The Effects of TikTok to the Self-esteem

of Liceo de Buenavista Inc. Students

A Research Paper Presented to the

Senior High School Department Liceo De Buenavista, Inc

San Ildefonso, Bulacan

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject Practical Research

By

Edsel Joseph V. Castillo

Isagani Ruiz D. Celedonio

Ezekiel B. Cruz

Ricky Jervys T. David

Thrixe Dhel T. Delos Santos

Aeron P. Evangelista

May 2023
 ii

Liceo De Buenavista, Inc

Poblacion, San Ildefonso, Bulacan

Dear Sir and Ma’am:

Greetings!

We are currently in Liceo de Buenavista, Inc as Senior High school students. As part of

our requirements in Research if you would allow to write a research paper. We are conducting a

study with the Title “The Effects of Tiktok to the Self-esteem of Liceo De Buenavista Inc,

Students”.

In view of this, we should like to ask your permission that we be allowed to conduct a

survey among the junior High school students involved in this study. Rest assured that responses

will be held with strict confidentiality and would only be used for study purposes. Thank you

very much for your cooperation.

Sincerely:

Castillo, Edsel Joseph V.

Celodonio, Isagani Ruiz D.

Cruz, Ezekiel B.

David, Ricky Jervys T.

Delos Santos, Thrixe Dhel T.

Evangelista, Aeron P.
 iii

Abstract

TikTok is a well-known short video application created by the Chinese technology

company Beijing Bytedance. Its monthly active user count has reached 500 million worldwide,

and it is particularly popular among teens. However, despite its popularity, there are only a few

research studies done focused on junior high school students that involve the relationship between

TikTok and the student’s self-esteem. This study aims to fill that knowledge gap by conducting

research on the junior high school students of Liceo De Buenavista. There will be 40 participants

in total, 20 boys and 20 girls, and a researcher-made questionnaire will be given to the respondents

that will be used to collect the research data. The researchers will be using a quantitative

descriptive type of research.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His showers of

blessings throughout our research work to complete the research successfully. We would like to

express our deep and sincere gratitude to our research adviser, Ms. Patricia Anne Bernardo, for

giving us the opportunity to do research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this

research. Her dynamism, vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired us. She has taught

us the methodology to carry out the research and to present the research works as clearly as

possible. It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under hers guidance. We are

extremely grateful for what she has offered us. We would also like to thank her for his

friendship, empathy, and great sense of humor. We are extending our heartfelt thanks to her

friends, family for their acceptance and patience during the discussion we had with her on

research work and thesis preparation.

We are extremely grateful to our parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for

educating and preparing us for our future. Also we express our thanks to our sisters, brother,

sister in law and brother in laws for their support and valuable prayers.

We are extending our thanks to the Junior High School students of Liceo de Buenavista
for their support during our research work.
Finally, our thanks go to all the people who have supported us to complete the research
work directly or indirectly.

Castillo, Edsel Joseph V., Celedonio, Isagani Ruiz D., Cruz, Ezekiel B., David, Ricky
Jervys T., Delos Santos, Thrixe Dhel T., Evangelista, Aron P.
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DEDICATION

This research paper is dedicated not only for Junior High School Students in Liceo de

Buenavista Inc., but also for every students who are using TikTok app, who has been nice and

supportive until our research was fully finished, and our beloved family for months past, has

encouraged us attentively with their fullest and trust attention to accomplish our work.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………………..i
REQUEST LETTER…………………………………………………………………………...…ii
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………...iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………….iv
DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………………….v
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………vi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………..…………………..1
Rationale of the study……………………………………………………………………..2
Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………………....3
The Problem (Statement of the problem)……………………………………………....…4
Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………………4
Significance of the study………………………………………………………………..…4
Definition of terms………………………………………………………………………...5
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES………………….9
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………….26
Methods…………………………………………………………………………………..26
Environment/Locale…………………………………………………………………..….26
Participants…………………………………………………………………………….…27
Instruments……………………………………………………………………………….27
Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………..27
Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………….28
CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA…...29
A. Number of followers………………………………………………………………….29
B. Expensive Lifestyle…………………………………………………………………...32
C. Beauty standards……………………………………………………………………...33
D. Beauty Related Filters……………………………………………………………...…35
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 5:SUMMARY OF FINDING CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATION….39

Summary and Findings…………………………………………………………………..39
Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….....40
Recommendation………………………………………………………………………...41
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………..42
ANNEX: QUESTIONAIRE SAMPLE……………………………………………………….…47
 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

TikTok is a famous social media platform invented by Zhang Yiming in September 2016.

TikTok snowballed into the most popular app in 2019 and 2020 It was downloaded 693 million

times in 2019 and 850 million times in 2020. TikTok is known as a social media site where users

can make, share, and find brief videos. The software allows young people to express themselves

through lip-syncing, dancing, comedy, and singing. It also enables users to make content and

share them with their friends and family or even with the public.

Most people in 2019 had their own TikTok accounts, whether they are kids, teens, adults,

or even senior citizens. The users with the most amount of followers are commonly artists and

vloggers. They create fun and exciting content like partying and other various entertaining

activities for other users to watch. However, watching too much of this exciting and fun content

makes the users insecure and lose self-esteem especially when they compare their normal

everyday life to the life of these TikTok vloggers.

According to The Sentinel (2022), A 2022 study by the Indonesian Journal of Learning

Studies completed a survey of 41 teenagers surrounding their opinions of themselves after using

TikTok. The results showed a decrease in self-esteem after participants spent time on TikTok. The

study revealed that 20 respondents were insecure about their own identity and talents after viewing

TikTok influencers. Furthermore, 26 respondents said that they felt insecure about how other
 2

people viewed them because they saw more “successful” individuals on TikTok. These studies

and observations are all concerning given the amount of time young people spend on TikTok.

Adolescence is a delicate phase where a person’s thoughts, emotions, and beliefs are unstable;

therefore, their identity and psychological state are easily skewed by applications such as TikTok.

