Biology

NCERT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS

1. What advantage over an aquatic organism (i) Fermentation
does a terrestrial organism have with (ii) Anaerobic respiration in muscle
regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration?
cells
Ans. Air contains about 21% of oxygen while
(a) Fermentation
water has less than 1% oxygen in
dissolved state. A terrestrial organism is [Alcoholic Fermentation] : It is a
able to get several times more oxygen kind of anaerobic respiration in
than an aquatic organism in one breath. which the microorganisms (yeast)
2. What are the different ways in which break down glucose into ethyl
glucose is oxidised to provide energy in
alcohol and carbon dioxide and
various organisms?
energy (2 ATP) is released.
Ans. Different ways in which glucose is oxidised
Glycolysis
to provide Energy in various organisms - Glucose ⎯⎯⎯⎯
(Cytoplasm)
→ 2 (Pyruvate) + 2 ATP
(6 carbon (3 carbon
molecules) molecules)
(i) Aerobic respiration: It is a process
No O2 required
in which complete breakdown of ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
((yeast ) (cytoplasm)⎯
)→ 2(Ethanol) + 2CO2 + 2ATP
(2 carbon
food (glucose) into carbon dioxide molecules)

and water in the presence of oxygen (b) Anaerobic respiration in muscle

and energy is released. cells [Lactic acid fermentation]:
Glycolysis
Glucose ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 (Pyruvate) + 2 ATP
(Cytoplasm)
(6 carbon (3 carbon Human muscle cells make ATP by
molecules) molecules)

oxygen lactic acid fermentation, when

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
(in mitochondria)
oxygen is scarce. This occurs at the
(ii) Anaerobic respiration: It is partial
breakdown of food (glucose) time of vigorous exercise, when
without using molecular oxygen, the demand of oxygen by the muscles is
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respiration is called anaerobic greater than its supply. Therefore,

respiration. In this type of the muscles switch from aerobic
respiration very less amount of
respiration to fermentation
energy is produced. It also includes
resulting in the production of lactic
glycolysis which takes place in the
cytoplasm. During this process one acid. This lactic acid accumulates in
molecule of glucose is degraded into the muscles causing cramps or
two molecules of pyruvic acid muscle fatigue.
(pyruvate) and little energy (2 ATP) Glycolysis
Glucose ⎯⎯⎯⎯
(cytoplasm)
→ 2Pyruvate + 2 ATP
is produced. The pyruvic acid is (6 carbon
molecules)
(3 carbon
molecules)

further broken down into two Lack of O2

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 (Lactic acid) + 2ATP
different manners: (muscle cell cytoplasm)
(3 carbon molecules)

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NCERT Basics : Class 10
3. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide ⎯⎯⎯
O2
→ ⎯⎯⎯
O2
Alveoli ⎯⎯ → Blood
⎯⎯
CO 2
⎯ CO 2
⎯
transported in human beings?
⎯⎯⎯
O2
⎯⎯ ⎯→ Tissue.
Ans. During inhalation, oxygen comes into CO 2

alveoli of the lungs. The alveoli is 4. How are the lungs designed in human
surrounded by very thin blood vessels beings to maximize the area for
called capillaries. So, the oxygen is exchange of gases?
carried by blood to all the parts of body Ans. Lungs are soft, spongy structures
by binding it with haemoglobin present located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung
in blood. is enclosed in a double-walled sac
The blood passes through the tissues of called pleura. In the lungs, the air
the body and oxygen present in it passage (wind pipe) divides into
diffuse into the cells (due to its higher smaller tubes called bronchi which in
concentration in the blood). This turn form bronchioles. The bronchioles
oxygen combines with the digested later terminate in balloon-like
food present in the cells to release structures called alveoli. The presence
energy. Carbon dioxide is produced as of alveoli in the lungs provides a very
a waste product during respiration in large area for the exchange of gases
the cells of the body tissues. This CO 2 and this availability of large surface
diffuses into the blood (due to its area maximizes the exchange of gases.
higher concentration in body tissues). The alveoli have very thin walls and
Blood carries CO2 back to the lungs contain an extensive network of blood
where it diffuses into the alveoli of the Publishing$\PNCF\2024-25\LIVE Module\SET-1\NCERT\10th\Biology\02. Respiration
vessels to facilitate exchange of gases.
lungs and pass into the trachea, 5. The breakdown of pyruvate to give
nostrils and then out of the body into carbon dioxide water and energy takes
air. CO2 is more soluble in water than place in –
oxygen and hence mostly transported (a) Cytoplasm
in the dissolved form in our blood. (b) Chloroplast
⎯⎯⎯
O2
Air ⎯⎯ ⎯ ⎯⎯⎯
→ Nostril ⎯⎯
O2
⎯→ Wind pipe (c) Mitochondria
CO 2 CO 2

(d) Nucleus
⎯⎯⎯
O2
⎯⎯ ⎯→ ⎯⎯⎯
O2
Bronchi ⎯⎯ ⎯→ Lungs
CO 2 CO 2 Ans. (c) Mitochondria

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 Biology
6. What are the differences between 7. How are the alveoli designed to
aerobic and anaerobic respiration? maximize the exchange of gases ?
Name some organisms that use the
Ans. Alveoli designed to maximize the
anaerobic mode of respiration.
Ans. exchange of gases because of
Aerobic Anaerobic (i) Large surface area to get enough
Respiration Respiration
O2 is required. O2 is not required. oxygen.
It occurs in It occurs in (ii) Thin permeable membrane for
cytoplasm and cytoplasm only.
easy diffusion of gases.
mitochondria.
Complete Incomplete (iii) Abundant blood supply for
breakdown of breakdown of transporting respiratory gases.
glucose takes place. glucose takes place.
End products are End products are
CO2 and H2O. CO2 and ethyl alcohol
or lactic acid.
38 ATP produced 2 ATP produced
from one glucose from one glucose
molecule. molecule.
Yeast & most of the bacteria use the
anaerobic mode of respiration.
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