MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO
MICROBIOLOGY
MLS 2309 | CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY
College of Medical Laboratory Science | Central Philippine University
LEARNING OUTCOMES
REFERENCE At the end of this module, the learner should
BAILEY AND SCOTT’S have been be able to:
DIAGNOSTIC
MICROBIOLOGY 1 Discuss comprehensively the development
of Microbiology with emphasis on
persons/scientists and their contributions.
CHAPTER 1 Identify correctly the divisions of
2
Microbial Microbiology.
Taxonomy
3 Explain properly the taxonomic schemes in
Microbiology.
4 Differentiate correctly prokaryotes from
eukaryotes.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
In the 1900s, microbiology become
established in America. Many
The science of microbiology microbiologists who worked in
started with the invention of America at this time had studied
the Microscope. under Koch or at the Pasteur
Institute in Paris. Once established in
America, microbiology flourished.
The foundation of Microbiology was
securely laid during 1880 – 1990.
Microbiology came into being through
the studies of bacteria. The works
of Louis Pasteur in France, Robert Koch
in Germany, etc. established the
importance of microbes to humans
A Timeline of the Microscope
1800, modern
1590, Hans and microscope is
Zacharias Jansen
born
make a 9X magnifier
1500 1600 1800 1900
1625, Giovanni Faber coins
the word “Microscope”
1665, Robert Hooke
discovers cells
1931, Max Knoll and
Ernst Ruska invented
1670, Anton Van Electron Microscope
Leeuwenhook discovers
bacteria
ZACHARIAS ANTON VON
JANSSEN LEEUWENHOEK
1580 – 1638 1632 – 1723
Together with his Father of
father, Hans, Microbiology
developed the first
compound Called bacteria
microscope in animalicules
Middleburg, Holland
ROBERT EDWARD
HOOKE JENNER
1635 – 1703 1749 – 1823
First to use a Father of
microscope for Immunology
academic study Discovered
Discovered the “cell” inoculation where
immunization
developed
LOUIS JOSEPH
PASTEUR LISTER
1822 – 1895 1827 – 1912
Germ theory of First antispetic
Disease (1864) technique (1867)
Pasteurization and Used carbolic acid
vaccines (rabies &
anthrax)
FERDINAND ROBERT
COHN KOCH
1828 – 1898 1843 – 1910
Founded the science Koch’s postulates
of Bacteriology Isolated B. anthracis,
Classification of TB bacillus, and
bacteria V. cholerae
RICHARD DAVID
PETRI BERGEY
1852 – 1921 1860 - 1937
Developed Established
technique of Bacteriology’s
placing agar into primary reference
a dish to grow (1923)
microorganisms
PAUL ALEXANDER
EHRLICH FLEMMING
1854 – 1915 1881 - 1955
Discovered cure for Discovered the
Syphilis (1910) enzyme lysozyme
(1923) and
Antiserum against
Penicillin (1928)
Diphtheria
KOCH'S
POSTULATES
are four criteria
designed in the
1880's to
establish a
causal
relationship
between a
causative
microbe and a
disease.
Developed by Dr. Joseph
Larence in 1879, Listerine
was inspired by the works of
Dr. Jospeh Lister in
antiseptic surgery. When
the product first came out
in the market in 1881, it was
originally sold as an
antiseptic for surgeries and
cleaning wounds.
It was not until 1920 when
Listerine was marketed as a
solution for halitosis.
DIVISIONS OF MICROBIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY
• Branch of science that
studies microorganisms.
• Can be classified into
A. Pure microbiology
B. Applied microbiology MICROORGANISM: organism of
microscopic or ultramicroscopic
size (Merriam-Webster)
Pure Microbiology
Virology
Protozoology
Bacteriology
Phycology Mycology
Parasitology
Bacteriology
• Branch of microbiology
bakterion
that deals with the "small staff“
study of bacteria.
