CIVIL ENGINEERING AND SOCIETY the natural environment.

It is perhaps the
AND OTHER PROFESSIONS oldest type of engineering.
The Accreditation Board for The functions of the civil engineer can be
Engineering and Technology (ABET) divided into three categories: those
defines engineering as: “ the profession in performed before construction (feasibility
which a knowledge of the mathematical studies, site investigations, and design),
and natural sciences is applied with those performed during construction
judgement to develop ways to utilize, (dealing with clients, consulting engineers,
economically, the materials and forces of and contractors), and those performed
nature for the benefit of mankind. ” after construction (maintenance and
research).
The word engineering has emerged from
Latin word “ingenium” meaning Feasibility studies- may cover alternative
“cleverness” and “ingeniare” meaning “to methods—e.g., bridge versus tunnel, in
contrive/devise”. Engineering is the the case of a water crossing—or, once the
application of scientific, economic, social, method is decided, the choice of route.
and practical knowledge in order to invent, Both economic and engineering problems
design, build, maintain, and improve must be considered
structures, machines, devices, systems,
materials and processes. The discipline of Site investigations- A preliminary site
engineering is extremely broad, and investigation is part of the feasibility study,
encompasses a range of more specialized but once a plan has been adopted a more
fields of engineering, each with a more extensive investigation is usually
specific emphasis on particular areas of imperative.
applied science, technology and types of Design-
application.
Construction The promotion of civil
Civil engineering then became a engineering works may be initiated by a
profession. In ancient Egypt, the Indus, private client, but most work is undertaken
Valley Civilization, and ancient Iraq, Civil for large corporations, government
Engineering was first practiced between authorities, and public boards and
4000 and 2000 BCE. These were the authorities. Many of these have their own
times when humans needed construction engineering staffs, but for large
for shelter and transportation. Thus, specialized projects it is usual to employ
wheels and sails were made. consulting engineers.
The first institution of Civil Engineering Maintenance-
was established in 1747, called École
Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées. This Research- Research in the civil
was then followed by the first proclaimed engineering field is undertaken by
Civil Engineer John Smeaton, who government agencies, industrial
constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse. foundations, the universities, and other
Following this was in 1771, when the institutions.
Smeaton Society of Civil Engineers was
PROFESSIONS RELATED TO CIVIL
formed. This was made by Smeaton and
ENGINEERING
his colleagues. In London in 1818 the
Institution of Civil Engineers was founded. Building Control Surveyor - To assure
Later in 1820 Thomas Telford became the that building regulations are met during
institution’s President. Through the construction.
institution’s Royal Charter in 1828, Civil
Engineering was recognized as a CAD Technician - To utilize their
profession. engineering, information technology, and
mathematical knowledge and skills in
Civil engineering is the study of how to designing buildings and other structures.
design, build, and maintain structures in
Consulting Civil Engineer - To give Sustainability Consultant - To evaluate
advice for the design, improvement, and the impact a company is having on the
construction of the projects. environment and then reducing the impact
and planning to use of limited resources.
Contracting Civil Engineer - To make the
plans of the Consulting Civil Engineers Urban Designer - To create practical and
(i.e. the designers) into reality. visually pleasing places which includes
buildings, open spaces, landscapes, and
Design Engineer - They are involved in the like.
the initial concept, design, development,
and governing the projects. IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IN SHAPING THE WORLD?
Estimator - Involved in the assessment
of how much it will cost to provide the modern society would not exist without
clients with the products and services civil engineers. For example, civil
needed. engineers were necessary to build every
part of our transportation infrastructure,
Nuclear Engineer- To design, build, from roads and bridges to docks, train
operate, or decommission nuclear power stations, and airports. The development of
stations. our utilities, such as water, electricity, and
Site Engineer - Includes surveying the phone and internet service, similarly
site in order to enable accurate production required professional civil engineering
of the building designs. knowledge. All that is before we even get
into the use of civil engineering for huge
Building Service Engineers - To design, public structures like dams, power plants,
install, and maintain the services that water treatment plants, and highways.
allows a building to do what it is designed
to. WHY DO WE NEED CIVIL ENGINEERS?

