypres, Belgium. Over 5,000 casualties resulted. It
is well documented that approximately one-third of all American casualties in this conflict were due to
chemical agent attacks.
 112 Energy Strategy Fundamentals

112.1 Discuss SECNAV’s Operational Energy goals and desired outcomes.

Goals:

1. Increase Alternative Energy Use DoN-Wide: By 2020, 50 percent of total energy

consumption will come from alternative sources. The DoN demonstrated certain alternative
fuels to be effective drop-in replacements for conventional fossil fuels and qualified them to
compete to supply fuel to the DoN through the Defense Logistics Agency Energy.

2. Increase Alternative Energy Ashore: By 2020, the DoN will produce at least 50 percent of
shore-based energy requirements from alternative sources; 50 percent of Navy and Marine
Corps installations will be net-zero.

3. Sail the Great Green Fleet: The DoN will demonstrate a Green Strike Group in local
operations by 2012 and sail it by 2016. The DoN demonstrated alternative fuel blends on all
ships and aircraft that participated in the 2012 Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) exercise. Ship
and air platforms operating on alternative fuel blends performed at full capability during the
exercise.

4. Reduce Non-Tactical Petroleum Use: By 2015, the DoN will reduce petroleum use in the
commercial fleet by 50 percent. The DoN has significantly grown its fleet of alternative fuel-
capable vehicles, is expanding its use of telematics to improve fleet performance, and is
working to deploy zero-emissions vehicles.

5. Energy Efficient Acquisition: Evaluation of energy factors will be mandatory when

awarding DoN Contracts for systems and buildings. DoN has issued policy guidance
concerning the use of energy-related factors in acquisition planning, technology development,
and source selections for platforms and weapons systems.

Desired Outcomes:

1. Maintain Presence: Energy efficient operations and diverse energy supplies strengthen our
ability to provide the presence necessary to ensure stability, deter potential adversaries, and
provide options in times of crisis.

2. Provide Strategic Flexibility: Diversifying our energy sources helps shield the DoN from
volatile energy prices and/or supplies and arms us with operational flexibility.

3. Boost Combat Capability: Optimizing energy use is a force multiplier that can increase
range, endurance, and payload, and is essential for the effective deployment of next-
generation weapons including directed energy weapons and the rail gun.

4. Protect Sailors and Marines: Using energy efficiently takes fuel convoys off the road and
reduces the amount of time our ships are tied to oilers at sea – saving lives, time, and money.

5. Ensure Mission Success: Our shore installations play a critical role in promoting readiness
and generating the force structure necessary for mission success. Improving energy
efficiency and increasing the use of alternative energy promotes more secure and resilient
installation operations.

6. Promote Sustainability: Increasing the use of environmentally responsible technologies

afloat and ashore reduces greenhouse gas emissions and lessens dependence on fossil
fuels, creating a sustainable model for national defense.

112.2 Discuss your unit’s Operational Energy goals.

1. Reduce fuel consumption: By 15 percent when compared to Fiscal Year (FY) 2008 baseline.
This may be accomplished by changing how equipment is used.

2. Increase fuel efficiency of end items: By 15 percent when compared to FY 2008 baseline.
 112 Energy Strategy Fundamentals CONT’D

112.3 Discuss the first step that has to be established in regards to measuring fuel usage.

An NECC fuel data architecture and model will be developed:

- The data architecture will enable logisticians to understand the gaps between current methods to
capture fuel use related data and the future data capture process.

- Two primary options exist for capturing fuel data:

 Manually by the individual user
 Automatically by sensors

112.4 Identify the top five energy consumers in your Table of Allowance.

1. Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement (MTVR) group.

2. Construction equipment, material handling equipment, cranes, and motor transport group
excludes MTVRs, generators and ECUs.

3. Watercraft group (all boats excluding four landing craft, and two amphibious resupply lighters).

4. Generator group

5. ECU group

112.5 Discuss the five initiatives identified to increase energy efficiency.

1. More efficient ECUs

2. Improved energy efficiencies for CESE

3. Insulated Shelters

4. Highly efficient potable water generation capability

5. LED lighting to replace current incandescent lighting in shelters

112.6 Discuss DoD’s three-fold approach to meeting Operational Energy goals.

1. More Fight, Less Fuel:

Reduce Demand for Energy in Military Operations. Today’s military missions require large and
growing amounts of energy with supply lines that can be costly, vulnerable to disruption, and a
burden on Warfighters. The Department needs to improve its ability to measure operational
energy consumption, reduce demand, and increase the efficiency of energy use to enhance
combat effectiveness.

2. More Options, Less Risk:

Expand and Secure Energy Supplies for Military Operations. Reliance on a single energy source
– petroleum – has economic, strategic, and environmental drawbacks. In addition, the security of
energy supply infrastructure for critical missions at fixed installations is not always robust. The
Department needs to diversify its energy sources and protect access to energy supplies to have a
more assured supply of energy for military missions.

