B yarTER 8 How do Organisms Reproduce? production is one of the important characteristics of living organisms. In simple terms, reproduction means thatthe living organisms produce young ones of their own kind. Forexample, sunflower seeds always grow into sunflower plants tol not cabbages; and cats always produce kittens and not poppies. Reproduction, thus, creates new life and is essential for existence and continuity of a spec Reproduction has TOPICS siguiicanceasall organisms havea limited lifespan. Hence, they} ” _D° Organisms Create Exact alldc eventually either from old age, diseases ot accidents, Life Copies of Themselves? sllcontinues, because organisms have the capacity to produce bethenclect > Asexual Reproduction new organisms by the m« Tey ction, Reproduction is an. senizmna by le of reproduction, Reproduction isan] seal Reproduction energy spending process which is not at all essential to maintain the life of an individual organism. Even then, the organisms| > Reproductive Health produce. The continuity of life on earth, from its origin to the present day, has been possible only because of reproduction. Reproduction introduces variations in the organisms, which are sential for adaptations and evolution. TOPIC 1 : DO ORGANISMS CREATE EXACT COPIES OF THEMSELVES? Otsing produced in case of asexual reproduction ate identical to the parent, while some variations are introduced inthe “Fring produced by sexual reproduction, as it involves two parents or individuals of different sexes. "cleus ofa cell contains chromosomes which cary information fr inheritance of characters from the parents to the “ting in the next generation, in the form of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules. \atiations aljgatains all the information to make specitic proteins which in turn forms enzymes to control the chemical reactions Itis these chemical reactions which govern the metabolism of the body. Thus, for transmitting the characters to ® generation, prior to reproduction, DNA forms its copies to be transported to the newly formed reproductive cells oh of formation of new DNA strands from the older ones is clled replication of DNA. Variations in organisms ite © the process of replication of DNA. This is because DNA copies generated during replication ae similar but not "Ito the original copy. Minor alterations during DNA replication ae responsible for bringing variations in the long tun, ~ Scanned with CamScannerQS TRY YOURSELF. 1. What do you understand by the term reproduction? 2 ‘of producing multiple blue print, * CBSE rocus Objective Type Questions IMCGs and VSA Type Questions (1 Mark) 1. Why is reproduction essential? organisms cannot reproduce? ras. nts way, mista nthe pce yy : Web HOOPERCENT Science clay ih posed ov othe nex gene Short SA Type Guestions (2/3 Marks) 3 Wh reproduction? (NCERD) 2. What will happen if some species of living, WP Organisms aught es Answer Type Questions at isthe importance of DNA copying it {dasa by mit. dn't wanna be | ESTBY nyaal anymooeoore! ism dies int almost wo equal halves (ential LAS ‘oo © ® 0 o Fig Bay ini Lamas 307 tothe changed niche. Thu, the species but nat necessary for ‘Asexual Repreduction is such a bate, yeasts datos, protozoan, et Scanned with CamScanner4&G 1OOPERCENT Sclence Cissy ema ie A Art as eben ude low power ard then hgh power of microscope, Ding el | Fer TRY YOURSELF Soutons| st pears? gp Hagen produce ew Spiogra an beak ayn to pade een mre Soya xara hve he lily to gi i new edi gars om the boty pans Fo: example, ri Paar canbe cat ay une of ies 2d each pe ons ro # compete gens. Scanned with CamScannerLooPER: so WEG IOOPERCENT Scene gy Incomes mutica agains pecaled cls makeup tes; sues make vb lea opis sn cme ene pode do's gs it dy he copies ruler xan red recone ays cl roduc ena rep we syringe. Budding Budi is 2 ype of seal eprducion whe a bub nd cera ot water sparse © 9, Song, These ae fred dog pea seach which reprodueo by fragmentation, regeneration and budding. 