Due to the four dimensional holistic nature of space-time as described in Einsteins Relativity (Cropper, 402) along with the

nature of human intentionality, determinism fails in its attempt to empirically explain the existence of self as established by Renee Descartes in his Cogito. Furthermore assuming that there has been no instance to date of physical time travel, free will is necessary in the explanations of both consciousness and its relation to the mind body problem. In order to prove that both of these principles are true and determinism has no place in modern philosophy or science I will work my way through most major fields of scientific and philosophical thought including commentary on the following questions and fields: Quantum Physics, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, Aesthetics, Logic, The Mind Body Problem, Environmental Dualism, The role of Language, as well as the role of religion. In spite of the holistic approach to this critique of determinism, most of the arguments made can find solid footing on one of the most widely accepted foundations of modern philosophy, Renee Descartes eloquent and original syllogism of existence: I think, therefore I am (Descartes, 108). Although quantum physics is a field based primarily on theory and upper level mathematics most of the theory can be expanded far beyond the field of science and into any discipline concerning those infinite things that cannot be explained by simple cause effect logic including: time, space, and their relationship to one another. Before the

advent of space exploration, time and space where considered to be linear and independent of each other. Time was accepted as continuous and constant, as we perceived it using human constructions like watches and radioactive isotopes. This perception of space-time was the brainchild of Isaac Newton, and while describing his laws of motion almost perfectly, stood strong during what is known as the age of absolute time. Time as Newton held it had clear points and could be modeled as a straight line with objects taking up there own unique and immovable place on the line, thus in space. This same model relied heavily on the absolution that time flows through our space in only one direction: forward. As time flows through space the number of possibilities available for a new object to occupy indubitably gets smaller as each object finds its place in a determined, unchangeable spot along the continuation of space. This phenomenon as it occurs in this model of time is commonly known as decreasing entropy, or decreasing chaos. Thus was born the idea that our universe orders itself into a neat set of previous occurrences and future possibilities; the past directly affects the future and the past is set in a linear unchangeable past. Newtons model was undoubtedly one of the most useful and commonly referenced models of space and time. Its importance was left unquestioned up until the atomic age and the beginning of space exploration. Newtons space could not explain phenomena outside of our atmosphere or phenomena too microscopic to be studied with light

microscopes. With the discovery of nuclear interactions such as fission, along with cosmic mysteries such as: black holes, giant stars, and inconceivably massive and energetic galaxies and galaxies clusters, Newtons space began to unwind. These newly observed phenomena did not only have excessive energy, but they seemed to interact with and augment the behavior of the space and time in which they existed. Thus a new quantum space-time theory was in order. A number of theorists were responsible for answering the call and crunching the numbers, however one led the search and as such has gotten almost all recognition for it. Albert Einstein postulated in his theory of relativity that space and time exist as a dynamic four-dimensional shape with no end, beginning or tears. This theory posed a problem for thinkers of the time, this shape was nonlinear; it was more of a planar surface, with infinite possibilities in ever direction, and further more in ever dimension. Thus allowing for the possibility of infinitely increasing entropy, existing in a dimension which humans can measure but not directly perceive. As Einsteins expanded on his theory a number of new and very complex ideas emerged concerning his new universe. One postulate was that with enough energy a folding of space-time, was theoretically conceivable, thus making time travel plausible. This model is one of the most complex problems of modern physics; it is continually being tweaked as new even more extraordinary phenomena are continually

observed. This model in itself is enough to disprove any idea of a unique and unchangeable orientation in space-time as there are infinite possibilities leading to and branching from every objects orientation in time and in space as a whole. Despite the atmospheric limitations of Newtons space there are still a quite large number of people who believe in a classic model of time. These two opposing groups of thought can be split between those whom still subscribe to a two dimensional model known as atomistic thinkers, and those who have adopted quantum theory as their new and interactive home known as holistic thinkers. Although direct causality can be discarded in the realm of quantum theory, one cannot completely abandon the logic of reason and all of its applications. Possibly the most famous and foundational philosophical proofs in history is based upon this same kind of : a to b reasoning. In no more than two clauses Renee Descartes uses this kind of reasoning to prove his whole existence. I think, therefore I am. Any being that utters this phrase necessarily exists. Despite this simple explanation of our existence, one of the longest lasting philosophical problems arose from this simple syllogism. The next question one might ask after hearing it is: is there a difference between the I that thinks and the I that is. If it were one and the same the proclamation would have simply been I am. Descarte makes it quite clear that his thoughts (the thinking I) presupposed his existence

