Lesson 1

The Reading Process

& Reading Components
Objectives:
1. Define and discuss the
process of reading
2. Enumerate and explain the
three stages of the reading
process
3. Recognize the important
components of reading

2
 Before we start …

How do you define

READING?
Let us see some definitions provided
by some experts in the field.
3
According to…
Day and Bamford (1998)
Reading is the construction of meaning
from a printed or written message.
Cline et al (2006)
Reading is decoding and
understanding written texts.
Grellet (2004)
Reading is a constant process of
guessing.
4
What is READING?

● It is a cognitive cycle that includes interpreting

images to show up meaning.
● It is a dynamic process of building meaning.
● It is a thinking process which permits the reader to
utilize the person’s background knowledge.

5
Three Stages
of the Reading Process
• reader makes • allows the reader to
Pre-reading

While-reading

Post-reading
• permits reader to
start the foundation predictions as retell and
of information he/she reads summarize the text

• reader previews the • reader affirms or • reader answers

text or content modifies these further questions
predictions and contrasts it with
• reader builds up the the text
purpose of reading • reader makes
connections with • allows the reader to
his/her background creatively respond
knowledge to the text
6
During these stages you, as a
reader, can…
Pre-reading

While-reading

Post-reading
• access background • analyze and
• make inferences
knowledge synthesize key
while reading
• predict what the components of the
text will be about text
• take notes while
• access concepts, reading • discuss
images, and understanding of
vocabulary related • make the text
to the text connections with
prior knowledge • complete a
• scan through the graphic organizer
text

7
The Five
Components
of Reading
Reading is built on five separate
components. These components
work together to create strong,
rich, and reliable reading abilities.

8
Phonics is the most basic component
of reading. It is the understanding that
there is a predictable relationship
between phonemes and graphemes.
letters and symbols that
represent those sounds

9
 Isolation c __ t - /a/
Blending /c/ /a/ /t/ 🡪 cat
Segmentation cat 🡪 /c/ /a/ /t/
Addition cat 🡪 chat 🡪 cheat
Deletion cheat 🡪 heat 🡪 eat
Substitution cat 🡪 rat 🡪 ram 🡪 rim

Phonemic Awareness is the

ability to identify and
manipulate phonemes into
spoken words.
the sounds of spoken language

10
Vocabulary is the knowledge of stored
information about the meaning and
pronunciations of words. It is the range
of words an individual is able to
understand and use in context.

11
Fluency is the ability to read with
speed, understanding, and
accuracy. It is the ability to make
sense of a text without having to
stop and decode each word.

12
COMPREHENSION
Comprehension is a purposeful,
dynamic, and intelligent process that
happens previously, during and after
an individual reads a specific piece of
writing.

It is the culmination of previous skills

and the ultimate goal of learning to
read.

14
Skimming is the process of speedy reading for general meaning. Let
your eyes skip over
sentences or phrases which contain detail. Concentrate on identifying the
central or main points. Use this
technique to:
✓ pre-view a selection of text prior to detailed reading;
✓ refresh your understanding of a selection of text following detailed
reading.
Scanning is the technique you might use when reading a telephone
directory. You pass your
vision speedily over a section of text in order to find particular words or
phrases that are relevant to your
current task. You can scan:
✓ the introduction or preface of a text;
✓ the first or last paragraphs of chapters;
✓ the concluding or summarizing chapter of a text;
✓ the book index 15
 Detailed reading and note taking
● underlining and highlighting to pick out what seem to you the most central or important
words and phrases. Do this in your own copy of texts or on photocopies - never on
borrowed texts;

✓ keywords to record the main headings as you read. Use one or two keywords for each
main point. Keywords can be used when you don't want to mark the text;

✓ questions to encourage you to take an active approach to your reading. Record your
questions as you read. They can also be used as prompts for follow up work;
● summaries to check you have understood what you have read. Pause after a section of
text and put what you have read in your own work

16
 Making Inferences

● When we try to figure out something based on an

experience, we make an inference. Making
the inference is the ability to understand implicit messages
conveyed by a writer based on the reader’s
schema or background knowledge.