6. Who reported the process regeneration QO) momen Ea Vat pssst sie ein Deng Spear sponge: ia a son ng ‘owl te Do hy ieee ‘om put Peet att ig: Sp ton Apt utr is the most camnan metodo snl pad tion ad espera. On the vein of fvouatie ‘eop ia a young sponge. Scanned with CamScannera WEG I OOPERCENT Sconce ag ond Ogi Reprodce? 313 LAB TIME © QS TRY YOURSELF. 8 What do you mean by sporangia? 9. Define spore. Far TRY YOURSELF Solitons ama! sls isis te ets whch get etch om the leaves fl tthe ground and then pede soe Baerye ats. "Motion on eope see 1 Arif methods : Some cron a inportartaifialorhoicutal Stock Tee bul parton which rafting is done nhs cs gee issuable fr growth unde Scanned with CamScannerWEG IOOPERCENT Seance Cig me time new 0 vl rom the Layering is done by two canon mets : mound layering 2 pan, srawbery sper enon, 9139, Heiscus(Chin se), Bougeny Ieee i duced his method for rm, fare covered properly with polythene she lcs of so ad stock ae TRY YOURSELF. 1 ‘examples in which layering method i used forthe propagation of plants, Fer TRY YOURSELF Saaons| Wt epeioaiyn6re37 Parthenogenesis and Tissue Cult Parthenoger evelopment ofan again om anu vesebiaes, same bd, ec ede. aces in oes avons conn Fig cpu: ale be Ws: Gaunt Pmt deed tomes ay ro tf mat plants. stay yoursetr 12. Define parthenogenesis 13, By which technique thousandsof plantlets can be produced within few weeks? ag NCERT rocus Asexual reproduction ace rough reduction takes place throug @ etiettnas sae (©) yeast | “Veatipsnycnicot |B {@) Leishmania. For TRY YOURSELF Sous Vet psi vtE9T Scanned with CamScanner316 WEG IOOPERCENT Science casig CBSE rocus Objective Type Questions MCQs and VSA Type Questions (1 Mark) 1. In thelist of organisms given below, those at reproduce by the asexual method are bar 2. Which of the followings do not produce viable seeds? (a) Sugarcane (©) Orange () Rose (4) All of these 3. Why is vegetative propagation needed for rowing some plants? 4. Name one animal which regenerates from its eat body parts, Case Based Questions laxt 5. Read the followin, nd answer any f is vide again, Organism Y form a small outgrowth on its body called bud which detaches and develops into new Solect the correct statement, Organism X reproduces asexually whereas ‘organism ¥ reproduces sexually. () Organism X must be mul Both organismsX and Y reproduce aserully ems X and Y are always lar organisms, fy the mode of reproduction in X and ¥ le fission (b) X- Binary fission Y-Binary fission —-Y- Budding (© X-Regene (@) X- Fragmentation mentation —-¥- Multiple fission wing is incorrect ? smodium reproduces by the same method is adopted by organism X. (8) Organism X could be any multicellular plant Riecia, Sphagnum, et, (@) Planaria (©) Euglena Paramecium Short Answer Type Questions SA Type Guestions (2/3 Marks) 6 ‘State two advantages of vegetati”® Propagation, 2. “How will an organism be benef reproduces tH «vest do cians Reprodice? 44. Colonies of yeast fail to multiply in water, ‘ut multiply in sugar solution, Give one reason, (NCERT Exempler} ike structures with hizopus are called hyphae roots Long Answer Type Questions LA Type Questions (5 Marks) 1 Why sod generation pes of reproduction? With neat diagrams explain the ring tothe gen pasage, xan 40 reproduce by bi ‘root, Both rganms X and are eroding ase ison and budding respeive, ni {tio binary son whereas both uricelUls eat nd ro 37 Process of regeneration in Planaria. (CERT Exemplar) 12. (a) Name the mode of reproduction of the and state the important, ofeach mode We can