BEGINNERS FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - 05 Ah CLASS

-Tissue cuiture (Orchidsl

Natura Gokee M
ango
Vegetative. Lautting Rosel
propagation Stem(Grasses)
-ArtificialeafBryophylhun)
LRoot(Sweet potatal
eg.
Regeplnario
Fragmentation
eg. Spirogyru

Asexual reproduction Spore fomation

e.g. Rhizopus

Budding
eg. Hydra Yeast
Binary fission
eg -Anoeba, Euglena, Paamecium
-Fission
-Mutiole fission
eg. Plasmodum -(Malarial parasite)
Modes of asexual reproduction are fsson, budding, spore formation, fragmentation, regeneration and
vegetative propagation
W Fission. h is a kind of asexual reproduction in unicellar argarisns to create two new indiduas t can
be of two funes

(a) Binary hesion One cel splits into wo equal hahes, eg., many bacteria and protozoa lake Amoeta,
Pararneckm and Letstmaria

Constriction

Binary fakn in Exglena

b Multiple fission. One cell divides into many daughter cells simultaneously. e.g.. Pla smodum
tmalarial parasite). Aoete in untavourable cordtiors.
(H) Budding : Proces in which an outgrwth bud) is fomed on the body of pr
detaches and become a new argarisn eg. Yeast and ma. 471/584
BEGINNERS FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - 05 10th CLASS

Main plarnt YBranch

Adventitious
roots

Vegetative propagation by layering

(iv) Tissue culture or micropropagation

Celk or tisme which is lsolnted fram the growing tip of plant caled explant
The explart develops into ditferentiated mass of cells called calks in the proper culthure meciurn
The calk1s is trarsfered to another medkum contalring bornones for groth and differerntiatlon, that
lorns plantlet

The pantlets are transplanted into pot or sol to larm mature plart.
This technkue s known as micropropagation e.g. Orchks, Chrysantheruan

Coton plug

Cuure te

Plantlet
Explart
New clant

Nutrientmedum
E

Artificlal vegetative propagation by tissue culture

ADVANTAAGES OF VEGETATIVE PROPAGAToN

t sa rapid, cheap and easy method of reproduction for the multiplication o

475/584
Disease ree plarts can be produced.

Superior quality fruits or lowers can be produced by grafting

Geneticaly dentical plants are produced

Plants raisad by vegetative propagation can bear Bowers and fruits earlier than those produce from seeds
BEGINNERS FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - 05
oth CLASS
HOWD0 ORGANISMS REPRODUCE ?
INTRODUCTION
Reprodubon s a proces by wthich ngogarrs produce nw indáduals od their cun kind ard mairtain
ther eátence geeration after generatian
Reprodution is not esertial to mairtain the ie of an organisn but it is esential to maintain fe on earth
and perpetuation d species from one generation to ancther.
Reproduction at ts basic level celkar reproduction) is irvohed in making samilar or dssimilar body designs
through the genetic material (DNW present in the chromosomes of its nuckes
DNA is the source d ndormation for making proteins Any change in the iiomabon leads to production
of dfferert proteins wtich uhimately lead to alhered body designs
Basic evert in reprodtion is praduction of DNA copies in a reproducing cel The proces is called DNA
replcation When the cel dides into fwo, each new cell gets a copy of each DNA or chromosome along
weth the whole ce&dar apparahus

Complete acuracy in DNA coping leads to two exathy identical celh but ary error in duplicatkon can lead
to diadr cells ar variationa

The inbut tendency kor variatiors during reproduction lorma the basis for evoktion
Variations d°ring reprodaction enable the popation of a species to get adapted easy to a particukar inhabiting
place/ricthe Hence, reprodacton s nked o the stabty of popukations of specses
Stronger variations are uek for the unal ol species er time and enabe the organims to thde over
ary drasti aleations n their habitats

NPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTION
(0 Mairaternance of the existence Orgarisa are maintaináng the estence on the earth since thetr
origin milon years age onày becae of reprodaction
Preservation of species - Spedes are preserved because o reproduction. t is possble because
reproducing arganisas produce new ndhidals wtich are very sirrar to thernseles
() Role in evokution - Some ariations are produred in the new organisns during reprodction which
play an impartant role n vktin

TYPE OF REPRODUCTION

There are haro man methods of reprodction in Iing organans

() Aseal reprodtion
2 Sexal reprodctikon
() Aseal Reprodaction
Production of offsprings by a ingle parert whout the formation and fusiorn of garmetes is called asexl
reproduction.
Itisa primitive type dd reproductin in which offspring is produced by a cel or any vegetative argan of an
argarisn
In this type o reproduction aftspring are geneticaly iderntical to their parerts
 10th CLASS
3
BEGINNERS FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - 05
Oatar
Daughter ta
yean
Nucleus
Vacuole

Paront
yoast
huding m et
Iading n hdr

Spore lormation : Spares are the nicroscopkc aexual reproductive bodies with a thick wall.