According to The Queen’s Journal (2022), It’s no surprise these filters are well-known to

cause low self-esteem and body image issues. When people consume social media filters, they’re

implicitly told that their own faces and body taken without the filter aren’t beautiful or desirable.

The app is notoriously addictive. Thanks to the short length of its content, users’ attention are

held for longer periods of time, eliciting the familiar ‘addictive’ feeling through the brain’s

release of dopamine. Coupled with this, the app’s personalized and specific algorithm makes it

almost impossible to not find an enjoyable niche of content.

According to Bauer, J. (2020) The current study investigated how exposure to thin

bodies on different (social) media platforms affect body appreciation, internalization of beauty

ideals, and self-esteem in female and non-binary participants. The participants (N=116) were

randomly assigned to one of three conditions: exposure to content from a) Instagram influencers,

b) models in magazines or c) peers. Participants completed an online survey, answering

questions about their feelings towards the women depicted in the media content as well as

appearance comparison tendencies, body appreciation, self-esteem, internalization of body

ideals, and BMI. Overall, significant differences between groups were found for the

internalization of body ideals and how attainable participants believed the body of the depicted
 3

women to be. No significant differences between conditions were found for self-esteem,

appearance comparisons, or body appreciation.

Most of the senior high school students in Liceo de Buenavista Inc. in San Ildefonso,

Bulacan are using TikTok to post contents and the researcher wants to know what factors of

TikTok affects the junior high school students’ self-esteem as well as what factor of TikTok

affects the student’s self-esteem the most.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.0
 4

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to know the effects of using TikTok on the self-esteem of junior high

school students in Liceo de Buenavista Inc. Specifically, this study wants to answer the

following questions:

1. What contents of Tiktok affect the student's self-esteem?

1.1 Number of followers

1.2 Expensive lifestyle

1.3 Beauty standards

1.4 Beauty related filters

2. Does using TikTok affect the self-esteem of students?

Hypothesis

There will be minimal effects of using TikTok on the self-esteem of junior high school

students of Liceo de Buenavista.

Ho1: There will be a significant relationship between using TikTok and self-esteem.

Ho2: There will be no significant relationship between using TikTok and self-esteem.

Significance of the Study

This study would be of great help and benefit to the following:

 5

Liceo de Buenavista Inc. will gain general knowledge on the effects of using the TikTok

app on the self-esteem of the junior high school students of Liceo De Buenavista. By knowing

what are the factors that are affecting the student’s self-esteem the school can teach students to not

compare their life to the life of popular vloggers and influencers on social media.

Parents of the students will also benefit from this research paper, by knowing the effects

of using the TikTok app, they can guide and teach their children to not compare their life to the

life of vloggers and influencers they see on the TikTok app and use this study as a reference when

they are identifying what factors affect their child’s self-esteem the most.

This will be significant to the general public for they are also using the TikTok app for

creating content. This research would give them the idea that such problems exist, which helps

their self-esteem to not go down and inform their family and friends to not compare their life to

another person's life, especially to vloggers and artists. Hence, informing the community and

making it a better place for the user’s mental health.

This study will serve as a reference for future researchers in the field of social media.

This will serve as a guide to further develop the research with the connection to the variables used

in the study.

Definition of Terms

Abundant - Existing or occurring in large amounts.

Adolescents -a young person who is developing into an adult.

Alternative -different from the usual or conventional

Anxiety -This is an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and it

can also cause physical symptoms.

 6

Aspect-a particular status or phase in which something appears or may be regarded.

Census-a count of the population and a property evaluation in early Rome.

Coefficient -a number that serves as a measure of some property or characteristic (as of a

substance, device, or process).

Content -Something contained the topics or matter treated in a written work.

Correlation -the process of establishing a relationship or connection between two or

more measures.

Cyberbullying -the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by

sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature.

Embase -to lower, especially in rank, dignity, or quality.

Feedback -information about reactions to a product, a person's performance of a task,

etc. which is used as a basis for improvement.

Hurdle -a portable panel usually of wattled witches and stakes used especially for

enclosing land or livestock.

Implication-the conclusion that can be drawn from something although it is not

explicitly stated.

Indicate -to demonstrate or suggest the necessity or advisability.

Indispensable -not subject to being set aside or neglected.

Letter-request - a letter in which one person asks another person or group of people to

grant a specific demand or respond to an inquiry or appeal.

Mediated -occupying a middle position.

Medline -used for an online computer database of abstracts and references from

biomedical journals that is searched by the MEDLARS system.

 7

Mitigation -The process or result of making something less severe, dangerous, painful,

harsh, or damaging.

Modular -refers to a software engineering approach geared toward developing software

applications in terms of modules or components.

Paranoia -mental illness characterized by systematized delusions of persecution or

grandeur usually without hallucinations.

Perception -The state of being or process of becoming aware of something through the

senses.

Piqued -to excite or arouse, especially by a provocation, challenge, or rebuff.

Platform-a raised level surface on which people or things can stand.

Polled -of cattle, sheep, or goats) lacking horns, either naturally or because they have

been removed.

Primary -First or highest in rank or importance (his primary goal in life).

Probability -the ratio of the number of outcomes in an exhaustive set of equally likely

outcomes that produce a given event to the total number of possible outcomes.

Psychometrics - is a field of study within psychology concerned with the theory and

technique of measurement.

Regression -a trend or shift toward a lower or less perfect state.

Self-Efficacy -One’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish

a task. Self-esteem -is how you value and perceive yourself, based on your beliefs and

opinions about who you are and what you can do.

Tabulated - to count, record, or list systematically.

 8

TikTok -is a social app that allows users to make short videos. Users can add filters, text,

sounds, and music, and it is especially popular to make creative, lip-synched music

videos.

Underlying -Fundamental basis, discoverable only by close scrutiny or analysis

 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

In this chapter, you will find the various literature and studies related to the conduct of this

research. The effects of social media to the self-esteem of different types of individual are

discussed in this chapter.

