STUDIES IN LARGE PLASTIC FLOW OF CAST IRON SPECIMENS STRETCHED UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES OF UP TO 17500 KG/CM

Marek

Brandes ~

ABSTRACT Spheroidal cast-iron specimens, which showed no distinct permanent deformation prior to fracture when tested under atmospheric pressure, showed a reduction in cross section area of 50.3~0 when stretched under a hydrostatic pressure of 1~500 kg/cm 2. Simultaneously, the brittle character of the fracture surface changes into a ductile one. The yield stress of cast-iron was found to be close to the tensile strength, thus suggesting that fracture occurs as soon as flow begins. Microphotographs showing structural changes of cast-iron under hydrostatic pressure are included. IN TR OD UC T ION

The investigations carried out by yon K a r m a n ( I)~ R.B~ker(2) , and P . W . Bridgman (a), involved compressing or stretching brittle materials like marble and sandstone (1'2) , glass, cast iron and hardened s~eel (s) under high hydrostatic pressures. They showed that "brittleness" or "ductility" of materials are only arbitrary concepts and that they characterize only the m a n n e r in which material breaks when stretched under uniaxial load at normal temperalIure conditions. If materials break without measurable deformation prior to fracture they are considered to be brittle, whereas if they undergo permanent plastic deformation prior to fracture they are said to be ductile. Laboratory investigations(8"~) as well as c o m m o n practice (8"~) however, have shown that every material can be subjected to bri~tel or ductile fracture depending on the stress sta~e, temperature or strain rate to which it is submitted. T w o fundamental factors bear upon the kind of fracture which occurs a~ constant temperature and strain rate: I. the stress state to which ~he material is subjected, and 2. the physical ability of the material to resist the action of stresses. The yield stress in tension of the material, -R e , characterizes its ability to resist plastic flow, while the brittle or cohesive strength, -R o, characterizes its ability to resist brittle fracture. If the yield stress in tension is less than its resistance to bri~tle fracture, than it breaks in tension after s o m e permanent deformation because the m a x i m u m tension stress reaches first the yield stress limit. Such materials are considered brittel if their resistance to brittle fracture is less than their yield in stress in tension. They break in tension without distinct plastic deformation because the m a x i m u m tension stress reaches first the cohesive strength value. That is ~he reason why the flow of such materials is unattainable by simple tension under normal conditions. Reaching the yield limit of brittle materials at normal temperature and strain rate conditions calls for acombined sire ss state which during stretching favors an increase in shear stress, and, at the s a m e ~Ime, s~ops the increase in the m a x i m a l stress. It is exactly this type of stress state that enables the plastic flow, even of the most brittle material, to appear as a result of stretching under sufficiently high hydrostatic pressures. Let us consider abrittle specimen, in which R e > Ro, that is being stretched under a hydrostatic pressure equal to p < 0 '~ (Figure i). The values of the principal stresses in the triaxial combined stress state are as follows:
" Instytut Mechaniki Precyzyjnej, Warsaw, Poland. " Hydrostatic compression is taken as negative while hydrostatic tension as positive.

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Marek Brandes

l
op o.l = o.n

-p

-p

Figure 1. The stress state at the cross-section of a specimen stretched under hydrostatic pressure.
p, and

o.2 z = o.3 - P where ~n maximum is the tension at fracture under stress strength theory, brittle
o.I = R o

a pressure p. According fracture takes place when

to the

(i)

Flow

starts,

e.g.

according

to the
~1 -

maximum
-a = Re

shear

stress

theory,

when
(2)

In o r d e r to r e a c h e the y i e l d l i m i t of a b r i t t l e s p e c i m e n b e i n g s t r e t c h e d , w h i l e a t the s a m e t i m e r e s t r i c t i n g the m a x i m a l t e n s i l e s t r e s s f r o m a t t a i n i n g the c o h e s i v e s t r e n g t h , the f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s h a v e to b e f u l f i l l e d (1D :

~1 c~3 = Re (~a)

c~1 ~ Ro

(3b)

