How de Organizes Koproduce 2 Organtirns — look strlen becouse their body detgns are sitlon * Chromosomes tn the ruckus Oh a et —conilatn information fet Tnhevitonce © eater from parents to the ~—rext_ —gereralton fn Ah form of DNA (Deonyetbo Nuclei Adie) reoleuils ‘The DNA in te cll ruckus fs the information making proteins « -T{ the tnjprmation ts changed , diffouent proletns wil = be ~— made. source fe * Difioent proteins will eventually lod 10 allered body design - Thowfne , a bale event in reproduclton fs the creation 4 DNA copy. "Cells use chemical reactors to butld —copts thelr DNA. - This Creates two copies «Of the «= DNA fn veproduting cll, and they will need 40 be seperated from = each othex- Tie Tewogrance Or Vaauarir T thow were a populattn 5 bacerin ving tn temperature unio and if the wale temperature were lo be “fncveaved by global warring, mot of thae bacteria would dit, but the few vavianis tesiant to beat would Survive and - ther. - Vaoviation & Hus useful for te Survival fs species. over ime.QUESTION S What ts the Importance of DNA copying in reproduction? Why ts varlation beneficial to the species but not necessarily for the individual? ) Following are the —imporlawe «6 | DA copying fm Yeproduction + In maintairing the characteristics H Species. b. Tn maintatring the Continuity Ge. ¢ From this, © fealura arisms are transformed. and the Chavacterisites are transformed, to theix, ny: d. Ako variations in orgarisms 18 produced om tl is the — basi of evolution = ew speci. 2) Organisms 6 © various population —‘nlevacl with many — typ of Ecologeal wiche. Imporlant for them to curvive in slated conditions. The population gels —adverely —ajecled ©, any dlarmage is Coused lo ecological conndiltons population. Organtims that axe able fo survive, may veproduce to develop Pope fon which ts adapted or Suited 10 Varied Condifions. wtfore, for specia, and vol to individuala Mones Or “Reerooucow Sexual Aserual) Asexual “Keproduction Tt — involves only one There fs no paver. formation and futon 6f + gameta. The joung ones wid are. almost idenlical to each other well as to the parent — cell. a Asexual Yeproductfon — geneally occurs during favourabte environment Conditions and = when “there is an Abundance of (p04. TL ha footer method — of veprodudlion. Asexual Veproductfon, | ] Fission “Fragmentation Regeneralton ) Fieston ( Bina) For —unteellulay organises, Cell division or futon, ads [0 the Crealton «new individuals . Many different — pallens «fission have been obterved.. Many bacteria and — protozoa, simply Spit into lwo equal hah duving Cell division « Tn orgaritms such as Amoeba, the spitting of the ~— two celle duving division Can plae tn any» plane. ‘Budding.A) Multiple Fiesion Some —_untcellulan organisms ghow —gomewhal more —_orgarisalton ther — bodis, Such as “ts seen in Leithmania, (which Cause kala azar), Which have a whip- tke Struclure al one end Of the cell Tn such Organttms, binary fission Occurs, fm a definite —_orientalton tw relation to = thae = Slrucluves, Other single-celled ——ovgarismg, Such aa the malarial parasite , Plasmodium, divide into many daughter Cells Simaltancouly, by, vnullipte isin. ) Fragmentation Seen fn multicellular Organiems which have a velalively simple body —organttalion Ike Spirogyra. Spirogyra, ha a — filamentous body. (14 Wl breaks = nto smaller pecs or {roqments). Each froymerl — has the capaiity to form a new — Snvtvidual. However, all multicellular — ovgarioms canna, Show = cell-by- cell attvision a cells from issua which form organs.Thee organs ove plauel al definite. positions tn the body. + Hence, they need lo uae = nore, Complex rtthods «= _veprodluction. Fragmentation in Spirogyra }) Fegeneration (ST or fesiue) Many |ully differentiated —ovgantsms have ability to give vise to rew “Indtvidiol — organisms — fom = then. «body = pond. That is, tf the — fndtvidual ts Somehow =cut’ so broken =p. tnlo Many —plecex, many =o tha feces grow into sepenale Individuals. For example, simple animale Vike = Hydra, and Planaria, can b Cul Into any number of = pieces © and, «= each «ple © grows into a Complete organism - This is known = an regeneration | ) Budding, Seen in Hydra. . Tarent Hydra develop» a bud at tls lower end. - >This avows In tee and Linall, hreaks Ok to five — tndeoendentluVegetative Fropogation. Nu —plarls are oblained © from =the parts. of old planlswithou the help 0 any —Yeproductive organ. Lt involve the ~— growl and. development 0 one or move bud —preser nthe old pork = plan fo form new plant, Thee buds are in the inaive slate in old parts of plant. When provided with suilable —condilfons = these. == buds grow to form new plant. Tor example + Sugarcane , ose, Grapes, Orange , ‘jaamine , etc. Bryophytium Bryophyllum Vegetative ‘Ropogatton. Culling + A gmail parte a plant which & Yemoved by making «a Cut with a Shap knife is Called ~—culting. A cutting 6 == parent plant raving some bud on hfs taken an ls lower part 18 bured § in amotsl soil. For Example + Grapa, Sugarcane , bananasParent Cutting plant Cutting ‘Cut at slant Blade Sand Soil or compost : Layering’ A branch 6 plant {2 pulled towards the © ground and a part I fs Covered “with — mals soil eaving the tip of branch —_burled in the soll, The bvanch is then cutoff from parent plant - Tor example t Jasmine , lemon, quaw , Strawberry . M wen plant eG Yue New plant BRS / New plant Grafting : In this the cul lem = two diffrent planis( One with vot and other without vol) ave jpined together tn such a way that the tu Slems join and = grow aa Single plant . For example : Apple , Apricot , peach, peor.Tissue Culture The —lechnique of developing — new plants from a cell or tissue n a nutrient wedium under aseptic —_condliffons. The cell or tise is placed «tn nuivient medium = where form 1 mass 6h cells called §— Callus. This call ts then transferred 10, another mnulvient medtum = where | Kijuentiates and ferns a nw plant. Spore Formation, “The parent plan! produces yundieds = Yeproductive unis callled spo When the spore cone plant bunt = then the spore spread into aty. Tor example: ‘Ritzopua, fun « Spore Formation te a method of Asexual “Reproduatton. Mary spora are stored in sacs called Spovangia. When Sporangia. burst ; minute Single- celled, thin oy thek walled Structures Called spoves are obtained «)'DNA( Deoxyribonuclete acid) copying tan tenportanl part of veproduct is iL proceeds geneltc fnformatton, from —paenis to children. Tt vequlati the body daign one individual - Reproducing. cella fabricate copy of theix DNA through chemical eactions, and result in two copies = DAA. Copying % ‘DNA, everytime , takes place alae with the additfonal cellula: slructuve creation. Tren. tf operalton is followed by division of a cell 10 conptquraite two cells. Senne “Keerooucroit Te eaters Flower + Flowers ave reproduutive organs of plant. A typicat — flower comprises of) foun whorls. namely; —pelals, Sepals, Stamen and pislil (carpel). Tanda % a Howes ) Sepa: — They ane green structures. thal protect the finer pants. whe the lowers ts in bud i: ) fetals : They one cotourjul and atime the tnsecls for _poltnalfon.. ) Stamens Tt ts the male veprodustive pont of 0 flow and consls 9 anthe and — filament. DAntha: Tt ts 0 sac-Itke structuve thal produces pollen grains. i) Ftlament: Tt ts a thin stalk-tike structure that supporls anther. ) Conper + Ti ts the femate reproductive part thal produces ¢qg__cell- — A Conpee conststs of stigma, Style and ovary. 1) Stigma being slicky alu recetver pollen qvaina during pollinalton «) Organiser i} reproduces = from —spora will be benefited , aa spore ve dormant and —hond —Slructuves which = ane produuted «= by Some rgartsms , 10 tide ove, the unfavourable —_conditlons. Miso, IL 1s cooy for Spores to Spread —avound and. foster pollination. ) Hydra, and “Planavia, ave Stmple —Ovgarfsms and ave Capable of voducing new individuals through the vegeneralion process. This process fnvolve —formallen of = new orgarixms from is body aris. Simple —organtems con utilize «his, method =f reproduction ao whole ody fs consinucled af fewer and —Sienilan © kind Celle. tn which ny port = thelr body can be Set-up by = growth = and — development. Though, Complex organisms have organ systam evel organisation. Tre body's —enlive organ system” work —logelhey as an futerconnected wil, and = can veqererale Abey lost a body, Uke skin, blood ruscles ele. Though , they cannot give vise to new Individuals through regeneration a pectic cell or issue’ cannot form a complete Hence, fl would be tmpossible to fully erate an entire «new —Ovgaris Orgartsm — suth aa Cigwcln and Slovfish * can reqerenste bbvolen x the body trough egererolion process Negelative Propogation Pravticed for growing some typa 9 plants becaus His Kind of Prpogation ouurs ivdependent of seeds and has many bene} Feopogation 4 plants without seeds or no viable seeds (ike orchids nana ele. yPropogatton o Selected §— Superior Variety, of a plant os the plants produced will be genetically dental 40 paven plait Quicker method @f — propogation lo obtain Corge number 6) plants fn much lesser lime )Planis’ fntroduction and pogation of planis in newer aveaa where eeds may nol gevmrinate ke to unfavourable environmental oy social ondiliona .