as am. His assertion can also be thought of as a dual proclamation of state, of now (I think) and of the future (I am). Here arises the Mind Body Problem: Is there a difference between the thinking mind, and the whole body of a thinking being? As is customary of western thought, this debate has become split into two apposing schools. On one side of the debate is the idea that the world around us, including the self and its thinking part, are completely explainable by materialistic causes and each thought and physical action can be explained by a material cause, and that cause can be explained by yet another material, and this continues until a primary action is identified. Although no primary action has yet been identified a large majority of the population claims this view, and subsequently believes in the same type of cause effect atomistic flow of time. The school of thought which encompasses both the atomistic view of time, and material causality is aptly named Determinism. On the other side of the debate are those who view time holistically and all objects exist simultaneously on the same plane-like structure with four dimensions of relation among them. This model of space-time allows for a different approach to the mind body problem known as Dualism. Dualism holds that the self can be distinguished into two parts: a physical body, and an immaterial mind. The immaterial mind carries out thought process and has a dynamic relationship with the body in which it physically exists, collectively known as the self. The

holistic school of thought along with dualism of self strongly relate to the idea of Free Will. The groups of thinkers most commonly associated with free will are known as Libertarians. In contrast to Libertarianism, Determinism has established its role as an imperialistic belief system that all current circumstances and future actions are predetermined by an explicit chain of causality, and the self plays no role in deciding his or hers own future, but is instead just a conscious observer. Libertarianism holds that the workings of the mind cannot be explained in the material world of cause and effect but instead are explained by a unique view of consciousness where awareness of the past, present, and future coexist and are manifest in the mind. Thus allowing for an infinite possibility of thoughts, intentions, and interactions, from which the conscious being can actively choose based on his or hers free will. Despite the various differences in these two schools of thought most of the resulting paradoxes can be explained when related to the different views of time space in addition the interaction of the self to time. In order to further examine the different ideas of consciousness, one must first distinguish between the two views of time and space relationship. The deterministic view is based on a linear self-organizing time with an absolute past and predetermined future. Consciousness from this view is defined as the place where the past and present meet up in the material place where sensation is observed. When traveling through space and time the self has a predetermined path, which he or

she is the object of and is completely independent of. Determinism holds that the mind is indistinguishable from the material body. Thus the mind of a determinist must follow the same path as the body, as an action determines the bodies next action so does one thought determine the next thought and so on. If consciousness is as previously defined, a realization of existence in the present, existence for the determinist cannot be conscious and is thus false. In order to proclaim the cogito a conscious mind must be able to perceive the past. It is from the thought I think, that the I am is consequently uttered. If the deterministic mind moves through time in accordance only with the materialistic body, neither the mind or the body can move back in time because the physical time in which they exist can only proceed in one direction. Hence when the deterministic mind could think the phrase I think the minds orientation would have already changed to the future and any recall would not be possible unless his mind were able to recall his past thoughts and move back through some other non material world to analyze his thought and infer that he exists. Here determinism becomes its own enemy. By its nature of strictly forward movement the self does not exist because the self cannot discover a reason for existence, it has no past and does not know its future, it has no way to define its intention, or even thought. The only way around this problem is to utilize some kind of mechanism to orient movement into the past, thus completely unraveling the universe in which the self has just ceased to