Transformational effects of social media lurking practices on luxury consumption

Participants completed an online survey and gave permission to view their objective

Facebook data (i.e., profile updates and received Likes). We discovered that the frequency with

which users updated their profile and shared personal content (e.g., self-generated texts, images,

friends, and location tags) had a direct effect on the frequency and intensity with which they

received feedback (i.e., Likes) from other users in their online social network. Furthermore,

investigations revealed a significant relationship between the frequency and intensity of positive

feedback received by users and felt pleasure, which was mediated in part by a rise in self-esteem.

Overall, the data show a relationship between good online social feedback and reported well-

being. Lingering has a transformative influence on luxury consumption, as seen by how lurkers

purchase intangible goods on visual social media. The essay continues with a discussion of the

findings' theoretical and practical consequences.9999

Social Media and Its Effects on Beauty

Because physical and mental health are inextricably linked, beauty is concerned with

both. Short-term decisions to change one's body form, regardless of genetic, environmental,
 10

occupational, or dietary requirements, can have medium- and long-term consequences. This

chapter examines the function of social media and its impact on beauty standards. The

researchers summarized the literature on how social media influences beauty trends, body image,

and self-esteem issues. There is evidence that social media has a harmful impact on individuals,

driving them to participate in life-threatening cosmetic trends out of social conformity and

acceptability. The goal was to examine the influence of social networking sites on perceptions of

beauty standards and emerging unrealistic trends gaining popularity that might change attitudes

and hurt individuals in the long term. This is a developing field of research that is critical to the

physical and mental health of those working in the beauty, health, and hospitality industries, with

the latter manifesting as despair, anxiety, and fear of not being accepted, as well as being viewed

as a social faux pas.

Social Media and Self-Evaluation: The Examination of Social Media Use on Identity, Social

Comparison, and Self-Esteem in Young Female Adults

Social media has had a huge influence on our society and the planet as a whole. Social

media websites have altered how people connect and socialize, and it is critical to better

understand how this virtual social phenomena affects how we think and feel about others and

ourselves. The goal of this study was to look at young adult females' social media experiences in

order to analyze the impact of comparing themselves to others as they integrate and respond to

the online identities of others. This study looked at how social media activity and exposure to

media images affect one's self-esteem. This was a phenomenological, qualitative investigation.

Eight young adult females, ages 24-30, took part in semi-structured interviews to investigate the

self-evaluative consequences of social comparison in the context of social media use (e.g.,
 11

Instagram and Facebook). Participants' descriptions of their selection and manipulation of

content posts, their presentations of an idealized self, their process of engaging in impression

management, the comparison between their real and online selves, their varying experiences

when viewing profiles of unknown and known others, their affective responses when viewing,

and the degree to which online social comparison can affect the view of self were all explored.

Lastly, the study's shortcomings and implications for future research are highlighted.

Impact of Social Media on Self-Esteem

Social media has grown in popularity over the previous decade, and its influence has had

long-term consequences for people. People's self-esteem has suffered as a result of upward

comparisons made on social networking sites. To put the theory to the test, 150 students from the

Institute of Business Management were polled via questionnaires and interviews. This study was

restricted to IoBM students, and Facebook, the most prominent social networking site, was

utilized as a sample of social media. To evaluate the association between social media and self-

esteem, a correlation and regression model was applied to the data using SPSS statistics. The key

findings indicate that around 88% of Facebook users make social comparisons, with 98% of

those comparisons being upward social comparisons. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that

there is a substantial association between social media and selfesteem. Individuals' self-esteem

suffers as their use of social media grows. One hour each day spent on Facebook resulted in a

5.574 drop in the self-esteem score of an individual.

 12

The Relations Among Social Media Addiction, Self-Esteem, and Life Satisfaction in

University Students

As of January 2016, about one-third of the world's population was using social media,

indicating that the platform had developed tremendously. In fact, social media data show that the

overall number of users has increased by 10% on an annual basis. These astounding figures have

piqued the curiosity of experts in examining this phenomena and its influence on every part of

consumers' life. By exploring the links between addictive social media usage, self-esteem, and

life happiness, we want to contribute to the growing body of information about this topic. A

general questionnaire, the Social Media Addiction Questionnaire (SMAQ), derived from the

Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire, was employed to achieve this goal. Respondents filled out an

online survey questionnaire that collected demographic information as well as SMAQ,

Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale answers. Aside from evaluating

the psychometric features of the SMAQ, data analyses included Pearson correlations across

variables, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. The results revealed that a one-

factor SMAQ model has acceptable psychometric features and a high internal consistency. In

terms of relationships, addictive usage of social media had a negative relationship with self-

esteem, while the latter had a good relationship with life satisfaction. Path analysis also revealed

that self-esteem moderated the influence of social media addiction on life happiness.
 13

Effects of Social Media Self-Efficacy on Informational Use, Loneliness, and Self-Esteem of

Older Adults

For older folks, social media makes it easy to receive and share information (i.e.,

informational use). Yet, one big hurdle to older persons adopting social media is their poor social

media self-efficacy. The implications on information usage and mental well-being have not been

thoroughly investigated. As a result, this study questioned 276 older Chinese individuals aged 60

to 90 and built a structural equation model. Higher social media self-efficacy was found to be

highly and immediately related to more informational usage, less loneliness, and higher self-

esteem. It also had a favorable effect on happiness, which was mediated by loneliness and self-

esteem. Information use reduced loneliness but had no effect on self-esteem. These findings were

explained by the moderating effects of age and social media self-efficacy. This study proved the

critical importance of developing older individuals' social media self-efficacy for mental health

and effective aging. In addition, we discussed the design implications for enhancing social media

self-efficacy.

