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Modle -os
Algebic Shuctures

Algebraic shucturey cwt th One bìnaTy

apesation
Semi qoup. Monoid, Grops, Subqroups,
Abelian Group cyclic graup somphism
5.2
Algebrei c shructurey with twa
fwo binary
operatiog Ring

S3 Codng Theaxy i- codin4 binary infrmatien

e eser defection, decoding,

A Non-empty se S y called
Alaebrajc Sustem:
algebraic Shrucure wTt to bin openat * if(a*b)s
An daebraic system an Crdered pa
cloasure (A F)where.
i)A q set Of elements, called the camier
of the algebra:
Aote se oE
the camer , m being variabie

2
binaiy
h the notahion for an algebralc sys tem,
the comer set A y 1st specifed, follo wec
by the alem erts of F, which are actually lite
via (Af) a (A, f, f) ete
 e SAR

E= fo, 2, 4, 6 -3 Th en twth the

binary operchion of adcition + represents
lgebaic sstem CE,+)
*PToen ties of Binary operetions!
Dedef": A bingry operctions * on A Said to be
Co mm utati ve if at b b a fr all ele.
a,b eA.

A binaTY operation A iy saçdl

a ociative i
for oU ele.
A binary opeNation to saisfy
the idempoten propeaty if
ae A
e Let LL be a lattice with the opertors
A (meet) VCioin) Th en are bËngr y
operctioy we Know th at

Hence bo
Suhsfy the 1dempotent
property
Table of
binary Operathons :
Let {°,13 det dencte mltiplicahion. Then w
have the bìnary table.
X
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Alacncic shucture.

ex N, t) =) S
it closae operat?

N,) =)LA2 c 2)
S-3 = 2 &3-5 --2, -2 N
y hot closure aperat
(N,) )
i. not clasure aperat?

(2,t , )’L= set oE int

of
-

(R,t ' ) ) R)reel no

Not doged
becue Slo

Semiqoup' s ) celed
An adaebraic shucture associative
followS
a sermlaro up if it
property
i'e (a ¥b) *c a (6xc) tt q,b,CES

(N,t) ) 1+ (243) = (1+2)+3

Scmigroup
¥o* 3)-(10)3
t y semigroup
 32°|n y an it is a semigrop
wrt mltíplicat"?
3 2 3
2+(2)(2*2J *
2 S
)(2 * 2)
) ideger
Sati sfy the ayociative poper y
:tuy semi qroup
Monoid
HAsemigToup (s, *) y caled monoid if there eist
un ele. ees Sych that (a *e)= (e *o) = q
t a e 5, ele. e cled identty ele of a S

eg. (Z,x ) ) set int

of

J: e=o’identi ty ele.
(N, )
[: e1’ idertity ele
a/e a - . A algebraic shuct
but not semigroup
h
ns jn rt
mltiplicat? e =1
 roup: A monoid (s, *) with identity
ele a 6s
ele
y called g7o4p if to each
there eist an ele be s, such that
Ca * b) - (b*a) : e
of a, denoted
then calee nverse
-)
a

(2, +) ) S+()= of: identhty ele. Por t y

o)(-s) vi ce VersQ.
S y in veme of
) rec no.
extcept 'o" S* 1
-S inveKe y Wr )4 vice versa.

CN,))
S

(s) y not Natural no

but

a
grop
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xSubgups
Subset of qraup GG called subaroup
A non empty subse H of a group G
called of G if
)H suhgraup
closed fex the compositi on defined
n Ge
ae H, be H ) ab e H

|)H tself y a droup for the co npasltion

induced by tha of G
Properhesl) aeH th a e H daeH,b¬ H, ab 'e H
(Z+)y suhqroup of (g,t)
Suhgrop of (R,t )
Pipe rgdentity of suba0up ythe idenhty of the qroup
ropertyThe inuere of an ee. in subaroup y the inuege o_the
ele in the 90p

{ e y sectioh of subqrops.
again a suhgroup

The wnion af suhgmups AdB may be

subazaup
e-q The eveh it. are shgroup
subarO ue of the addi ire
aYoup of ntegers.
 Abelian Goup i-om mutative group
A Group (G, *) y saud to be abeljan îf
(a* b) =(6ya) t u,b 6G

) (z. AS,31S+ )=+5)+7 Sto= S

Asociaive
Fdentityele >
Semigroup monot d
S+7 =7+S
vee com mtative
-Group

2) (R, ) ) ’ Rea noercept

=) commutaiue

3) (N )) s.
y Not
cen not b¹
group
abelian gr0
 eneraty qao w
Sune
geneaate
al
(141tltIt[+)-I
3)(5
3 (3t
let2t)s=0
/S(3+3+3t3
=2 ) btetts3 ((+t1)+S3 (4t4tu)
/"S>
L3t3t3)
4
nodulo addHye ,2,3,4
t I CqG
10,
(-iJ:
(-i)-i
(-i)=
-)
(-)
Cyclic y
oti
ve that show -lil 4 G
group chcic
tve a
y n qeG G e where "{ 0aG}de
ele. 3ingle
enerated
by ele al s
Sald (multiplicative)
ibe G
GIo4p Cyclie
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DATE:
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 Show h t
Cind qenerat

ltsItel: 3

1y a qenerctor
coyder ele 2
2 2

2 notF qererar censidey cle.