A s o.2 = o.3 = - p, we h a v e t h a t p -~ Re Ro. P l a s t i c f l o w of a b r i t t l e m a t e r i a l c a n t a k e p l a c e i f a h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e - p , e q u a l to o r h i g h e r t h a n t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e v a l u e of the y i e l d s t r e s s a n d t h a t of the c o h e s i v e s t r e n g t h of t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d b r i t t l e m a t e r i a l , is superimposed on the s t r e t c h e d s p e c i m e n . If t h e s t r e t c h i n g of a b r i t t l e specimen takes place under a pressure of Po = Re Ro (4)

t h e n the f l o w of the m a t e r i a l s t a r t s j u s t a t the m o m e n t of h r e a k i n g , conseq u e n t l y Po i s the b r i t t l e - d u c t i l e transition pressure. Brittle specimens stretched under a pressure per e Ro, w i l l b r e a k w i t h o u t p e r m a n e n t d e formation, i.e in a brittle manner. F r o m (4) it i s p o s s i b l e to d e t e r m i n e d the y i e l d s t r e s s l i m i t of a b r i t t l e

Marek Brandes

17 7

material by sLretching specimens under ever higher pressures up to a limiting pressure, p = Po, when permanent deformaLion prior to fracture appears. If the value of the cohesive strength, -Ro, which is for brittle materials equal to the tensile strength,~ -R m, is known, and if the limiting pressure -Po at which the brittle-ductile transition appears is determined, we can find from the relation R e = R o + Po, the value of the yield stress of a brittle material.

MATERIAL

AND

INVESTIGATION

TECHNIQUES

Cylindrical s p e c i m e n s with a diameter do : 3.0 _+ 0.01 m m and gauge length 1 o = 9.0 + 0.1 m m w e r e m a d e of spheroidal cast iron having the following c h e m i c a l composition: C - 3.27%, Si - 2.12%, M n - 0.67 %, P 0.22%, S - 0.18%. T h e tensile strength under atmospheric pressure w a s R m = R o = 48.4 k g / m m 2. The investigation technique w a s described in detail elsewhere (12' i3) Cylindrical s p e c i m e n s w e r e stretched inside a thick-walled cylinder filled with liquid under pressure. Before putting the cast-iron s p e c i m e n s into the pressure cylinder, they w e r e covered with a plexiglass layer in order to protect t h e m against penetration of the ambient liquid into the material pores. U p to a pressure of i0.000 k g / c m 2. The stretching of s p e c i m e n s took place under a constant pressure (_+ 20 kg/cm2). A b o v e i0,000 k g / c m 2, an increase in the pressure during the s p e c i m e n stretching w a s observed. The stretched brittle s p e c i m e n s fractured under atmospheric pressure perpendicular to the s p e c i m e n axis. This is due to the pure axial tension stress state obtained by using the simple stretching device described in Reference 14.

RESULTS

Effec o f p r e s s u r e on the ductility of cast iron.

The d i a g r a m in Figure 2 s h o w s the dependence of the true (logarithmic) strain, c u = in(So/Su), of stretched s p e c i m e n s under pressure on the the pressure -p existing inside Lhe pressure c h a m b e r at s p e c i m e n fracture. S o is the area of the original cross-section and Su is the area of the smallest cross-section of the neck. U p to a pressure of approximately 13000 k g / c m 2 the functionc u =f(p)was of linear character. A b o v e this pressure the straight line deviates towards the strain axis, corresponding to an increase in deformation as the pressure increases. The material thus behaves as if it w a s b e c o m i n g ductile. The linearity of the first part of the curve, c u = f(p), w a s also established for low carbon steels and ductile metals by other investigators(~-7) . The equation of the straight line part of the function for the cast iron investigated, up to a pressure of 13000 k g / c m 2 using the m e t h o d of least squares~ gave p = 0.i - 631 E u w h e r e p is expressed in k g / m r n 2. The strain is equal to zero w h e n p = Po = 0.7 k g / m m '2. O n the basis of equation (4) expressed as R e = R o + Po , w e can a s s u m e that for the cast iron investigated Re = Ro since the value Po = 0.7 k g / m r n 2 can be negleeted as being lower than the measurement errors and the scatter of the tensile strength values of the investigated specimens. The closeness of the yield stress value, -Re, and the cohesive, or brittle fracture, strength value, - R o for cast iron is in a g r e e m e n t with the fracture criterion proposed by Fisher(15) . A s a result of examination of the effect

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Marek Brandes
true stroin F.u= [n~u 0.1
|

0,2
!

0,3
I

O~
I

0.5 0,6
I !

0,7
I

10.0 "1,
-1

26.0 "1,

39,3 1.

50,3 /.

