CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD)
GROUP 5:
Ajet, Bernadette
Alberto, Nicole Erika
Badongen, Faye
Bagacina, Clarisse
Catabay, Elisa Fiona
Marquez, Maureen
Mique, Medwin Syed
Tan, Jameelah
ETIOLOGY
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) is a common lung disease causing
restricted airflow and breathing problems.
It is sometimes called emphysema or
chronic bronchitis.
ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE: SMOKING AND OTHER
INHALATIONAL EXPOSURES:
Smoke from indoor
Smoking cooking
The chemicals in cigarette smoke Cooking releases harmful pollutants like
weaken your lungs' defense against particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). These can damage the lungs
infections, narrow air passages,
and cause serious health problems, including
cause swelling in air tubes, and poisoning (from carbon monoxide, especially gas
destroy air sacs—all contributing ovens) and increased risk of lung disease (from
factors to COPD. nitrogen oxides). Proper ventilation is essential to
reduce these dangers.
ETIOLOGY OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE: SMOKING AND OTHER
INHALATIONAL EXPOSURES:
Air pollution Occupational dust
and Chemicals
Long-term exposure to pollutants such as (eg, mineral dust, cotton dust)
particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), nitrogen
Occupational exposure to vapors, gases, dust and
dioxide (NO₂), and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) is
fumes contributes to the development and
associated with an increased risk of
progression of COPD, accounting for a population-
developing COPD. Air pollution contributes to
attributable fraction of 14%. Workplace pollutants, in
both the onset and progression of COPD by
particular inorganic dust, can initiate airway damage
inducing inflammation and oxidative stress in
and inflammation, which are the hallmarks of COPD
the respiratory system.
pathogenesis.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
COPD is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide in 2021 and the seventh leading
cause of death in the Philippines in 2024, causing 3.23 million deaths in 2019 (90% of
deaths in low- and middle-income countries). The amount of COPD’s risk factors is most
evident in rural places as 20% of people residing in those areas have COPD. One in 10
Filipinos over 40 may have COPD but only 2% are actually diagnosed.
Function Main Parts
COPD cannot be cured but its symptoms can be managed with proper treatments
such as bronchodilator inhalers,
To transport blood,oxygen, steroid pills, antibiotics, pulmonary
Has three main parts: the rehabilitation,
and abstaining from avoidable risk factors. (COPD) has a considerable effect on both
oxygen and nutrients to heart, blood vessels and
the economy and society, resulting in significant direct medical expenses from hospital
the body Additionally, there are indirect
stays and pharmaceuticals. bloodcosts arising from lost
productivity, including absenteeism, premature retirement, and diminished work
capability, which impose a strain on individuals, families, and healthcare systems.
RISK FACTORS OF COPD:
1 SMOKING 5 ASTHMA
2 SECONDHAND 6 EARLY LIFE EVENTS
SMOKE
3 AIR POLLUTION 7 GENETIC
CONDITIONS
4 OCCUPATIONAL 8 AGE
EXPOSURES
RISK FACTORS
SMOKING
AIR POLLUTION
Long-term smoking is a major risk factor
for COPD. Smoking damages the millions Long-term exposure to air pollution, both
of tiny air sacs in the lungs that are indoors and outdoors, including dust (such
responsible for exchanging oxygen and as coal, grain, and silica dust), fumes, and
carbon dioxide, significantly increasing chemicals (such as welding fumes,
the risk of developing COPD. isocyanates, and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons), increases the risk of COPD.
SECONDHAND SMOKE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
Working in certain industries, such as
Prolonged exposure to secondhand agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and
smoke can cause similar lung damage as automotive repair, can expose individuals
direct smoking to chemicals, toxins, fumes, and dust,
increasing their susceptibility to COPD.
RISK FACTORS
ASTHMA GENETIC CONDITIONS
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1AD) is a genetic
Asthma is a condition characterized by condition that prevents the body from producing
narrowed and swollen airways, which may enough of the alpha-1 antitrypsin protein, which
produce excess mucus, leading to breathing normally protects the lungs. A deficiency in this
difficulties, coughing, wheezing, and shortness of protein makes the lungs more susceptible to
breath. While distinct from COPD, the chronic damage from factors like smoking or environmental
exposures, which can lead to COPD.
inflammation associated with asthma can make
AGE
the lungs more vulnerable to other risk factors,
thereby increasing the risk of developing COPD.
EARLY LIFE EVENTS
- Prematurity: Premature babies often have
underdeveloped lungs, which can lead to
bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a condition
A history of childhood respiratory illnesses marked by damaged and scarred lungs. These early
can impair lung function and increase lung problems increase the risk of COPD later in life.
susceptibility to further lung damage from - Older Age: Lung function naturally declines with
other risk factors, thus raising the risk of age. Over time, the lungs lose elasticity, and the
airways can narrow, making older individuals more
COPD in adulthood.
susceptible to COPD.
HEALTH TEACHINGS
1. IMPROVED RESPIRATORY HEALTH 2. HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
(BY QUITTING SMOKING)
.A well-balanced lifestyle not only improves lung
Quitting smoking greatly benefits your function but also boosts energy levels, strengthens
lungs and overall health. Within weeks, lung the immune system, and promotes longevity.
function improves, breathing becomes Making mindful choices in diet, physical activity, and
easier, and coughing decreases. Long-term daily habits can enhance respiratory health and
prevent diseases
benefits include a lower risk of COPD, lung
cancer, and other diseases. Eat a Nutrient-Rich Diet:
Antioxidants (fruits, vegetables) protect
Steps to Quit Smoking: lung tissue.