Impact of social media on the health of children and young people

This research does a literature analysis on the influence of social media on the health of

children and adolescents. The databases Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched for

relevant literature. According to the studies, the health impact of social media on children and

young people was greatest on mental health, specifically in the areas of self-esteem and well-

being, with related issues such as cyberbullying and 'Facebook Depression,' with an association

between social media use and self-esteem and body image. Yet, determining the cause and
 14

effect, which is likely to be tied to the nature of the young person, is challenging. There has been

minimal research into the influence of social media on younger children. Further study is needed

to identify people who are most vulnerable. There has been minimal research into the influence

of social media on younger children. Further study is needed to identify individuals most

vulnerable to social media damage and risk mitigation techniques to help health-care providers

give vital information to parents and young people.

Social media and its relationship with mood, self-esteem and paranoia in psychosis

Social media usage predicted negative mood but not self-esteem or paranoia. Posting

about emotions and venting on social media predicted low mood, low self-esteem, and high

paranoia, but posting about everyday activities indicated improvements in positive affect and

self-esteem, and watching social media newsfeeds predicted decreases in negative affect and

paranoid. While utilizing social media, perceptions of low social status predicted bad mood, self-

esteem, and paranoia. The impact of social media use was the same for people with and without

psychosis; however, having psychosis reduced the connection between venting and bad affect.

Those suffering from psychosis used social media less frequently.

Social networking site use: Linked to adolescents’ social self-concept, self-esteem, and

depressed mood

Teenagers spend a significant amount of time on social networking sites (SNSs), but little

is known about whether such use is related to measures of adjustment. The current study

investigated the relationship between Australian adolescent SNS usage and indices of adjustment

using a multidimensional measure of SNS use. Youth (N = 1,819, 55% female) from 34 Western
 15

Australian high schools were polled. According to the findings, frequency of SNS usage was

connected with a greater social self-concept, but investment in SNSs was associated with poorer

self-esteem and a higher melancholy mood. Additionally, owning an SNS was associated with

greater negative indicators in female adolescents compared to male adolescents, despite the fact

that the relationship between frequency of use and investment in SNSs and markers of

adjustment was not modulated by gender. The current study emphasizes the complexities of the

association between teenage SNS usage and indices of adjustment, and it provides insight into

the many forms of adolescent SNS use.

The impact of social media use on appearance self-esteem from childhood to adolescence –

A 3-wave community study

Photographs of idealized self-presentations are often circulated among social media

users. This poses a risk to youth's self-esteem in terms of looks, although the detrimental impact

may vary depending on the sort of social media activity. Youth who actively post updates (i.e.,

self-oriented social media use) may position themselves to receive positive feedback and

appearance confirmation, resulting in higher self-esteem, whereas youth who mostly view and

respond to other people's posts (i.e., other-oriented social media use) are exposed to these

idealized presentations while receiving no positive feedback on their own appearance, resulting

in lower self-esteem. At the ages of 10, 12, and 14, children were asked regarding their social

media use (n = 725). The Self Description Questionnaire I and the Self-Perception Profile for

Adolescents were used to assess appearance self-esteem. We discovered that higher other-

oriented social media use predicted decreasing appearance self-esteem from ages 10 to 12 and 12

to 14, but only in girls, using a Random Intercept Cross-lagged Panel Model. Self-oriented social
 16

media use had no effect on appearance self-esteem, and there was no reverse influence from

appearance self-esteem to social media use.

Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem.

Social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook provide several options for social

comparison. Considering the prevalence of SNS use, the current collection of research sought to

investigate the influence of chronic and brief exposure to social media-based social comparison

information on self-esteem. The first study used a correlational technique to see if frequent

Facebook use is connected with lower trait self-esteem. Likewise, those who used Facebook the

most often had lower trait self-esteem, which was mediated by more exposure to upward social

comparisons on social media. Research 2 used an experimental design to investigate the effect of

brief exposure to social media accounts on state self-esteem and relative self-evaluations. The

findings revealed that when the target person's profile contained upward comparison information

(e.g., a high activity social network, healthy habits), participants' state self-esteem and relative

self-evaluations were lower than when the target person's profile contained downward

comparison information (e.g., a low activity social network, unhealthy habits). The findings are

explored in relation to previous studies and its implications for the function of social media in

well-being.

Social capital, self-esteem, and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis

A longitudinal examination of panel data from Facebook users evaluated the association

between intensity of Facebook use, indicators of psychological well-being, and bridging social
 17

capital. The study data comes from two polls done a year apart at a prominent U.S. institution, as

well as in-depth interviews with 18 Facebook users. Even after adjusting for measures of self-

esteem and life satisfaction, the intensity of Facebook use in year one highly predicted bridging

social capital results in year two. These later psychological characteristics were also found to be

substantially related to social capital results. Selfesteem moderated the link between Facebook

usage intensity and bridging social capital: individuals with lower self-esteem earned more

bridging social capital from their use of Facebook than those with greater self-esteem. We

contend that Facebook affordances assist in removing hurdles that lower self-esteem students

may have in building the types of big, heterogeneous networks that are sources of bridging social

capital.

The effects of social media sites on self-esteem

With the emergence of the Internet more than a decade ago came the introduction of a

new type of communication known as social networking. Online social networking services such

as Facebook, Myspace, and Twitter have grown in popularity and have become practically an

intrinsic part of daily life, particularly among college students. Almost 90% of college students

have a Facebook account, and the average amount of time spent on this social networking site

every day ranges from thirty minutes to more than two hours. The goal of this study is to

investigate the link between online social networking sites, primarily Facebook, and college

students' self-esteem levels. Previous study suggests a link between increased online time and

less face-to-face interactions with family and peers, which leads to feelings of loneliness and

despair (Chen & Lee, 2013). Undergraduate students were requested to engage in an online,

anonymous survey that included the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Body Esteem Scale, the
 18

Facebook Intensity Scale, and the Eating Attitudes Test-26 to examine the influence of Facebook

interaction on self-esteem. The bivariate correlation test and the independent samples T-test were

used to assess the data. According to the statistics collected, ladies spend more time on Facebook

than guys and have a greater number of Facebook friends than males. Females had poorer body

image satisfaction and a stronger urge for thinness than males, according to the findings.

