1

Introduction to Civil
Engineering

Lecture 2
Out lines 2

 Definitions.
 Role of Civil Engineers.
 History.
 Civil engineering functions.
 Definitions.
The profession in which the knowledge of the mathematical 3and
physical sciences gained by study, experience and practice is
applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize economically the
materials and forces of the nature for the progressive well-being of
man.
American Society of Civil Engineering

The profession of designing and executing structural works that serves

the general
Encyclopedia Britannica
The term (Civil Engineering) was first used in the 18th century to
distinguish the newly recognized profession from military engineering,
until then preeminent.
Role of Civil Engineers. 4
1. Measure and map the earth’s surface.
Role of Civil Engineers. 5

2. Plan and develop extensions of towns and cities.

Role of Civil Engineers. 6

3. Build the suitable structures for the rural and urban

areas for various utilities.
Role of Civil Engineers. 7

4. Build the tanks and dams to exploit water

resources.
Role of Civil Engineers. 8

5. Build river navigation and flood control projects.

Role of Civil Engineers. 9

6. Build canals and distributaries to take water to

agricultural fields.
Role of Civil Engineers. 10

7. Purify and supply water to needy areas like houses,

schools, offices etc.
Role of Civil Engineers.
11
8. Provide and maintain communication systems like
roads, railways, harbors and airports.
Role of Civil Engineers.
12
9. Devise systems for control and efficient flow of
traffic.
Role of Civil Engineers.
13
10. Provide, build and maintain drainage and waste
water disposal system.
Role of Civil Engineers.
14
11. Monitor land, water and air pollution, and take
measures for the control and treatment.
 History 15
The beginnings of civil engineering as a separate discipline may be seen in the foundation
in France in 1716 of the Bridge and Highway Corps, out of which in 1747 grew the École
Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (“National School of Bridges and Highways”).
John Smeaton, the first man to call himself a civil engineer, began as an instrument maker.
His design of Eddystone Lighthouse (1756–59), with its interlocking masonry, was based
on a craftsman's experience. Smeaton's work was backed by thorough research, and his
services were much in demand. In 1771 he founded the Society of Civil Engineers (now
known as the Smeatonian Society).
The number of universities throughout the world with engineering faculties, including
civil engineering, increased rapidly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Civil engineering
today is taught in universities on every continent.
 Civil engineering functions 16
1- Feasibility studies:

No major project today is started without an extensive study of the objective

and without preliminary studies of possible plans leading to a recommended
scheme, perhaps with alternatives. Feasibility studies may cover alternative
methods—e.g., bridge versus tunnel, in the case of a water crossing—or,
once the method is decided, the choice of route. Both economic and
engineering problems must be considered.
 Civil engineering functions 17
2-Site investigations:

A preliminary site investigation is part of the feasibility study, but once a plan
has been adopted a more extensive investigation is usually imperative.
Money spent in a rigorous study of ground and substructure may save large
sums later in remedial works or in changes made necessary in constructional
methods.
 Civil engineering functions 18
3-Design
The design of engineering works may require the application of design theory from many
fields—e.g., hydraulics, thermodynamics, or nuclear physics. Research in structural
analysis and the technology of materials has opened the way for more rational designs,
new design concepts, and greater economy of materials. The theory of structures and the
study of materials have advanced together as more and more refined stress analysis of
structures and systematic testing has been done. Modern designers not only have advanced
theories and readily available design data, but structural designs can now be rigorously
analyzed by computers.
 Civil engineering functions 19
4-Construction

The promotion of civil engineering works may be initiated by a private client,

but most work is undertaken for large corporations, government authorities,
and public boards and authorities. Many of these have their own engineering
staffs, but for large specialized projects it is usual to employ consulting
engineers.
 Civil engineering functions 20
5-Maintenance
The contractor maintains the works to the satisfaction of the consulting
engineer. Responsibility for maintenance extends to ancillary and temporary
works where these form part of the overall construction. After construction a
period of maintenance is undertaken by the contractor, and the payment of
the final installment of the contract price is held back until released by the
consulting engineer. Central and local government engineering and public
works departments are concerned primarily with maintenance, for which they
employ direct labor.
 Civil engineering functions 21
6- Research
Research in the civil engineering field is undertaken by government agencies,
industrial foundations, the universities, and other institutions. Most countries
have government-controlled agencies, such as the United States Bureau of
Standards and the National Physical Laboratory of Great Britain, involved in
a broad spectrum of research, and establishments in building research, roads
and highways, hydraulic research, water pollution, and other areas. Many are
government-aided but depend partly on income from research work promoted
by industry.
End of Lecture 2 22

Next Lecture :Branches of civil engineering.