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    31 views128 pages

    Bio Module 12

    Uploaded by

    masardesign899
    MOD12

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    IITians ENGINEERING | MEDICAL| FOUNDATION RANKERS ™ r NEET BIOLOGY BEY) JEE MAIN il) JEE ADVANCED EZZ4NEET UG JEE Main/Advanced, NET, BITSAT, ISAT, VITEEE, EAMCET, UPTU SEE, Orissa JEE, WBJEE, SRMEEE, MHT CET, Delhi CEE, CUSAT CAT, AMU, KEAM, VTU, TANCET, ENAT, COMEDK UGET, PTU CET FROM THE DESK OF DIRECTORS Every child is future of the family and the nation. In today's world of cutthroat competition and ‘minute specialization, the toughest task parents and teachers face is to mold our children to face the challenges and uncertainties that lie ahead. Let us stand with them ensuring their best throughout the school examinations and for the competitive exams. Let ADITYA SINGHAL lus be highly focused and concerned about broader Promoter Director educational objectives of developing students’ askllTians Web Pvt. Ltd. confidence, self motivation and thinking capability to benefit their future, Inspiration is what askllTians has been giving to students throughout its wonderful journey of 13 Years. Be it an IIT aspirant or students with aspirations for ‘medical, it the inspiration of interacting and taking Quidance from their role models is what drives our student's motivation askllTians believes that students already have the NISHANT SINHA Necessary potential in them, and as a career shaping Promoter Director Partner of the student, t never failed to take out the best askllTians Web Pvt. Ltd, potential out of them: a yee Classroem eM Study AM Package BIOLOGY Module - 12 (Solutions) No. Crean iE Module - 7 s-163-184 Tt ®B Reproduction in Organism s-163-168 ® Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants s-169-175 Human Reproduction s-176-184 $-185-212 185-190 Module -8 Reproductive Health Principles of Inheritance and Variation __s-191-200 Molecular Basis of Inheritance $-201-212, eo cu $-213-244 Evolution s-213-222 Human Health and Disease s-223-232 Strategies for Enhancement in s-233-238 Food Production 4 Microbes in Human Welfare s-239-244 Module - 10 8-245-256 q Biotechnology : Principles and Processes _s-245-250 3 Biotechnology and its Applications s-251-256 Module - 11 8-257-284 @ Organisms and Populations. s-257-265 a Ecosystem s-266-271 Biodiversity and its Conservation s-272-276 s-277-284 Environmental Issues en ry a, 6 1% n, @ © © Mos of banana varies ae iploid and Wpoiy is sociated with eedlesmest. “Tiers oe fred emondergrond rane often sot on ens esa. Then he porous pans wll not formed ‘Bad donot emit at very low temperature on) ‘The plant material, which is widely used inthe reparation of clue medium, is Cocos mctfora Caltre medivm consing minerals, vitamin, 24% ‘steoe,amio sod ehcie nnd growth repulse (or ‘mane pl cocnat liye extrac. Apaspary i the development of 25 gametopbyts, without meiosis and spores, from vegetative, oF on eproctive, ell fhe spore ch tuber or oat has zeveal bus. Thee ae the small spout elle post "eyes) fom that new Prsatoplantsean row Sowenalltheeyesofa po {ber are taken out andi sow in the ground ‘arma ew phn wil ot megs, "New plot wll wot emerge because new plant nly dovlosframthe bole whichare reat ovarsbse ‘Rew pina ane sigar oe fore enna hich ‘raat in thc «oe Layering etd ofa epee ropagain can tetnd or grovingjeanine plant, Stem cating mao! cn bese or proving rs plan Mango ers can be propagated bth sete se nd agen means (Gugaing). nanpspern plans ikermangotestie od and rt mations init daring the Howeing roe when pollen rtf om te athr of ‘ae lant thestigna ofa meter plant (plinace) ‘whee garmin. Craig i the proces by which art ofthe pret iret gradu eon jin ‘wh one plant rons), Brophylam we foliar adventitious bal method fer egtaive propagation. politby eptatve ‘eprint be vegetatively grown anal plats ‘om thefringesofthe eve. These eventual rep of tnd root ‘These plantlets site from miosis of ‘esate pe tis notches the aes wich ‘vider nce farm a ne pnt ao) OO Reproduction in Organisms 23.) Cormsarestoragesrcuresofsme pans. They ae ™. 