exist. Even if in this case some sort of memory was to persist there is no way to know whether or not these memories could be salvageable in any form except that of a constructed judgment, which is easily falsifiable in any other context. The cause and affect relationship that is determinist thought invokes very basic 1 dimensional judgment based on what may already be a falsely interpreted experience, once a judgment is made it is impossible to change it because there is no way in which that context can be called up once more, alls that is left is a social imprint, an involuntary response to a mental construct bypassing any active intellect or interpretive thought. This simple form of bisected good bad thinking is what the cause effect system set up by determinist constructions seems to invoke. The Libertarian mind is more apt to relating the past, the present, the future, and current mind as a manifestation of consciousness. This means that unlike the determinist the libertarian mind does not have to be forced to move through any kind of space accept that of conscious thought which is controllable and ever present. In the theory of quantum space there is an infinite number of past and future possibilities, all related to the current consciousness. Although it is plausible in quantum space for one to move back through time using enough energy, it is not necessary for the mind to do so. The mind has no need to go back in time because being conscious at all times allows for the past to exist in the mind through the mechanism of active intellect. Because of the

active intellect which the libertarian mind utilizes to maintain consciousness of every experience, always interpreting things and using symbolic thought to maintain them as ideas i.e. themes out of context. These basic principles can then be recalled for use in current context or further extrapolated so that the context can be recalled and the idea takes on a more applicable meaning. The freedom of libertarian thought when compared to that of determinist objectivity allows for an extension of the mind not only with its self in the past present in future states. The free mind also has the innate and unrestrained ability to interact with the body in an almost constant exchange of sensation and intention. This intention can the be interpreted into physical motion, which can then extend from the mind into the material world where it can change its immediate environment, while also affecting the whole universe in which the self exists. This movement is one of the most simple yet effective modes of expressing consciousness. It is also through this holistic consciousness which the self can project the mind into the infinite continuum of space time, affecting not only the present, but the past future, and all of space. It is the manifestation of the mind in infinity, a simple rebirth of consciousness, from the moment in which movement was done for the rest of eternity. The extension of the self through an authentic act is one of the most convincing examples of human free will, and can be seen as an

original thought. Art, written language, and original imagery are all experiences that can only be conceived in the mind of an artist and then interpreted in an infinite number of ways. Such an authentic experience does not only manifest itself in the future though the infinite reactions that it may evoke, but also in the infinite interpretations which can be applied. Furthermore these experiences do not only have the possibility of causing an original response, but also the possibility of evoking the ideas and contexts of the audiences consciousness. Thus creating a unique connection with implications far beyond any conceivable predetermined cause, which can transcend the person through interactions and continually change in infinite ways. Authentic experience can also be extended outside of the realm of the interaction by interpretation, and taken on as a way of continuous interaction of self. In Letters From the Underground Dostoyevsky proclaims his mode of continuity as an evolving unique character , To live and project into the future as a project of self while keeping out of bad faith and living by the will of the self is living life authentically (Dostoyevsky 47). This type of authentic lifestyle in itself is completely unexplainable by determinism. Not only does it exist as connections through a dynamic consciousness, but it also holds the self as a constantly evolving project through the experience of free will. This type of life is an almost perfect interpretation of a holistic consciousness. It is through this kind of truly unique interaction that one gains original knowledge of not only

themselves but of the world in which they life. This ability to continue ones consciousness beyond the present and interact with dynamic knowledge is something that a deterministic mind cannot conceive due to the objectifying of ones current self in relation to ones environment. This objectivity and the resulting separation of the self from reality, is not only ineffective in whatever goal the determinist strives for, but is also ineffective in the pursuit of genuine knowledge. While the determinist searches for some empirical knowledge the self is doomed to chase a things that exist only in his mind and will only get exponentially farther away with each failure. Given the most simple form of acquiring knowledge, that is trial and error, the determinist is doomed to a forfeiture of the pursuit when his hypothesis has failed. If the logic of determinist relies on a single event in the past to set off an infinite regress of cause and effect, then when a single hypothesized cause does not illicit the expected response the self finds the lack of something, and continues to try this same cause until the outcome is different. This is the kind existence that he or she has become familiar with; dont change the cause just look for the right effect somewhere else. Unfortunately this will surely lead to more failure and lack of the right result before he or she leaves that pursuit behind. This lack of the right is the existence of nothingness. Which in the cause effect world of determinist thought can only cause more nothingness and the self is destroyed even more to the point where nothing can be extrapolated on

