Bachelor of Science in Nursing 2YB
CRWT111: BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022
Coverage for Prelim:
• Introduction to Critical Reading
• The Nature of the Text
• Steps in Critical Reading
• Reading Strategies for Critical Thinking
INTRODUCTION TO CRITICAL READING
Discussed by Prof. Chinone, Prof. Restor, & Prof. Cruz
- Passive experience that acquires active participation
- process getting information in the text.
Reading
- Reading is a multifaceted (has different phases or parts)
process involving one’s sense to recognize words and
understand contexts. It encompasses integration of fluency,
vocabulary, and motivation to decode meaning.
- Reading is a process not just an act, you cannot read if you
cannot recognize words and it begins in sounds
- Vocabulary means knowledge of words
- Day and Bamford (1998) – reading is meaning construction
from a printed or written message. Meaning construction
involves the reader connecting information from the written
message with previous knowledge to arrive at meaning and
understanding. (Whenever we read something, we have
schema or schemata or prior/background knowledge and this
is the reason why we understand what we read)
- Cline et al. (2006) – reading is decoding and understanding
written texts. Decoding involves the translation of the symbols
of writing system (including Braille) into the spoken words
that they represent. Meanwhile, understanding is determined
by factors such as the reading purpose, the context, the nature
of the text, and the readers’ strategies and knowledge.
- This is included in the five macro skills that we have: reading,
writing, listening, speaking and viewing.
- Braille is the system of touch of reading and writing for blind
people using dots na kinakapa nila.
Importance of Reading Comprehension
- Reading comprehension is the ability to process text,
understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader
already knows. (if you read and understand th text that is
reading comprehensioj)
• Discover new things because reading comprehension
allows us to educate ourselves in any area of life that we
are interested in and to independently do our own research
and thinking (we can discover or unlock different
information or knowledge that will be our ways to educate
ourself more);
• Access and comprehend different reading materials such
as textbooks, general references, research, journals,
history books, literature, etc.;
• Develop our mind and enhance our imagination and
creativity;
• Improve our vocabulary and spelling, as well as our
linguistic and communicative competence on both written
and spoken forms (if ineexpose natin sarili ntin sa reading
we will improve our vocabulary);
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• Build a good self-image; and function necessarily at home,
school, workplace, community, thus, in today’s society.
o What is the title?
o Who is the author?
o Who are the people involved in the text?
o What are the names of the characters?
- These are questions we can answer through merely
reading a text.
• What are the assumptions made in the text? Are they
important? Are they possible? Are they reasonable?
• What is the evidence stated that support the claim? Are
they appropriate to the context? Are they true today?
• Are the beliefs or values of the author explicit?
• Were there inconsistent statements?
• What could be the possible counterclaims for the text?
• Can you see any justification (direct or implied) for the
research decisions? Do the justifications seem reasonable?
• How does the development of information affect the
purpose of the text?
- These questions will require readers to go beyond reading.
• Reading isn’t just fundamental. It is critical.
• Critical reading is an analytic activity. The reader rereads
a text to identify patterns of elements: information, values,
assumptions, and language usage, throughout the
discussion. These elements are tied together in an
interpretation, an assertion of an underlying meaning of
the text as a whole. (when we critically read we also
analyze
• Critical reading is an analytic activity.
- Example: A non- critical thinker/ reader might read a
history book to learn the facts of the situation or to
discover a accepted interpretation of those events.