Cengide
3-3 =3 2

S3
s' 34 33-3
generator

Gyider ele. 4

Sy qenerater

not 4en ert

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it every
shaw that if ele in qoup
i its Uhinverse then the aTO U
must be abelian.

ie
nuee eist
iie eVery ele its Gu
inverse

Now, the idertity

jdentity
for al E A pu
4 * e

y another ele. belong to

we Gay
.! de x b= b *

all 6 A
For
. (A, *)
) yy an abelian qro0 up.
 * Lefl 4 Righ) cnellalion property !
lel aibËC, eG
) Lefl cncellation

2) Righ Canellatioh

Proof

mliply both side by on fhe left

(a x b)= a. (a +c)
*a *b
Xb = a'xakC

both sos by the nght

mulielg
(oxb)b = (er).b
a e
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Ff (G,*) an abelian then

a b EG Show th t
al
Can solue d yin Mathematial nductic

1eB n=1
(ab) = a' b

ASstme
nk y rue

(a*b) K
nkt| hue.
PTove that

a b)

LHS latb) K

from eq

. .(axb)
 ncler
ogider the set n= $ , 2, 3,4,,6
the multiplication moddo 7
a)find the muti plicat i on 4able fr the
above
b) Find the inverse of 2, 3, & s6
I6

c) erove thet t a cyclic gr0up

the orclers { the subqro ups generated
by /3,43 f233
da) Mwielication, tabl
2 3 456
3 |56
3 S
2
3 2
3
2 6 3
3
6 3
3 |2|1
Eb) Find invege of e 3,s s
have to ole
Lwe
idertify jdertiy

Avege of 2 4
a * a = 1
3 S
2 4 S3
*1 S

6 6 3617=)
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Prove y cyclic raph
2 - 2l7 - 2
2

2 4

|2)3
not qenerator:

konyider 337 = 3

3 3129 7 7 1
34
13 7
A= <3} : 3y the qenerator of thy
 . Sho0
show that a group Gy eabelian iff
(ab)- a'b2 feor all ele afb s G
a

a2
.. at b ¥a*b at b¥b
-)
premulhiply by a
boh sidy
posl multirlyb
axb a* b * b

4S

since
abeli an grop
part -L
Ass une
a b
an abelian qfoup
(a*b)a¥b) = (a b)

Ca a)* Cb tb)

2 Hen et rove
O. let G be the set of c l non
& det axb= ab
real
2
show that (G *) an abelian
group.
=)i) we 15t
verify that * a binary
If a & h are alemens of G then
operation.
a non- Zero Yeal no hen ce
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DATE: ingpueouir
Tsomxphism
An alaebraic Sys. (B, *)
cef"An
to the algebalc sys ( t )isomaaphte
f
Can abtain CBi *) from ch, +) hu
enaming the le. Lor the operai or
in A )

theat (B ,*)i isomnphic

4o (A+E heze eejsts
neohto Arom A to B such

f(a, a2) = f(a) * f Ca)

The f cale
Ko m (A+) to (6,* )
cae &CB, *))
b
C b
b
CA,+)
ehe check below algebrejc
Isomoxehic to
teen b)t Sc
veneUen Gdo
bddod even 80 /(8o Sc
(B.)i fer C)or rofot D,+) situasa1rohai
dd ofeVeN, add afacamehic fig unjwo itey dnselo
tne plane by o Store , Cas here Oe)an
of
IS amout multiple
8). tet T be the set of
set al even
show tn
isomorphic.
semig roup (7, +) 4 CT,+) are integers,
Here Ue neecl to shoa that
f: (z, +) ’T, +) y (somarphic
we def{ne fCt) = de
f(-)= (-*)

:. f y one to ohe on to

ne to ne snto (R (codonain) = R(E))

since , fa) = fCb)
=b

z Such thet

:. f y on to

Also, f (a+b) = e (atb)

= fa)f(b)

;fy One to o ne

::f heme merphu isomorphi c.

