Group :- Let G be a non- empty set and ‘*’ be a binary

operation on G. Then , the set G with the operation *

denoted by (G,*) is called a Group if and only if the following
conditions are satisfied :-
 If a, b ∈ G then a*b ∈ G
which represents that G shows closure property.
[ Note: * is a binary operation hence it must be
closed]
 If a, b, c ∈ G then a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c
which represents that G show associative property.
 There exists an element e ∈ G such that
a*e = e*a = a ∀ a∈ G
which represents the existence of identity.
 For each element a ∈ G there exist a’ of G such that
a*a’ = a’*a = e
which represents the existence of inverse.
[NOTE : If any one of the conditions does not satisfy then the
set does not form a group]

Abelian Group :- With above four conditions if the set G

satisfies a*b = b*a ∀ 𝑎, 𝑏 𝜖 G [ that is commutative]
then (G,*) is said to be Abelian Group or Commutative Group.
Semi Group : Let G be a non-empty set and ‘*’ be a binary
operation on G. Then G with ‘*’ denoted by (G,*) is called a
semi group if and only if the following condition satisfies :
 Closure, if a, b 𝜖 G then a*b 𝜖 G.
 Associativity, if a, b, c 𝜖 G then a*(b*c) = (a*b)*c

SOME EAXMPLES
1. Prove that (z,+) is an abelian group.
Proof :- Z is a set of integers, we can write it as
Z = (−∞…………….,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,……………∞)
Now, ∀ a, b, c 𝜖 Z
In order to show whether the set of integers under
addition operation is Abelian or not, we will check its
condition
Now, checking the conditions,

 a+b 𝜖 Z { This shows closure property}

As the addition of two integers will
always gives an integer, therefore this is
closed.
 a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c {This shows
associative property}
  ∃ 0 𝜖 Z such that a+0 = 0+a = a
{ This shows Existence of identity]
where 0 is an identity element for the
set of integers under addition operation.
 ∃ -a 𝜖 Z such that a+(-a) = (-a)+a = 0
{ -a 𝜖 Z is inverse of a and hence inverse
exists}.
 a+b = b+a ∀ a, b 𝜖 Z
{This shows commutative property}
Since, it follows all five conditions of Abelian Group
Hence, (Z,+) is an Abelian Group.

2. Prove that (R-{0},X) is Abelian.

Proof:- R-{0} is a set of all real numbers excluding zero
Now, ∀ a, b, c 𝜖 R-{0}
In order to check whether given set under the
multiplication operation given is Abelian Group or not, we
will follow its conditions
 aXb 𝜖 R-{0} {This shows the closure
property}
As the multiplication of two real
numbers will definitely give a real
number.
  aX(bXc) = (aXb)Xc {This shows the
associative property}
 ∃ 1 𝜖 R-{0} such that
1Xa = aX1 = a
where 1 is an identity element for the
given set under the given operation,
which shows the Existence of Identity
element.
 ∃ 1/a 𝜖 R-{0} such that
(1/a)X a = a X(1/a) = 1
where 1/a is the inverse of a which
belongs to R-{0} and therefore it shows
the Existence of Inverse.
 aXb = bXa {This shows the commutative
property}
Since, the given set R-{0} under the multiplication
operation follows all the five conditions of Abelian Group
Hence, (R-{0},X) is an Abelian Group.