-2
-3'

-5'

-6
',v,L - 7
0 0 0 ,e,.. a.

-8

-9

.w - 1 0
,,-,z

-I1

-12
u) 0 z,., e.-

-13
-1/.

-15 -16
-17 -18

Figure 2. The effect of hydrostatic pressure (-p) on the true strain Cu of stretched cast iron specimens (eu-ln So/Su). of different stress states on the failure process of c a s t i r o n , F i s h e r came to a c o n c l u s i o n that the "useful life of cast iron is terminated, frequently by fracture, as soon as flow begins" (Reference 15, p a g e 7 5 ) . In our case the breaking of our cast iron specimens near the yield stress canalsobe as a result of stress concentrations occuring at the discontinuities of the material. While investigating the behaviour of cast iron specimens stretched under hydrostatic pressure, load-extension curves have been recorded. Figure 3 shows some curves overlapped on one another. These load-extension curves obtained first for cast iron are very similar to t h o s e obtained for low-carbon steel or other ductile metals. The yield stress however of the cast iron specimens stretched under pressure has not been as clearly defined as for the analogous curves recorded for low-carbon steels. What can be seen well is the maximum load when the stretched cast iron s p e c i m e n s t a r t s to n e c k , t h e e l o n g a t i o n i n c r e a s e o f s t r e t c h e d s p e c i m e n s under higher pressures, and a load falling from the maximal v a l u e up o a l o w v a l u e p r i o r to f r a c t u r e . The examination of the stress state existing at the center of the minimum cross section of the specimen stretched under a pressure of 14500 kg/em 2 showed that it was a state of triaxial nonuniform compression whose principal stresses p r i o r to f r a c t u r e had the following values:

Marek Brandes ~1 = '- 84 k g / m m 2 ; (;2 = ~;3 = - 1 3 6 k g / m m 2

179

kg
~,000 1
. . . . . .

0 --i..= v

4 / a._!%

[lkg/cm2lez, kg/cruz oo
i,,;.. ~1 ~..= -~

-111000kg/cm2~l~500kgcrn2
%

1o

[o
Figure 3. Overlapping load-extension curves of cast iron specimens stretched under different hydrostatic pressures.

The calculation of the stresses w a s based on the formulas given by P . W . B r i d g m a n (3) for steel. The absolute values of the lateral stresses(~2'=cr3 ' are lower than those of the hydrostatic pressure (p = -145 k g / m m 2 ) because of the appearance of a neck and consequently of a hydrostatic tension o~ > 0 (q = 9 k g / m r n 2) at the center of the m i n i m u m cross section of the neck. The resistance to plastic flow at fracture -Ff, or in other words, the yield-stress of the strain hardened cast iron at the center of the neck at a pressure of 14500 k g / c m 2 was: : Ff : 52 k g / m m