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Rings
An algebraic sus: (At, ) yarcaled
Aing if the follocing cond
i) (A, +) cun abelian qroup
i) CA)i a semigoup
l ) The apera Jistábutiue oUer
theerat h

a-(bt) =(ab)+ (a c)

Commutaive ing
A Rina (A. t,)is said to be commwah
(A ) s gaisfy eOmmutatE
ing
Propeaty
abe ba t a , b eA

2dRing with unity element

A Ring (A,+,:)i Seaid to be
eaid ming with
if fhee eeist
unity element
ldenoYe by the Sqmbol 1. such that

Le (A,) ha n identity ele

 coithou Zero devisey
Ring
Lat a ring (At,) y sajd to be
Ring aith 2ero devisn
a,b e A
but

ferr
b o
bo th
then the
nng (A,t withot
Tero divisor:

(4) inife l snfinite Ring

If the no of ele in fhe riry
finite then (R,t,) calle d a finit ng,
ofherwise , t y called ar tnfini te

shom that the set

Show so,,21344 i a nng
wrt add & multiplicas mod S
Let S= fo, ,2, 3,43
3
2
2 3
23
2
2 2
3 2
3 2
3
43 2
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we have to shoco that (s, t) y

abelian qroup
a) kalta) closela2cration becaUwe
ts tble ele to S=$o,e3,41
belangs
6) t y an aodative opeation
(1 t 3) ts 4
4

identity ole
3ts 0 3
1tso 1
2tr0- 2

d) TeIe

2t 3

ale Shar n (nvese

tammutative operation
|tg 3 3t

oabelian qoroup
 S

Now she lwe haue to how tht (5, Xs)

iy a semigroup
a) X eot closed operation , Since all
ele som table xs belongs to set s

b) Xs agociabi ve operatio n
e9 1Xs (2 i,3) =( )X, 3

ctd ociahue operahion.

!. (S, Xs) y semiqroup

have to show that operat n Xs

OUer the operatan ts
distibuive

ax, (bts )(ars b) t(a )

for al G,b,c ES

ts 3) =(Xç 2) +s(iAs 9)
eg xç (2
2 t3
1

Xs u dishibutive the operation ts

ing wrt addmult
Thes set o,' 2,3,4 mod S
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Hw detex mine. hethey a set A with add

madulo 6d malfipli cahion maddo 6y
6
a commataiye qour
cwer

Cading Thecry
Coding theery ha developed teshnius
infrm tn in
foducing redncant
hantted ato that helen
bee in deteching
&conimey in cehi
Termnologies a's f ' s
Scquene af
ode=colletion of words.

ight No of1s prsent in Cede

EX-OR Geeration

) = 0
 Ham ming distance
The distance yhe wt. £
ay o called hamming distance
Encoding furction :
It y clefined ay
where e y (m, n) encoding
fencion
Detecion of erorS

encoding f < the

min cdist 6f e then e Can detet
eroYs.

Correcion of emos
Let e: B8n encoding P" the
min dist of e y 2k+|
then it
Correct
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DATE:
Detecticn coreetien
O Conidey the
Haw (2,4) encoding
Many Can detect hoo
Cen
e (oo)
e(to)
eloi) lol|
2

O( 2
lyxa) 3

=0||O wltoa) 2
=l0| 3
ao 3
2.
23
=l0lO
2
3

!. min distance
2e.
Detect n of emOY
k+1 2

It can d etec one d less errors

COren of emr 2k+1 e
2k+12

! t can nof coeet ery

 4G70up
+Group code
sho o that (2,s) encoding f" defined by
e(oo) 00000, elo1)olo
e (o)- (oo elt)|ol) a gro4p cocle.

D)closure property:(ameosiHon fable.

000ooo11l0olo nol|
o0000O0000 0HO O|01 110||
olll0OO 00000
o10010) 01! |D0000 o|m0
1101|1011 10101 Ol|1o 00000
. All enhis f the table belongs
belongs to e.
: satisfy closure property.
?: e y close
b) Asso i ative 2) at (b¥c) Ca Kb) *c
bo000 (oll160 (oloi) -(o0000 c!to))loto)
(omo)clo1o)

Suhitiel
Asociahve propety
Sdentity ele

identity ele.
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de

O0000 O0000

\olot t1olo

nvense eist

Cammuteive pperty

satisft Commutahve prorty

Endt Enco cing

Parity check mai

dnhty
matii
Coider he 2anity check mahi
determne the
H -qT0up Coe ar
 e B
2 S

Mod 2 boolean pro

e(00) = oo 23
[of

Co o
leoo) 00 ooo

e (oi) = 61 2

e(o1) =olol

CI
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Let H be aa panty cheek

1

Delex mne the

Code
3

De cdina fn

Maximwm ikelthood teehniguc

Coider (2s 4roup encoding f
defined
ello) =talo
decode the fallooing uords retati ue to
Iikelihood f
3) oloo

lol||
Olo

oll10

2 elo )
encodiy
+|00|| e(l)
lo l00 ello)