What is a System?

A system is a collection of objects such as people , resources and

concepts or procedures intended to perform an identifiable function
or to serve a goal.
Example: 1. An university is a system of students, faculty, staff,
administrators, buildings, equipments and rules with
goal of educating students.

2. A computer system is a system of input devices( mouse,

keyboard, etc), output devices (monitor, printer,etc) with
goal of automating the human work along with storing
huge amount of data.
 Structure of a System
•A system is divided into three distinct parts, such as –
INPUT,
PROCESS ,
OUTPUT

INPUT OUTPUT
PROCESS

• INPUT- Inputs are elements that enter the system. Example- Raw
materials entering in chemical plant.

•PROCESS – Procedure necessary to transform the inputs into outputs.

Example- Chemical reaction in a chemical plant.

•OUTPUT- Outputs are finished products that come out of the system.
Example- Different types of Chemicals.
 Some terms regarding Systems:-
System Effectiveness- Degree to which goals are achieved. So
concerned with the output of the system.

System Efficiency- Degree of accuracy of information generated.

Feedback - It is a standard, or indicator, of current

performance rates, when compared to a set of
standards.
Negative feedback is designated to correct or guide
activities that are not consistent with achieving the
intended goal of the system.
 System Boundary:-

The boundary of a system defines its scope of activities.

The boundary delineates the area of responsibility.

For example, activities in a class includes lectures, discussions, class

test, exam, study, etc.
 Types of System
1. Deterministic System-

If one knows the state of a system at a given point, then it is called a

deterministic system. This type of system works in a predictable
manner.
Example:- Invoicing system of a production plant.
2. Probabilistic System-

Systems whose results cannot be determined accurately and are

governed by probabilistic measures.
Example: Economic forecasting.
3. Physical System-

These are concrete operational systems made of people, materials,

machines, energy and other physical thing. This system can display
activity or behavior.
Example: Management Information System, Computer System.
4. Closed Systems (Non-adaptive systems):-

A closed system is the one which does not interact with the environment
or surroundings. A closed system is totally independent of the
environment.
Example: Transaction processing system

5. Open Systems(Adaptive Systems):-

An open system is a system which interacts with its environment and

surroundings.
All systems which contains living organism are open systems because
they are effected by atmosphere and sense by the organism.
Example- Human Being
 6. Static System:-

A static system is a system, in which no change occurs in its

execution.
Example: Solar System

7. Dynamic System:-

A dynamic system is a system that is constantly changing. The output of

this type of system depends on future and past values of the system.
Example: Human Body, A moving car, etc
 Explanation of Static and Dynamic Systems:-
 A dynamic system can become static-

If a car is assumed to be a dynamic system, then it requires fuel to flow

continuously.
Else, if fuel finishes, then the car comes to a stop and become static.

 A leaky bucket or a bucket with a hole is a system which appears

to be a static system, but actually it is a dynamic one-

In a leaky bucket, water enters in the system and leaves the bucket from
that hole. If the inflow and outflow remains same, then the system can
be determined as a static one.

But, the molecules of water flow through the system and experience a
change in its position, so the system is a dynamic system.