develop new plants from the leaves of Brophyllum. Comment, (©) Listtwoadvantages of vegetative propagation ‘over other modes of reproduction. (CBSE 2020) oc fe grepotom ame meh sho the gen fue Scanned with CamScanner38 ‘Sexual reproduction may be defined asthe produto f sng ne ind a as 4 byt morons outa a a new organise. pat ofthe boty ofthe Planaria~ Regeneration Regeneration of orgasm om ts ct body pars occus which on deta TOPIC 3 : SEXU/ ‘one fom male parent and the che om female pare Why the Sexual Mode of Reproduction? ne produced a Process of making vat en @ Anew generation formed by ice the fend up ha controlled? ‘ns. Meosis san eset fet by hallin gametes. Tis ensues @ TRY YOURSELF. 14, What do you unt female gamete? 15. Define zygote, combination of DNA fro ‘amount of DNA that previu ue of ena ile cle which provides mech ‘he production of pid aunbe of comason Te IWUPERLEN Selene Cg = beng Et Some peters nd ea repagaton JAL REPRODUCTION the fusion of two gametes (aly to farm acpaidmypoe which develops into a ature egarism m two pre-exiating individuals might us generation had, How this is beiné derstand by male and ® Foe TRY YOURSELF Soa ___sitesintaoear seal Reprod pw lan of tals to pete the Fame; wn the em af bud to ies. nh eat stage, the plants ower ae bore. Therefore flowers edie. Soler ft lamas ad fons the cutest who ofa fowec The wha co apc and co ae non-essential parts ofthe Fover because hey ae nat dee nv in reproduction. oth ale ander poet tein Anroecium (Stamen) sential bos fig tan pre pc foe Scanned with CamScanner‘vary matures to frm fait and contains seeds. Polnation same fone ran “The process of transfer of pllen grains fom the anther ofa flower tothe stigma ofthe same flower ton 2 poteation foliation maybe of two lowers ave small and inconspicuous. Pollen gt quantity Male and female Hed as monoecious plants, eg, Cucubits, maize and castor beat. lowers ae called s dioecious plats, eg, Dae palm, mubetn. ‘ae produced by Rosa, Magnoa and Clematis. beas longest pl 035 ym), a1 ation of male ga fa med pl Male gas Tube gaat © Fig: Maney) a (Fen gtaton ds to the formation of vegetative cll (tube tube The generative nucleus dvds to form ‘ube. Polen tube penetrates the tyler each the ovules present siucture of ovule structure contained in theory. ach avle an te placenta bya stalk called the fice. the ove. Ove is age et. sonia 9 syregde Ine egret —| sna Figs sme of Scanned with CamScannerjame the essential and non-essential para o Whats the name of yellow, powdery we substance present in the anther of a Eeaa aa Y Vat epsaniyaévtest tisaton changes . e of eed and ft undergoes epeated min ote ita growth cl he se we trod i issu of he sed Eethentg espe rcs eeop endspe, th od in Human Beings eects int sexual dinorpis | bulup externa ental cgans and acceso era ee ex hormones. The secondary so reproductive process. They nat re sexual maturity ing a "> Seeds of Bengal gram s soaked in a ester ad ep cveright. Now, water om the beaker the sees ae ep ‘oth for one. We can seria te seeds germinate by i chest and ale; broadening of shoulders teristics such a goth of asllary and pubic hai, of mersval ge Fberty in females : Development of secondary sexual ng of pes ad hip, enlargement of bests and © Study the given diagram and answer the following questions, @ Label the parts marked A,B,C and D and alsa gi fs brightly coloured and used. ‘Ans. (The labeled pos A, 8, C and respectively ae evelopment and funcining of hich col and sepa. The given aga represent til omer si rete ale hormone testosterone eye ‘i led part A) te gee ag, showy and bh. alee latte tothe tests ad serves a he storehouse far attract the insect polinatos, ibe sly ata zeke ec po r fk a cep = Scanned with CamScanner\WubG IOOPERCENT Science cin 0 ad