17
In summary…
● Reading is…
● The three stages of reading process are…
● The five components of reading are…
● Comprehension is…

18
In summary…
● Reading is a dynamic process of building meaning.
● The three stages of reading process are pre-reading,
while-reading, post-reading
● The five components of reading are phonics,
phonemic awareness, vocabulary, fluency and
comprehension
● Comprehension is the culmination of previous skills
and the ultimate goal of learning to read.
19
20
LESSON 2:
Reading
Comprehension
& Strategies
OBJECTIVES:

● Identify purposes of reading

● Discuss the two components of reading
comprehension
● Acquires knowledge of appropriate reading
strategies for a better understanding of
academic texts

2
Purposes of Reading
Academic Texts
● to get information (facts, data, etc.)
● to understand ideas or theories
● to understand the author’s viewpoint
● to critique texts
● to support your own views (using citations)
● for general comprehension

3
 What is Reading
Comprehension?
It is an act of understanding
what you read. When you comprehend
what you are reading, you’re not only
understand the words and meanings but
you are also understanding them enough
to form opinions, judgements and
reflections about what the words means
together
4
 What is Reading
Comprehension?
Reading comprehension is like
having a conversation with someone. If
you do not understand what the person
is saying, you will have no idea what
they are talking about and have nothing
to say in return.

5
What is
Prior/Background
Knowledge?
It is the knowledge or information that the
reader already has before they meet new
information.

A learner’s understanding of a text can be

improved by activation their prior/background
knowledge before dealing with the text.
What’s the importance of prior or
background knowledge in achieving
reading comprehension?

7
 “
According to
Daniel Willingham…

8
 “
Whether or not readers understand
a text depends far more on how
much background knowledge and
vocabulary they have relating to
the topic than on how much
they’ve practiced comprehension
skills.

9
 “
That’s because writers leave out a lot of
information that they assume readers
will know. If they put all the information
in, their writing would be tedious. But if
readers can’t supply the missing
information, they will have a hard time
making sense of the text.

10
Prior/Background
Knowledge can
include:
• Vocabulary Knowledge
• Knowledge of the topic
• Real-life experiences
• Socio-cultural background
Reading Comprehension has two
components.
1. Vocabulary Knowledge
The reader must have the option to
comprehend the vocabulary utilized by
the author.
2. Text Appreciation and Comprehension
The reader assembles the vocabulary and diverse
comprehension methodologies to build up an understanding
of the content.
12
Reading
Comprehension
Strategies

13
Skimming
● It is a cycle of rapid perusing or speed
reading for general significance.
● The goal of skimming is to get the bird’s-
eye view of the material
● When you skim a page, you take the
main ideas from the reading material
without reading all the words.
Why do we skim?
● Readers skim when time
is short or when they
need to understand the
general ideas of the text.
Why do we skim?
● You can use skimming in
previewing (reading before you
read), reviewing (reading after
you read), determining the main
idea, and finding the source
material for a research paper
Skimming techniques:
● read the headings of charts and tables
● read the entire introductory paragraph
and then the first and last sentence of
each paragraph
● stop and quickly read the sentences
containing keywords indicated in
boldface or italics.
● read chapter summaries when provided.
Scanning
● Scanning is reading a text quickly in
order to find specific information.
● The goal of scanning is to locate
particular facts.
● Scanning can be useful in locating
certain information in a long text or
material such as a journal, a phone
book, or a dictionary.
Scanning techniques:
● Know what you’re looking for.
● Look for only one keyword at a time.
● Let your eyes float rapidly down the
page until you find the word or
phrase your need.
● When your eye catches one of the
keywords, read the surrounding
material carefully.
Detailed reading and
note-taking
● Once you have selected useful
information, you can begin to
read in detail. Note taking
techniques provide a useful aid
to reading.
Note-taking techniques:
● underlining and highlighting to
pick out the central and
important words or phrases.
○ Do this in your own copy of texts
or on photocopies
Note-taking techniques:
● use keywords to record the
main headings as you read.
Utilize a couple of keywords for
each main point.
○ Keywords can be used if you
don’t want to mark the text
Note-taking techniques:
● ask questions to encourage you
to take an active approach to
your reading. Record your
questions as you read.
○ They can also be used as
prompts for follow up work.
Note-taking techniques:
● make summaries to check your
understanding of the text. Pause
after a section of text and put what
you have read in your own words.
○ Skim over the text to check the
accuracy of your summary.
Remember:
● These strategies create a valuable
record of your reading and support
active reading of the text.
● Continuously utilizing these note-taking
techniques can build your degrees of
concentration and comprehension.
Making Inferences
● It is the ability of understanding implicit
messages conveyed by a writer based on the
reader’s schema or background knowledge.