2% ». a0, x ane ese ss ese @ ° @ swollen underground stems with dry scale leaves vernghem. in vourablcondony, they row ia five an can esa dormant in adverse endo. (Coens canbe tint pecesandeach pce plated o produta ae plat. The daughter corms ht grow on mature cormsare ale comes. Cxmelscan aloe Separated and plated 0) 1% 7. © Aen eproution ical a posix Apmis ‘et reradutve mechani tat pees the sexe] proces and allows a panto lone itl thrugh sed. In acexalreprdvction, single pret envied nly inter ato ormtoue dion 3.) 3h © Prokaryotes (bari) a pois are sgl celled piss, Theirmodeofrepcduetion el division. Tahse args the paentbedyas whl consis the rorducive unt dvds into By vans ‘ae Thera they se relared sa sO 36 TO In Abii, vegetative propagation ake place with ‘hcp of one rots A stl rots chosen from the plot apd et Tit rot then iste int the wi hat develops at new plant. A large nimbe of plants can be obtained by his proses we 2 ew O) 4s. @) ular moti Neral us. carci of i inven many pani Cees (Cting he parted prtn oes, sem ores. Grafting i pefoned between wo plans of sly felted varieties Theroat tem fone grated th the shoo sje of ober desired plant Io ye, $m bach shone propagation reais sachet {othe pen til proces advent roa oo) SLO Comin ae non-metite gametes found singh or in ‘hn fom on the pret body, Pencium Cin nti Pel 4) Cormsarethe branched cond udrgroud sens, ‘They propagate trough budding and pve re to dope plats. Axillary bods eer at places. Thee tae conaine a numberof advent rots. Onli s vegetatively propagated by runner. xo 3. @) Roots are produced from sock. Stok sip sothe ‘umber of chremoscmes in rot el of cei 48. But eos haplt n ee.hrnmcnene noon Ws be 12 as selon forms shoo tater and ie ‘homosi nbei24 pl. a) ‘The aentalreprodsie structures in Ha isbud, ‘The asexual reproductive structure in sponges gems, in Pencil conidia, ‘ccatstheugh agmentatios ang! repodice by vgealive, aera and sexs mens, About 20% fing propagate only by ake ‘means, Areal reproction faker place during a ‘vourablecondtons by he formation ofa varity of anid spres. The sores may be icllar, Aiporilusee mula, Armas Baste “isoreprodice mainly byasexul abe nd three they havea deminst haploid asin tht ese ‘Acta rpredion infctriatkerplce ybHY sion, budding, canis, eye nd enespes Common feature of repaluction among Anoeh, Spirvarand east heal repre snl “Aces rsprodetio i common ameag singe cled crgnisms and in plans and aisle with telly ‘mpl onginisation. @ (67. 0) Bulilssce shy td proce inthe ail oleae, gros frm mew plants which fl en ground for father development Sexuol Reproduction Alle give snmnlscan repodsesexaly Home, ‘oye chicken ys an exeraal eps Duting spermatogenesis single ale germ el wll tndergo two mate divisions. This reste fn the produto of hap perm cls Gametesare pli while 2ygotes dpi 2 ©) ‘Ofiprng’s of varus animals res pester risk as compared orngsofvivparoas animals tacause proper embryonic eare aad protection i less in & -Re nm Be see 1m 1% 7 a aE ". » » © © © @ o © a viprusanimals Ova annals seth animale that lay ergs, with file or no other embeyonie EndoermNlesn) (cera cella) (©. Sporopllenin cannot e degrada by enzyme, tong acids and ali, thet is ein preserving pollens 6 @ Pollen gains canbe stort fr sveral yee in guid itrogca at-196°C(eypresevatin),| 7. (© Double erilisation i «unique phenomenon that scum angiosperms only 8 @ Inamvjcityofovering plans an oftiemegpre is fnctiona while the aber three degenerate, Only functional megaspore develops into female sametophyte (embryo sac). this is known a8 ‘monaeperidevelpt (eat owing i) 9. n 18, ww 2. « ® ® ° @ ° © © © ® Autogamy cus in isextl lovers. Getenoganens ‘ower are zeal bt pesca in the sane pea owsious conti isoberved when unix male and tale wes ace preset difient ants nod it prevents bh sutogamy and eitcnogay. Wind polnation a anaerophiy occur in Dowers hich te haviag a single orl i ech oer, and ‘umes lowers sek i a inrescence