Examining the links between active Facebook use, received likes, self-esteem and

happiness: A study using objective social media data

For social media users, updating their profiles and earning Likes may feel like a reward,

eliciting happy feelings and promoting their usage of the network. Might this technique affect

users' self-esteem and happiness? Past studies on the issue have been inconsistent, and have often

been constrained by the use of self-reported online usage. We used objective behavioral data in

this study to test the predictions that obtaining Likes on Facebook would be related to 1) users'

perceived self-esteem and 2) greater happiness via the mediation function of self-esteem. We

recruited 2,349 adult Facebook users (589 men, 1,760 women; 67% between the ages of 18 and

25, 26% between the ages of 26 and 35, and 7% over the age of 35). Participants completed an

online survey and gave permission to view their objective Facebook data (i.e., profile updates

and received Likes). We discovered that the frequency with which users updated their profile and

shared personal content (e.g., self-generated texts, images, friends, and location tags) had a direct

effect on the frequency and intensity with which they received feedback (i.e., Likes) from other

users in their online social network. Furthermore, investigations revealed a significant

relationship between the frequency and intensity of positive feedback received by users and felt
 19

pleasure, which was mediated in part by a rise in self-esteem. Overall, the data show a

relationship between good online social feedback and reported well-being.

The Relationship between Social Media Addiction and Self-Esteem among Turkish

University Students

Social networking is becoming increasingly important in the everyday lives of today's

young folks. Since online connections have grown more widespread than face-to-face

encounters, social media has begun to have a significant influence on people's lifestyles,

communication, language, hobbies, and psychology. Despite the fact that social media and

internet addiction are not classified as behavioral addictions in the DSM diagnostic criteria

owing to a lack of scientific evidence, their phases (conflict, relapse, etc.) manifest as behavioral

addictions similar to shopping or gambling addictions. The purpose of this study is to identify the

psychological elements of social media addiction in young people, to highlight their relevance,

and to generate the necessary scientific evidence for the literature. Normality tests were used in

the data processing. Women are more hooked to social media for mood adjustment and

distraction. Addiction to social media grows in tandem with the number of Instagram followers.

Moreover, false account owners and stalkers are more attached to social media than the general

public. Meanwhile, there is a moderately unfavorable link between self-esteem and social media

addiction. In the areas of relapse and conflict, users with more than 500 followers had a higher

correlation coefficient.
 20

Mindfulness, Compulsive Mobile Social Media Use, and Derived Stress: The Mediating

Roles of Self-Esteem and Social Anxiety

There is growing concern about the emergence of harmful compulsive use patterns

among some social networking site (SNS) users, particularly mobile social media users. While

earlier research claiming that mindfulness has a protective impact on compulsive behaviors, no

study has examined the underlying processes by which mindfulness lowers compulsive SNS

usage to date. This study fills that void by investigating the link between mindfulness, self-

esteem, social anxiety, compulsive mobile SNS usage, and derived stress in the context of the

mobile social media application, WhatsAppTM. The functions of self-esteem and social anxiety

as mediators of mindfulness's positive (reducing) influence on compulsive mobile SNS usage

were validated by mediation analysis. Furthermore, the findings revealed that obsessive mobile

SNS usage causes stress and that mindfulness has a calming impact on stress caused by such

compulsive behavior, which is mediated by the former factors. As a result, this study gives a

mechanism explanation for the positive effect of mindfulness on stress resulting from mobile

social media use. Additional theoretical and practical ramifications are examined, as well as

future research directions.

Self-Expression on Social Media: Do Tweets Present Accurate and Positive Portraits of

Impulsivity, Self-Esteem, and Attachment Style?

Self-expression ideals are at an all-time high, and individuals are increasingly relying on

social media platforms to positively and correctly express themselves. We wanted to see if self-

expression on the social media network Twitter results in good and correct social evaluations.

Eleven perceivers judged 128 people (targets; total dyadic impressions = 1,408) on their
 21

impulsivity, self-esteem, and attachment style only based on the information contained in the

targets' 10 most recent tweets. Targets were regarded normatively on average and with clear self-

other agreement, suggesting positive and correct social impressions. Individual variations in how

favorably and accurately targets were evaluated were also observed, which exploratory studies

revealed may be driven in part by differential word usage, such as the use of positive emotion

terms and self-versus other-focus. This research shows that self-expression on social media may

evoke both positive and accurate opinions, and it sheds information on how to curate such

perceptions.

Effects of Social Media Self-Efficacy on Informational Use, Loneliness, and Self-Esteem of

Older Adults

For older folks, social media makes it easy to receive and share information (i.e.,

informational use). Yet, one big hurdle to older persons adopting social media is their poor social

media self-efficacy. The implications on information usage and mental well-being have not been

thoroughly investigated. As a result, this study surveyed 276 older Chinese adults aged 60 to 90

and built a structural equation model. Higher social media self-efficacy was found to be highly

and immediately related to more informational usage, less loneliness, and higher self-esteem. It

also had a favorable effect on happiness, which was mediated by loneliness and self-esteem.

Informational use decreased loneliness but did not significantly affect self-esteem. These

findings were explained by the moderating effects of age and social media self-efficacy. This

study proved the critical importance of developing older individuals' social media self-efficacy

for mental health and effective aging. In addition, we discussed the design implications for

enhancing social media self-efficacy.

 22

Looking Up and Feeling Down” The Influence of Mobile Social Networking Site Use on

Upward Social Comparison, SelfEsteem, and Well-Being of Adult Smartphone Users

It has been discovered that exposing young people to carefully selected content on social

networking sites (SNSs) depicting a faultless self and an ideal existence harms their self-esteem

and well-being. SNS use, however, is no longer confined to teenagers. SNSs are currently used

by people of all ages, thanks to the rapid growth in smartphone ownership, which allows users to

access information about others at any time and from any location. As a result, for the first time,

this study evaluated the links between mobile SNS use, upward social comparison, self-esteem,

and well-being. We used a quota sample of adults in a two-wave panel survey (NT2 = 461).

