Task 1

1. Don’t repeat these accusations without checking them.

o Imperative, negative.

2. I’m sorry – there isn’t time to explain.

o Declarative, affirmative.

3. May I speak to your husband, please?

o Interrogative, affirmative.

4. Is not everything under control?

o Interrogative, affirmative.

5. Don’t you dare to ask me such a question another time!

o Imperative, negative.

6. Would you mind repeating the telephone number?

o Interrogative, affirmative.

7. Let’s not become personal.

o Imperative, affirmative.

8. Aren’t they glad to see us in their company?

o Interrogative, affirmative.

9. Will she not receive me now?

o Interrogative, negative.

10. I can hardly believe his words.

o Declarative, affirmative.

11. There can’t be anything wrong with the computer.

o Declarative, affirmative.

12. They shouldn’t start without consulting the weathermen.

o Declarative, affirmative.

13. I’m not to be talked into consent.

o Declarative, affirmative.

14. Won’t she marry Jack?

o Interrogative, affirmative.
 15. Don’t let’s break the packets open.

o Imperative, negative.

16. Isn’t there anything we can do?

o Interrogative, affirmative.

17. Don’t fail to follow the instructions closely.

o Imperative, negative.

18. Has he never flown passenger planes?

o Interrogative, affirmative.

19. Go ahead. I’m ready to put down the message.

o Imperative, affirmative.

20. Haven’t we been trying to reach you all these days?

o Interrogative, affirmative.

Task 2

1. Simple Sentences:

o "One morning the old Water-rat put his head out of his hole."

o "He had bright beady eyes and stiff grey whiskers, and his tail was like a long bit of black
India-rubber."

o "The little ducks were swimming about in the pond, looking just like a lot of yellow
canaries, and their mother, who was pure white with real red legs, was trying to teach
them how to stand on their heads in the water."

o "But the little ducks paid no attention to her."

o "They were so young that they did not know what an advantage it is to be in society at
all."

o "They really deserve to be drowned."

o "Everyone must make a beginning, and parents cannot be too patient."

o "Love is all very well in its way, but friendship is much higher."

o "Indeed, I know nothing in the world that is either nobler or rarer than a devoted
friendship."

2. Compound Sentences:

o "He had bright beady eyes and stiff grey whiskers, and his tail was like a long bit of black
India-rubber."
 o "The little ducks were swimming about in the pond, looking just like a lot of yellow
canaries, and their mother, who was pure white with real red legs, was trying to teach
them how to stand on their heads in the water."

o "What disobedient children!" cried the old Water-rat; "they really deserve to be
drowned.”

o “Nothing of the kind,” answered the Duck, “everyone must make a beginning, and
parents cannot be too patient.”

o "I am not a family man. In fact, I have never been married, and I never intend to be."

3. Complex Sentences:

o "What disobedient children!” cried the old Water-rat; “they really deserve to be
drowned.”

o “Nothing of the kind,” answered the Duck, “everyone must make a beginning, and
parents cannot be too patient.”

o "I am not a family man. In fact, I have never been married, and I never intend to be."

o "Love is all very well in its way, but friendship is much higher."

Task 3

1. Unexpanded Sentences:

o "Some wall tiling was loose."

 Part-of-speech characteristics: NP (noun phrase) - "Some wall tiling" is a noun

phrase functioning as the subject.

 Syntactic function: Subject.

o "His connection has long been broken."

 Part-of-speech characteristics: NP - "His connection" (noun phrase) as the

subject.

 Syntactic function: Subject.

o "The electric torch went out."

 Part-of-speech characteristics: NP - "The electric torch" (noun phrase) as the

subject.

 Syntactic function: Subject.

o "My dear fellow, you are pretty near the truth this time."

 Part-of-speech characteristics: Sentence fragment (speech act structure), no

clear syntactic function.
2. Expanded Sentences:

o "Without turning Jim gave a light chuckle."

 Part-of-speech characteristics: PP (prepositional phrase) "Without turning"

modifies the verb "gave."

 Syntactic function: Adverbial modifier of manner.

o "But something has been happening."

 Part-of-speech characteristics: PP "but something" functioning as the subject of

the sentence.

 Syntactic function: Subject.

o "The next instant she had recognized him."

 Part-of-speech characteristics: NP "The next instant" as the subject, and "she

had recognized him" is a subordinate clause.

 Syntactic function: Subject (expanded clause).

o "Do you attach importance to this discovery?"

 Part-of-speech characteristics: NP "this discovery" functioning as the object of

the verb "attach."

 Syntactic function: Object.

o "Did the second door have a key in the lock?"

 Part-of-speech characteristics: NP "the second door" functioning as the subject,

and "in the lock" is a prepositional phrase expanding the predicate.