Origin,
Greek words
• A science that deals
with bacteria and their logos
relations to medicine, “word or
reason”
industry, and
agriculture.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Applied Microbiology
MEDICAL PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIAL
MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY
• Study of bacteria which affect • Related to the production of • Exploitation of microbes for use
human health, especially antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, in industrial processes. (e.g.,
those which produce disease. vaccines, etc. industrial fermentation and
waste water treatment)
FOOD AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY
• study of microorganisms • Study of agriculturally relevant • Study of function and diversity
causing food spoilage and microorganisms. of microbes in their natural
foodborne illness; production environments (e.g., microbial
of food diversity, Bioremediation, etc )
MICROBIAL TAXONOMY
TAXONOMY
• Science of naming,
describing and classifying
organisms
• Comprised of three areas:
1. Classification
2. Nomenclature
3. Identification
Carl Linnaeus, also known as Carl von
Linné or Carolus Linnaeus, is the Father
of Taxonomy
TAXA
Classification Domain Bacteria
or Categories
Kingdom Eubacteria
• Orderly classification
and grouping of Phylum Proteobacteria
organisms into taxa or
categories Class Gammaproteobacteria
Order Enterobacteriales
Dear
King
Philip Family Enterobacteriaceae
Came
Over
From
Genus Escherichia
Greece
Smiling! Species coli
Kingdom Summary
Woese et Cavalier-
Linnaeus Haeckel Chatton Copeland Whittaker
al. Smith
1735 1866 1925 1938 1969
1990 1998
2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 empires 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 3 domains 6 kingdoms
Bacteria
Prokaryota Monera Monera Bacteria
Archaea
(not
Protista
treated)
Protozoa
Protoctista Protista
Phylogenetic Chromista
Tree of Life
Eukaryota Plantae Eukarya Plantae
Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae
Fungi Fungi
Three-Domain Taxonomy
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
Nomenclature 1. Employs the name of two
lower taxa
2. Genus comes before species
• Naming of microorganisms 3. Genus name is always
according to established capitalized
rules and guidelines 4. Species name is never
capitalized
üInternational Code of
Nomenclature of Bacteria 5. Both names are always either
(ICNB) italicized or underlined
6. Abbreviated by using the first
letter of genus followed by a
• Organisms are named period and the species name
ü To eliminate confusion, the first
using binomial two letters or first syllable can be
nomenclature (except used
e.g. Ent. coli and Esch. coli
viruses) Staph. and Strept.
Species
• Sp. (s.) or spp. (pl.) Biotype
• Also Specific Further designations
Epithet Serotype
SUBSPECIE
• Strains that share
common
physiologic and Genotype
genetic features
Identification
Phenotypic
Criteria
Genotypic
Criteria
Stapylococcus WHAT’S IN A
aureus SCIENTIFIC NAME?
Name describes
the organism
• Staphylo – Escherichia
clustered
arrangement coli
• Coccus – Named for a
spheres researcher or a
• Aureus – golden characteristic
• Escherichia –
Theodor
Escherich, a
microbiologist
• Coli – lives in
Names are of Latin or the colon
Greek derivation
CELLULAR TYPES
[Link]
• “Before nucleus” ORGANISMS
• Archaea and
Bacteria (Eubacteria)
CELLULAR
B. EUKARYOTES ACELLULAR
• “True nucleus”
• Fungi, algae, UNICELLULAR: Protista
and Monera
protozoa, animals,
MULTICELLULAR: Fungi, Viruses
and plants Plantae and Animalia
Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
“Without true nucleus” “With true nucleus”
Nuclear body
Nucloid not bound by membrane Nucleus bound by membrane
0.4-2 µm in diameter 10-100 µm in diameter
Typical Size
0.5-5 µm in length >10 µm in length
Reproduction Asexual (Binary fission) Sexual and asexual
Plant/fungi – present
Cell wall Present in most bacteria
Animals/protozoans – absent
Cell organelles Absent Present
Site of energy
Cytoplasmic membrane Mitochondria
production
Site of CHON
Free ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesis
Archaeobacteria
• Gr: archaios, ancient or Anaerobic methanogens
that give off swamp gas
primitive
• More closely related to
eukaryotes Halophiles in Utah’s
• Cell walls lack Great Salt Lake
peptidoglycan
• Extremophiles, lovers of
extreme conditions
• Not encountered in
clinical microbiology Thermophiles in hot springs
and deep ocean vents
THANK YOU!
