SELECTIVE READING

is the process of choosing what to read within a whole text or chapter depending on purpose. Whether you need an
answer to question or get important details

Historical facts of Reading

 During the ancient times, only few people know how to read, they possess bricks, stones and rolls for reading.
 Reading aloud was one of the rules during ancient times.
 Books were few and costly before.
 During sixties 11,000 books were published in France

Two strategies for selective reading

1. Skimming – a selective reading strategy that focuses on getting the general overview or the main idea of the
text quickly.
2. Scanning – a selective reading strategy that focuses on finding specific information or key word within a text.

SKIMMING SCANNING
OBJECTIVE to find general theme topic or to find specific information
meaning
PURPOSE gives an idea of what is full helps to find specific
text about information in the text
TECHNIQUE reading the introduction looking over the whole text to
conclusion headings and sub find specific information

READING COMPREHENSION

Comprehension is the reason for reading. If readers can read the words but do not understand or connect to what they
are reading, they are not really reading. Good readers are both purposeful and active, and have the skills to absorb what
they read, analyze it, make sense of it, and make it their own.

Reading comprehension is the ability to process written text, understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the
reader already knows. Reading comprehension relies on two abilities that are connected to each other: word reading
and language comprehension. Comprehension specifically is a "creative, multifaceted process" that is dependent upon
four language skills: phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Reading comprehension is a part of literacy.

Four level of reading comprehension

1. Literal level. this refers to recognition of what is simply, directly and explicitly the textual message.
Reading at this level is called Literal Reading is reading the lines of the textual message.
2. Inferential level. This goes beyond the direct and explicit statement and adds on by enriching the
meaning of the textual message, reading at this level is referred to an Interpretative Reading or reading
between the lines combining information with inferred meanings.
3. Critical level. This level is where reader raises questions and evaluates the printed text for is veracity,
style etc. Reading at this level is referred as Critical Reading. Or reading beyond the lines.
4. Creative level. reader sees the new ideas/insights from the textual material. Reading at this level of
comprehension is known as Creative Reading.
SPEED READING

Speed reading is the process of rapidly recognizing and absorbing phrases or sentences on a page all at once, rather
than identifying individual words.

Three methods of speed reading

1. Pointer Method. also sometimes called "hand pacing" or "meta guiding." Use your finger or a card to guide your
eyes along each line of text.
2. The tracker and pacer method. It is similar to the pointer method. You highlight or track each line while holding
a pen with the cap on, keeping your eye above the tip of the pen. Instead of your finger, you’re be using a pen.
3. The Scanning Method. It involves moving your eyes quickly down the page and identifying specific words and
phrases as you go.

 Speed reading is ONLY used for skimming or getting the general idea of something it is NOT used for complex
material or things you need to remember in detail.

How to Improve Your Speed Reading

- Avoid distractions: Find a quiet place to focus.

- Start simple: Practice with easy material to find what works for you and track your speed.
- Cover words that you've already read: Cover what you've read to avoid rereading.
- Set a purpose: Know what you're looking for to guide your skimming.

Reading Speed and Measurement

The basic unit in measuring reading speed is the number of words per minute (WPM). WPM is written after indicating
your speed score. The average reader covers 250 WPM; very good readers 500-600 WPM and phenomenal readers as
fast as 1000 WPM.

Formula for getting WPM

WPM = Number of words divided by number of minutes

BUT! the ability to read words rapidly is useless if the reader does not gather meaning in reading.

READING MODELS

Reading models are visual representations of how people perceive, process, and understand written text.

Three Reading Model

1. Top-down reading approach. Focuses on the reader's prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations. Meaning
is constructed by the reader based on their existing understanding. Reading in this model proceeds from whole
to part.

 Features:
- Comprehension is possible even without recognizing every word.
 - Meaning and grammatical cues are used to identify unknown words.
- The primary objective is reading for meaning, not mastery of letter-sound correspondences.
- The most important aspect is the information gained through reading.
2. Bottom-Up Reading Model. Focuses on the text itself, starting with the smallest units (letters) and building up to
larger units (words, sentences, paragraphs, and ultimately meaning).
 Features:
Readers must:
- Identify letter features.
- Link features to recognize letters.
- Combine letters to recognize spelling patterns.
- Link spelling patterns to recognize words.
- Process sentences, paragraphs, and the whole text.
3. Interactive Reading Model: Recognizes the interaction of both bottom-up and top-down processes working
simultaneously. A dynamic interplay between text-based information and the reader's background knowledge.
Reading is an active process that depends on the reader, the text, and the reading situation.

LITERARY ELEMENTS

Literature is a body of work that transmits culture. Much of literature is written, but some are also visual
(such as plays) and oral (such as folktales). Major forms of literature are nonfiction prose, fiction prose,
poetry, drama, and folktales.

Literary elements are essential components of a literary piece such as story poems and plays. It answer the
questions who, what, where, when, why, and how of a story.”
5 Literary elements
1. Characters. They are the persons in the story. Every story will have at least one character.
Two types of character
a. protagonist- the main character in s story.
b. antagonist- character/s acting against the protagonist
2. Setting. It is the time, place, and event in which a story takes place. A story can have as many
settings as the writer chooses.
3. The plot. The sequence of events that happens n literary piece/ story. It also answers the question
“what”.
5 elements of plot
a. Exposition- the beginning of the story. This part introduces the character.
b. Rising action- this is the part where the main character struggles to overcome a conflict.
c. Climax- the peak or turning point of the story.
d. Falling action- the events that leads to the ending of the story.
e. Resolution- the end or the conclusion of the story.
4. Tone and Mood. Tone is the author's attitude towards the subject, audience, or characters. On the
other hand Mood is the feeling the reader gets from the story.
5. Theme. It is the central idea, concept, or message that is explored throughout a story.