Spares are farmed in 'sporangkum'.

Each spare on germinatiorn gve rise to a new organisn eg. Rhizopus, Penicilkm.

Nucde
Sporangum
Spores

Rhizod
Spore lormation in Rhiropus

(h Fragmentation : In this process an rganisn breaks up into wo or more fragments and each fragment
develops into an adult organien. eg Sptrogyra

Daugte

Spirogyra

(v)Regerneration : The process of grtting back a ful organism from the bocy parts of the parent irdividual
is called regeneration. Regeneration s caried out by specialsed cels. e.g. Hetra, Plararáa.
() Vegetathve propagation : This s an asexual method of
reproductkon ln plant where wgtatie parts namely root,
stem and leawes gve rise to new plants
Vegetatihw propagation is of ho types
W Natural vegetative propagation
Nahal vwgetatlve prupagatior
(B) Artifcial vegetative propagation by leal (ayaphylum
BEGINNERS FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - 05 10th CLASS
(B) Artificial vegetathe propagation :
To prepare plants wth deurable caracters
These are of four types
5
Cutting

In this method small part of plart is cut and buried parthy in the moist sol then ctting deselopa roots and
grows irto a nw plant eg Rose. Sugarcane. Potato, Cactus.

Cbique cut

Adventhious
oots

Cutting

( Grating

Two plarts of ciosety related varieties are jotned together so that they le as one plant.

The plart of which roots rermair in the sol ts called as siock

Cutting part of a plant that is grafted on the other rooted plant is called scian
eg. Mago, Apple, Lemon

Soon
Scion

Stock
Stock

a21SSYoNAT

Grating

(H) Layering
In thás method a branch of the parert plart is buried in the sol.
The portion of the branch which is contect with the sol prodhuces rogts and thás rooted branch
called layer

Layer is then detached fromn the parent plarnt and act as a new pant. eg. Jasrine, Hhtiscus
BEGINNERS FOUNDATION BIOLOGY - 05
Do you know ?

In fssian the arganism have lost their parertal identity wthile in budding they have matntained their identity

Grafting is not passble in onocot plants.

Carrbium actiity is esertial for the union af stock and scion.

Tissue cuture is also called micro propagation ecause a large number of plants are formed from a sral
tissu

Vius free plants are produced by micropropagation

REVIEW QUESTRONS
1. What is meant by reproduction ?

2. What are tao gereral methods of reproduction in organisms

3. Give ao examples of organisns which reproduce by budding.
4. What meart by wegtathve propagation ?
5. What are the adantages of vegetatve propagation

6. What s grafting ? Mertion any hao adartages of galting

7. In wtách part aft Brsophyhm vegetatie propagation take place ?
8. What s micropropagation ? Explain he process of micropropagation n Viera
(2 Sexual reproduction

tisa type o reprodton in which two dtlerert sexe (male and fernale) are irnohed irsohes the kskon
af gametes from hwo dtlerert parents and resdts in the fomation of nw argarksrn, which is geneticaly dhfferent
from the parent

Dtferences between aseual and seual reproductie

Features Asesual reproduction Seualr
reproduction
1 Number parerts INobed
T e e m b l s de oble
2 Resemblance wth parents |Organis produced
exacty with the parent resermble in certain features
ath both the parer
3 Type d cell dons Amitotk/mtotik Mitotik and meiotkc both are
presnt
4 Tme duration for multiplicationTakes less time. Takes more tme
5 Variations Variations are absert Variations are present

6 Adaptabny Organksms produced hawe lesOrgansms produced have more

odaptabliry adaptablty.
Fission, budding, egetative Human t
7 Examples propagation 476 / 584
(AJNatural vegetatiie propagation :

Plant reproduce without the help of human being.

4
By leaves : Leaves of some påants produce adventitious buds on their margin Thus buds develop
into new plants e.g Bryophydkun, Kalanchoe

By stem :n many plant, underground stems produce aerial hoots anLaly under favourable conditions
eg. Potato, Zinger, Onion, Grass

Buds

a Gras# (DI Potato

Bud

(g Gnger ( Onion

Natural vegetative propagation by stems

By roots : Roots prodace acentitious buds which develops inta new plants, eg sweet potato.

Avent

Natural wegetative propagation

by root (sweet potato)