3. More Capability, Less Cost:

Build Energy Security into the Future Force. While the force’s energy requirements entail tactical,
operational, and strategic risks, the Department’s institutions and processes for building future
military forces do not systematically consider such risks and costs. The Department needs to
integrate operational energy considerations into the full range of planning and force development
activities.
 112 Energy Strategy Fundamentals CONT’D

112.7 Discuss efforts at the unit level have contributed to DoD’s Energy Strategy.

- Each of the Military Departments has established goals and metrics related to improving the energy
efficiency of the force. In addition, each of the Military Departments is conducting a variety of activities
to reduce the consumption of energy in theater.

- The effects of the goals and metrics flow down to the individual units who work to achieve the
overall energy goals of not only their particular Service but also the DoD as a whole.

112.8 Discuss the common types of alternative energy sources.

 Renewable energy (wind and solar) - Produces energy from natural elements that are readily
available and cannot be depleted.

 Fuel cells - Combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, heat, and water.

 Alternative fuels (biofuels) - Any materials or substances that can be used as fuels. Other than
conventional fuels like fossil fuels, nuclear materials such as uranium, and artificial radioisotope
fuels that are made in nuclear reactors.
 113 Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) Fundamentals

113.1 Discuss the job description of the following rates/NECs:

a) Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technician (EOD)

a. Basic Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technician (5333)

- Performs EOD operations to include: location, identification, render safe and disposal of foreign
and domestic ordnance including conventional, chemical, biological, nuclear, underwater, and
improvised explosive devices enabling access during military operations in support of Carrier and
Expeditionary Strike Groups, Mine Countermeasures, Naval Special Warfare, and Army Special
Forces.

- Performs location and identification of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) and Improvised
WMD. Provides training and assistance for military, federal, state, and local civilian law
enforcement agencies in ordnance related Anti-Terrorism/Force Protection procedures.

- Supports and conducts ordnance related intelligence collection and counter-terrorism

operations. Operates, maintains, and repairs specialized EOD and combat equipment. Maintains
required forms, records, correspondence and files. Duties include performing open and closed
circuit SCUBA diving, explosive demolitions, parachuting, tactical delivery, and extraction by
unconventional insertion methods and small arms proficiency.

b. Senior Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technician (5335)

- In addition to Basic EOD Technician skills, also performs, supervises and provides training in
EOD operations.

c. Master Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technician (5337)

- In addition to Senior EOD Technician skills, also plans EOD operations.

b) Navy Diver (ND)

a. Second Class Diver (5343)

- Qualified to dive using all Air and Mixed Gas USN Diving Apparatuses.

- Operates, tests, repairs and adjusts all USN Diving Equipment, systems and support equipment,
performs underwater inspections, harbor/port/ship security inspections, including ordnance
searching, ship/submarine repair, salvage, expeditionary salvage and littoral combat, rescue,
special warfare operations, underwater cutting and welding, demolition operations and small boat
operations.

- Operates Swimmer Delivery Vehicle Dry-Deck Shelter systems and submarine Lock-in/ Lock-
out systems.

- Trained in Diving Physics and is able to recognize symptoms of decompression sickness and
diving accidents, and is able to assist in their treatment, operates recompression chambers.

b. First Class Diver (5342)

- Qualified to dive and supervise using Air and Mixed Gas USN Diving Apparatuses.

- Supervises the operation, test, repair and adjusts all USN Diving Equipment, systems and
support equipment, recompression chamber operations, diagnoses and treats diving related
injuries.
 113 Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) Fundamentals CONT’D

- Supervises underwater inspections, harbor/port/ship security inspections, including ordnance

searching, Ship/submarine repair, salvage, expeditionary salvage and littoral combat, rescue,
special warfare operations, underwater cutting and welding, demolition operations and small boat
operations.

- Operates and Supervises Swimmer Delivery Vehicle Dry-Deck Shelter systems, submarine
Lock- in/Lock-out systems and submarine rescue chambers.

- Trains USN, DOD military and other personnel in diving Procedures equipment and systems.

- Trained in advanced diving physics, medicine and saturation diving techniques, operates,
maintains, and supports saturation/deep dive systems and equipment.

- Dives and performs underwater demolition for the purpose of open ocean salvage, ship
husbandry, or underwater construction operations, employs the principle and techniques of
precision demolition in projects requiring cutting, flattening and/or removing of pilings, obsolete
moorings, or other obstructions in channels, harbors, open oceans, or other areas of concern.

c. Master Diver (5341)

- Most qualified person to direct and supervise diving, salvage, ship repair operations and diving
programs. Directly responsible to the Commanding Officer for all facets of command diving
operations and programs, to include training, equipment, systems, personnel, operations.
Develops, updates and oversees diving programs.

- Manages the development, operation, testing, repair and certification of all USN Diving
Equipment, systems and support equipment.

- Directs the treatment of all diving related injuries, including recompression chamber operations,
casualty control operations and mishap reporting procedures.

- Directs underwater inspections, harbor/port/ship security inspections, including ordnance

searching, Ship/submarine repair, salvage, expeditionary salvage and littoral combat, rescue,
special warfare operations, underwater cutting and welding, demolition operations and small boat
operations.

- Directs and Supervises Swimmer Delivery Vehicle Dry-Deck Shelter systems, submarine Lock-
in/Lock-out systems and submarine rescue chambers.

- Develops training programs and qualifies personnel in diving equipment, systems and
procedures, trained in advanced diving physics, medicine, differential diagnosis and saturation
diving techniques.