26
For example
When we see a boy quietly seated inside
the library reading a book, we infer that
the boy might be reviewing something for
his examination or quiz. How did we say
that? We are able to make such inference
because more or less, when we, too, have
to review for a quiz or exam, we go to
the library.
27
Drawing
Conclusions
● It is a reading ability that allows the reader to
investigate while reading the text.
● It is the point at which the reader is allowed
to use visual hints to make sense of
something not legitimately expressed.
28
Drawing
Conclusions
● When one draws a conclusion, one develops
the skill of putting together various pieces of
information to come up with an acceptable
conclusion.

29
For example
When the story you’ve read is open-ended. The
author did not give a clear and direct ending of the
story, but based on the events that happened in the
story, you are able to make your own conclusion. The
conclusion or ending of the story you’ve made is
acceptable only when you derive it from the events
or scenarios evidenced in the plot.

30
To summarize

● Reading comprehension is…

● Prior/Background knowledge is…
● We skim the text when…
● We scan the text when…
● Note-taking techniques include…

31
Week 3
Writing Thesis
Statements
Objectives
● Discuss the uses and purpose of thesis
statements in an academic text
● Identify thesis statements in reading
academic texts
● Describe and apply strategies for writing
different types of thesis statements
● Write effective thesis statements

2
“What do these
statements do?

3
 1 In the hit song ‘Missing You,’ Escalade draws on
his experience of losing his mother and raps
about the importance of not taking time with
family for granted in order to connect with a
broad audience.

2 Professional photography requires considerable

experience, diverse equipment and isn’t limited
to taking photos of objects, but also involves
lengthy processing of shot material.

3 Although uniforms are said to enhance

the unity and community spirit,
educational institutes should not force
students to wear them.
4
“ These statements are good
examples of thesis statements.

a thesis statement expresses the

purposes or main point of your essay

5
What is a thesis statement?
● it bears the main idea of an article or essay
● it tells the reader how they will interpret the
significance of the subject matter
● it serves as the map for the paper
● it gives the reader the idea on what to expect
on the material
6
A thesis statement is usually…

● placed at the end of the introduction

● is often expressed in one sentence, though it

may in some cases be two or (rarely) three
sentences, depending on the length and
complexity of the essay.

7
 What makes a thesis statement?
● According to the Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers, the
basic requirements for a thesis statement includes:
○ the essay’s subject – the topic that you discuss
○ the essay’s purpose – informative (analytical or
expository) or persuasive (argumentative)
○ your focus – the assertion that presents your
point of view
○ specific language – not vague words
○ brief overview of the topic’s subdivisions
8
The thesis statement is the most important
sentence in the essay because it specifically
states what the essay will be about. In other
words, it states the purpose of the essay.
Therefore, a thesis statement should include
● the topic of the essay
● the writer’s position, opinion, or approach to
the topic
● the main ideas that will develop and support
the writer’s position.

9
A Thesis Statement…
should should NOT
● be objectively proven ● be an announcement
● be debatable (for ○ I will be writing about…
argumentative papers)
○ The goal of this paper is…
● be specific
● be brief and concise ○ This essay will be
● serve as an overview discussing about…
● be vague
● be stated in the first person

10
“Let’s identify the
focus and purpose
presented in each
thesis statements.
11
 1 In the hit song ‘Missing You,’ Escalade draws on
his experience of losing his mother and raps
about the importance of not taking time with
1.Analytical family for granted in order to connect with a
2.Persuasive broad audience.
3.Expository

2 Professional photography requires considerable

experience, diverse equipment and isn’t limited
to taking photos of objects, but also involves
lengthy processing of shot material.

3 Although uniforms are said to enhance

the unity and community spirit,
educational institutes should not force
students to wear them.
12
3 Types of Thesis
Statements
Analytical, Expository, and Argumentative
3 Types of Thesis Statements
Before writing your thesis statement, it is important to first
determine the purpose of your paper. Your paper can either be
objective or subjective which therefore requires specific types of
thesis.
● Analytical ● Expository ● Argumentative
⮚ evaluates an ⮚ explains an idea ⮚ presents and
issue or idea or issue defends a claim
⮚ presents a ⮚ present ⮚ aims to convince
breakdown important the reader by
and evaluation information presenting
about a subject evidences
14
Analytical Thesis
Statement

15
Analyzing means…
1. Breaking down information or artifacts into
components parts
1. Uncovering relationships among those parts
1. Determining motives, causes, and underlying
assumptions
1. Making inferences and finding evidence to
support generalizations

16
Formulating an Analytical Thesis
Statement
1. What did I analyze?
2. What did I discover in my analysis?
3. How can I categorize my discoveries?
4. In what order should I present my
discoveries?