Construction Managers - To ensure that We rely on civil engineers when we need

safety standards and procedures are met. to get water on hot summer days (by
building reservoirs and pipelines). We also
Engineering Geologists - Assigned on need them to design and build protective
the detailed analysis of the soil, rock, structures like levees and traffic barriers.
groundwater, and other natural conditions In addition, every major construction
as well as the risk management of project needs a civil engineer to account
geological hazards (i.e. earthquake, for the various things that may cause
sinkholes, landslides, etc.) to determine danger in the future, including natural
the sustainability of a site for construction. disasters.
Fire Risk Assessor - To identify fire Moreover, civil engineering is a broad
hazards and risks as well as to record the field, and its impacts are felt outside of just
findings and advise for fire prevention. engineering. People in diverse fields are
reliant on the expertise of their civil
Geotechnical Engineer - To support the
engineer counterparts.
design and construction by conducting
tests and analyses to assess risks to For instance, as part of their profession,
humans and to the environment. civil engineers may:
Patent Attorney - To evaluate whether  Assist architects in the design of large
inventions are new and innovative, so that buildings
it is eligible to be patented.
 Work with environmental engineers to
Quantity Surveyors - Manage all costs ensure that each project is safe for the
relating to building and civil engineering environment
projects, from the initial calculations to the
final figures  Consult with transportation agencies on
how best to manage traffic
 Help public officials design new ways of Developments in the understanding of
meeting the needs of the public materials and structural behavior in the
latter of the 20th century have been
significant, with develop of topics such as
fracture mechanics, earthquake
engineering, composite materials,
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING temperature effects on materials,
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL dynamics and vibration, fatigue, creep,
ENGINEERING and others. The increasing range of
Structural Engineering is a field of different structures and increasing
engineering dealing with analysis and complexity of those structures has lead to
design of structures that support or resist increasing specialization of structural
loads. Structural Engineering theory is engineers.
based upon physical laws and empirical Structural Failure
knowledge of the structural performance The structural design for a building must
of different landscapes and materials. ensure that the building is able to stand up
Structural Engineer Structural Engineers safely, able to function without excessive
ensure that their designs satisfy a given deflections or movement which may cause
“design intent”, predicated on safe (e.g. fatigue or structural elements, cracking or
structures do not collapse without due failure of fixtures, fittings or partitions, or
warning), or serviceability (e.g. floor discomfort for occupants. It must account
vibration and building sway do not result in for movement and forces due to
discomfort for the occupants). Structural temperature, creep, cracking and impose
engineers are responsible for making loads.
creative and efficient use of funds and Structural Failure Modes
materials to achieve these goals  Stress: Stress refers to the internal
Structural Engineering theory resistance or force experienced by a
Structural Engineering depends upon a material or structure when subjected to an
detailed knowledge of loads, physics and external load or force. Stress can lead to
materials to understand and predict how deformation, which can ultimately result in
structures support and resist self-weight structural failure if it exceeds the material's
and impose loads. or structure's capacity
What does a Structural Engineer do?  Deflection: Deflection is the deformation
- Seismic Design of New Bridges, or bending of a structure or material when
Building and Dams subjected to a load. Excessive deflection
- Retrofit of Old Buildings and Dams to can cause problems in some applications,
Resist Earthquakes such as in buildings or bridges, where
The term structural derives from the latin excessive movement can lead to instability
word structures which is “to pile, build or reduced functionality.
assemble”. The first use of the term  Buckling: Buckling occurs when a
structure was c.1440. The term engineer slender structural element, like a column
derives from the old french term engine, or strut, fails due to excessive
meaning “skill, cleverness” and also ‘war compressive stress. It results in sudden,
machine’. This term in turn derives from catastrophic bending or deformation,
the Latin word ingenium, which means leading to structural failure.
“inborn qualities, talent,” and is  Creep: Creep is a time-dependent
constructed of in- “in” + gen- , the root of deformation that occurs under a constant
gignere, meaning “to beget, produce.” load or stress. It is particularly relevant in
Structural engineering dates back to 2700 materials that are subjected to high
BC when the Step Pyramid for Pharaoh temperatures or long-term loads, such as
Djoser was built by Imhotep. in the aerospace or nuclear industry. Over
Use of iron in Structural Engineering time, creep can lead to a reduction in
Gustave Eiffel is the pioneer of the use of structural integrity
iron in structural engineering.  Fracture: Fracture is the separation of a
Structural Analysis material into two or more pieces due to
excessive stress. It can be brittle (sudden They are often seen in suspension
and without warning) or ductile bridges, where the shape of the cable
(accompanied by plastic deformation). hanging under its own weight forms a
Fracture can lead to catastrophic failure catenary curve.
and is a significant concern in structural Live loads are transitory or temporary
design and materials engineering. loads. Live loads are loads that are not