- A critical thinker/ reader might read the same work to
appreciate how a particular perspective of the events and a
particular selection of facts can lead to a particular
understanding
Reading critically means reflecting on:
• Content of the text: the reader should be able to interpret and
explain the main points of the text on his or her own words
• Descriptions in the text: the reader should be able to create
his or her own examples based from the described key points
and be able to compare them with other texts of the same topic
• Interpretation of the text: the reader should be able to
objectively analyze the text in parts and in whole. (can you
explain what you read in your own words? Can you give your
own example can you analyze in parts and in summary what
you read
The Difference Between Reading and Critical Reading
Reading Critical Reading
- To know the title - To recognize arguments
- To know who the - To form judgments about
author is HOW a text works
Purpose - To search for specific - To assess the strengths of
information the text
- To get a basic grasp - To evaluate evidence
of the text - To generate questions
 CRITICAL READING, WRITING & THINKING – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022

THE NATURE OF TEXT

- Memorizing - Analyzing
Discussed by Prof. Chinone
Activity - Absorbing - Interpreting
- Understanding - Evaluating
- Knowing more about the nature of the text prepares you better
in understanding the topic, following references, raising
arguments and flowing with the discussion.
- What is the main
- What is the text argument? What questions should be asked?
about? - How does the text work? • What is the title? Does it reflect the topic?
- Who are the How is it argued? • What details, style, and arguments do you expect?
Questions characters? - What kinds of reasoning
- What is the setting? and evidences are used? • What do you currently know about the topic? Are there gaps
- What is the plot? - What are the underlying and grey areas with your current knowledge of the topic?
- What is the theme? assumptions? • Is there any need for background reading prior to reading the
- What does the text mean? current text in order to make understanding faster and more
fluid?
- With and AGAINST the - This information are often reflected on the cover, preface
text (questioning its and table of content of the book. For stories, the synopsis
- WITH the text assumptions and at the back can give you the information that you need.
Direction (taking for granted it arguments, interpreting
is right) meaning in context, and Who are the stakeholders?
connecting it to other • Who is in concern in the issue?
similar texts) • Who controls the result of the issue?
• Who are the key decision makers or key contributors in
- Description,
Response
- Restatement,
Interpretation, and
creating and resolving the issue?
Summary • Who is affected by the issue?
Evaluation
- Equipping yourself with prior knowledge before reading
the text can help you identify the biases of the authors,
Critical Reading as a Daily Routine and possibly the unintentional errors.
- Be consistently conscious of the nature and content of the text, • What do you know about the author?
and everything that the author implies behind the text. • What is the background of the author?
- Making reading a habit widens our horizons and allows us to • What are his or her goals in writing the text?
always look at the bigger picture from a vantage point. - It is possible that the text is no longer consistent with the
- Absorb as much as you can, integrate the valuable ones to author’s prior works or statements, so you need to
your own principles and values, and adopt the attitude consider some information:
necessary to keep yourself inspired in reading. • When was the text published?
The Goal of Reading • Where was it published?
• To be entertained (story books, novels, history books, articles) • Who was the publisher?
• To understand (dictionary, journals, encyclopedia, books in
our subject) Academic and Non-Academic Texts
• To be informed (newspaper, flyers) - Learning how to separate academic texts from non-academic
• For academic purposes (books related to our subject) texts is an imperative for students as this knowledge is needed
Adopting a Healthy Attitude in Reading in researching, reviewing and passing assessments.
- In critical reading, you are encouraged to learn meaning and Academic texts
identify value rather than absorb everything at face value. - These are texts intended for publication, such as journal
- In order to keep a positive attitude when reading, one has to articles, reports, books, and chapters in edited collections.
equip him or herself with tools that make learning more - An important feature of academic texts is that they are
convenient and less tiresome. organized in a specific way; they have a clear structure.
- Emotionally detaching yourself from the text. Advisably, one Types of academic text
has to maintain objectivity when reading as this allows a • Essay - A fairly short, self-contained argument, often using
person to analyze the text using logic and not feelings. sources from a class in response to a question provided by an
- Dr. Seuss – the more you read the more things you know. The instructor.
more that you learn the more places you’ll go. • Research paper - A more in-depth investigation based on
independent research, often in response to a question chosen
by the student.
• Thesis/ dissertation - The large final research project
undertaken at the end of a degree, usually on a topic of the
student's choice.
• Research proposal - An outline of a potential topic and plan
for a future dissertation or research project.
• Literature review - A critical synthesis of existing research
on a topic, usually written in order to inform the approach of a
new piece of research.