According to the findings, Facebook usage projected upward social comparison, which impacted

people's self-esteem and well-being over time, but Instagram use directly influenced people's

well-being adversely over time. In addition, we discovered support for reciprocal links between

upward social comparison on SNSs and selfesteem and well-being over time.

The Association between Alexithymia and Social Media Addiction: Exploring the Role of

Dysmorphic Symptoms, Symptoms Interference, and Self-Esteem, Controlling for Age and

Gender

With the popularity of social media and the increasing prevalence of these technologies

in people's everyday lives, study into the factors that might be connected to problematic use

looks to be critical. The goal of this study was to look at the elements that may contribute to the

levels of social media addiction, specifically the involvement of alexithymia, body image
 23

concern, and self-esteem, while controlling for age and gender. A sample of 437 social media

users (32.5% men, 67.5% women; Mage = 33.44 years, SD = 13.284) completed an online

survey, including the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Body Image Concern Inventory,

Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Twenty-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, together with a

demographic questionnaire. The findings revealed a substantial link between alexithymia and

social media addiction, with total mediation of body image concern (and, in particular, body

dissatisfaction) and considerable moderation of self-esteem. Gender and age both have an impact

on these correlations. Such findings may bring more insights into the field of clinical research on

social media addiction, as well as important information for successful clinical management.

Social networking sites addiction and adolescent depression: A moderated mediation model

of rumination and self-esteem

Recent research has shown that use of social networking sites (SNS) is a risk factor for

depression; however, little research has been conducted on the relationship between SNS

addiction and depression, and even less is known about the mediating and moderating

mechanisms underlying this relationship. The current study investigated whether rumination

mediated the relationship between SNS addiction and depression, and if self-esteem reduced the

mediating effect. Concurrent data from 365 Chinese teenagers were used to evaluate our

theoretical model. The participants completed SNS addiction, sadness, rumination, and self-

esteem questionnaires. According to the findings, SNS addiction was connected with depression.

According to the results of the mediation analysis, rumination mediated the relationship between

SNS addiction and depression. A moderated mediation analysis found that the link between
 24

ruminating and depression was larger for those with low self-esteem than for people with high

self-esteem. The study's limitations and consequences were examined.

Problematic Use of Social Networking Sites: The Role of Self-Esteem

Social networking sites (SNSs) are a thriving component of the Internet with great

development potential. The particular social-oriented aspects of social networking platforms

provide users with a pleasurable social interaction experience. This pleasurable experience tends

to motivate people to utilize these platforms excessively without their understanding, resulting in

problematic usage habits and bad effects in various domains of life. Given the increased focus on

the issues of problematic social networking site use and its relationship to psychological well-

being variables, the primary goal of this paper is to investigate how self-esteem influences the

development of problematic Internet use in the context of social networking sites. The authors

included selfesteem as a predicted antecedent in their model of generalized problematic Internet

usage, which they experimentally tested with 200 Facebook users. A structural equation

modeling research indicated that poor self-esteem predisposes people to prefer online social

engagement (POSI). This propensity, as well as the use of social networking sites to manage

mood, predicts poor self-regulation and bad consequences. Finally, the study discusses the

practical and theoretical consequences.

The Impact of Social Media on the Sexual and Social Wellness of Adolescents

The usage of social media is an intrinsic aspect of everyday life for the majority of

teenagers in the United States. While the introduction of the Internet has facilitated information
 25

distribution and communication globally, it has also had a severe influence on the sexual and

social wellbeing of many of its adolescent users. The objective of this review is to describe the

role of social media in the evolution of social norms, to illustrate how online activity can

negatively impact adolescent self-esteem and contribute to high-risk adolescent behaviors, to

elucidate how this activity can result in real-world consequences with life-long results, and to

provide guidance regarding social media use for those who care for adolescents. Although

research is currently focusing on the use of social media for good health and wellness

interventions, much more study is needed to establish the effectiveness of these programs.

Adolescent healthcare physicians are significant contributors to this emerging field of study and

must vow to keep educated and to engage this up-and-coming generation on the advantages and

hazards of social media use.

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents a description of the research methodology used by the researcher,

including the locale of the study, participants, instruments, the research design, and the gathering

and analysis of data. The methodology is reflected as a guide to complete the study.

Research methodology and procedures

Methods

This research utilizes both quantitative and descriptive methods. This study aims to know

the effects of using TikTok on the self-esteem of Liceo De Buenavista Inc, Junior high school

Students in San Ildefonso, Bulacan. The researchers will collect the answer objectively through

survey that will be given to the junior high school students participants of Liceo De Buenavista.

The researchers will analyze the answers collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaire will

be given to the participants face to face via google form set of questions for a much more

convenient way of giving questions.

Environment/Locale

This research study will be conducted in the respective rooms of each participants inside

the school of Liceo De Buenavista Inc, established last 2003 and owned by Mr. Victoriano V. Cruz

that is located in San Ildefonso, Bulacan. As this time there are approximately around 200 students

in Liceo De Buenavista Inc, which is located at Poblacion. A rural barangay in San Ildefonso,

Bulacan. The researchers chose Liceo De Buenavista as their locale for the reason that it is the

nearest and easiest school to conduct this study for researchers.

 27

Participants

40 students of Liceo de Buenavista Inc. will be considered as respondents for the study

“The Effects of TikTok to the Self-esteem of the Junior High School students of Liceo de

Buenavista Inc.”. The researcher chose junior high school students as its respondents. Exactly 20

males and 20 females chosen by random sampling are selected to answer the given survey. In this

case, each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal

probability of being selected.

Instruments

A questionnaire will be utilized as the primary instrument for collection. It will be divided

into three parts. The questionnaire will start with the respondents' demographics in the first part.