- Directs and supervises surface and underwater demolition operations for salvage, ship
husbandry, or underwater construction operations. Employs the principle and techniques of
precision demolition in projects requiring cutting, flattening and/or removing of pilings, obsolete
moorings, or other obstructions in channels, harbors, open oceans, or other areas of concern.

- Supervises the operation, maintenance, and certification of deep dive systems and equipment.

d. Scuba Diver (5345)

- Performs duties using SCUBA, conducts day and night general underwater search, detailed
ship-bottom search and routine inspection using underwater compass, depth indicators, and
associated underwater equipment.

- Performs adjustments and field shop maintenance on SCUBA and underwater accessories.
 113 Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) Fundamentals CONT’D

- Knows the laws of diving and physics and is able to recognize all types of decompression
sickness and diving accidents.

e. Marine Mammal Systems Handler (5348)

- Performs specialized duties in connection with operations using marine mammals.

- Responsible for the care, welfare, and continuous training of assigned marine mammals to
ensure physical condition and behavioral proficiency is maintained.

- Operates sophisticated navigational equipment and small craft, performs diving duties.

- Prepares and maintains administrative reports and animal health records associated with the
use of marine mammals.

f. Very Shallow Water Mine Countermeasures Operator (VSW MCM) Diver (5328)

- Performs VSW MCM advance force, pre-assault and post-assault operation in support of
amphibious task force, mine countermeasures and other maritime component commanders.

113.2 Define the following terms:

a) EMR (Electromagnetic Radiation)

- The emission of electromagnetic energy from a finite region in the form of unguided waves.

**HERO - Hazards of Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance: The situations in which transmitting

equipment (for example, radios, radar, electronic countermeasures, electronic counter-
countermeasures, ground penetrating radar) or other electromagnetic emitting devices can generate
radiation of sufficient magnitude to: induce or otherwise couple electromagnetic energy sufficient to
exceed specified safety and/or reliability margins in Electrically Initiated Device’s (EID’s) contained
within the ordnance, or cause radiation-induced damage or degradation of performance in ordnance
containing EID’s.**

b) HERO Safe Classification

- Any ordnance item that is sufficiently shielded, or otherwise so protected that all Electro-explosive
Device’s (EED's) contained by the item are immune to adverse effects (safety or reliability), when the
item is employed in its expected Radio Frequency (RF) environments, provided that the general
HERO requirements are observed. Percussion-initiated ordnance is exempt from HERO
requirements.

c) HERO Susceptible Classification

- Any ordnance containing EED’s proven (by test or analysis) to be adversely affected by RF energy
to the point that the safety and/or reliability of the system is in jeopardy when the system is employed
in expected RF environments.

d) HERO Unreliable Classification

- Any ordnance item, including those having a HERO SAFE ORDNANCE or HERO SUSCEPTIBLE
ORDNANCE classification, whose performance is degraded due to exposure to the RF environment
such as, when its internal wiring is physically exposed; when tests are being conducted on the item
that result in additional electrical connections to the item; when EED’s having exposed wire leads are
present, handled, or loaded in any but the tested condition; when the item is being assembled or
disassembled; or when such ordnance items are damaged causing exposure of internal wiring or
components or destroying engineered HERO protective devices.
 113 Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) Fundamentals CONT’D

e) HERO Unsafe Classification

- When internal wiring is physically exposed on any ordnance item, including those having a
classification of HERO SAFE or HERO SUSCEPTIBLE ORDNANCE, to an RF environment that may
cause accidental initiation or detonation, when tests are being conducted on the item that result in
additional electrical connections to the item; when EED’s having exposed wire leads are present,
handled, or loaded in any but the tested condition; when the item is being assembled or
disassembled; or when such ordnance items are damaged causing exposure of internal wiring or
components or destroying engineered HERO protective devices.

f) Shielding

- A housing, screen, or other object, usually conducting, that substantially reduces the magnitude of
electric or magnetic fields on one side thereof, upon devices or circuits on the other side.

g) EMCON (Emissions Control)

- The emissions control of high-powered transmitters to remove or reduce to safe levels

electromagnetic radiation in those areas where HERO SUSCEPTIBLE, HERO UNRELIABLE, or
HERO UNSAFE ORDNANCE is being handled or loaded.

113.3 Explain the correct procedure to follow in the event of a diving casualty.

- In the event of a diving casualty or mishap on dive station, calm must be maintained. Maintain
silence on the side and take orders from the Diving Officer, Master Diver, and/or Diving Supervisor.

113.4 Discuss the purpose of a Recompression Chamber.

- Recompression chambers are used for the treatment of decompression sickness and arterial gas
embolism, for surface decompression, and for administering pressure tests to prospective divers.

- Recompression chambers equipped for hyperbaric administration of oxygen are also used in
medical facilities for hyperbaric treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning, gas gangrene, and other
diseases.

- A recompression chamber is required on site for surface-supplied air decompression dives deeper
than 130 (feet of sea water) fsw and for all surface-supplied decompression helium-oxygen dives.