 Wear: Wear refers to the gradual loss of permanently acting on a structure and can
material from a surface due to the vary in magnitude and location over time.
mechanical interaction between two These loads are typically caused by the
materials. It can lead to a reduction in the occupancy and use of a structure and
material's strength, durability, or together with people, furniture, equipment,
functionality over time. vehicles, and any movable or temporary
 Yielding: Yielding is a behavior in which objects.
a material undergoes plastic deformation Dead loads are permanent and may
(permanent deformation) under a load but include the weight of the structure itself
does not fail. This can be desirable in and all major permanent components.
some cases, such as in the design of These loads include the weight of the
ductile materials like steel, where structure itself, as well as any fixed or
controlled yielding can provide warning permanent components like walls, beams,
signs of impending failure columns, and roofing materials.
Structural Elements Any structure is Snow Loads refer to the additional weight
essentially made up of only a small exerted on a structure due to the
number of different types of elements. accumulation of snow on its roof or other
 Columns: Columns are vertical load- surfaces.
bearing elements that support the weight Wind Loads: Wind loads are the forces
of structures, such as buildings, bridges, imposed on a structure by the wind. They
and other architectural features. They are can vary in intensity based on the wind
primarily designed to withstand speed, direction, and the building's shape
compressive loads. and height.
 Beams: Beams are horizontal or inclined Seismic Loads: Seismic loads, also known
structural elements that carry loads as earthquake loads, are the forces
primarily by bending. They are essential generated by seismic activity.
for supporting distributed loads, such as Temperature and Thermal Loads:
the weight of floors, roofs, or bridge decks. Temperature variations can cause
 Plates: Plates are flat, thin structural structures to expand and contract. These
elements that can support loads through thermal movements can result in thermal
bending. They are commonly used in the stresses that need to be considered in
construction of walls, floors, and flat design.
structural components. Soil loads refer to the pressures and
 Arches: Arches are curved structural forces exerted by the ground on a
elements that primarily carry loads through foundation or retaining wall. These loads
axial compression. They are often used to depend on factors like soil type, moisture
span openings in buildings and bridges, content, and the weight of the structure.
distributing loads along the curve. Hydrostatic loads occur in structures that
 Shells: Shells are curved, thin structures, are in contact with liquids, such as water
which can be either single-curved (like a tanks or dams. The pressure exerted by
cylinder) or double-curved (like a sphere). the liquid on the structure must be
They are used in applications where high considered in the design to prevent
strength and efficiency are required, such leakage or structural failure.
as pressure vessels, aircraft fuselages, Dynamic loads are transient forces caused
and the roofs of some modern by dynamic events such as machinery
architectural designs. operation, vehicle traffic, or impact loads.
 Catenaries: Catenaries are the ideal Engineers must account for these loads
shape of a flexible cable or chain when when designing structures that will be
subjected to a uniform gravitational force. exposed to such activities.
Environmental loads include factors like buildings and bridges with earthquakes in
rain, ice, hail, and corrosion, which can mind.
affect the durability and performance of a Learning from Earthquake
structure over time Understand what happened in past
Load Transfer Elements earthquakes
 axial: cable, shells, arches Understand how materials, members, and
 flexural: beams, plates structures respond •Basic tests of
 shear: frames, shear walls materials •Physical test of individual
Structural materials members • Small-scale tests of structures
Common structural materials are:  Iron  Incorporate knowledge into computer
Concrete  Aluminum  Timber  analysis to simulate earthquake demands
Composites Benefits of being a Structural Engineer
Specializations in Structural Engineering  Satisfaction seeing your work getting
 Building structures build
 Earthquake engineering structures  Watching people use the finished
 Civil engineering structures product
 Mechanical structures  Design future landmark structures, or
Building Structures help save one
Structural building engineering includes all
structural engineering related to the
design of buildings. It is the branch of
structural engineering that is close to
architecture.
Civil Engineering Structures
Civil structural engineering includes all
structural engineering related to the built
of environment. it includes:  Bridges 
Dams  Roads  Railways  Pipelines 
Power stations - Tunnels that bore through
mountains to make root shorter. - Bridges
that span large valleys and rivers. - Dams
that provide water and electricity,
everything owes it existence to its
wonderful science, the branch of
engineering
Mechanical Structures- A structural
engineer is most commonly involved in the
design of buildings and non-building
structures but also plays an essential role
in designing machinery where the
structural integrity of the design item
impacts safety and reliability. Principals of
structural engineering are applied to a
variety of mechanical (moveable)
structures is referred to as Structural
Mechanical Engineering
Earthquake Engineering Structures-
Earthquake engineering structures are
those engineered to withstand various
types of hazardous earthquake exposures
at the sites of their particular location.
Earthquake engineering is an
interdisciplinary branch of engineering that
designs and analyzes structures, such as
 construction (bridge building, airport design,
water waste management systems, etc.)

