COAL AND PETROLEUM

By Divyanshu Gupta

Coal and petroleum are sources of energy that are non- renewable. They were made in the nature a long time before and they will finish after long-time use

Coal
Coal is a combustible ,sedimentary, organic rock, formed from vegetation. In other words coal is a fossil fuel created from the remains of plants that lived millions of years ago. it is considered as a non renewable source of energy because it takes too much time to form.

TYPES OF COAL
Peat Lignite Sub-bituminous coal Bituminous coal Anthracite Graphite

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COAL

Coal mainly consists of carbon. It also consists some metal compound and some other impurities.

USES OF COAL
Coal as fuel Coking and use of coke Ethanol production Coal tar

COAL AS FUEL
Coal is used as a solid fuel to produce electricity. Coal is used as a solid fuel to produce heat through combustion

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COKING AND USE OF COKE

Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue derived from lowash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. It is further used in making steel.

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ETHANOL PRODUCTION
The reaction of coal and natural gas was used for making Buna rubber. This reaction makes ethanol and it is used to make Buna rubber.

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COAL TAR
Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of high viscosity, which smells of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Being flammable, coal tar is sometimes used for heating or to fire boilers. Tar is used in treatment of the skin disease psoriasis, where coal tar is the most effective. It is also used to make roads.

COAL MINING
There are two ways to mine coal Surface mining Underground mining

Surface mining

Underground mining

Deposits of coal over the world

Legend -- coal deposits

Petroleum
Petroleum is a naturally occurring ,flammable liquid , that are found in geologic formations beneath the earth's surface. It was produced when sea creatures died and got covered with sand and clay. Under high pressure , these dead organisms changed into petroleum and natural gases.

PRODUCTS OF PETROLEUM

Ethane and other short-chain alkenes Diesel fuel (petro diesel) Fuel oils Gasoline (Petrol) Jet fuel Kerosene Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Lubricants (light machine oils, motor oils, and greases, ). Wax, used in the packaging of frozen foods, among others. Sulfur or Sulfuric acid. Bulk tar. Asphalt Petroleum coke, used in specialty carbon products or as solid fuel. Paraffin wax Aromatic petrochemicals to be used as precursors in other chemical production. Plastics

Chemical composition
Composition
Element
Carbon

Percent range
83 to 87%

Hydrogen
Nitrogen

10 to 14%
0.1 to 2%

Oxygen
Sulfur Metals

0.1 to 1.5%
0.5 to 6% < 0.1%

USES OF PETROLEUM
Petroleum may be taken to oil refineries and the hydrocarbon chemicals separated by distillation and treated by other chemical processes, to be used for a variety of purposes like:

Asphalt Diesel fuelLiquefied petroleum gas (LPG) Lubricating oils Paraffin wax Tar Petrochemicals Fuel oils Gasoline Kerosene

OIL WELL
An

oil well is a general term for any boring through the earth's surface that is designed to find and acquire petroleum oil hydrocarbons. It is used to pump out petroleum.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF COAL MINING

Generation of hundreds of millions of tons of waste products is pro Acid rain from high sulfur coal Interference with groundwater and water table levels Contamination of land and waterways and destruction of homes from fly ash spills Impact of water use on flows of rivers and consequential impact on other land-uses Dust nuisance Subsidence above tunnels, sometimes damaging infrastructure Coal-fired power plants shorten nearly 24,000 lives a year in the United States, including 2,800 from lung cancer Coal-fired power plants emit mercury, selenium, and arsenic which are harmful to human health and the environment Release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, which causes climate change and global warming according to the IPCC. Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in the air

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM

Extraction

Oil extraction is costly and sometimes environmentally damaging, although Dr. John Hunt of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution pointed out in a 1981 paper that over 70% of the reserves in the world are associated with visible macro seepages, and many oil fields are found due to natural seeps. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturbs the surrounding marine environment. Crude oil and refined fuel spills from tanker ship accidents have damaged natural ecosystems in Alaska, the Galapagos Islands, France and many other places. The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g., Atlantic Empress, Amoco Cadiz). Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin oil slick which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly bulldozed around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily. Control of oil spills is difficult, requires ad hoc methods, and often a large amount of manpower. The dropping of bombs and incendiary devices from aircraft on the Torrey

Oil spills