Set a Quit Date: Choose a specific Omega-3s (fish, walnuts, flaxseeds)
date and commit to it. reduce inflammation.
Seek Support: Inform family, friends, Whole grains (quinoa, oats) provide
or support groups for encouragement. lasting energy.
Use Nicotine Replacement Therapy Stay Active:
(NRT): Options like patches, gum, or Engage in 30 minutes of moderate
lozenges help manage cravings. Consult exercise (walking, jogging).
a doctor for guidance. Try breathing exercises (yoga, deep
breathing) to enhance lung capacity.
HEALTH TEACHINGS
3. AVOIDING RESPIRATORY IRRITANTS 4. PROPER BREATHING TECHNIQUES
FOR BETTER LUNG HEALTH FOR COPD MANAGEMENT
Reducing exposure to irritants helps people
with COPD breathe easier and prevent flare- Controlled breathing can ease COPD
ups. Smoke, pollution, and chemicals can symptoms, improve oxygen flow, and
worsen symptoms, so preventive measures reduce shortness of breath.
are essential.
Limit Smoke & Air Pollution Exposure: Effective Techniques:
Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke. Pursed-Lip Breathing:
Use air purifiers, stay indoors on polluted Inhale through the nose for 2 seconds.
days, and wear masks when needed. Exhale through pursed lips for 4 seconds.
Keep homes free of dust and strong Helps keep airways open and improves
chemicals. airflow.
Maintain a Clean Indoor Environment: Diaphragmatic Breathing:
Ensure proper ventilation (open windows, use Inhale deeply through the nose, letting the
exhaust fans). belly rise.
Choose non-toxic cleaning products and use Exhale slowly through pursed lips, feeling
humidifiers. the abdomen fall.
Wash bedding regularly to reduce allergens. Strengthens the diaphragm and enhances
lung function.
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
Maintain environmental and social conditions that minimize exposure to risk
factors such as tobacco smoke and air pollutants, thereby reducing the likelihood
of COPD development in the community.
Preserving the Environment Community Program to Barangay-Based Anti-
and Improving Air Quality: Prevent Smoking burning Campaigns
• Promote stricter laws on the • Strictly ban smoking in • Prevent open burning
environment to lessen air public places, such as parks, of garbage and
pollution from vehicles and businesses, and agricultural waste to
factories. transportation areas. limit harmful air
• Advocate eco-friendly • Conduct educational
projects like tree planting and
pollutants.
programs on the risks of
sustainable urban planning.
smoking in schools.
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL
PRIMARY PREVENTION
Prevent the development of COPD by reducing exposure to modifiable risk
factors, such as smoking and workplace pollutants, and by promoting lung health
through preventive interventions.
Vaccination Programs and Community Education and Promote health and
Respiratory Infection Health Promotion safety in the workplace
Prevention
• Provide dietary advice on
• Conduct Influenza and
Pneumococcal vaccination foods that support lung • Implementing appropriate
program at barangay health health. ventilation, providing
centers to avoid illnesses that • Encourage regular respiratory safety
may cause poor lung health like equipment, and conducting
physical activity to enhance
COPD.
• Promote awareness of general health and lung regular lung health
coughing etiquette and good function. screenings at the
hand hygiene in the community. workplace.
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL
SECONDARY PREVENTION (EARLY DETECTION & INTERVENTION):
Community Screening Smoking Cessation Reducing Indoor Workplace Safety
Programs: Programs: Pollution: Measures:
•Implement screening •Provide free or low- • Educate households • Strengthen
for high-risk individuals cost counseling and about proper regulations to limit
(e.g., smokers, people nicotine replacement ventilation, especially occupational
exposed to indoor
therapy to in areas using exposure to harmful
smoke, workers
encourage smokers biomass fuel for dust and chemicals.
exposed to dust and
chemicals). to quit. cooking. • Require employers
• Promote early • Conduct public • Promote cleaner to provide protective
detection by increasing awareness cooking technologies equipment and
access to spirometry campaigns on the like LPG or electric regular health
tests in community dangers of cigarette stoves in rural screenings for at-risk
health centers. smoking. communities. workers.
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT AT THE COMMUNITY LEVEL
TERTIARY PREVENTION (DISEASE MANAGEMENT & REHABILITATION):
Pulmonary Rehabilitation Access to Medications Community-Based COPD
Programs: and Oxygen Therapy: Support Groups:
• Establish rehabilitation • Ensure affordable • Create patient support
access to bronchodilators, networks to provide
centers focusing on
corticosteroids, and education, counseling, and
breathing exercises and lifestyle modification
oxygen therapy for
physical activity. guidance.
severe cases.
• Train community health • Organize workshops on
• Partner with local
workers to guide COPD disease management,
governments to subsidize
patients in managing their including proper inhaler use
COPD treatment for low-
symptoms. and avoiding triggers.
income individuals.
THANK YOU!!
DOCUMENT LINK:
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kbuLhbWkLMIIsJHEfj9SC6leWn9v1qmwY
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