i.e. i w a s on the average 7.5% higher than the yield stress of the investigated c a s t i r o n in its o r i g i n a l (non s t r a i n h a r d e n e d ) s t a t e (R e = 4 8 . 8 k g / m m 2 ). The o v e r l a p p i n g l o a d - e x t e n s i o n c u r v e s ( F i g u r e 3) a l s o s h o w e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e i n c r e a s e in the s p e c i m e n e l o n g a t i o n , w h i l e t h o s e s t r e t c h e d u n d e r a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e s h o w e d no d i s t i n c t e l o n g a t i o n . The e l o n g a t i o n v a l u e s A 1 / 1 o g i v e n in F i g u r e 3 a r e a r e s u l t of m e a s u r e m e n t s m a d e a f t e r the s p e c i m e n s h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d f r o m the p r e s s u r e c h a m b e r . The a p p a r e n t e l o n g a t i o n of the c a s t i r o n s p e c i m e n s s t r e t c h e d u n d e r a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e ( F i g u r e 3) is o n l y a r e s u l t of the f a s t s p e e d of the p a p e r tape of the r e c o r d i n g a p p a r a t u s (5 r a m / s e e ) , and that of the p r e l i m i n a r y l o s s of t i m e on c o m p r e s s i n g the s e a l i n g s of the a p p a r a t u s p t u n g e r s and f o r e l i m i n a t i n g the c l e a r a n c e s in the a p p a r a t u s . W h e n s t r e t c h i n g s p e c i m e n s u n d e r h i g h p r e s s u r e , h o w e v e r , t h e r e is no l o s s of t i m e d u r i n g s t r e t c h i n g b e c a u s e of t i g h t e n i n g the a p p a r a t u s p a r t s a s a r e s u l t of h i g h p r e s s u r e s w h i c h e l i m i n a t e all p o s s i b l e c l e a r a n c e s b e f o r e the s t r e t c h i n g s t a r t e d . F i g u r e 4 s h o w s p h o t o g r a p h s 0t~ t h r e e c a s t i r o n s p e c i m e n s : (a) s t r e t c h e d u n d e r a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e , (b) s t r e t c h e d u n d e r a p r e s s u r e of 17500 k g / c m 2 ( s t r e t c h i n g s t o p p e d c l o s e to the f r a c t u r e point), (c) s t r e t c h e d u n d e r a p r e s s u r e of 17500 k g / e m 2. F o r the s p e c i m e n w h i c h w a s s t r e t c h e d u n d e r a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e ( F i g u r e 4a) the b r e a k i n g s u r f a c e is p e r p e n d i c u l a r to the s p e c i m e n a x i s , on the o t h e r h a n d the f r a c t u r e s u r f a c e of the s p e c i m e n s t r e t c h e d u n d e r a p r e s s u r e of 17500 k g / c m 2 ( F i g u r e 4c) is s i m i l a r to t h o s e o b t a i n e d with s p e c i r r t e n s of low c a r b o n s t e e l , i . e . the b r e a k i n g s u r f a c e s l e a r l y s h o w s s l i p p i n g b e f o r e f r a c t u r i n g . The n e c k c o n t r a c t i o n ( a r e a r e d u c t i o n ) o b t a i n e d w a s e u = 0, 1, o r Z = 100 ( s / s o) = 5 0 . 3 % at p : 17500 k g / c m 2.

E f f e c t of p r e s s u r e on structural changes in strain hardened cast iron

Spheroidal cast-iron has a pearlitie-ferritic structure of its m e t a l l i c

* The structural phenomena have been examined in collaboration with Dr. E. Szpunar, IMP, to whom the author wants to express his thanks.

1 80

Marek Brandes

Figure 4. Photographs of cast iron specimens stretched under hydrostatic pressure: a. atmospheric pressure b. hydrostatic pressure of 17500 kg/cm 2 (before fracturing) c. hydrostatic pressure of 17800 kg/cm 2 (after fracturing),

m a t r i x ( F i g u r e 5). E m i s s i o n s of p h o s p h o r u s e u t e c t i c a r e also v i s i b l e . The f e r r i t e c r e a t e s e n v e l o p e s a r o u n d the g r a p h i t e s p h e r e s . C o n s i d e r a b l e p l a s t i c d e f o r m a t i o n of the s p e c i m e n s t r e t c h e d under a p r e s s u r e of 17500 k g / c m is f o l l o w e d a l s o by a d e f o r m a t i o n of individual s t r u c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t s of the c a s t i r o n . The g r a p h i t e s p h e r e s a r e b e i n g e l o n g a t e d ( F i g u r e 5b). The cont r a c t i o n and the shape of the d e f o r m e d s p h e r e s depend on the c o m p o n e n t s of the s u r r o u n d i n g m e t a l l i c m a t r i x . F e r r i t e , as the m o s t d u c t i l e s t r u c t u r e c o m p o n e n t , u n d e r g o e s c o n s i d e r a b l e d e f o r m a t i o n while the s p e c i m e n is s t r e t c h i n g , t r a n s m i t t i n g the s t r e s s e s onto

Figure 5. The structure of cast-iron specimens stretched under a pressure of-l~/500 kg/cm 2 a. at the specimen shoulders (undeformed state) b. at the center of the specimen neck (deformed state).

Marek Brandes

181

the g r a p h i t e s p h e r e s and thus c a u s i n g t h e i r c o n s i d e r a b l e e l o n g a t i o n and c o n traction. Pearlite, a s a c o m p o n e n t of l e s s e r d u c t i l i t y and t h e r e f o r e of greater resistance to plastic deformation, witholds the action of the stresses on the graphite spheres as if protecting them from greater deformation. In such a way the graphite spheres surrounded by ferrite became more elongated, while graphite spheres in the vicinity of pearlite and ferrite take on elongated shape like that of water drops (Figure 5b).