isa ‘on-liretona palliation. Inv plionted plans provide sie pallen gain ‘rev and pectar a uu rewards. In oder 10 serials and mame polation, flowers have ‘eveloped a et of atbtes which ae med at tracing be pollnters called atracans, Polen grin ofliferen species are incompatible so they fil to germinate the polen-stigma interaction ‘compat tepollen ganfytes and grins sh flowing landing on he stim “Tyxaumis important fr the nuit and dereopenct ofl sins well a source of recuse the pln cot | ‘Nectar and pln grain ar the wu oral rewards ‘which he anima paints get “Te hilum is» sar fund onthe seed coat dough hic the developing seed ar ised othe it, Honey is produced by worker ees sing netar (coc of lowering plan Gritonogamy, genetically, hows similarity with stogamy tes the pollen pais are bene on the ‘mops Serb have ifr appara, Asypariel wall ferns aight thickened stractre called he liom apparatus atthe meropylar end. consisting of bumerous finger-like projections iato synergid ‘tops, These synera ella are necessary for pollen tbe pudance ia ove sit is completely consumed during embryo evelopment pe, promt, Flier apart help n the entry of pin tbe ios syne in ule Filifrm appara isin form ‘finger-like proton oping cero iris tncloedina sheath resembles transfer cli meant far shot distance movement of mobiles. I is sponser the sborsion of eed fo fhe mcs. Male yatopst highly rede in angicperm ns known spon gai. is 203 ‘Geitonagamy tetramer ofpolle gains rent wert the same plan. a 1. 2s. 6, n. ». om a @ © © » © “The sot cont develops ftom integument rigialy asroundig th orl. tis thick nd hardin coca rhc poe the embry fom mechanical jy and ‘am dying ot. Peigern rennans of asus whichis phi (20) tendo itil (Persp ccs in the seeds of tick pepper, cole, castor, cardamum, pho, Endep the fod laden tse whichis ‘meant for norishing the embryo io se plans In lepers the endrperm i fom as 2 est of ‘eget erin, pe isn sion ofa ale met with pli mcntarymcewetthe ale Endorprn isthe outritve tue which provides ourishmen! th emo sal plat. Albusnous ‘esdertsin part fendaspam sits not completely ‘wed up ring entryodevelopneat (wheat ais ary aster, sunflower Deterogmas ens satin ving tissu retce the teraz clei fomnazan, ed, wae ‘mole compen Tas reaction osm ving call which are relessing hydrogen in respiration ‘rooees Vile tists pode a normal ed colo, ‘ere we vgs pros on toa lou es aes door ati, remaining sly white Palle gineare peerage andhavea poset ‘worker yall The dot layer called thexincis ‘made up of soopatinin which i oe f the mot ‘esta organic mnt ko can wt high {expertresandstong aidan alka "There are diferent types of ects iovolved in paliaation For example, mz mulberry: palliation by wind Fatisnria: pli trough -water yop) Cucber Bess ae plating ope Single megasporemuhe: ell (MMC) with dense ‘tolasm and prone niles gets diferetted fiom aucallus eae the micropsae region. This ‘mezaspare moter cel (MC) undergoes miei to fon po el called mepaperes and ibe proces of fxmatin known a mepaporoesets. ‘Gistganns overs donot exper reprctve art. Amhes and signa iloseto cach ober. Pure fuogamy our ine thee is no chance of erst lation, Clesogamy i he mat efficient rl Mapition Gr promoting foliation, Vola hires apd Osa acetal Sporogeous sue lvay pid, endthoiam s sdf ther wl nd pfs the fino of wotetion an helps in dehiscence of mter lease —yxy—x_—_ __—_§—— a — a 36, ” © @ ° © ‘hep Hard out yer of ple isclled xine and ‘aptum lays nourishes the developing pol Cells ofthe tpetam poses dese eytpist tod senellyavemare than one miles (pop) Sexual reproduction leads to formation of new ‘ambition nd appearanoe of vations, Gi recumbiantion, ees pliant. during sex _prodction provide vigour an vito the open ‘Theybeter ade temocest changing xvrnmetal canons and a plas anmpertantosin eva, Cestogany favours no dependence on plats because flowers never open In rich flowers the anthers and sigma le close to each othe. When ners dese n lower bud, plln grains come in conc withthe sgn to fe polinaon. ‘Omleisasocaled integument