The second part of the questionnaire is about the various aspects that could affect a student's self-

esteem while using TikTok. The last part is about the effects of TikTok on the self-esteem of

students. The questions included in the instrument will be fixed alternative questions wherein the

respondents were asked to indicate a checkmark on the box opposite their answer to each question.

The question offered one to four-point (1-5) Likert scale response choices. The researcher-made

questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability to measure the needed information objectively.

Content-related evidence of validity will be tested through an examination of the content and

format of the questionnaire as examined and checked by the research adviser.

Data Gathering Procedures

Data Collection

There will be many changes and revisions to the researcher-made questionnaire before the

final copy is created and reproduced. After the requisite revisions were carried out with the
 28

assistance of the researchers’ teacher, to ensure that the collected data could be easily tabulated

and statistically treated to achieve the desired result. After it is confirmed to be valid and reliable,

the researcher will send a letter request to the school principal to allow him the distribution the set

of questionnaires to the respondents. When the researcher receives the approval of the adviser and

panels, the researchers will immediately distribute the set of questionnaires to the students of Liceo

de Buenavista Inc.

Data Analysis:

The data collected will be recorded, tabulated, evaluated, and interpreted using the latest

version of Microsoft Excel after the researchers has collected the answers to the questionnaires.

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS and

iPadOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a

macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter reviews the results and analysis of the 40 respondents from the survey given by the

researchers. This chapter contains detailed presentation and discussion of data analysis and the

results of this study.

Part one: What Contents of TikTok affect the students’ self-esteem?

Instruction: Please put a check (/) on the appropriate items that affect your academic

performances. Refer to your choice in the criteria below:

5-Strongly Agree 4–Agree 3-Neutral/Undecided 2-Disagre 1-Strongly Disagree

A. Number of followers

Figure 2
 30

Figure 2 shows that 45% of the students feel an increase in their self-esteem when they gain

followers. While 30% of them disagreed and 25% are still undecided.

Figure 3

Figure 3 shows that 60% of the students disagreed and don’t feel any decrease in their self-

esteem when they lose a follower. However 32.5% are undecided and only 7.5% agreed.

Figure 4
 31

Figure 4 shows that more than 50% of the students don’t worry about how their followers will

respond to their posts while there are both more than 20% undecided and agreed.

Figure 5

Figure 5 shows that more than 35% of the students are still undecided if the number of their

followers are important. While more than 30% disagreed and more than 25% agreed.

Figure 6
 32

Figure 6 shows that more than half of the students don’t feel envious of those who have more

followers than them. However, more than 25% of them are still undecided and there are more

than 10% agreed.

Figure 7

Figure 7 shows that more than 50% of the students agreed that how they feel about themselves is

more important than others’ opinion to them. While more than 25% of them disagreed and more

than 15% are still undecided.

B. Expensive Lifestyle

Figure 8
 33

Figure 8 shows that more than 60% of the students don’t feel any need to have expensive

belongings for their posts. WHile more than 25% are undecided and only 10% slightly agreed.

Figure 9

Figure 9 shows that more than 50% of the students don't compare their lifestyle to the lifestyle of

the others. While more than 20% are still undecided and agreed.

C. Beauty Standards

Figure 10
 34
Figure 10 shows that 35% of the students both agreed and disagreed that the way they look in

social media is important to them while 25% are still undecided.

Figure 11

Figure 11 shows that more than 50% of the students are happy with their physical appearance in

social media. However, there are 30% undecided and more than 15% disagreed.

Figure 12
 35

Figure 12 shows that 50% of the students don’t compare their body to the body of other people.

While there are 22.5% for undecided and agreed.

Figure 13

Figure 13 shows that 40% of the students are still undecided whether they will be concerned or

not about others’ opinions on their appearance on their posts. While more than 30% disagreed

and more than 20% agreed.

D. Beauty Related Filters

Figure 14
 36

Figure 14 shows that almost 50% of the students don't feel any increase in their self-esteem when

they use TikTok filters. While 30% of them are undecided and more than 20% agreed.

Figure 15

Figure 15 shows that 45% of the students disagreed that TikTok filters improve their self-

appearance. While 35% are undecided and 20% agreed

Figure 16

Figure 16 shows that more than 50% of the students don’t feel a decrease in their self-esteem

when they don’t use TikTok filters. While more than 30% are still undecided and 15% agreed.
 37

Part Two: Does using TikTok affect the self-esteem of students?

Instruction: Please put a check (/) on the appropriate items that affect your academic

performances. Refer to your choice in the criteria below:

1 – NO 2 – N/A UNDECIDED 3 – YES

Figure 17

Figure 17 shows that 40% of the students said that using TikTok affects their self-esteem. While
more than 30% are undecided and almost 30% said no.

Figure 18
 38

Figure 18 shows that most of the students are undecided whether using TikTok will increase
their self-esteem while 35% of them said yes and 20% said no.

Figure 19

Figure 19 shows that 50% of the students are undecided whether using TikTok affects or does
not affect their self-esteem. While 30 said that it does not affect their self-esteem and 20% said
that it does.

Figure 20

Figure 20 shows that 455 are undecided whether using TikTok decreases or increases their self-
esteem. While more than 35% said that it does not decrease their self-esteem and more than 15%
said it does.
 Chapter V

SUMMARY OF FINDING CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter the findings of the study “The effects of TikTok to the self-esteem of

students in Liceo de Buenavista Inc.”. The researchers will talk about the summary, findings,

conclusions and recommendations of the researchers.

SUMMARY AND FINDINGS

The researchers conducted this study to know the Effects of TikTok on the Self-esteem of

Junior High School Students. This study is a quantitative type of research. The respondents chosen

are junior high school students of San Ildefonso National High School. 20 males and 20 females

from grade seven to grade ten were selected by simple random sampling. The researchers used

google forms as a survey to gather data from the respondents. With the data gathered from the

google forms survey the researchers used this to analyze and form a conclusion based on their

answers

The questionnaire made by the researchers contains three (3) parts, first is the

“Demographics” which collects the data of the respondents including their age, sex, grade level,

and how much time they spend using tiktok in a day. The second part determines “What Contents

of TikTok affect the students’ self-esteem?”, this part contains four variables (A. Number of

Followers) (B. Expensive Lifestyle) (C. Beauty Standards) (D. Beauty Related Filters). The third

and last part asks “ Does using TikTok affect the self-esteem of students?”.