 Syntactic function: Subject and object of the verb.

o "No one gives him credit for his achievement."

 Part-of-speech characteristics: NP "No one" (subject), "gives him credit" (verb

phrase), "for his achievement" (prepositional phrase modifying "credit").

 Syntactic function: Subject and object with prepositional modifier.

o "Why, Mary is in excellent spirits!"

 Part-of-speech characteristics: Exclamation, nominal clause "Mary is in

excellent spirits."

 Syntactic function: Predicative clause.

o "The newcomer rose obediently."

 Part-of-speech characteristics: NP "The newcomer" as the subject, "obediently"

(adverbial phrase).
  Syntactic function: Subject with an adverbial modifier.

o "Do you attach importance to this discovery?"

 Part-of-speech characteristics: NP "this discovery" functioning as the object of

"attach importance."

 Syntactic function: Object.

Task 4

1. Coordinate Clauses:

o "It was high summer, and the hay harvest was almost over."

 Joined by: "and"

 Type: Simple coordination.

2. "All the rooms were brightly lighted, but there seemed to be complete silence in the house."

o Joined by: "but"

o Type: Simple coordination, showing contrast.

3. "One small group was playing cards, another sat around the table and drank, or, tiring of that,
adjourned to a large room to dance to music of the Victrola or player piano."

o Joined by: "and", "or"

o Type: Complex coordination, listing multiple actions/activities.

4. "His eyes were blood-shot and heavy, his face a deadly white, and his body bent as if with age."

o Joined by: "and"

o Type: Simple coordination.

5. "He only smiled, however, and there was comfort in his hearty rejoinder, for there seemed to be
a whole sensible world behind it."

o Joined by: "for"

o Type: Complex coordination, indicating cause or reason.

6. "You’ll either sail this boat correctly or you’ll never go out with me again."

o Joined by: "or"

o Type: Simple coordination.

7. "Time passed, and she came to no conclusion, nor did any opportunities come her way for
making a closer study of Mischa."

o Joined by: "and", "nor"

 o Type: Complex coordination, showing both a lack of conclusion and opportunity.

8. "She often enjoyed Annette’s company, yet the child made her nervous."

o Joined by: "yet"

o Type: Complex coordination, showing contrast.

9. "She ran through another set of rooms, breathless, her feet scarcely touching the surface of the
soft carpets; then a final doorway suddenly and unexpectedly let her out into the street."

o Joined by: "and"

o Type: Simple coordination.

10. "It was early afternoon, but very dark outside, and the lamps had already turned on."

o Joined by: "but", "and"

Task 5

Types of Subordinate Clauses and Translations:

1. "Everybody who makes the kind of blunder I did should apologize," he remarked with a
pronounced nodding of his head.

o Type: Relative clause (modifying "Everybody").

o Translation: "Кожен, хто робить такі помилки, як я, повинен вибачитися", — сказав

він, киваючи головою.

2. Rachel had become aware of the fact that she was talking loudly.

o Type: Subject clause (in the predicate "had become aware").

o Translation: Рейчел усвідомила, що говорить занадто голосно.

3. He took after his blond father, who had been a painter. Rosa took after her dark-haired
mother, who had been a Fabian.

o Type: Relative clause (modifying "his father" and "her mother").

o Translation: Він був схожий на свого блондинового батька, який був художником.
Роза була схожа на свою темноволосу матір, яка була фебіанкою.

4. What we are interested in, as author and reader, is the fact that publishing in England is now
an integral part of big business.

o Type: Nominal clause (object of "is interested in").

o Translation: Те, що нас цікавить як авторів та читачів, — це те, що видавнича справа

в Англії тепер є невід’ємною частиною великого бізнесу.
 5. The invalid whose strength was now sufficiently restored, threw off his coat, and rushed
towards the sea, with the intention of plunging in, and dragging the drowning man ashore.

o Type: Relative clause (modifying "the invalid").

o Translation: Хворий, сили якого вже відновилися, скинув пальто і кинувся до моря,
маючи намір пірнути та витягнути потопаючого.

6. He was suddenly reminded of the crumpled money he had snatched from the table and
burned in the sink.

o Type: Noun clause (object of "reminded").

o Translation: Його раптово нагадав про зім’яті гроші, які він вирвав зі столу і спалив у
раковині.

7. Georgie, who is now twenty-six, had been an undergraduate at Cambridge, where she had
taken a degree in economics.

o Type: Relative clause (modifying "Georgie").

o Translation: Джорджі, якій зараз двадцять шість років, була студенткою

Кембриджа, де отримала ступінь з економіки.

