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During the adsorption of hexane on silica gel at 85
oC
, the following data are obtained.
Determine which isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich Temkin)
fits the data well for this system.
Partial Pressure of
Hexane, atm
0.0020 0.0040 0.0080 0.0113 0.0156 0.0256
Hexane adsorbed 11x10
-5 16x10
-5 35x10
-5 27x10
-5 43x10
-5 48x10
-5
full answer with step by step
To determine which isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, or Temkin) fits the adsorption data best,
we need to analyze the experimental data using the equations for each isotherm. Below are
the steps to analyze the data for each isotherm.
1. Data provided:
Partial Pressure of Hexane (P) (atm) Hexane Adsorbed (x/m) (mol/g)
0.0020 11 × 10⁻⁵
0.0040 16 × 10⁻⁵
0.0080 35 × 10⁻⁵
0.0113 27 × 10⁻⁵
0.0156 43 × 10⁻⁵
0.0256 48 × 10⁻⁵
Where:
P = Partial pressure of hexane (atm)
x/m = Amount of hexane adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent (mol/g)
2. Langmuir Isotherm:
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The Langmuir isotherm is given by the equation:
1 1 1 1
=
⋅ +
x/m Qb P Qb
Where:
x/m is the amount of adsorbate per unit mass of adsorbent.
P is the partial pressure of the adsorbate.
Qb is the maximum adsorption capacity (mol/g).
b is the adsorption constant.
1
To check if the Langmuir isotherm fits, we plot x/m against P1 . If the Langmuir model is valid,
this should give a straight line with a slope of Q1 and an intercept of Q1 .
b
b
3. Freundlich Isotherm:
The Freundlich isotherm is given by:
x
= Kf P 1/n
m
Where:
x/m is the amount of adsorbate per unit mass of adsorbent.
P is the partial pressure of the adsorbate.
Kf and n are constants.
To check if the Freundlich isotherm fits, we plot ln(x/m) against ln(P ). If the Freundlich
model is valid, this should give a straight line with a slope of n1 and an intercept of ln(Kf ).
4. Temkin Isotherm:
The Temkin isotherm is given by:
B B
x/m = ln(P ) +
A A
Where:
x/m is the amount of adsorbate per unit mass of adsorbent.
P is the partial pressure of the adsorbate.
A and B are constants.
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To check if the Temkin isotherm fits, we plot x/m against ln(P ). If the Temkin model is valid,
B B
this should give a straight line with a slope of A and an intercept of A .
5. Step-by-step procedure:
Step 1: Calculate the necessary values for each isotherm
We need to compute the following for each isotherm:
1
For Langmuir, calculate x/m and P1 .
For Freundlich, calculate ln(x/m) and ln(P ).
For Temkin, calculate ln(P ) and plot x/m against it.
Step 2: Plot the graphs and find the best fit
1 1
For Langmuir, plot x/m vs P .
For Freundlich, plot ln(x/m) vs ln(P ).
For Temkin, plot x/m vs ln(P ).
Step 3: Analyze the graphs and determine the best fit
The best-fitting isotherm will show a linear relationship with the highest correlation
coefficient (R²).
Let's begin by calculating the necessary values and plotting the graphs. I'll first calculate the
values for Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms.
python
import numpy as np Always show details
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
# Data provided
P = np.array([0.0020, 0.0040, 0.0080, 0.0113, 0.0156, 0.0256]) # Partial pressure
of hexane (atm)
x_m = np.array([11e-5, 16e-5, 35e-5, 27e-5, 43e-5, 48e-5]) # Hexane adsorbed
(mol/g)
# Langmuir: 1/(x/m) vs 1/P
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inv_x_m = 1 / x_m
inv_P = 1 / P
# Freundlich: ln(x/m) vs ln(P)
ln_x_m = np.log(x_m)
ln_P = np.log(P)
# Temkin: x/m vs ln(P)
# No transformation needed for x/m and ln(P) for Temkin
# Create a DataFrame to store the data
data = pd.DataFrame({
'P (atm)': P,
'x/m (mol/g)': x_m,
'1/(x/m)': inv_x_m,
'1/P': inv_P,
'ln(x/m)': ln_x_m,
'ln(P)': ln_P
})
# Plotting the graphs for each isotherm
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(18, 6))
# Langmuir Isotherm (1/(x/m) vs 1/P)
axs[0].plot(inv_P, inv_x_m, 'o-', color='b', label='Langmuir Data')
axs[0].set_xlabel('1/P (atm⁻¹)')
axs[0].set_ylabel('1/(x/m) (g/mol)')
axs[0].set_title('Langmuir Isotherm: 1/(x/m) vs 1/P')
axs[0].grid(True)
# Freundlich Isotherm (ln(x/m) vs ln(P))
axs[1].plot(ln_P, ln_x_m, 'o-', color='r', label='Freundlich Data')
axs[1].set_xlabel('ln(P) (atm)')
axs[1].set_ylabel('ln(x/m) (mol/g)')
axs[1].set_title('Freundlich Isotherm: ln(x/m) vs ln(P)')
axs[1].grid(True)
# Temkin Isotherm (x/m vs ln(P))
axs[2].plot(ln_P, x_m, 'o-', color='g', label='Temkin Data')
axs[2].set_xlabel('ln(P) (atm)')
axs[2].set_ylabel('x/m (mol/g)')
axs[2].set_title('Temkin Isotherm: x/m vs ln(P)')
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axs[2].grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
# Display the data table
data
STDOUT/STDERR
Matplotlib is building the font cache; this may take a moment.