17
Analytical Thesis Statements can be
useful when writing a…
● Critique Paper
● Reviews
● Book Reports
● Literary Analysis Essays
● Research Papers

18
 1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas

What did I analyze?

An analysis of barn owl flight

behavior reveals two kinds of
flight patterns: patterns related to
hunting prey and patterns related
to courtship.
What did I discover
in my analysis?
How can I categorize my
discoveries?
1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas How can I categorize my
discoveries?

A close consideration of the voter

demographics, the populist nature of
political messages leading up to the
referendum, and the history of Britain’s
status in the EU, will demonstrate that
Brexit was primarily motivated by the
machinations of the Right.
What did I analyze? What did I discover
in my analysis?
1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas
What did I analyze?

‘The Story of An Hour’

presents how an institution,
language, and appearance
can suppress a woman’s
ambitions.
How can I categorize my What did I discover
discoveries? in my analysis?
Expository Thesis
Statement

22
An expository thesis statement aims
to tell your reader
1. What you are going to explain to them

1. The categories you are using to organize your

explanation

1. The order in which you will be presenting

your categories

23
Formulating an Expository Thesis
Statement
1. What am I trying to explain?
2. How can I categorize my explanation into
different parts?
3. In what order should I present the different
parts of my explanation?

24
Expository Thesis Statements can be
useful when writing a…
● Compare and Contrast Essay
● Cause and Effect Essay
● Problem and Solution Essay
● Definition Essay
● Process Essay
● Classification Essay
25
 1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas
What am I trying to explain?

The typical college student of the

21st century uses technology in a
wide range of ways including, the
completion of assignments, social
interactions with peers and family
and access to information.
How can I categorize
my explanations? In what order should I
present the different parts
 1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas
What am I trying to explain?

A typical high school student’s

life is distinguished by study
time, attending classes, and
participating in other peer
activities.
How can I categorize
my explanations? In what order should I
present the different parts
 1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas

What am I trying to explain?

Although people believe Pepsi

is a substitute for Coke, there
is a vast difference in taste
and nutritional content.
How can I categorize
my explanations? In what order should I
present the different parts
Argumentative Thesis
Statement

29
An argumentative thesis statement
aims to tell your reader
1. Your claim or assertion

1. The reasons/evidence that support this claim

1. The order in which you will be presenting

your reasons and evidences

30
Formulating an Argumentative
Thesis Statement

1. What is my claim or assertion?

2. What are the reasons I have to support my
claim or assertion?
3. In what order should I present my reasons?

31
Argumentative Thesis Statements
can be useful when writing a…
● Editorials
● Speeches
● Advertising texts
● Argumentative and Persuasive Essays

32
Argumentative Thesis
Statements should be:
● Focused – avoid being too
broad and general
● Debatable – reader could agree
or disagree
● Assertive – author should take a
clear position
● Reasonable – claims should be
logical and possible
● Evidence-based – must be able
to be supported by evidence
33
Stay focused!

Eating fast food is bad and should

be avoided.
 1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas
What is my claim or assertion?

Americans should eliminate the

regular consumption of fast food
because a fast food diet leads to
preventable and expensive health
issues, such as diabetes, obesity,
and heart disease.
What are the reasons
to support my claim? In what order should I
present my reasons
The topic should be debatable!

There are high numbers of homeless

people living in Berkeley, California.
 1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas
What is my claim or assertion?

Homeless people in Berkeley should

be given access to services– such as
regular food donations, public
restrooms, and camping facilities–
because it would improve life for all
inhabitants of the city.
What are the reasons
to support my claim? In what order should I
present my reasons
Writer should be assertive!
Federal immigration law is a tough
issue about which many people
disagree.
 1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas
What is my claim or assertion?

Federal immigration
enforcement law needs to be
overhauled because it puts
undue constraints on state
and local police.
What are the reasons
to support my claim? In what order should I
present my reasons
Reasons should be reasonable!

City council member stink and

should be thrown in jail.
 1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas
What is my claim or assertion?

City council members should

be term limited to prevent one
group or party from
maintaining control
indefinitely.
What are the reasons
to support my claim? In what order should I
present my reasons
Claims must be supported by
evidence!

Individuals convicted of murder will

go to hell when they die.
 1. topic
2. writer’s position/opinion/approach
3. main ideas
What is my claim or assertion?