watery alkaline fui contaling the suartuctose, mix withthe sperms. pens no eaclatory duct. retira andthe jrcton of etstapesc detopnet. birth At ie ed pea uptuting ad ch the vagal ope, involves ovulation lease of nom fom the vay and oc on days (rom 19 0 288 dy of menstrual). times menstruation oF est ig fe mc em Fos ae 2 of maneary lands or bests incestes under Fig: sdenncopeemten se me Be ay of mers fe ko 2ylow and coral enocine cand ced corpus jf pogesterane ety ad about 50-100 mt of lod ae trual flow-he monty Bedng carmonly Scanned with CamScanner- WE IOOPERCENT Slence Cay penton Reece? an Steps of fertilisation SGametogeness: isthe fomaton of got wal he mater fem astute caled placenta Placenta rather tough which raters and ober seul mths ood ad ast pads ike wea ad carton nie aeexgeedy ets tou 3 cord arsing from erty’ abdomen serves as ink Beween ene ad the lets cil are alte known a3 —___- roe tang ke processes preeak othe end of ovduct are calle gametes are produced ‘while the female gametes are a Wing ussinieonnnte ae 20, Name the male accessory reproductive For TRY YOURSELF Saitone q lands. Vat ip OHV 21, Where does the fertilisation take place? 3 NGERT FOCUS jagram of the longitudinal 1. Which of the followin pee mpresuti ‘he modes of reproduction shar and mulbeelila onanism? dierent in “Joes reproduction help in providing to populations of species? FaNCERT os sautow [YB re the furs aks a088T Dayan show only, eatin al entender ‘ests in human beings? Scanned with CamScanner= ‘WEG IOOPERCENT Setence las.1g vy ‘ECBSE rocus Objective Type Questions IMCGs and VSA Type Questions [1 Mark) 41. Ina flower, the parts that produce male and le gametes (germ cells) are A Pettaton as B._ Ovation Duesbak @ Boa se yD ASBaCaD @ DaCoAsD ee Hove ystems nie anther and ovary = amen nde. (NCERT Bromply)) Eye ered by fin of sperm ang 2. Name thetinjopening fol nm vier SETMTES EMO pate nts to Byte E Gvethewm rhe motivacecnge, "mui increta geil wee (faery teu of ents fenton ‘Uterine lining becomes thiek and vascular, (©) Placenta develops w @ Embryo, seedling, ae Case Based Questions (4x 1 Mart) 3 correct statement. 5. Read the following and answer any four ‘of human pregnancy of events taking fertilization upto the ive organs, under the cad get very 28 days A an : fous then he may termi carly stage, know ofthese 3 doveloping ‘women, She got ‘herself tested and was happy to discover thet she Short Answer Type Questions SA Tipe hesons (28 Marks} 6. | Elis the location and function of testes of help in pllinaion? (id Select the correct sequence of act alt change sen in gaa the {o pregnancy in female. ery “ne sms Rearodce? rd Or a9 the basic requirement for sexual the import ‘What is the significance of pollination? (CBSE 2020) ‘Long Answ: ie er Type Questions ce of euch (etki 2017) 12, State the changes that take pl ters when (a) Implantation of embryo has occurred, iomophiy set point) when an nsec visits Mer or ect (onthe pale ake place. Then the eggs get 10 formation of geet ty son of sperm and eg i led andi ves rise to ee by opportunites ch leads to variation > prominent tle in the Scanned with CamScannereb IOOPERCENT Sclence cass-19 pons agons eed? aa REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 330 xg ne species. aa me ch fit to the changing environment, potatonis important because tings pollen gains tote TOPIC 4 ine pat (carp of he plant that ads 1 Heath Organisation) defines se of dsease Some of wed bya ‘iets An imate conection beten andthe wsne the tiie, espeoty 2nd 3s continues, very soon there wl be scarcity of fod, tig, goad housing, rope the atin that every couple shoud plan its ing canbe dane by prectsing can be prevented by focaence any bc fertisaton ony fr a sho period Since ve a ety bad eet on he