Calculus is something to

P.3
Functions and
Their Graphs

about!!!
 Functions

Function - for every x there is exactly one y.

Domain - set of x-values

Range - set of y-values

Tell whether the equations represent y as a function
of x.

a. x2 + y = 1 Solve for y.
y = 1 – x2 For every number we
plug in for x, do we get
No, so this equation more than one y out?
is a function.

b. -x + y2 = 1 Solve for y.
y2 = x + 1 Here we have 2 y’s for
each x that we plug in.
y = ± 1+ x Therefore, this equation
is not a function.
Find the domain of each function.

a. f: {(-3,0), (-1,4), (0,2), (2,2), (4,-1)}

Domain = { -3, -1, 0, 2, 4}

b. 1
g( x) = D: ℜ, x ≠−5
x+ 5
Set 4 – x2 greater
c. f ( x) = 4 −x 2
than or = to 0, then
factor, find C.N.’s
(2 −x)(2 + x) ≥0 and test each interval.

D: [-2, 2]
 Ex. g(x) = -x2 + 4x + 1

Find: a. g(2)

b. g(t)
c. g(x+2)

d. g(x + h)
Ex.
Evaluate at x = -1, 0, 1
⎧x +1, x < 0⎫
2
f ( x) = ⎨ ⎬ Ans. 2, -1, 0
⎩x −1, x ≥0 ⎭
 Ex. f(x) = x2 – 4x + 7

Find. f ( x + h) − f ( x )
h
[( x + h) −4( x + h) + 7] −[ x −4 x + 7]
2 2
=
h
x + 2 xh + h −4 x −4h + 7 −x + 4 x −7
2 2 2
=
h
2 xh + h −4h
2
h(2 x + h −4)
= = = 2x + h - 4
h h
 (2,4)

Find:
a. the domain (4,0)
[-1,4)
b. the range
[-5,4]
c. f(-1) = -5
(-1,-5)
d. f(2) = 4

Day 1
 Vertical Line Test for Functions

Do the graphs represent y as a function of x?

no yes yes
 Tests for Even and Odd Functions

A function is y = f(x) is even if, for each x in the

domain of f,
f(-x) = f(x)
An even function is symmetric about the y-axis.
A function is y = f(x) is odd if, for each x in the
domain of f,
f(-x) = -f(x)
An odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Ex. g(x) = x3 - x

g(-x) = (-x)3 – (-x) = -x3 + x = -(x3 – x)

Therefore, g(x) is odd because f(-x) = -f(x)

Ex. h(x) = x2 + 1

h(-x) = (-x)2 + 1 = x2 + 1
h(x) is even because f(-x) = f(x)
Summary of Graphs of Common Functions

f(x) = c

y= x
y=x

y=x3
y= x y = x2
 Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

On calculator, graph y = x2
graph y = x2 + 2
y = x2 - 3
y = (x – 1)2
y = (x + 2)2
y = -x2
y = -(x + 3)2 -1
 Vertical and Horizontal Shifts

1. h(x) = f(x) + c Vert. shift up

2. h(x) = f(x) - c Vert. shift down

3. h(x) = f(x – c) Horiz. shift right
4. h(x) = f(x + c) Horiz. shift left

5. h(x) = -f(x) Reflection in the x-axis

6. h(x) = f(-x) Reflection in the y-axis
 Combinations of
Functions

The composition of the functions f and g is

( f o g )( x) = f ( g ( x))
“f composed by g of x equals f of g of x”
Ex. f(x) = x g(x) = x - 1

Find (f o g )(2)
(f o g )()
x = f ( g ( x)) = x−1
of 2 = 2 −1 = 1
Ex. f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 4 – x2 Find:
(f o g )()
x = f(g(x)) = (4 – x2) + 2
= -x2 + 6

(g o f )()
x = g(f(x)) = 4 – (x + 2)2 = 4 – (x2 + 4x + 4)
= -x2 – 4x
 1
Ex. Express h(x) = as a composition
(x − 2)
2

of two functions f and g.

1
f(x) = 2
x
g(x) = x-2