113.5 Name the primary Underwater Breathing Apparatuses (UBA) and their purpose used in
EOD diving operations.

a) MK 16 MOD 0 Closed Circuit Mixed-Gas UBA

- The MK16 MOD 0 is a 0.75 Atmosphere Absolute (ata) constant partial pressure of oxygen (ppO2)
closed-circuit mixed-gas underwater breathing apparatus (UBA) primarily employed by Naval Special
Warfare (SPECWAR) forces.

- The U.S. Navy’s use of mixed-gas closed circuit UBAs was developed to satisfy the operational
requirements of SPECWAR combat swimmers and EOD divers.
 113 Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) Fundamentals CONT’D

MK 16 MOD 0 UBA (Worn) MK 16 MOD 0

b) MK 16 MOD 1 Closed Circuit Mixed-Gas UBA

- Combines the mobility of a free-swimming diver with the advantages of mixed-gas diving. The term
closed-circuit refers to the recirculation of 100 percent of the mixed-gas breathing medium. This
results in bubble-free operation, except during ascent or inadvertent gas release.

- The bubble-free operation and ability for long dive capability makes closed-circuit UBA’s well-suited
for EOD operations and for operations requiring a low acoustic signature.

MK 16 MOD 1 UBA (Worn)

c) MK-25 Closed Circuit Oxygen UBA

- The term closed-circuit oxygen rebreather describes a specialized UBA in which the diver breathes
100% oxygen and all gases are kept within the UBA. The use of 100% oxygen prevents inert gas
buildup in the diver and allows all of the gas carried by the diver to be used for metabolic needs.
 113 Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) Fundamentals CONT’D

- The exhaled gas is carried via the exhalation hose to a carbon dioxide-absorbent bed, which
removes the carbon dioxide produced by the diver through a chemical reaction. Metabolically
consumed oxygen is then replaced through an oxygen addition system, the gas then travels to the
breathing bag where it is available again to the diver.

- Advantages valuable to EOD and other special operations include stealth (no escaping bubbles),
extended operating duration, and less weight than open-circuit air SCUBA.

MK-25 UBA (Worn) MK-25 UBA

113.6 Describe the purpose and uses for the following support equipment:

a) OTPA (Oxygen Transfer Pump Assembly)

- Used in diving operations to transfer or draw oxygen from a cylinder at low pressure until the proper
cylinder pressure is reached, allowing for most of the oxygen in the tank being utilized, while also
conserving gas.

b) Diving Air Compressor

- Many air supply systems used in Navy diving operations include at least one air compressor as a
source of air. To properly select such a compressor, it is essential that the diver have a basic
understanding of the principles of gas compression

- Reciprocating air compressors are the only compressors authorized for use in Navy air diving
operations.
 113 Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) Fundamentals CONT’D

113.7 Discuss the following tactical terms:

a) INFIL (Infiltration)

- The movement through or into an area or territory occupied by either friendly or enemy troops or
organizations. The movement is made, either by small groups or by individuals, at extended or
irregular intervals. When used in connection with the enemy, it infers that contact is avoided.

b) EXFIL (Exfiltration)

- The removal of personnel or units from areas under enemy control by stealth, deception, surprise, or
clandestine means.

c) E & E (Evasion and Escape)

- The procedures and operations whereby military personnel and other selected individuals are
enabled to emerge from an enemy-held or hostile area to areas under friendly control.

d) OTH (Over-the-Horizon)

- An operational initiative launched from beyond visual and radar range of the shoreline.

e) Rally point

- An established objective or meeting location. Used on patrols as a location to reassemble if the

patrol is dispersed, ambushed or surprised by enemy attack.

f) Counter-ambush drills (Immediate action drills)

- Determined by whether the ambush is near or far.

a) Near ambush

a. Men in the killing zone, without order or signal, immediately assault directly into the
ambush position, occupy it, and continue the attack or break contact, as directed.
This action moves them out of the killing zone, prevents other elements of the
ambush from firing on them without firing on their own men, and provides positions
from which other actions may be taken.
b. Men not in the killing zone maneuver against the attack force and other elements of
the ambush, as directed.
c. The attack is continued to eliminate the ambush or to break contact as directed.

b) Far ambush

a. Men in the killing zone, without order or signal, immediately return fire, take the best
available positions, and continue firing until directed otherwise.
b. Men not in the killing zone maneuver against the ambush force, as directed.
c. The attack is continued to eliminate the ambush or to break contact, as directed.

- In each situation, the success of the counter-ambush drill employed is dependent on the men being
well trained in recognizing the nature of an ambush and well-rehearsed in the proper reaction.
 113 Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) Fundamentals CONT’D

113.8 Discuss Evasion Plan of Action:

- The evasion plan of action (EPA) is one of the critical documents for successful recovery planning.
The EPA is the vehicle by which potential evaders, prior to their isolation in hostile territory, relay their
after-isolation intentions to the recovery forces.

a) Evasion Charts.

- The Evasion Chart (EVC) is designed to assist isolated personnel to evade capture and survive in
hostile territory and to provide evaders with a means of navigating to a SAFE or other recovery point.

-The EVC program supports operational force requirements with a series of charts that cover
geographic areas specifically identified by combatant commands.

- Tailored to cover the individual environmental area concerned, it is a unique, multi-purpose product
which combines standard navigation charts with evasion and survival information located on the
margins.

b) Chart Scale.