CONCLUSIONS i. Cast iron specimens, which showed no distinct deformation prior to fracture after being stretched under atmospheric pressure, showed considerable plastic deformation prior to fracture after stretching them under hydrostatic pressure. The reduction in area was Z = 50.3% at a pressure of 17500 kg/cm 2. Up to a pressure of about 13000 kg/cm the i n c r e a s e in the t r u e s t r a i n w a s f o u n d to be p r o p o r t i o n a l to the p r e s rapid plastic flow appeared (Figure 2). s u r e a more
As a r e s u l t of e x a m i n i n g the s t r e s s s t a t e e x i s t i n g in a b r i t t l e s p e c i m e n stretched under pressure, a m e t h o d of d e t e r m i n i n g the y i e l d of b r i t t l e m a t e r i a l h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d . It c o n s i s t s in d e t e r m i n i n g the l i m i t i n g h y d r o s t a t i c p r e s s u r e , - P o , w h e n the s t r e t c h e d s p e c i m e n s b e g i n to b r e a k after distinct plastic deformation. T h e yield s t r e s s value, - R e , determined in such a w a y is equal to the s u m of the pressure, -Poe and the tensile strength (or cohesive strength), -Ro, of the investigated m a terial. R e = Po + Ro. T h e y i e l d s t r e s s of s p h e r o i d a l c a s t i r o n d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a n s of the a b o v e m e t h o d w a s , w i t h i n the e x p e r i m e n t a l e r r o r , e q u a l to the t e n s i l e strength or to the cohesive strength. Re = Ro = 48.4 kg/mm 2. The moment when the stretched cast iron specimen begins to flow coincides well with the initiation of fracture.

2.

3.

4. A n automatic recording of the full load extension curves of brittle cast iron s p e c i m e n s under pressures up to 14500 k g / c m 2 has b e e n obtained. The curves are similar to those obtained w h e n stretching s p e c i m e n s of ductile materials.

182 5.

Merck Brandes

D e f o r m a t i o n of individual m i c r o - s t r u c t u r a l c o m p o n e n t s of the d e f o r m e d c a s t i r o n is d i f f e r e n t . It is the f e r r i t e which u n d e r g o e s g r e a t e s t def o r m a t i o n ; p e a r l i t e is d e f o r m e d l e s s . The g r a p h i t e s p h e r e s take on the shape of w a t e r d r o p s . 1967

R e c e i v e d April 24,

REFERENCES
1. Th. Karman 2. R. B6ker 3. l~.W.Bridgman 4. B.I.Beresnev; L. F. Vereshchagin! Y. N. Ryabinin L. D. Livshits 5. T. Pelczynski 6. H.Li.D. Pugh; 7. M. Brandes 8. Ia.M. Potak

Vet. Deutschen Ing. 5...~8, 1749 (1911). The Mechanism of Plastic Deformation in Crystalline Bodies. Disseration, Techn. Hochschule, Aachen (1914). Studies in Large Plastic Flow and Fracture, New York (1952).
Some Problems of Large Plastic Deformation in Metals under High Pressure. (in Russian), AN SSSR, Moscow (1960). English translation, ASTIA Doc. Ad-259-251, Office of Technical Services U.S.Dept. of Commerce, Washington. D.C. (1961). Arch. Humictwa. ~, 8 (1962). Irreversible Effects of High Pressure and Temperature on Materials. ASTM STP No. S34, 68 (1965). Prace Inst. Mech. Precyzyjnej. 12, 1 (1964). The Brittle Fracture of Steel a n d Steelpieces, (in Russian) Oborongiz, Moscow (1955).

9. C.F. Tipper I0. M. Szczepafiski Ii. G.W. Uzhik

12. M.Brandes 13. M.Brandes; S.Dukaj 14. M.Brandes." H.Szlachcic

The Brittle Fracture Story, Cambridge, University Press (1962). The Brittleness of Steel. New York, London (1962). The Strength and Plasticity of Metals at Low Te_rnperatures. (In Russian),
AN SSSR, Moscow (1957). Prate Inst. Mech. Precyzyjnej. 10. 1 (1962), Prace Inst. Mech. Precyzyjnej, 13, 22 (1965). Roy. Sci. Instr., 36, 7, 991 (196g), ASTM Bulletin 181, 74 (1952).