8. He would speak for hours about them to Harry Esmond; and, indeed, he could have chosen
few subjects more likely to interest the unhappy young man, whose heart was now as always
devoted to these ladies; and who was thankful to all who loved them, or praised them, or
wished them well.

o Type: Relative clause (modifying "the unhappy young man").

o Translation: Він годинами говорив про них Гаррі Есмонду; і справді, він не міг
вибрати кращої теми для цікавості нещасного юнака, чиє серце завжди було
віддане цим жінкам; і який був вдячний усім, хто любив їх, або хвалив, або бажав
їм добра.

9. I hardly know why I came to the conclusion that you don’t consider it an altogether fortunate
attachment.

o Type: Nominal clause (object of "know why").

o Translation: Я майже не знаю, чому дійшов до висновку, що ви не вважаєте це

зовсім удачним зв’язком.

Task 6

1. Two young girls in red came by.

o Predicate: came by (simple verbal predicate)

2. Demetrius came alive and pressed a flock of inquiries.

 o Predicate: came alive (simple verbal predicate) and pressed a flock of inquiries
(compound verbal predicate)

3. He tried to be both firm and friendly. I’ve felt dependent on him.

o Predicate: tried to be both firm and friendly (compound nominal predicate) and felt
dependent on him (simple verbal predicate)

4. No one was here to meet Dick. He felt a twinge of disappointment.

o Predicate: was here to meet Dick (compound nominal predicate) and felt a twinge of
disappointment (simple verbal predicate)

5. He was vaguely aware of his father standing by the kitchen-range with his coat off.

o Predicate: was vaguely aware of his father standing by the kitchen-range with his coat
off (compound verbal predicate)

6. The day of our wedding came. He was to call for me to choose the furniture.

o Predicate: came (simple verbal predicate) and was to call for me to choose the
furniture (compound verbal predicate)

7. Michelangelo remained silent.

o Predicate: remained silent (simple verbal predicate)

8. I gave up the attempt and went upstairs to unpack.

o Predicate: gave up the attempt (compound verbal predicate) and went upstairs to
unpack (compound verbal predicate)

9. I looked at the photograph above the mantelpiece and saw my own face for the first time.

o Predicate: looked at the photograph (compound verbal predicate) and saw my own
face for the first time (compound verbal predicate)

Task 7

1. Annette was completely dazed.

o Predicative: completely dazed (expressed by an adjective)
2. Their highest concept of right conduct, in his case, was to get a job.
o Predicative: to get a job (expressed by an infinitive phrase)

3. Sally, herself, was quite content for a while to enjoy becoming acquainted with her
son, washing and feeding him, taking him for walks in the bush, singing him to
sleep.
o Predicative: becoming acquainted with her son, washing and feeding him,
taking him for walks in the bush, singing him to sleep (expressed by gerundial
phrases)

4. Your resemblance to your mother is very striking.

o Predicative: very striking (expressed by an adjective)

5. Their interests were hers as well as the interests of everybody.

o Predicative: hers as well as the interests of everybody (expressed by a pronoun
and noun phrase)

6. Either course seemed unthinkable, without any connection with himself.

o Predicative: without any connection with himself (expressed by a prepositional
phrase)

7. The best thing for you is to move in with me and let the young lady stay with your
mother.
o Predicative: to move in with me and let the young lady stay with your mother
(expressed by infinitive phrases)

8. How do you feel physically?

o Predicative: physically (expressed by an adverb)

9. Who are you?

o Predicative: you (expressed by a pronoun)

10. The Irish are a philosophic as well as a practical race. Their first and strongest
impulse is to make the best of a bad situation.
  Predicative: to make the best of a bad situation (expressed by infinitive phrase)

Task 8

1. Tom gave up the brush with reluctance in his face.

o Object: the brush (direct object)
o State of what type: with reluctance in his face (adverbial phrase indicating
manner)

2. She will be glad of your company.

o Object: your company (direct object)
o State of what type: of your company (prepositional phrase indicating
possession)

3. He presently took from the drawer a carefully tied bundle of letters...

o Object: a carefully tied bundle of letters (direct object)
o State of what type: from the drawer (prepositional phrase indicating place)

4. Anthony looked forward eagerly to his mother’s letters.

o Object: his mother’s letters (direct object)
o State of what type: to his mother’s letters (prepositional phrase indicating
purpose)

5. And then Peggotty opened a little door and showed me my bedroom.

o Object: my bedroom (direct object)
o State of what type: a little door (adverbial phrase indicating place)

6. You must forgive me for coming at such an hour.

o Object: me (direct object)
o State of what type: for coming at such an hour (infinitive phrase indicating
reason)

7. I was awakened by hearing my own name spoken in a whisper.

o Object: my own name (direct object)
o State of what type: by hearing (prepositional phrase indicating means)

8. Soames smiled a sneering smile and said, “I wish you good luck!”
o Object: good luck (direct object)
 o State of what type: a sneering smile (adjective describing the object)

9. The old couple has lived a long and happy life.

o Object: a long and happy life (direct object)
o State of what type: a long and happy life (adjective describing the object)

Task 10

Sentence 1:

When he returned, he was still standing there like a man of stone.