- The EVC is a derivative of a standard product, the Joint Operations Graphic (JOG), and is made up
of approximately eight 1:250,000-scale JOG charts, usually four on each side.

- When JOGs of a particular area are not available, Tactical Pilotage Charts (1:500,000-scale) are
substituted.

c) Travel Routes, Plans and Techniques.

- If not on file, the route points must be described in the EPA for both INGRESS and EGRESS. When
flights are involved, emergency plans for each leg should be described.

d) Recovery / Contact Points, Signals / Signs and Procedures.

- Should be written out or sketched in the EPA to include communication and authentication
procedures such as color and/ or letter of the day/month/quarter, code words, etc. Signals should be
established and planning for signaling includes types of signals used, radio, beacon, mirror, strobe
etc.

- Back-ups should be built into the plan when possible and clearly explained including procedures,
communication schedule and frequencies.
 114 Tactical Intelligence Fundamentals

114.1 Discuss the relationship of the following commands:

a) COMMANDER, U.S. FLEET FORCES (USFF)

- Echelon 2, reports directly to the Chief of Naval Operations (Echelon 1).

b) NAVAL NETWORK WARFARE COMMAND (NNWC)

- Echelon 3 command, reports to Commander, U.S. Fleet Cyber Command (Echelon 2).

c) NAVY EXPEDITIONARY COMBAT COMMAND (NECC)

- Echelon 3 command, reports to Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command (Echelon 2).

d) NAVY EXPEDITIONARY INTELLIGENCE COMMAND (NEIC)

- Echelon 4 command, reports to Commander, Navy Expeditionary Combat Command (Echelon 3).

114.2 Define the required operational capabilities of NEIC.

- NEIC provides centralized planning, coordination, and integration of expeditionary intelligence

capabilities to assess, plan, and execute intelligence operations in the expeditionary and maritime
domain.

- Responsible for administrative oversight and training, and required DoD intelligence capability
certification for all assigned teams and elements.

114.3 Describe the process of the Intelligence Cycle.

- Planning and Direction - During this phase of the cycle, the commander must identify and prioritize
his information requirements. This phase is instrumental to the cycle’s success. Because a great
number of intelligence requirements may have to be satisfied, planning and directing determines the
effort required to meet our needs. After the commander identifies his requirements, the intelligence
officer formulates a collection plan, taking into account the collection assets available and the
commander’s essential elements of information.
 114 Tactical Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

- Collection - Collection involves tasking organic, attached, and supporting collection resources to
gather information. The collection process determines what will be and what will not be available to
support decision making. Since few collection requirements can be met fully by organic assets alone,
collection resources available at the theater and national level will normally be tasked as well.

- Processing - Processing is the conversion of collected information into a form suitable for
producing usable intelligence, such as translating foreign languages, developing film from tactical
reconnaissance aircraft, generating hard or soft-copy images provided by electro-optical or infrared
sensors, and converting raw electronic intelligence data into a standard message format suitable for
automated handling. Timeliness and accuracy are especially relevant during processing.

- Production - Intelligence production is the integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of

information from all available sources into tailored, usable intelligence. A key principle in production is
the fusion of information from various sources to form a complete and accurate product. Fusion is
essential for an effective intelligence production process that accurately reflects and supports the
commander’s prioritized essential elements of information (EEI).

- Dissemination - The goal of the dissemination process is to provide the right amount of
appropriately classified intelligence when, where, and how it is needed. Getting the product to the
user is the last step in the intelligence cycle; but, because the cycle is dynamic, the process does not
end with dissemination. The dissemination process should not overwhelm the tactical user with
massive amounts of data. Instead, intelligence dissemination should follow established procedures
designed to push time-sensitive, threat warning data to the commander, while allowing him to pull
less time-sensitive intelligence required for his mission.

114.4 Define the role of the collections manager:

- Collection managers develop collection plans and strategies based on validated IRs of
commanders and decision makers. Intelligence analysts support the collection management
process by identifying intelligence gaps and collection opportunities. The collection
manager’s task is to first verify that the requirements have been validated. Once they
have been verified, the manager begins the process to obtain the necessary information
in response to the requirement.

a) Unit

- The unit collections manager performs requirements and mission management. Depending on local
procedures, the unit collections manager may also serve as the asset manager of some or all of the
unit’s collection assets.

b) Strike Group

- Each level interacts with the levels above and below, and among units, agencies, and organizations
on the same level. The further up the chain, the broader the perspective and scope of responsibility;
the lower, the more specific the function and narrow the scope.

c) Fleet

- Each level interacts with the levels above and below, and among units, agencies, and organizations
on the same level. The further up the chain, the broader the perspective and scope of responsibility;
the lower, the more specific the function and narrow the scope.

d) Combatant Commander (COCOM)

- The COCOM collections manager will determine and recommend prioritized intelligence needs
based on mission analysis and commander’s planning guidance, specifically priority intelligence
requirements for projected decisions being considered by the commander.
 114 Tactical Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

114.5 Discuss the purpose of the following messages and the general situations and time lines
in which each would be submitted:

a) NOTAMS

- “Notice to Airmen” - A notice filed with an aviation authority to alert aircraft pilots of potential hazards
along a flight route or at a location that could affect the safety of the flight.