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 CRITICAL READING, WRITING & THINKING – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022
Academic texts are:
• Formal and unbiased
• Clear and precise
• Focused and well-structured
• Well-sourced
• Correct and consistent
• Book reports
• Translations
• Essays
• Conference papers
• Academic journals
• Abstract
Academic texts are:
• Objective. This means that they are based on facts with solid
basis. The emotions of the authors cannot be felt from texts or
materials.
• Written by professionals in any given field (e.g. medicine,
architecture, economics, etc.). These professionals include
doctors, architects, economists, among others.
• Often take years to publish because of intense writing and
review.
• Written with formal words and may contain technical
terms that are related to a certain field.
• Accompanied with a list of references where authors based
their information.
Non-Academic Texts
- They are published quickly and can be written by anyone,
which includes personal opinions, letters to editors, memos,
magazine, fiction or non-fiction, newspapers, digital media,
blogs, text messages, business letters, etc.
Non-academic texts are:
• Non-objective. These texts tend to be more personal and
based on opinions or one's point-of-view. Opinions are neither
correct or incorrect.
• Written for the mass public. There is no specific audience
for non-academic texts.
• Written with casual, informal language. These texts may
also use slang.
• Not limited to authorship credentials, writing ability or
substance, as fame, with or without credibility, sometimes
suffices as qualification for writing non-academic articles.
STEPS IN CRITICAL READING
Discussed by Prof. Chinone
Developing The Habit
- In order to make critical reading a habit, one needs to have the
genuine desire to learn and discover new things.
Prioritize reading
 Make a realistic schedule for your reading.
 You can also create a timetable to ensure your progress.
Find informative books of good value.
 Do not just look at titles or topics, but on the author’s
credibility, the reputation of the publishing company, the
curation and endorsements involved, and to a certain extent,
the marketability of the book in its niche.
 To experience the best results, you may want to start reading
books that genuinely pique your curiosity or are aligned with
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your already existing hobbies, skills, interests, or field of
specialization.
 It is also recommended for readers to set a ― reading schedule
every day, which may last from 30 minutes to several hours.
- But you have to keep in mind, that you are reading because
you have a goal and not just because you have a schedule to
fill.
Have your reading habit planned.
 Designating your own reading spot in the house and setting up
a mini-library where you can place all of your books also help
in developing the habit.
 If planning your reading habit in a time-bound manner seems
impractical, you may always set a quantity-based reading
activity instead.
Do not limit your reading habit.
 Read as much as you can, as often as you want.
Be a morning reader.
Try speed reading.
Step 1: Analyze the critical reading
Identify the components then ponder on them one by one:
• Underline instructional words, e.g., discuss, explain, identify,
justify
• Mark apparent keywords and key phrases
• Be mindful of the organizational patterns used (Compare
and contrast, cause and effect, list, spatial, chronological,
etc.)
• Evaluate the validity and requirement of the questions
• Brainstorm the question:
- Write down all related information
- Link the details that you know
- Determine knowledge gaps
Step 2: Practice pre-reading
Thinking and reading before thoroughly reading a text.
• Plan.
• Establish purpose.
• Scan and skim the text.
• Highlight main ideas and key words.
Step 3: Highlight and annotate.
- Highlight key ideas and also write brief annotations regarding
the text.
- Making annotations helps readers focus on the significant
ideas presented. It also helps them remember information.
Step 4: Evaluate the text.
• Is the argument clearly asserted and supported by evidence?
• Is the research valid? (Sufficient, appropriate, adequate,
objective, valid methodology?)
• Has the argument been developed logically?
• Does it present solutions based on evidence?
• Are recommendations appropriate to the purpose?
• In what ways does the article/report advance our knowledge of
a particular issue?
• What assumptions underlie the research? Are they reasonable?
Step 5: Mind mapping.
Step 6: Consolidating
• Summarize the text in preparation for writing your assignment
 CRITICAL READING, WRITING & THINKING – BSN 2ND YEAR 2ND SEMESTER PRELIM 2022
• Make another mind map drawing on your notes and your
rough mind map.