mepporangivn. It olan er fttion nope occurs singly oe in cluster inside ovary on penchomatus cushions cle placenta Wind polinaedfowershave general single ove in cach ovary. mover 60 paceto angiosperms, pln grins ce shed at 2 Rees» Vasnfentia STepdiyis—> Vos deferens -> Bjaealsory duct S tetis > Urea meas In proliferative phase also called flicalar pss), the FSH levels neease and as are, flicolar dlvelopment proceeds and follicle seretion of ‘ceseopen eps Secretory phase, a calle as teal Pose is manly contlled by proeseone secreted Epcorp seu, Mensraton inveves rakdown olorergrovn endometrial ning. ‘Th plceta ison endings thts only pest ring pregnancy. elas BCG APL, rogstoges, testrogens te. Human chorionic gonadotopic mene (HCG) tml the erp teu ding pregnancy fo release cettogen and propesteooe "Huron placena lactogen (MPL isinvoled in growth ‘ot moter dren, Progesterone maintains prenancs, “Theerrabyoniemenbeane ar amnion cri, silaatois and yolk sae. Amaion i derived from Ineoder on theo side and etder on theimmer tide Cheon i formed fom trphoesederm snd Inesoderm, wheres llanais and ol sxc membrane te derived fom mesoderm on oterside abd om tndoderm ia inner sie. Spemiopeness ls coovesion of spermatids into pemataco wheres pemiatin ithereles ofthe Spee fom Ser cells ino the cay seni tubule Ceocitaton inesaes etlsing capacity of sperms and overs in female epredtve at. Iesrequred tovende sperm to frie a oye, ‘The word “ampulla is derived fom the Latin word ‘a Being he cond parton the fallopian ibe, ‘tb tc inezeint late portionvbihimeisely faves over the ova Tle i the common site of ‘human feriisation 8 bth the vam abd spermsare Simulanesusly transported ee Canidring the female reproduce endocinloey ‘rutin is the pen ofthe monthly ress of he ‘able ecyte fom the ovry between the time of ‘Meanche and meyopause During hs ie, ther ina rein the production of LE and FSH, termed a fgousdatopin, ther initiating estradiol an Fropeaterone secretion fram the ovary. Both thse Keeton ae very importa the mens ye © © 10, a ra 15, 16 © o © © Spermatogonia are dod male germ exis which undergo meiosis to farm pert Ocstradiat levels fall afer ovation and before ‘meron whi it level peak pir © ovation, rst is mo¢asocnted ith mato, Deseein ‘csr ee resltsinthe cet frmensution Meiss I doesnot complete ual eisai eects infamols (i huran belg), felistion kes ae, ress in frtlized mate out nd send plat body The ole ofprolctin is ot emcee with inition ‘ofparturtion in humaas. Prolactin eres for tlk ynthsisin mammary lands: When the levels of ‘stogen and progesterone econ iw parti, ‘thn anterior ptaitary atts trelens latin, ‘Urethr isaube tat eaonet the urinary Wade fo the genitals forthe emer of Suds fom the body. he wethra tavels trough the penis and cares semen 5 well rine, ‘The corpus atm ia tamporry endocrine srure involved in ovation and early regnancy. The main secretory produ of cop uum is progesterone, which is eoqured for the establishment rmsmtenanceofpregacy During menstrual or beoding phase which comprises (of 3-5 days out af 28 daye menstrual cyte the rodcton of fom the anteir be ofthe pitiary land isconseraby reduced, The withdeaal ofthis hormone cases degeneration of corpus tum and therefore, progesterone produston is reduced Produston oestrogens sao redvodin this phase In testis, the immature male germ cells or ‘permatogoni 2) mpi by mitotic vision and inerensn number. Some spermatogonia (2a) known 2 primary spermaoeyes divide by mite division ‘0 frm secondary spamatoyts (a). The ecndary spermatocytes undergo second site division to ‘reduce spermatids which are transformed into spermatozoa (sperm) by the proves called spermiogenesis ‘The placentefcitaes the supply of oxygen and utes to the emye ad ls removal of etbon snide and exertryvaste raters proce the ‘embry, The placenta it connote tothe embryo ‘Group an unblil ert whish psn the eanspent of misancesto and fom the embryo I also a as endocrine issue and prods seer! hormones like human chocanie gonadotropin (ACC), human cena atogen (HPL), cestopens, progesterone, ste Orton eeense hm aera pian parr, 2, 28, 26, 2. se © © © @ Ley ells present in betwee seminiferous tabu in tests are the endocrine orion of the tts and secrete androgens or male sex hormone © Sperm viable for2-3 das Hormones human ehorinie gonadotropin (HCC), ‘human placental lactogen (HPL), et are peodacedin naman fens oly ring pregrane. Alo tele ‘ofether hermenes suc as catogens,pogsrogens te aeincreased several folds. ‘The menstrual yee isthe siete tem fer the psa changes that occur ia te women for ‘he purpse of seal reproduction nd eto. ‘The seretory phasis the human menstrual eee ls called lta phase and te fr abou 13 day Daring erty phase, the endometrium prepares fr ‘he implantation ofan embeyo andthe crepe tm 'Sactve and scree progeerone mone. Parturition i the posers of delivery ofthe fetes “The signals fr parturition oxgiate eon the aly developed fetus and placenta tha induce werine contraction clled fetal ejection ee. This iggers ‘hersease ofxytacin hormane fom pinitay Thin turn leads to expulsion ofthe baby ot of wera ‘Blasio thin-walled hollow sacar in cay cenbrymidcvlopment and contains acs ofl called the iner cell mas ant am tr layer of els called trophoblast. The outer ayer of cells give rise tote placenta and other supporting tissues ned fr fal development within the tere wth nner call mass calls give rise to embryo, The basioeyt ‘reaches the womb (ater around dy andimplants Into the uterine wal an abot dy 6 ‘The path of transport of gamete ix: Seminifeout tubules Retest» Vs feet Epidijni So f the yas efferent inthe human reproductive system gets blocked, the gametes wil not be transfonned om este tepid, ‘Tete ae present inthe eet which mains ‘heserotl perature below 2°C oft intra boy femperue Daring frtiiston in humans, many sperm reach lose thecwa. Asser comesincntat withthe 20na pellucida layer ofthe ovum, it induces changes inthe membeane hat books the ety of aional sperms. The seeetons of acrosome help one per {went etplase of ovum throgh zona pellucds ‘ACT® dy of aaa man mens le rapid ‘ectetion of LH normally oecars ee) 5 29.) Inthe given gure, the comet marke pasta: 2. a a 8 6 es ». © ® © © © ° taint 1V-Finvie V-canin Sarl el are found inthe walls of seinifeous tubules ofthe testes, They anchor and provide -utrton othe developing gen els expecily he spermatids. ‘Van frentia are tls leading rm ee testis to ‘as defeent. Tho rete tents isan anastomosing eto tubules aed in he iim athe teticles nd caries sperms fm the seminiferous tubules © the yas efferent ‘Sia plasma in human mals ich in fotos, Calum andcersin enzymes provides modi for Ivansport of sperms and nourishes and activates seems TM eogeess, the scand maturation division once tale the ov hasbeen pentte by a sperm. ‘Oogenesis involves the famation of haploid ee ‘mses, rom diploid eag mother clls, cogent of varyof ena Psacraton of egg by human sperm isa chemi! ‘mechan, In hi, eesome undeross acrosomal Tencion and rleses crain sperm sins, which isnt the gg envelop all nd makes the path forthe penetration of spe, Inhuman tings, afer one month of pregnancy. the canker fred, Byte end of send month ‘retnaney the foes develops limbs and digits: By ‘auf? week, majr mgm yee reformed A fie month, the fest movement of foetus and ppearance of icon its head ae abserved. By the fai of 24 week the by covered with har, e| Inds separateand eyelashes come Moral ie slid all contained within the zona pallida ha almost equal quantity of efoplasm {an ncleved zy bt mich more DNA, ‘Spexmataen erive ntiton om nurse els end pigs Tost ar ovulation cesroge high nthe lend and progesterone i lo, However, within 3-5 day with {he development of corpus cu, concentration of progesterone increases in the lod ‘Mammalian eoeyte sits melee in foetal ovary completes aes ertizaton wih sperm cel fer Passing through two eal eyele arent. Fis its thresteta ng oprophase during the bith gi ‘Then i epains its activity athe time of puberty and complete its mois 1 before ovulation. After ‘mulation, te call ele isaeted