D. Duties and Responsibilities of Construction

Engineer and Manager-
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND ● Managing the planning and design stages of
MANAGEMENT construction projects
● Contributing technical expertise to project
A. Construction Engineering and drawings and designs.
Management-Construction engineering is ● Performing cost calculations and preparing
about organizing and coordinating the people, financial projections.
equipment and materials so that the ● Preparing work schedules in collaboration
construction work is done efficiently, safely with the project manager
and in an environmentally sensitive and ● Liaising between contractors,
sustamable way. While, the Construction subcontractors, vendors, and suppliers.
management deals with operation. ● Overseeing construction engineering
maintenance, refurbishment and retrofitting processes.
over the remaining lifespan of the ● Performing regular tests on materials and
infrastructure asset. Construction engineers procedures to ensure compliance with
need to manage these so that the industry regulations.
infrastructure owner, public or private sector, ● Ensuring that the construction project is
gets value for money spent. completed on time and within budget.
● Documenting processes and keeping
B. Characteristics of Construction Engineering detailed construction logs.
and Management- ● Presenting construction project progress
● Hands-on in the construction project to able updates to clients and senior managers.
to finish the project on time.
● Innovative this is the must charactenstics E. Contribution of Construction Industry in
that construction engineering and Economic Growth- The construction industry
management must acquire. In order to cope plays a vital part within the economy, and the
up with the advancement they must develop activities of the industry are too crucial to the
or build a structure that can solve or cope up accomplishment of national socio-economic
in today's time. advancement objectives of providing shield,
● Teamwork and Cooperation: Construction infrastructure and work.
project wouldn't make it to build without this
characteristic. Since, construction projects Construction Industry- A sector of the
must have a large team in able to finish it on economy that plans, designs, constructs,
time. Giving ideas and point of view on the repairs, maintains and eventually demolishes
project that will make the project better. all kinds of work.