• Make headings and note the supporting evidence in dot points.
• Include your evaluation.
• Be creative: use color and arrows; make it easy to visualize.
• Highlight the ideas you may want to use for your assignment.
Effective Steps for Note-Taking
1. Highlighting and emphasizing
2. Making written notes.
3. Reviewing and revising your notes.
4. Organize your notes.
READING STRATEGIES FOR CRITICAL THINKING
Discussed by Prof. Chinone
Previewing
- is a pre-reading strategy to improve the reader’s ability to
focus.
- It requires readers to skim the text to get the main idea before
reading it in detail.
- Skimming is a reading technique that is used to get an overall
view, gist or impression of the content.
- Better concentration leads to better understanding.
- Remember T.H.I.E.V.E.S.
Contextualizing
- It literally means studying in context.
- In critical reading, one needs to place the texts in their
historical, biographical, and cultural contexts to be aware of
the differences between the contemporary ideas and those
written in the texts.
- Every era is different, to fully decode the text, readers must
take note the significance between the time and place when
and where the article is written and the time and place when
the article is read.
Questioning
- It is an engaging strategy that helps the readers clarify and
comprehend what he is reading.
- The following questions denote critical reading:
• How does the text work? How is it argued?
• What are the choices made? The patterns that result?
• What kinds of reasoning and evidences are used?
• What are the underlying assumptions?
• What does the text mean?
Reflecting
- It is a purposeful activity in which a person analyzes his/her
own experiences, or own skills, practice, and responses in
order to learn more and gain improvement.
- Reflection deepens learning and it enables someone to make
sense of the acquired knowledge.
Outlining and Summarizing
- It is a reading strategy that organizes ideas and the main points
of the text.
- An outline is the skeleton of the text pinpointing the main
ideas of the text.
- A summary is a brief account of the important points of
something. It uses the words of the one who did the
summarizing; however, it maintains the ideas presented in the
original text.
Evaluating the argument
- When readers evaluate the content, they focus on information
and they consider its connection to their own viewpoint.
- Readers make evidence-based judgments.
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Comparing and Contrasting
- It is a reading strategy that will involve exploring similarities
and differences between related texts.
- Comparing and contrasting texts may help readers increase
understanding of the texts and also, evaluate the information
presented; tell whether whose work is more accurate,
believable and consistent.
Reading Strategies for Critical Thinking
Improve your vocabulary words.
- Read a wide range of text.
- Have a dictionary at all times.
- Never assume the meaning of a word that you are unfamiliar
with.
- Keep a vocabulary journal where you write down all words
that you learn on a daily or weekly basis.
- Learn at least three words a day and try using them in
sentences.
- Find opportunities to apply the learned words in actual
conversations.
Mind your reading comprehension skills.
Be Conscious of Your Recalls.
- Try to recall and explain the key
- points on your own words after each section.
- Avoid reading at a slower pace just to compensate for your
comprehension.
- Use a line guide.
Improve your reading speed.
- Keep in mind that the reading pace depends on the type of
material you are reading and your goal.
- Proactively focus on 2-4 words at a time instead of fixating on
a per word reading basis.
- Read with your eyes and mind.
- Practice makes perfect.
- Force yourself to read at a faster rate for short periods of time.
- Go at a speed that is uncomfortable but you are still
comprehending the material.
- Avoid rereading as much as possible.
- You should never read at a rate that is slower than your
average rate.
Apply the SQ3R Method
Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Review
- This is an active reading method that, although will seem
time consuming at the beginning, can still enhance your
reading comprehension and learning efficiency.
Do Skimming & Scanning
- Skimming will help you locate the information quickly. It will
also increase the amount of usable material you obtain for
your research.
- Scanning is reading a text quickly in order to find specific
information
Make inferences
- Take two or more details from the reading and see if you can
draw a conclusion.
- When you are asked an inference question, go back over the
reading and look for hints within the text.
Ang una at madali namin natapos hehe ~~
Review well! Goood luccck Future nurses :)) – Aki