Rehabilitation programs for

individuals serving life sentences
should be funded because these
programs reduce violence within
prisons.
What are the reasons
to support my claim? In what order should I
present my reasons
Let’s practice: Identify the type of
thesis statement used in the following.
● The artists who support feminism should have a
political position and voice to use their power for the
betterment of society.
● Smartphones allow us to connect to the internet,
provide a range of useful and entertaining
applications, and combine the functions of several
electronic devices.
● In “A Worn Path”, the writer creates a fictional
character whose faith, determination, and cunning
behavior illustrate the invincible human spirit.

44
In summary

● The parts of a thesis statement are…

● The three types of thesis statement are…
● The purpose of analytical thesis statement is…
● The purpose of expository thesis statement
is…
● The purpose of argumentative thesis
statement is…

45
References:
● https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/how-to-write-a-
thesis-statement.html
● https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writin
g_process/thesis_statement_tips.html
● https://www.kibin.com/essay-writing-blog/thesis-
statement-examples/
● https://nmu.edu/writingcenter/thesis-statements-2
● https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-
writingskillslab/chapter/argumentative-thesis-
statements/

46
 WEEK 4:
Reading and Writing an
Academic Paper
 What is an Academic Paper?

▪ An academic paper is not a social commentary, an opinion

or a "blog".
▪ An academic paper begins with a thesis - the writer of the
academic paper aims to persuade readers of an idea or
solution to a problem based on EVIDENCE - not personal
opinion.
▪ Academic writing is devoted to topics and questions that
are of interest to the academic community.
3
 FEATURES OF AN ACADEMIC PAPER

CLEAR AND WELL-DEFINED CLARITY

STRUCTURE
- easy for the reader to
investigate and explore
the content for better
understanding.
- degrees of scholarly
content
- formation of the material

4
Identifying Text
Structure
According to Taylor (1992), students who have been taught on how to
identify the structure of expository and narrative texts have better
comprehension than those who have not received such instruction.
IDENTIFYING TEXT STRUCTURE

▪ The guides, also known as organizational

patterns, are commonly employed in all forms
of academic writing across various disciplines
– these help scholars in sorting out their
thoughts which in the end show
comprehension of the material.

6
Identifying Organizational
Patterns
The transition words or the “signal words” that the writer
employs in the academic text can help the reader to
grasp all the facts presented to decode and to decipher
what the written text has to say.
IDENTIFYING ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

ORGANIZATIONAL PURPOSE TRANSITIONAL DEVICES

PATTERN
Definition Explains the meaning of new is, refers to, can be defined as,
words or phrases. means, consists of, involves, is a
term that, is called, is
characterized by, occurs when,
are those that, entails,
corresponds to, is literally
Classification Divides a topic into parts based classified as, comprises, is
on shared characteristics. composed of, several varieties
of, different stages of, different
groups that, includes, one, first,
second, another, finally, last

8
IDENTIFYING ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS
ORGANIZATIONAL PURPOSE
PATTERN
Chronological Order Describes the sequence in
which events occur in time.
Process Describes the order in which
things are done or how things
work.
Order of Importance Describes ideas in order of
priority or preference.
9
TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
at the present time,
from time to time,
after, later, last, until,
meanwhile, further, during, in
time, prior to
first, second, next, then,
following, after that, last, finally
less, more, primary, next, last,
most important, primarily,
secondarily
IDENTIFYING ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

ORGANIZATIONAL PURPOSE TRANSITIONAL DEVICES

PATTERN
Spatial Order Describes physical location or above, below, beside, next to,
position in space. in front of, behind, inside,
outside, opposite, within,
nearby
Cause and Effect Describes how one or more Causes: because, because of,
things cause or are related to for, since, stems from, one
another. cause is, one reason is, leads to,
causes, creates, yields,
produces, due to, breeds, for
this reason
Effects: consequently, results
in, one result is, therefore, thus,
as a result, hence
10
IDENTIFYING ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

ORGANIZATIONAL PURPOSE TRANSITIONAL DEVICES

PATTERN
Comparison and Contrast Discusses similarities and/or Similarities: both, also,
differences among ideas, similarly, like, likewise, too, as
theories, concepts, objects, or well as, resembles,
persons. correspondingly, in the same
way, to compare, in comparison

Differences: unlike, differs from,

in contrast, on the other hand,
instead, despite, nevertheless,
however, in spite of, whereas,
as opposed to