- May be submitted to warn pilots of something that has been observed but also as an advanced
notice for situations such as when training will be conducted in a particular area that could be of
hazard or concern to a pilot.

b) OPREP 3, Navy Blue

- An OPREP 3 is normally the first indication received by a senior authority that an incident has
occurred that is of national interest or of high U.S. Navy interest. NAVY BLUE, for reporting incidents
that are not of national interest but are of great concern to the Chief of Naval Operations and other
senior naval commanders.

c) OPREP 3, Unit SITREP

- Used to provide ISIC and appropriate operational commanders timely notification of any incident not
meeting a Navy Blue or Pinnacle OPREP. Examples include personnel incidents with no anticipated
media interest (DUI, EO complaints, domestic violence, suicidal behavior), negligent discharge of a
firearm, fires/flooding with minor no death, damage, or significant injury

d) Airlift Request

- A request for DON airlift travel may be utilized for a variety of reasons to include peacetime logistic
airlift support to the fleet and Fleet Marine Force, training for operational personnel and intro-theater
transportation.

- Airlift requests should be submitted to Navy Air Logistics Office (NALO), or the appropriate
overseas scheduling activity for intra-theater airlift requirements, using the standardized airlift request
format a minimum of 30 days in advance for large airlift (8 or more passengers) and 14 days for small
airlift (7 or less passengers).

e) After Action Review (AAR)

- An after-action review is a professional discussion of an event, focused on performance standards

that enables soldiers to discover for themselves what happened, why it happened, and how to sustain
strengths and improve on weaknesses. It is a tool leaders and units can use to get maximum benefit
from every mission or task.

- Timelines for AAR’s depend on if they are formal or informal. Formal reviews are scheduled in
advance and have a timeline based on the operation. Informal reviews are completed after a training,
mission or unplanned event/ situation and are planned and conducted at that time as needed.

114.6 Define the Department of Defense definition of terrorism.

- The unlawful use of violence or threat of violence, often motivated by religious, political, or other
ideological beliefs, to instill fear and coerce governments or societies in pursuit of goals that are
usually political.

114.7 State the three categories of terrorism.

- Non-state supported - A terrorist group that operates autonomously, receiving no support from any
government.
 114 Tactical Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

- State supported - A terrorist group that operates alone but receives support from one or more
governments.

- State directed - A terrorist group that operates as an agent of a government, receiving substantial
intelligence, logistic, and operational support.

114.8 List military targets for terrorist.

- Sensitive night vision and communication items.

- Arms, ammunition, explosives.

- Command and control facilities.

- Military officer training facilities.

- Areas catering to personal needs (mess halls, barracks, post exchange, commissary, gyms,
religious activities, bars, community centers).

- Hydroelectric plants, dams, gas pipelines, nuclear facility sites.

- Communication lines/facilities, computer facilities.

- Chemical storage sites, equipment warehouses.

- Transportation centers, parking lots, airports, railheads, bus depots, rail lines, shipyards.

- Members of military force and their dependents.

- Key leaders of the military.

- Post offices and mail trucks.

114.9 Define the following:

a) Inherent Right to Self-Defense

- A privilege to use force for reasonable measure to protect oneself, persons in immediate danger and
property or assets in certain situations.

b) National Self-Defense

- The act of defending the United States, U.S. forces, and, in certain circumstances, U.S. citizens and
their property, U.S. commercial assets, and other designated non-U.S. forces, foreign nationals and
their property, from a hostile act or hostile intent.

c) Collective Self-Defense

- As a subset of national self-defense, is the act of defending other designated non-U.S. forces,
personnel and their property from a hostile act or demonstration of hostile intent. Only the NCA may
authorize U.S. forces to exercise collective self-defense.

d) Hostile Intent

- The threat of imminent use of force by a foreign force or terrorist unit (organization or individual)
against the United States, U.S. forces, and in certain circumstances, U.S. citizens, their property, U.S.
commercial assets, or other designated non-U.S. forces, foreign nationals and their property.
 114 Tactical Intelligence Fundamentals CONT’D

e) Individual Self Defense

- The individual’s inherent right of self-defense is an element of unit self-defense. It is critical that
individuals are aware of and train to the principle that they have the authority to use all available
means and to take all appropriate action to defend themselves and other US personnel in their
vicinity.

f) Necessity

- A hostile act occurs or a force or terrorist unit exhibits hostile intent.

g) Proportionality

- The force used must be reasonable in intensity, duration, and magnitude, based on all facts known
to the commander at the time, to decisively counter the hostile act or hostile intent and to ensure the
continued safety of U.S. forces.

h) Hostile Act

- An attack or other use of force by a foreign force or terrorist unit (organization or individual) against
the United States, U.S. forces, and in certain circumstance, U.S. citizens, their property, U.S.
commercial assets, and other designated non-U.S. forces, foreign nationals and their property. It is
also force used directly to preclude or impede the mission and/or duties of U.S. forces, including the
recovery of U.S. personnel and U.S. government property.

