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Set with closure and associative property . Quantum 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.11 2.13 2.14 (2019-2020)
Ex: (N,+) (Z, +), (R, +), and (Q, +) are all semigroups
i.Closure :
N.5: Find the left cosets of {[0], [3]} in the group (Z6 , +6 ).
A cyclic group is a group that is generated by a single
element, often denoted <g>. Let Z6 = {[0], [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]} be a group.
where g is called a generator. H = {[0], [3]} be a subgroup of (Z6 , +6 ).
The group consists of all powers of g, including positive and
negative powers. The left cosets of H are,
N:2-> Show that the multiplicative group G = {1, – 1, i, – i} is [0] + H = {[0], [3]} [1] + H = {[1], [4]}
cyclic. Also find its generators. [2] + H = {[2], [5]} [3] + H = {[3], [0]}
Quantum 2.18 2.19 (2019-2020) [4] + H = {[4], [1]} [5] + H = {[5], [2]}
N:4-> Prove that every cyclic group is an abelian group Quantum : 2.25
Let G be a cyclic group and let a be a generator of G so that
G = {a n : n Z} If g1 and g2 are any two elements of G, there
exist integers r and s such that g1 = a r and g2 = a s . A subgroup H of group G is a normal subgroup if aH=Ha for
Then g1 g2 = a r a s = ar+s = a s+r = a s . a r = g2 g1 So, G is abelian. all a in G, indicating that left and right cosets of H generated
by a are identical.
Property:
If (G, *) is a group and H G. Then (H, *) is said to subgroup 1. every subgroup H of an abelian group G is a normal subgroup
of G if (H, *) is also a group by itself. i.e., of G. For a G and h H, ah = ha.
1. a * b H a, b H (Closure property) 2. Since a cyclic group is abelian, every subgroup of a cyclic
2. e H such that a * e = a = e * a a H where e is called group is normal.
identity of G.
3. a–1 H such that a * a –1 = e = a –1 * a a H
Quantum 2.12