C. Work of Construction Engineer and The development of the construction industry

Manager- This may include the design of may be attributed to the following:
drainage and sewage systems, building 1. Economic factors The need by human
construction, or even larger infrastructure beings for a building to live in.
projects like developing, highways or 2. Employment The construction industry is
railroads. Others choose to focus on one one of the biggest employers of labor in the
particular type of construction and build a country, hence utilizing most of the country's
career around it. Some common specialties manpower and h improving the economy of
include: ● Commercial business or housing the country.
construction ● Electrical system design ●
HVAC/mechanical ● Highway/heavy
F. Significance of Construction Engineering because it ought to and be able to design and
and Management install enhancements where necessary.
1. Infrastructure Development • roads,
buildings, bridges, and utilities. Sustainability Consultant- Sustainability
2. Housing and Shelter • residential buildings consultants push it to the forefront.
3. Economic Growth • jobs and investments Sustainability consultants promote
4. Public Facilities • schools, hospitals, and sustainable solutions for the infrastructure of
community centers buildings and engineering projects. These
5. Environmental Sustainability • energy people may help rebuild the infrastructure in
efficient designs, waste management an urban area or plan oil and gas marine and
strategies, and the use of eco-friendly coastal projects to ensure they don't harm the
materials environment.
6. Safety and Regulations • ensures that
buildings and infrastructures meet safety H. Types of Construction
standards and codes The following are the types of construction:
7. Urban Planning and Development • ● Agricultural: Typically economical buildings,
creation of livable cities and other improvements, for agricultural
purposes. Examples include barus, equipment
G. Career Path for Construction Management and animal sheds, specialized fencing. storage
The following are the careers that related to silos and elevators, and water supply and
Construction Manager: drains such as wells, tanks, and ditches.
● Residential: Residential construction
Facilities Manager- A facilities manager includes houses, apartments, townhouses,
features a wide variety of responsibilities, and other smaller, low-rise housing, small
ranging from the maintenance of a suitable office types.
working environment for employees to being ● Commercial: This refers to construction for
involved within the planning and daily the needs of private commerce, trade, and
operations of a building. Facilities managers services. Examples include office buildings,
work may include being in charge of the "big box stores, shopping centers and malls.
cleaning and grounds maintenance of a warehouses, banks, theaters, casinos, resorts,
project, site security, communications golf courses, and larger residential structures
such as high-rise hotels and condominiums.
Site Engineer- Site engineers act as the ● Institutional : This category is for the needs
supervisors of a construction project. A site of government and other public organizations.
engineer will choose the areas on the work Examples include schools, fire and police
location of above and below-ground stations, libraries,
infrastructure related to a building project. ● museums, dormitories, research buildings,
Site engineers help design and plan all hospitals, transportation terminals, some
projects big and small, from city, highway, rail, military facilities, and governmental buildings.
and other infrastructure projects, to homes ● Industrial : Buildings and other constructed
and small businesses. items used for storage and product
production, including chemical and power
Building surveyor- The essential responsibility plants, steel mills, oil refineries and platforms,
of a building surveyor is to yield reports called manufacturing plants, pipelines, and seaports
building surveys. ● Heavy Civil : The construction of
transportation infrastructures such as roads,
Building Services Engineer- Building services bridges, railroads, tunnels, airports, and
engineers maintain the maintenance portion fortified military facilities. Dams are also
of a construction project. A building service included, but most other water-related
engineer ensure that a building capacity infrastructure is considered environmental
● Environmental : Environmental construction finish should align with the project
was part of heavy civil, but is now separate, management plan.
dealing with projects that improve the
environment. Some examples are water and Closing
wastewater treatment plants, sanitary and The final step is important as it offers the
storm sewers, solid waste management, and deliverables to the client. Review the punch
air pollution control. list to see that all weak areas have been
accomplished. Inform your team and hand
over the

I. Five Phases of Construction Life Cycle Construction engineering and

management deals to manage design,
Initiation construction and operation of sustainable
In order to start a project, evaluating a building and infrastructure system in the
feasibility test is a great start. Feasibility test increasingly global construction industry.
examines whether the proposed solution will Construction engineering is about organizing
align with the main objectives. It defines the and coordinating the people. equipment and
project and the possible solutions to specific materials so that the construction work is
necessary. Make decision as a team, consult done efficiently, safely and in an
your team and ensure that the final decision is environmentally sensitive and sustainable
identified. Once, the team decided the final way. While, the Construction management
solution create a Project Initiation Document deals with operation, maintenance,
(PID). A project initiation document is like a refurbishment and retrofitting over the
blueprint. It highlights the main purpose of remaining lifespan of the infrastructure asset.
the construction project. Construction engineering and
management must be innovative, hands-on
Planning and have a cooperation in order to finish the
Every set goal must be SMART (Specific, project smoothly and on time. Construction
Measurable. Attainable, Realistic, and Timely). Engineer and Manager are key players in the
They should also be CLEAR (Collaborative, successful completion of construction
Limited in scope, Emotional, Appreciable, and projects. This may include the design of
Reifiable). A plan outlining the time frames, drainage and sewage systems, building
tasks, and dependencies comes in handy at construction, or even larger infrastructure
this phase. The budget should provide cost projects like developing highways or railroads.
estimates for materials, labor, and equipment Construction engineering and
management have a contribution to the
Implementation/Execution economic growth, it is obvious that
A project plan has to be put into practice. construction activities influence about every
Effective communication plays a huge role aspect of the economy which the industry is
during execution. Ensure that the budget imperative to the proceeded development of
stipulated in the planning stage is followed. As the economy. Construction Engineering and
you watch the progress of the project, record Management remained remarkably resilient
any variations from the initial plan. in the face of the global downturn and the
dramatic fall in housing-related construction.
Performance and Monitoring To sum it up. Construction
Performance and monitoring ensure that engineering and management have a vital role
every item aligns with the project schedule. It to the society. They develop the community
is, therefore, a regular phase that ought to be as the technology changes. They sustain the
revisited during execution Every activity of a environment by building infrastructure in
commercial construction process from start to order that will cope up with people. Because
as the time expanded the world is
continuously become more advance.
Construction engmeening and management
responsibilities are helpful to the people
surround them, they ensure that the projects
that they build are safe for every individual.