114.10 State the objectives of CI/HUMINT Counter-sabotage operations and how they are
accomplished.

- These operations require a comprehensive program to penetrate saboteur, partisan or other

dissident groups. The goal of the program is to determine sabotage plans and to identify saboteurs,
methods of operation, and specific targets, and thus support MAGTF force protection efforts.

114.11 State the objectives of CI/HUMINT Counter-subversion operations and how they are
accomplished.

- Designed to detect, prevent or neutralize the activities of subversive groups. Subversive activity is
closely related to and frequently supports, conceals or provides a favorable environment for
espionage and sabotage operations. Based on this environment, the countersubversive mission may
include offensive measures directed toward the origin of hostile subversive plans and policies.

114.12 Define Sabotage.

- An act or acts with intent to injure, interfere with or obstruct the national defense of a country by
willfully injuring or destroying, or attempting to injure or destroy, any national defense or war material,
premises or utilities including human and natural resources.

114.13 Describe counterintelligence support to raid operations.

- MP and CI personnel jointly conduct raids, cordon and search operations, and apprehend persons
of CI interest. They operate joint mobile and static checkpoints for either MP control purposes or CI
spot-checks for infiltrators. The intelligence exchange between these two elements is critical. The
exchange may be conducted formally through staff elements, or on a liaison-type basis. With
information gathered, CI agents are able to produce time event charts, association matrices, activities
matrices, link diagrams, and CI target lists for raid operations.
 115 Coastal Riverine Fundamentals

115.1 Describe the required lights on vessels and how to correctly interpret them.

- Navigation Rules state that all seagoing vessels must show certain lights from sunset to sunrise,
whether at anchor or under way, and during daylight in restricted visibility.

- All power-driven vessels are required to carry white, red, and green running lights when under way.

- Running lights consist of a white masthead light in the forward part of the ship (a second masthead
light, abaft and higher than the forward one, is required on vessels 50 meters or more in length),
sidelights (red on the portside, green on the starboard side), and a white stern light.

- Running lights are fixed so they display an unbroken arc of light over certain portions of the horizon,
making them readily identifiable.

115.2 Define the following Navigational General Definitions:

a) Restricted visibility

- Anything that restricts regular visibility to a degree that endangers safe navigation.

b) Vessel constrained by draft

- A power-driven vessel which, because of her draft in relation to the available depth and width of
navigable water is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.

c) Vessel restricted in her ability to maneuver

- A vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to maneuver as required by rule
and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.

d) Vessel not under command

- A vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to maneuver as required by rule
and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.

e) Power driven vessel

- Any vessel propelled by machinery.

f) Short blast and prolonged blast

- Short: A blast of about one second’s duration.

- Prolonged: A blast of from four to six seconds’ duration.

 115 Coastal Riverine Fundamentals CONT’D

g) Bell

- A bell should be carried on all vessels over 12 meters in length.

- The bell may be replaced by other equipment having the same respective sound characteristics,
provided that manual sounding of the prescribed signals shall always be possible.

h) Gong

- A gong should be carried on all vessels over 100 meters in length, in addition to a bell and whistle.

- The bell or gong or both may be replaced by other equipment having the same respective sound
characteristics, provided that manual sounding of the prescribed signals shall always be possible.

115.3 Define the following:

a) High Tide

- The maximum height of the water resulting from the rising tide.

b) Low Tide

- The minimum height of the water resulting from the outgoing tide.

c) Mean High Water

- The average height of all high-tide water levels, measured over a 19-year period.

d) Mean Low Water

- The average height of all low-tide levels, observed over a 19-year period.

e) Spring Tide

- Tides that occur on Earth result from both solar and lunar influences. When these two bodies are in
line with Earth, their combined effect causes high tides to be higher than average and low tides to be
lower than average.
 115 Coastal Riverine Fundamentals CONT’D

f) Neap Tide

- When the direction of the Sun and the Moon are 90° apart, as when the Moon is in the first and last
quarter, the gravitational effect of the Sun counteracts that of the Moon enough that both high and low
tides are lower than normal.

g) Flood Current

- When the horizontal movement of water is toward shore or up a tidal river or estuary.

h) Ebb Current

- When the horizontal movement of water is away from shore or down a tidal river or estuary.

i) Slack Water

- The period of time where there is little or no current. Current between flood and ebb.

j) Set

- The direction of the current expressed in the direction TOWARDS which the current flows.

k) Drift

- The velocity of the current also called speed of current.

115.4 Define the following terms and describe the actions to be taken by the give-way and stand
on vessels for each situation when the vessels are within sight of each other:

a) Overtaking

- Any vessel overtaking another must keep clear of the overtaken vessel. An overtaking vessel is one
that is approaching another vessel from any direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft its beam. When
in doubt, assume you are overtaking.
 115 Coastal Riverine Fundamentals CONT’D

Overtaking

b) Head on

INTERNATIONAL

- When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to
involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port
side of the other.

- Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and
by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both
sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.

- When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does
exist and act accordingly.

INLAND

- Unless otherwise agreed, when two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly
reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that
each shall pass on the port side of the other.

- Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and
by night she could see the masthead lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line or both sidelights
and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.

- When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that it does
exist and act accordingly.