at metaphase IT ‘thie complete fe rlisaton, «. o “ ‘. © © © © @) © © © © © ‘Ooginia are called as gamete mother ell. Corus Tutor i formed as temporary eadosrine ste fer the vuln, Is elved inthe prodcsion of felatively high levels of progesterone an moderate [ovsof ost niin Ato mini pepe large names of iar flies degenerate daring the phase fom i to uber, Fjcaltion of hors male contains about 200-300 ilionspars of hich soley 6% spams ‘nusthavenonal shape apdsie anata as ‘Show eerily ‘R-Uibilial cod ith its vessel, B-Phcetl vil {-Yoss,D-Phgof ces ia crix "The high level of esrogen and progesterone in the ‘mater ccoliton during repaney inhibi these Felewe of pitty paatopins and prevent the tment cle Pregnancy hamenes inclu KC ‘which minis the cps en of pregnancy and ars th bis rgnancy wine les, Ovarian and ‘ental estoge and pogeterne human petal Facog an pituitary plain timate development te dns ad alain the mammary lands «0 In haman beings, fer one month of pregnancy, the tyes eats formed By the ent of senna month tf pregnane, limbs and igi are develope. By the od 2 worst ier) most oft mj oan ‘tema ar anne 2Zygate divides partally in mercbatie lense. Leydig elisa thecharncteriticof aalian exis. They produce hormone, testostrone meant for developement econdary sen characters amas ‘Capt neu i yellow our sf. ond in ovary. Corps Inteum ezttes progesterone Irmne hic eset or mining nancy td thesfre alo ale es "pregnaney horns” Placeota is an endorsing gland thas presen nly thing pegunne, Ii regen fr pofation of ‘ins harmone ike oman ehrini onadrpio (CO), oestrogen, progesterone, oman placenta Inctogen PL) Leggs loo own antes alle fond adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in thetic, ‘They produce testosterone ia the presence of Iansing armen (LE. “Tenia ler rth compartment presen in the testes, and are not involved in the process of Fatiivation as woe. Fusion of male and female ‘porter callod nization which cousin illopan abe of ale od $8 Tend oa sper hasacroome and melee. The sil 56 © rowofmiechndria are pee in them omesing) pieceofthe spe, Males have more stature than Fanaes because of the action of male sex haeane, testeterone which ie ‘sere by testi in males, Body starts sacsing testosterone foes the ape of puberty. te scrton ude theinance fteiniinghormane (LE ofthe ster lobe of pituitary hid. Tesesierone contas the development of secondary sexual cerdters in rales ike hoasenes of oie development of i sir, be gromth, calsivm retention, cloting of pipe carlage. Thettal quantity oboe max incense. Thopelioultisowed and lengthened, “The srength ofthe pelvic boner Increase tty more led, That is why maleshave move statue than females a puberty when this hormones presntin the blood [NGG (human Cherise Gonadotropins thehormene secreted by human placenta daring pegoane: NCO large the carpus teu in the moter’ ovary end ‘stimulates ito sexe rogeterne n a u 5 n * a, Amite ii serete by amnion of fet dring O @ © 1 @ ‘enanentmethod of ith contain which ees are gical rmoted, scale easton, 7 @ * © Insauindevie (Copper) inhibits ttston ad eps in bath conta ‘Te ith conta pil interes with hematin of {he lcs sd the ove inbibting rene ofan ee. Sesion tcngues can be conte she sft bith cor measures It provides a permanent and fore bath cota Ie ale aston male and ‘ubecomyin eae a2 se se Condoms ore tris made of hin Bbeatex sheath (hat are sed cove the penis the mae ce vagina sd cervix the fae ust ef cots 0 tha the ‘Geclaed semen would not enter into the female feprodctve tet, Thien prevent conception. Copper sen inrauterine device wich prevents the fetlsed og basing implanted i the wal of the ‘won 6 © “The Word Heath Orzo (WHO) isa specialised oeney ofthe United Nations (UN) ht is cncered ‘th iteratonl publica eas esabished on “Tape 1948, beadgonteetin Gane, Sizer -Reprosction related areas are urea in cpeation ‘mind ad come ur he poplar ne Reprative el Child Hels Cae (RCH) propane. ‘Subel-an orl contraceptive fe the females was

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