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ANATOMY
General Orientation
to Human Anatomy • Gr: ana (up) + tomos (cutting)
Rosemarie L. Balatbat MSPH
• Study of body structure and the
relationships of its parts

A good name is to be chosen rather than

R.L. BALATBAT MSPH
great riches, loving favor rather than silver
and gold. (Proverbs 22:1)

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Common Medical Imaging

ANATOMY Procedures
• First studied by dissection 1. Radiography- a single barrage of x-rays
passes through the body producing an
• Dissection= Gr. Dis (apart) + section (act of cutting) image on film

• Imaging techniques aid in today’s anaphy classes • Inexpensive, quick and simple to perform
• Black: lungs and other hollow structures
• White: bones and other dense structures,
hollow/fluid filled structures with contrast
media
• Gray: mid-density, e.g. skin, fat muscle

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Common Medical Imaging

Procedures
2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)- patient is exposed to high-
energy magnetic field, w/c causes
protons in body fluids/tissues to
form patterns. Radio waves decode
the patterns.
• Relatively safe
• Can’t be used in patients with metal
in body
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Common Medical Imaging

Procedures
3. Computed Tomography- Aka
Computerized Axial Tomography
(CAT) scanning, x-ray beam traces
an arc at multiple angles around a
section of the body
• Visualizes soft tissues and organs
with more detail than ordinary
radiograph

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Common Medical Imaging

Procedures
4. Ultrasound Scanning- high-
frequency sound waves produced
by a handheld wand reflect off
body tissues and are detected by
the same instrument.
• Image is called a sonogram
• Safe, noninvasive, painless, uses no
dyes
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Common Medical Imaging

Procedures
5. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)- radioactive
tracer/positron is injected for tissue uptake
• Collision of positrons and electrons produces gamma rays that are
captured by gamma cameras
• For studying physiology of structures, e.g. brain/heart metabolism
• For detecting malignant tumors
• Structures that are highly active (w/ intense colors) absorbs high
amount of radionuclide
• Black-blue color: minimal activity
• Red, Orange, Yellow, White: indicate increasing activity
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Common Medical Imaging

Procedures
6. Endoscopy- lighted instrument with
lenses (endoscope) is inserted in a
lumen/cavity
• Ex. Colonoscopy, Laparoscopy,
Arthroscopy

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PHYSIOLOGY

• Gr: physio (nature) + logos (to study)

• Deals with body function

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I. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
I. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
RIGHT

LEFT

RIGHT LEFT

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LATERAL
SUPERIOR

POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR
Pubic bone

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MEDIAL R.L. BALATBAT MSPH
INFERIOR

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VENTRAL vertebrae DORSAL

belly CEPHALAD

CAUDAD

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PROXIMAL

DISTAL

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CORTEX

SUPERFICIAL

MEDULLA
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DEEP

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ROSTRAL
IPSILATERAL

CONTRALATERAL

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ACROMIAL

AXILLARY
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BRACHIAL ANTECUBITAL

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PALMAR

ANTEBRACHIAL
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COXAL PATELLAR

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CEPHALIC FACIAL

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CERVICAL THORACIC
• STERNAL
• PECTORAL

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UMBILICAL ABDOMINAL

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INGUINAL FEMORAL

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CRURAL TARSAL

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CALCANEAL PEDAL

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CRANIAL NUCHAL

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SCAPULAR VERTEBRAL

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LUMBAR GLUTEAL

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POPLITEAL

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II. MAJOR
PLANES OF
THE BODY

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III. BODY
CAVITIES

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IV. BODY B. ABDOMINAL

REGIONS REGIONS
A. TWO MAJOR PORTIONS OF
THE BODY

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C. ABDOMINOPELVIC
QUADRANTS

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V. LEVELS OF VI. BASIC LIFE

STRUCTURAL PROCESSES
ORGANIZATION

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1. Metabolism

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3. Movement
Includes motion of the
whole body, individual
organs, single cells,

2. Responsiveness/Irritability structures inside cells

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4. Growth 5. Differentiation

• Increase in body size • Development from

that results from unspecialized
increase in the size of (totipotent) to
the existing specialized
cells/tissues/extracellul
ar matrix or increase in
the number of cells or
both

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6. Reproduction 7. Homeostasis

• Formation of new cells • Gr homeo (sameness) +

for tissue growth, repair stasis (standing still)
or replacement • Condition of
• Production of new equilibrium in the
internal environment
individual due to constant
interaction of the
body’s many regulatory
processes
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• Body fluids: dilute, watery solutions

containing dissolved chemicals found inside
and surrounding cells
• ICF
• ECF
Homeostasis • Interstitial fluid
• Blood plasma
Control of Homeostasis
and Body • Lymph
Fluids • CSF
• Synovial fluid
• Aqueous humor
• Vitreous body R.L. BALATBAT MSPH

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Positive Feedback
Mechanism

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Negative Feedback
Mechanism

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Overview of the Organ

Systems

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-End-

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• Find a partner.
• Use 10 anatomical terms to describe your
SW 1 partner.
• Underline the terms.

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