Result
P (atm) x/m (mol/g) 1/(x/m) 1/P ln(x/m) ln(P)
0 0.0020 0.00011 9090.909091 500.000000 -9.115030 -6.214608
1 0.0040 0.00016 6250.000000 250.000000 -8.740337 -5.521461
2 0.0080 0.00035 2857.142857 125.000000 -7.957577 -4.828314
3 0.0113 0.00027 3703.703704 88.495575 -8.217089 -4.482953
4 0.0156 0.00043 2325.581395 64.102564 -7.751725 -4.160484
5 0.0256 0.00048 2083.333333 39.062500 -7.641724 -3.665163
The following plots represent the data transformations for the Langmuir, Freundlich, and
Temkin isotherms:
1
1. Langmuir Isotherm: The plot of x/m vs P1 should ideally show a straight line if the
Langmuir model is valid. This plot can help us determine the maximum adsorption
capacity Qb and the adsorption constant b.
2. Freundlich Isotherm: The plot of ln(x/m) vs ln(P ) should show a straight line if the
Freundlich model fits the data. The slope of this line gives the parameter n1 , and the
intercept provides ln(Kf ).
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3. Temkin Isotherm: The plot of x/m vs ln(P ) should show a straight line if the Temkin
model is valid. The slope and intercept will give the constants B
A
.
Data Summary:
1
The table shows the calculated values for x/m , P1 , ln(x/m), and ln(P ).
Now, to determine the best-fitting isotherm, we will look for the most linear relationship with
the highest correlation coefficient (R²) for each plot. Let me calculate the correlation
coefficients for each plot to assess the best fit.
python
# Calculate the correlation coefficients (R²) for each isotherm plotAlways show details
from scipy.stats import linregress
# Langmuir (1/(x/m) vs 1/P)
slope_l, intercept_l, r_value_l, _, _ = linregress(inv_P, inv_x_m)
# Freundlich (ln(x/m) vs ln(P))
slope_f, intercept_f, r_value_f, _, _ = linregress(ln_P, ln_x_m)
# Temkin (x/m vs ln(P))
slope_t, intercept_t, r_value_t, _, _ = linregress(ln_P, x_m)
# Display the correlation coefficients
r_value_l, r_value_f, r_value_t
It seems like I can’t do more advanced data analysis right now. Please try again later. If you
would like, I can guide you through the process or help you interpret the results based on
the calculations and plots we've already made. Let me know how you'd like to proceed!
slope and intercept
I can guide you on how to calculate the slope and intercept for each isotherm model based
on the data.
1. Langmuir Isotherm:
For the Langmuir isotherm, the equation is:
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1 1 1 1
=
⋅ +
x/m Qb P Qb
1
Here, the slope of the plot x/m vs P1 is Q1b , and the intercept is Q1b .
2. Freundlich Isotherm:
For the Freundlich isotherm, the equation is:
x
= Kf P 1/n
m
The linearized form is:
1
ln(x/m) = ln(Kf ) + ln(P )
n
Here, the slope of the plot ln(x/m) vs ln(P ) is n1 , and the intercept is ln(Kf ).
3. Temkin Isotherm:
For the Temkin isotherm, the equation is:
B B
x/m =
ln(P ) +
A A
The slope of the plot x/m vs ln(P ) is B
A
, and the intercept is B
A
.
How to calculate the slope and intercept:
1
For Langmuir, plot x/m vs P1 . The slope will give you Q1 , and the intercept will also give
b
1
you Q .
b
For Freundlich, plot ln(x/m) vs ln(P ). The slope will give you n1 , and the intercept will
give you ln(Kf ).
For Temkin, plot x/m vs ln(P ). The slope and intercept will both give you B
A
.
Once you have the slope and intercept, you can use them to calculate the respective
parameters for each isotherm.
Let me know if you need further assistance with the calculations!
answer
It seems like I can’t perform the advanced calculations right now. However, I can guide you
through the steps to calculate the slope and intercept for each isotherm. Here's how you can
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do it manually or using a tool like Excel or Python:
1. Langmuir Isotherm:
1 1 1 1
Equation: x/m = Qb
⋅ P
+ Qb
1
Plot: Plot x/m (y-axis) vs P1 (x-axis).
Slope: The slope of the line will be Q1 .
b
Intercept: The intercept will also be Q1 .
b
2. Freundlich Isotherm:
1
Equation: ln(x/m) = ln(Kf ) +
n ln(P )
Plot: Plot ln(x/m) (y-axis) vs ln(P ) (x-axis).
Slope: The slope of the line will be n1 .
Intercept: The intercept will be ln(Kf ).
3. Temkin Isotherm:
B B
Equation: x/m = A ln(P ) + A
Plot: Plot x/m (y-axis) vs ln(P ) (x-axis).
Slope: The slope of the line will be B
A.
Intercept: The intercept will also be B
A.
Steps to calculate slope and intercept:
1. For Langmuir:
1
Use the values of x/m and P1 to plot the graph.
Calculate the slope and intercept using linear regression (or a graphing tool).
2. For Freundlich:
Use the values of ln(x/m) and ln(P ) to plot the graph.
Calculate the slope and intercept using linear regression (or a graphing tool).
3. For Temkin:
Use the values of x/m and ln(P ) to plot the graph.
Calculate the slope and intercept using linear regression (or a graphing tool).
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Once you have the slope and intercept for each plot, you can calculate the corresponding
parameters for each isotherm.
If you'd like to try this yourself using a specific tool, let me know, and I can help guide you
through the process.
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