 Attributes: a man of stone

 Expression: noun phrase

Sentence 2:

Amongst the last of the departing guests the fourth and the fifth brothers, Nicholas and
Roger, walked away together, directing their steps alongside Hyde Park.

 Attributes: the fourth and the fifth brothers

 Expression: noun phrase
 Attributes: Nicholas and Roger
 Expression: proper nouns

Sentence 3:

The thought of the night, nearly two years ago, when she came back by this train with the
news of Hubert’s release and found her father sitting up, grey and worn, in his study, made
her upset.

 Attributes: nearly two years ago

 Expression: noun phrase
 Attributes: grey and worn
 Expression: adjective phrase

Sentence 4:

Through Aunt Ann’s compressed lips a tender smile forced its way.

 Attributes: Aunt Ann’s compressed lips

 Expression: possessive noun phrase
 Attributes: tender
  Expression: adjective

Sentence 5:

Old Jolyon has got nobody else to leave his money to.

 Attributes: Old Jolyon

 Expression: proper noun
 Attributes: nobody else
 Expression: pronoun phrase

Sentence 6:

Recalling that never-to-be-forgotten day, they always exchange understanding smiles.

 Attributes: that never-to-be-forgotten day

 Expression: noun phrase
 Attributes: understanding
 Expression: adjective

Sentence 7:

Tall, straight-shouldered, neither lean nor stout, he was an imposing figure.

 Attributes: Tall
 Expression: adjective
 Attributes: straight-shouldered, neither lean nor stout
 Expression: adjective phrase

Sentence 8:

Furious, he didn’t answer, feeling himself in an utterly false position.

 Attributes: Furious
 Expression: adjective

Sentence 9:

And on Monday morning, weary, he began the new week’s day.

 Attributes: weary
  Expression: adjective

Sentence 10:

Then, low voiced, he replied and everybody looked at him. Of age which refused to declare
itself, short and square, with a deep soft voice, he had an appearance of complete
detachment.

 Attributes: low voiced

 Expression: adjective phrase
 Attributes: short and square
 Expression: adjective phrase
 Attributes: deep soft voice
 Expression: adjective phrase

Task 11

Sentence 1:

A secretary came running with a frightened expression.

 Adverbial Modifier: with a frightened expression

 Type: adverbial modifier of manner
 Translation: З переляканим виразом обличчя.

Sentence 2:

The people in the bus remained silent till the end of the ride.

 Adverbial Modifier: till the end of the ride

 Type: adverbial modifier of time
 Translation: До кінця поїздки.

Sentence 3:

The lady lived in a large gloomy house in one of London’s higher-class squares.

 Adverbial Modifier: in one of London’s higher-class squares

 Type: adverbial modifier of place
 Translation: У одному з лондонських престижних квадратів.

Sentence 4:
The fire that was merrily burning in the grate attracted the newcomers as a magnet.

 Adverbial Modifier: as a magnet

 Type: adverbial modifier of comparison
 Translation: Як магніт.

Sentence 5:

Caroline, not knowing what to say, looked questioningly at her companion.

 Adverbial Modifier: not knowing what to say

 Type: adverbial modifier of manner
 Translation: Не знаючи, що сказати.

Sentence 6:

The village is large enough to organize a drama society for the young people.

 Adverbial Modifier: enough to organize a drama society for the young people
 Type: adverbial modifier of purpose
 Translation: Досить великий, щоб організувати драматичне товариство для молоді.

Sentence 7:

The motorcycle rushed past like lightning, leaving a cloud of smoke and a few passers-by
behind.

 Adverbial Modifier: like lightning

 Type: adverbial modifier of comparison
 Translation: Як блискавка.

Sentence 8:

He walked rapidly, his head bent, looking neither to the right nor left.

 Adverbial Modifier: rapidly

 Type: adverbial modifier of manner
 Translation: Швидко.

Sentence 9:
I sat at work in the schoolroom with the window open.

 Adverbial Modifier: with the window open

 Type: adverbial modifier of condition
 Translation: З відчиненим вікном.

Sentence 10:

After a few more minutes, he drove up to the house and stopped the car in the yard.

 Adverbial Modifier: after a few more minutes

 Type: adverbial modifier of time
 Translation: Через кілька хвилин.

Sentence 11:

Fleur rose from her chair swiftly, restlessly, and flung herself down at a writing table.

 Adverbial Modifier: swiftly, restlessly

 Type: adverbial modifiers of manner
 Translation: Швидко, неспокійно.