- A power-driven vessel operating on the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or waters specified by the
Secretary, and proceeding down bound with a following current shall have the right-of-way over an up
bound vessel, shall propose the manner of passage, and shall initiate the maneuvering signals
prescribed as appropriate.
 115 Coastal Riverine Fundamentals CONT’D

c) Crossing

INTERNATIONAL

- When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has
the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the
case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

INLAND

- When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has
the other on her starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case
admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

- On the Great Lakes, Western Rivers, or water specified by the Secretary, a power-driven vessel
crossing a river shall keep out of the way of a power-driven vessel ascending or descending the river.

115.5 Describe the effects of the following environmental effects on small boats:

a) Wind

- The wind acts upon any portion of the vessel that is above the waterline. This includes the hull,
superstructure, and on smaller boats, the crew.

- The amount of surface upon which the wind acts is called sail area. The vessel will make “leeway”
(drift downwind) at a speed proportional to the wind velocity and the amount of sail area. The “aspect”
or angle the vessel takes due to the wind will depend on where the sail area is centered compared to
the underwater hull’s center of lateral resistance.

- A vessel with a high cabin near the bow and low freeboard aft (see below) would tend to ride stern
to the wind. If a vessel’s draft were shallower forward than aft, the wind would affect the bow more
than the stern. A sudden gust of wind from abeam when mooring a vessel like this might quickly set
the bow down on a pier.
 115 Coastal Riverine Fundamentals CONT’D

- Knowledge of how the wind affects a vessel is very important in all close quarters situations, such as
mooring, recovery of an object in the water, or maneuvering close aboard another vessel. If
maneuvering from a downwind or leeward side of a vessel or pier, the coxswain should look for any
wind shadow the vessel or pier makes by blocking the wind. (see below) The coxswain should also
account for the change in wind by planning maneuvers with this wind shadow in mind.

b) Seas

- Seas are a product of the wind acting on the surface of the water. Seas affect boat handling in
various ways, depending on their height and direction and the particular vessel’s characteristics.
Vessels that readily react to wave motion, particularly pitching, will often expose part of the
underwater hull to the wind. In situations such as this, the bow or stern may tend to “fall off” the wind
when cresting a wave, as less underwater hull is available to prevent this downwind movement.

- Relatively large seas have the effect of making a temporary wind shadow for smaller vessels. In the
trough between two crests, the wind may be substantially less than the wind at the wave crest. Very
small vessels may need to make corrective maneuvers in the trough before approaching the next
crest.

c) Current

- Current acts on a vessel’s underwater hull in the same manner as wind pushes on a vessel’s
superstructure. The amount of draft a vessel has will determine how much affect current will have.
A one-knot current may affect a vessel to the same degree as a 30-knot wind. A strong current will
easily move a vessel upwind.

- The coxswain should learn to look for the signs of current flow so as to be prepared when current
affects the vessel, and should be particularly aware of instances where current shear is present. As
with wind, a large, stationary object like a breakwater or jetty will cause major changes in the amount
and direction of current. (see below) Crewmembers should note the amount of current around floating
moorings or those with open pile supports. Caution should be used when maneuvering in close
quarters to buoys and anchored vessels. Crewmembers should observe the effect of current by
looking for current wake or flow patterns around buoys or piers and should watch how currents affect
other vessels.
 115 Coastal Riverine Fundamentals CONT’D

Current

115.6 Define the following navigation terms:

a) Plan of Intended Movement (PIM)

- Tracking is directly related to time, speed, and distance calculation. As a rule, PIM is laid out for
every 4 hours GMT. When referring to the ship’s position in relation to PIM, you should express any
values as time ahead or behind PIM.

Plan of Intended Movement

 115 Coastal Riverine Fundamentals CONT’D

b) Line of Position (LOP)

- The position of a boat can be determined by many methods of piloting. The LOP is common to all
methods of piloting. For example, if a standpipe and a flagstaff in a line are observed, the boat is
somewhere on the line drawn from the standpipe through the flagstaff and towards the boat. This line
is called a range or a visual range.

- If the bearing is taken on a single object, the line drawn is called a bearing LOP. The observed
bearing direction must be corrected to magnetic or true direction and plotted. The compass rose can
be used to provide the direction.

- A single observation gives an LOP, not a position. The boat is located somewhere along that LOP.
(see below)

Visual Range LOP

c) Dead Reckoning

- Determination of estimated position of a craft by adding to the last fix, the craft’s course and speed
for a given time.
 115 Coastal Riverine Fundamentals CONT’D

d) Compass Bearing

- A bearings obtained by using a magnetic compass. When using a compass to take bearings, the
object should be sighted across the compass

- Bearings are a direction, expressed in degrees from a reference point. Bearings may be true,
magnetic, compass, or relative, all of which may be used except relative direction to designate
headings or courses.

e) Relative Bearing

- Relative bearing of an object is its direction from the boat’s bow at 000°, measured clockwise
through 360°.

Relative bearings must be converted to magnetic bearings before they can be plotted.

- Bearings are a direction, expressed in degrees from a reference point. Bearings may be true,
magnetic, compass, or relative, all of which may be used except relative direction to designate
headings or courses.

f) Fix

- A geographical position determined by visual reference to the surface, referencing to one or more
radio navigation aids, celestial plotting, or other navigation device.