11
IDENTIFYING ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS
ORGANIZATIONAL PURPOSE
PATTERN
Listing/Enumeration Organizes lists of information:
characteristics, features, parts,
or categories.
most important, the largest, the
Statement and Clarification Indicates that information
explaining a concept or idea
will follow
12
TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
the following, several, for
example, for instance, one,
another, also, too, in other
words, first second, numerals
(1, 2, 3...), letters (a, b, c...),
least, finally
in fact, in other words, clearly,
evidently, obviously
IDENTIFYING ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS
ORGANIZATIONAL PURPOSE
PATTERN
Summary Indicates that a condensed
review of an idea or piece of
writing is to follow.
Generalization and Example Provides examples that clarify a
broad, general statement.
Addition Indicates that additional
information will follow.
13
TRANSITIONAL DEVICES
in summary, in conclusion, in
brief, to summarize, to sum up,
in short, on the whole
for example, to illustrate, such
as, for instance, including,
typically, an illustration.
furthermore, additionally, also,
besides, further, in addition,
moreover, again
The IMRAD Model
The format of a written academic text must be very organized and clear to
emphasize the essential parts such as the whole text, the sections of
the text, every paragraph, end even every sentence that makes up the
material.
 THE IMRAD MODEL

▪ The IMRaD format is a way of

structuring a scientific article. It is
often used in health care and the
natural sciences.
▪ The goal of using the IMRaD format
is to present facts objectively,
demonstrating a genuine interest
and care in developing new
understanding about a topic.

15
THE IMRAD MODEL

AIM
- Establishes the totality of the text
and the components in all its parts.
- Encapsulates what you intend to
achieve in your study.
- The title should highlight the same
aspects as the explicit aim and all
the subsequent parts must have
the same focus.
16
 THE IMRAD MODEL

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- Explicit inquiries that will empower
you to arrive at your point.
- Your point and your proposition
must be limited.
- Techniques and results are
moreover limited in this model.

17
THE IMRAD MODEL

INTRODUCTION
- can also be called foundation
- the presentation ought to
be molded like a pipe – that implies
that you should begin in an
expansive and general way and
afterward slowly focus in on your
own particular and restricted
theme.

18
 THE IMRAD MODEL

BODY
- The thoughts, ideas and results are
examined in the body of the
scholastic content or academic text.
- Keep in mind to make your
sentences unified, coherent and
cohesive so as to give a good,
well-written article to the readers.

19
 THE IMRAD MODEL

METHODS AND
MATERIALS
- Discuss about what you have done
in order to accomplish your aim and
to address the research questions.
- This particular section focuses on
what you actually did in your study
as well as account for the choices
you made, when needed.
20
 THE IMRAD MODEL

RESULTS
- Utilizing graphical guides like tables,
diagrams, and different outlines can
help readers in understanding the
outcome.
- These outlines must be plainly
connected to your content.

21
 THE IMRAD MODEL

DISCUSSION
- This is presently the understanding
of the outcomes or the interpretation
of the results.
- As the researcher, you compose and
break down what you have
researched.

22
THE IMRAD MODEL – DISCUSSION

A typical blueprint of the conversation is the

following:
- The most significant pieces of your outcomes -
connecting them to your theory.
- The remainder of the conversation ought to investigate
and examine your outcomes.

23
 THE IMRAD MODEL – DISCUSSION

It might be useful to remember the accompanying inquiries:

- What do your results mean?
- How do they relate to previous research? What are the explanations behind expected
contrasts between your examination and past exploration? What do potential
similarities indicate?
- How may your method have affected your results?
- What are the good points and the weaknesses of the study? How do they affect your
results?
- How are your results important to future development? What are the clinical
implications, for example?
- What kind of research is needed in the field in the future, and why?
24
 THE IMRAD MODEL

CONCLUSION
- This is an expression of the fulfillment
of your aim and what you have found
in your study.
- An opportunity to assess whether all
parts of your academic writing are
interrelated with one another.
- Definitely not a concise reiteration of
your outcomes; it is communicating
the ramifications of your examination.
25
In summary

▪ The features of an academic paper are…

▪ The aim of organizational patterns is to…
▪ IMRad is an acronym that stands for…
▪ The goal of using the IMRaD model is to…

26
 Thank you!
Any questions?

27
REFERENCES

▪ https://depts.washington.edu/owrc/Handouts/What%
20is%20an%20Academic%20Paper.pdf
▪ https://www.defsa.org.za/what-academic-paper
▪ https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytech-
engl112/chapter/understanding-the-imrad-model/
▪ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRAD

28