an established truth because there is nothing to cause originality except darkness and the very few truths that were found upon previous first trials. The Libertarian would have much less negative results. The libertarian understands that there are multiple causes that can produce the same effect. Furthermore the Libertarian is used to the idea of an uncaused result and as such has had the chance to understand that the lack of something is only the result of an expectation. It is these expectations that the idea of an error originates; if there were no expectation, there would be no error, only a discovery. Here we once again see how the idea of predetermination is actually harmful to the determinist by leading him into the idea of error and nothingness from which no cause can be found or in turn no effect, and furthermore no future. The determinist destroyed himself because of his constructions of objective truths, i.e. error, success. Determinism has shown that a belief in pure causality is destructive if not completely impossible for those who claim a conscious existence while following deterministic causality. Although dangerous when taken out of simple relationships like that of two things, such as the simple logic of the Cogito, causality can still point out some rather interesting relationships. For example the relationship between the conscious acts of movement; some action determined by the mind and carried out by the body. This relationship is one of direct input and feedback. It can exist itself with little to no outside interaction. Objective

treatment of the self in relation to the world in which we live is definitely detrimental to the self and consciousness due to the number and complexity of possible relationships. The one to one relationship between the self and mind however seem undoubtedly enabling of such a separation of the self from ones environment. In fact for some people it is through this relationship that extremely influential original ideas came from: Take for example Renee Descartes. Without this exclusive one to one relationship he may have never created the Cogito. Not to say this is the cause of the cogito, it was a unique confluence of his thoughts. Descartes did however have further extremely profound interaction with his universe once he shared this unique experience using the median of language. Furthermore it seems almost paradoxical that many determinists can justify objectivity without acknowledging dualism as a model of consciousness, as Descartes proof has the same cause effect logic which determinism values so empirically. Here is yet another example of how determinist logic relies so heavily on constructs that it refuses to even acknowledge truth rooting from their own logical methods. When leaving the bounds of all the dualisms discussed in this paper we may find one commonality between deterministic thought and libertarian thought. There is a single kind of universality, which can be expanded beyond our dichotomy and into the world as a people, not different peoples. The ultimate state of being is a question that most

cultures, subcultures, religions, and citizens of the globe have pondered and thus have consequently developed a variety of both unique and constructed representations of what this goal is. When looking at most of the world constructs which are usually in the form of a deitie, there is a commonality. The common goal is to partake in the everlasting and reach for whatever is the most complete state of being. Saint Augustine described this ageless longing in his restless heart confession. It is here that determinisms tendency to be the subject of its own destruction is not only most prevalent but extremely disheartening. Deterministic thinkers have taken away their own ability to take steps toward this goal by claiming the imperial belief that their participation is predetermined. Whether or not such a state can be attained they rely on faith and hope that they will someday achieve this. Yet at the same time deterministic thinking takes away the spiritual realm so they either: have faith purely in a constructed religious sense even in spite of its contradiction of there whole belief system or alternatively, a purely materialistic ultimatum which can only be materialistic death. If materialistic death is the ultimate effect to which determinism has led those that ascribe to its ideologies. This in turn takes away any idea of a movement for the sake of self and freedom, and in turn creation, which is one of the only other ways of completing the self and becoming infinite. Here determinism does not only construct a block of truth but constructs a cage in which movement is possible in no direction due to a purely human conception

of what is right and moral and accepted only due to the fact that it was predetermined thus according to determinism it is how nature is ordered. We as humans have control over our own consciousness and the can move it in any direction we will for whomever we will. The direction of movement is not determined at any time besides the moment of consciousness where the self is aware of the past, present, and future, and can thus have pure intention and control over our will. The denial of free will leads to moments where the self is left with nothing and can do nothing but wait because they cannot move without the help of the past. The denial of free will through determinism is dangerous to the self and only brings destruction when applied to our consciousness and future because of its limited capabilities to explain new phenomena.