15. I.C. Fisher

P~SUlv~ - Los ~prouvettes en fonte sphgroidale ont gt~ soumises ~ la traction sous diff~rentes pressions hydrostatiques jusqu'~ 17500 kg/cm 2. Los ~prouvertes ~xaminges, darts lesquelles apses la traction sous pression atmosph~rique aucune d~formation plastique n'~tait pus visible avant la rupture, ont d~montr%es une d~formation accrue ~ l'issue de leur traction sous pression et ont subies une contraction s'~l~vant ~ la valour de 50.8o]o sous une pression de 17500 kg/cm 2. L' analyse de l ' g t a t de tension exi~tant dens la section de l'~prouvette fragile soumise ~ la traction sous pression hydrostatique, a conduit ~ la conclusion que l ' g c o u l e m e n t plastique de materiaux fragiles commence dans le moment, o~ la pression hydrostatique, atteint la valour limite: Po -- Re " Ro, o~ Re est la limire d'gcoulement de mat~riaux ~ la traction uniaxiale (co qui n ' e s t pas r~alisable dens l e c a s de mat~riaux fragiles sous conditions normales de l'essai), et Ro est la r~sistance ~ la rupture fragile ou leur r~sistance la traction. La valour d~termin~e de la pression limite Po s'~levait pour ia fonte eXaminee ~ z~ro, ce qui prouve que la limite d'~coulement ~t la traction - Re est ~gale I sa r~sistance ~t la rupture fragile - Ro. L'~coulement plastique de la fonte examinge commence dens le moment de la rupture. Los diagrammes de traction des gprouvertes en fonte donngs dans le travail prgsent ont gig enrggistrgl sous diffgrentes pressions hydrostatiques. Ils ressemblent I des diagrammes de traction de mgtaux plastiques sous pression atmospMrique.

Marek Brandes

18 3

Les cassures des @ r o u v e r m s soumises /I la rupture changent leur caracr~re depuis Ia assure fragile (sous taression hydrostat4que) jusqu'A la cassure de glissement (sous pression de 17500 k g / c m 2 ) . Les composants structuraux particutiers de la fonte soubissent une dgformation considgrable. Les sphgres de graphite s ' a l l o n g e n t dans la direction de la traction et acquisent la forme de gouttes.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - Die aus Sphgroguss hergestellten Proben wurden einem gugversuch bei verschiedenen hydrostatischen Drffcken - bis zu 17500 k g / c m 2 - unterworfen. Die untersuchten Ruudproben, welche nach einem Zugversuch unter Atmosphgrendruck vor d e m Bruch k e m e bemerkbaren plastischen Deformationen n a e h wiesen, ergeben nach e i n e m Zugversuch unter Druck eine Deformationssteigerung, und erlangten bei e i n e m Druck yon 17800 k g / c m 9' Einschnffrung bis zu 50.3%. Die Analyse des im Probequerschnitt einer bei hydrostatischem Druek gezogene Probe auftretenden Spannungszustandes, fffhrte der Verfasser zur Folgerung, dass das Flfissen e k e s spffSden Materials dann beginnt, wenn der hydrostatische Druck den Grenzwert: Po = Re - Ro erreicht, wobei - Re die Pliessgrenze des M a teriales bei n o r m a l e m Zugversuch (fffr spr6de Materialien in normalen Zugversuchsbedingungen nicht erreichbar) und Ro - die Spr~dbruchfestigkeit oder zugfestigkeit des untersuchten Materiales ist. Der festgelegte Druckwert - Po erwies sich fffr das untersuchte Gusseisen gleich Null k g / c m 2, was b e deutet dass die Fliessgrenze - Re beim Zugversuch gleich seLner Zugfestigkeit Ro ist. Das plastische Fliessen des untersuchten Gusseisens beginnt irn Augenblick des Bruches. Die in der Arbeit registrierten Zerreissschaubilder der Gussproben bei verschiedenen hydrostatischen Drffcken ghneln d e n e m der plastischen Metalle bei atmosph~rischem Druck. Die Bruchfl~chen der Proben Endern ihren Charakter vom SprOdbruch (bei atmosph~rischem Druck), z u m Schubbruch (beim Druck yon 17500 k g / c m 2 ) . Die einzelnen Strukturbestandteile des Gusseisens unterliegen einer betr~'chtiichen Verformung. Die Graphitkugeln verl~ingem sich in der Zugrichtung der Proben, eine Tropfenform einnehmend.