After analyzing the gathered data the researchers found out that using TikTok can lead to

various effects on the student's self-esteem. Some of the effects of A. Number of Followers can be

positive for example, 45% of the students agreed to the question “I feel an increase in my self-
 40

esteem when I gain followers.” and D. Does using TikTok affect the self-esteem of students, 35%

agreed when they answered the question “I feel that when using TikTok, my self-esteem

increases”. However, some effects involving C. Beauty Standards of TikTok turned out to be

negative for instance number 1 indicates that 37.5% of students agreed that the way they look on

Social Media is important to them which can lead to lowering the individual's self-esteem or being

insecure if they are not pleased or good looking in their pictures.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our research on the effects of TikTok on the self-esteem of junior high school

students has shed light on several important findings. Through our study, it becomes evident that

TikTok, as a popular social media platform, has a significant impact on the self-esteem of these

young individuals. The researchers observed that TikTok usage among junior high school students

is prevalent and extensive. The platform's addictive nature, coupled with its engaging and

interactive content, attracts a large number of adolescents.

Moreover, TikTok has its own positive effects on its users like gaining followers makes

the user's self-esteem increase, and using TikTok filters helps them improve their self-appearance.

However, our research indicates that excessive usage of TikTok can lead to various effects on self-

esteem. Prolonged exposure to idealized and curated content on TikTok contributed to the

development of unrealistic beauty standards and social comparisons among students. This led to

feelings of inadequacy and diminished self-worth, affecting their self-esteem and self-image.

Ultimately, understanding the complex relationship between TikTok and self-esteem is crucial for

fostering a healthy online environment and supporting the psychological well-being of our young

adolescents in the digital age.

 41

RECOMMENDATION

Future research should explore the long-term effects of TikTok on self-esteem, considering

variables such as gender, socioeconomic background, cultural influences, and long time effects.

As well as conducting comparative studies to examine how TikTok affects self-esteem compared

to other social media platforms. By comparing the effects of TikTok with platforms like Instagram,

Snapchat, or YouTube, researchers can identify unique aspects of TikTok that contribute to its

impact on self-esteem and further understand the broader social media landscape.

Additionally, Investigate further the positive aspects of TikTok on self-esteem. Explore

how content creation, participation in positive communities, and self-expression through TikTok

can foster self-esteem and enhance well-being among junior high school students. Understanding

these positive aspects can help develop strategies to harness the potential benefits of TikTok usage.

Future studies can advance our knowledge of the effects of TikTok on junior high school

students' self-esteem by addressing these research areas. They can also help develop targeted

interventions and support systems to encourage young people's healthy social media use and

overall well-being.
 42

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 47

Survey on the Effects of TikTok to the Self-esteem of Junior High School(JHS) Students

Introduction

This questionnaire is designed to collect information about the skills acquired by Lice de

Buenavista Inc. (LDB) Junior High School (JHS) students. Your participation in this survey is

greatly appreciated. It would be extremely helpful if you could take a few minutes to complete this

survey. The data collected will be used to develop your school's teaching methods.

First Part: Demographics

In this section you are asked to provide information to help us build the profile of

respondents, such as their grade level and age group. Please be aware that in accordance with RA

No. 10173, all personal data collected through this survey will be kept securely and ultimately

erased.

1. Name (optional)

2.

2. Age (only one answer can be chosen)

- Below 11 years old

- 12-14 years old

- 15-16 years old

- 17 years old above

 48

3. Sex (only one answer can be chosen)

- Male

- Female

4. Grade level (only one answer can be chosen)

- Grade 7

- Grade 8

- Grade 9

- Grade 10

5. How much time do you spend on social networking sites each day? (only one answer can be

chosen)

- 0-1 hour

- 2-3 hours

- 4-5 hours

- more than 5 hours

 49

Part one: What Contents of TikTok affect the students’ self-esteem?

Instruction: Please put a check (/) on the appropriate items that affect your academic

performances. Refer to your choice in the criteria below:

1–Strongly Disagree 2–Disagree 3-Neutral/Undecided 4-Agree 5-Strongly Agree

Contents 1 2 3 4 5

A. Number of followers
1. I feel an increase in my self-esteem
when I gain followers.
2. I feel a decrease in my self-esteem
when I lose a follower.
3. I worry about how my followers will
respond to the things I post.
4. I think the number of followers I have
makes me feel important.
5. I feel envious of those who have more
followers than me.
6. How I feel about myself is more
important than others’ opinion to me
B. Expensive Lifestyle 1 2 3 4 5
1. I feel the need to have expensive
belongings for my posts.
2. I compare my lifestyle to the lifestyle
of others.
C. Beauty Standards 1 2 3 4 5
1. The way I look in Social Media is
important to me.
2. I’m happy with my physical
appearance in Social Media.
3. I compare my body to the body of other
people.
4. I am concerned about others opinions
on my appearance in my posts.
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D. Beauty Related Filters 1 2 3 4 5

1. I feel an increase in my self-esteem
when I use TikTok filters.
2. I use TikTok filters to improve my self-
appearance.
3. I feel a decrease in my self-esteem
when I don’t use TikTok filters.
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Part Three: Does using TikTok affect the self-esteem of students?

Instruction: Please put a check (/) on the appropriate items that affect your academic

performances. Refer to your choice in the criteria below:

1-No 2-N/A Undecided 3-Yes

Questions 1 2 3
1. I feel that when using TikTok, it affects
my self-esteem
2. I feel that when using TikTok, my self-
esteem increases
3. I feel that when using TikTok, it does
not affect my self-esteem
4. I feel that when using TikTok, my self-
esteem decreases