mate's eth and abo ao aur area exploding populate, S03 regnances in women We can cal hen ith contol agent af jotinaion Frofucion of olen lens rues which reve eristion and pregnancy. Sch 28 [pearance [lowes ae geealy of toners roc atacive agance [Coma flower lend near = Disphragm and Cervical caps afte i he ious onrcepte devise, a) Th sobs seated wih ese evi ae dng ard cor CDs may cone rc 8s wdsndude asin oi coat tha meted (coplanar he tele gacton but they may use Tusecomy, poten grains cra opesece oftoners Fragance ander (royale gehen ens the ep of mass media he ahaiages of sal no varaton ocr. \ ists. Scanned with CamScanner332 WEG TOOPERCENT Science Cas.) ve sage should be encouraged by roving facies and incentives (@) Soca organisation shod be involve infamy laniog programe ‘Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) The diseases which Thus a heathy on. STDs hav increasing becone damage to brain, unexpa seats, shortnes of breath and severe wedkness. nsmited by (i) Unprotected (without condom) sex with an infected partes ingest inject drugs or vaccines: i) Use of conta 2 for shaving: Ti day, no absolute depends upon females and 21 yer for Inca stated a Nationa AIDS Cont ragrarime in 1987 NACO : National IDS Contra Organisation > TRY YOURSELF. 22. Define population explosion. List its 23, Write full form of NACO? ow do Crganiss Reproduce? 4, What are the different methods of eontracept 2. What could be the reasons for adopting contraceptive methods? xy NCERT FOCUS © terrace TEE © CBSE rocus Objective Type Questions Mots and VSA Type Questions (1 Mark) 1. Which among the following sexually lransmitted diseases is not caused bacteria? (3) Syphilis (b) Hepatitis sis (@) Gonorchoea late World AIDS Day is celebrated 3. Expand the term STD. Case Based Questions (4x1 Merk and answer any four for preventing pregnancy. This Aevice was put into her uterus by some trained as in shock to learn that her birth control Aeviee has failed ( What is the name of birth control device (@) Both (a) and (b) ‘Which metal is commonly used for making x on (b) Copper. © (a) Gold ) How does device X prevent pregnancy? (©) It suppresses fertilising capacity of sperm, (@) None ofthese ) Why do you think the woman got pregnant ‘even ater using device X? (a) Device X might have got expelled without the knowledge of wor (b) Device X might be defect ‘working from the beginning. (©) Device X could have been destroyed by the uterine Nui (2) None of these (i) Select the correct statement regarding device X. (a) Device X is very effective in preventing sexually transmitted diseases, () Devise X canbe inserted in uterus by women bereel ) Device prevents menstrual eye (@) Device X can cause heavy painful and longer uration periods or menstruation, Short Answer Type Questions SA Type Questions (2/3 Marks) 5, Name two bacterial and two viral STDs. 6 How population growth ean be prevented? and was not Long Answer Type Questions UA Type Questions (5 Marks) 1. (a) entity the given diagram. Name the parte 1105. Scanned with CamScannerwe WetG 1OOPERCENT Sclence Ceis19 nt categories of india prohibited (b) Whatiscontraception? List three advantages by law? State its of adopting contraceptive measures. 2019) (@) Unsafe sexual at can lead to various infections, 8. What are various ways to avoid pregnancy? Elaborate any one method. (NCERT Exemplar) AS 1, (O): HepatiisB is a senually wansmitted disease () Barer methods (condons, dsptvagm, etc) 335, tution, multipartner sex and ial diseases due to vsae ex ae AIDS, genital herpes Scanned with CamScanner| ein re i fs iin wt iol eens Aw sted wes ta pests tone nh na oe ee oeecnges ey test CS ae eroficon maybe defen pce ang att tt Scanned with CamScanner ets ft rouse fence ‘inate odes dares ip oan ind a