FUNCTIONS AND ITS

OPERATIONS
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students must
be able to:
1. give some real life relationships which
describes functions;
2. illustrate/represent a relation and a function
through set of ordered pairs and mapping
diagram and determine whether a relation is
a function;
3. evaluate functions; and
4. identify different binary operators.
   relation
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
The set whose elements are the first
coordinates in the ordered pairs is the
domain of the relation.
The set whose elements are the
second coordinates is the range.
A = { (1, 1), (2, 3), (2,4)}
Domain: {( 1, 2)} Range: {(1, 3, 4)}
   EXAMPLES
1. A = { (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 4)}
Domain : {1, 2 }
Range: {2, 3, 4}

2. B = { (5, 2), (7,6 ), (7, 4)}

Domain : {5, 7}
Range: {2, 6, 4}
   relation
x y
2 1
3 4
4 5

A = { (2,1), (3, 1), (3, 4), (4, 5)}

One-is-to-many correspondence
   relation in real world
The number of calories in a fast food
hamburger
Places you can drive to with 1 gallon
left in your gas tank
   function
It is a relation in which each element in the domain
is paired with exactly one element in the range.
x y

2 1
3 4
4 5
One-is-to-one correspondence
   examples
1. A = { (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}
Domain : {1, 2, 3 }
Range: {2, 3, 4}

2. B = { (5, 2), (7,6 ), (9, 6)}

Domain : {5, 7, 9 }
Range: {2, 6}
   function
x y
2 1
3 4
4 5
-1
Many-is-to-one correspondence
   function in real world
The amount of sodas that come out of
a vending machine depending how
much money you insert.
• A weekly salary is a function of the
hourly pay rate and the number of hours
worked.
   function in real world
The velocity of an object in freefall after
being dropped so many seconds,
excluding air resistance
The height of a person at a given time
in their life
   function notation
y = f(x)
Examples:
1. Evaluate f(x) = x + 5 when x = 4
f(4) = 4 + 5 f(4) = 9
2. Evaluate f(x) = x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 10 for x = -2.
f(-2) = (-2)3 – 4(-2)2 + 3(-2) + 10
f(-2) = - 8 - 4 (4) – 6 + 10
f(-2) = - 8 – 16 – 6 + 10
f(-2) = - 30 + 10 = f (-2) = - 20
Unary and binary
operations
   Unary Operation
It involves only one value or accepts
one value or operand.
For examples,
-5

cos 450
tan
   Binary operators
It can act on two operands “+” and “ – ”
It takes two values and include the operations of
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and
exponentiation.
   Properties of two Binary operators

A. Closure of Binary Operations

The product and the sum of any two real numbers
is also a real number.

Example: x + y = R and x ● y = R
5+3=8 5 ● 3 = 15
B. Commutativity of Binary Operations
Addition and multiplication of any two real
numbers is commutative as seen in their
mathematical symbols:

Example: x + y = y + x and x ● y = y ● x

4+5=5+4 4●5=5●4
9=9 20 = 20
C. Associativity of Binary Operations
Given any three real numbers you may take any
two and perform addition or multiplication as the
case maybe and you will end with the same
answer.
Example: (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)
(x ● y) ●z = x ● (y ● z)
(4 + 5) + 7 = 4 + (5 + 7) (4 ● 5) ● 7 = 4 ● (5 ● 7)
9 + 7 = 4 + 12 20 ● 7 = 4 ● 35
16 = 16 140 = 140
D. Distributivity of Binary Operations
Distributivity applies when multiplication is
performed on a group of two numbers added or
subtracted together.
Example: z(x ± y) = zx ± zy

2( 3x ± 5y) = 6x ± 10y or
= 6x + 10y or
= 6x – 10y
E. Identity Elements of Binary Operations
An element of the set of real numbers is an
identity element for addition/multiplication if,
x + e = e + x = x and x ● e = e ● x = x
This means that the identity is the number that
you add to any real number and the result will be
the same real number.
Example: 5 + 0 = 0 + 5 = 5 50 ● 1 = 1 ● 50 = 50
Therefore the identity element e in the above
definition is zero for addition and
one for multiplication.
F. Inverses of Binary Operations
Example: Addition
x + (-x) = -x + x = 0
Additive inverse
4 + (-4) = -4 + 4 = 0

Multiplication

Reciprocal
 Practice Exercises:
Which property guarantees the truth of each
statement?
1. a + b = b + a
2. (a+b) + c = a + (b + c)
3. 3(a + b) = 3a + 3b
4. (a + b) = a + b
5. - (a + b) + (a + b) = 0
6. 4 ab = 4ba
  Operations on functions
Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students must be

able to:

1. perform operations on functions; and

2. solve composite functions
  Sum of functions
  (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g (x)

f(x) = 3x + 5 and g (x) = 5x + 11

(f + g) (x) = 3x + 5 + 5x + 11 = 8x + 16

f(x) = 3x + 5
+
g(x) = 5x + 11
(f+ g)(x) = 8x + 16
  (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g (x)

f(x) = -5x - 3 and g (x) = -11x - 5

(f + g) (x) = -5x - 3 + -11x - 5 = -16x - 8

f(x) = -5x - 3
+
g(x) = -11x - 5
(f+ g)(x) = -16x - 8
  (f + g) (x) = f(x) + g (x)

f(x) = -5x + 3 and g (x) = 11x - 5

(f + g) (x) = -5x + 3 + 11x - 5 = 6x - 2

f(x) = -5x + 3
+
g(x) = 11x - 5
(f+ g)(x) = 6x - 2
Given: f(x) = x – 2 and
g(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 3
(f + g) (x) = x – 2 + 2x2 + 5x – 3
x-2
2x2 + 5x – 3
2x2 + 6x – 5
f (x ) = x2 – 4x + 10 and g(x) = 2x2 + 7x – 4
(f + g) (x ) = x2 – 4x + 10
2x2 + 7x – 4
3x2 + 3x + 6
  DIFFERENCE of
functions
  (f - g) (x) = f(x) - g (x)

f(x) = 3x + 5 and g (x) = 5x + 11

(f - g) (x) = 3x + 5 - (5x + 11) = -2x - 6

f(x) = 3x + 5
g(x) = -5x - 11
(f - g)(x) = -2x - 6
  (f - g) (x) = f(x) - g (x)

f(x) = -5x - 3 and g (x) = -11x - 5

(f - g) (x) = -5x - 3 - (-11x – 5) = 6x + 2

f(x) = -5x - 3
g(x) = 11x + 5
(f - g)(x) = 6x + 2
Given: f(x) = x – 2 and
g(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 3

(f - g) (x) = (x – 2) - (2x2 + 5x – 3)

x-2
-2x2 - 5x + 3
-2x2 - 4x + 1
 If f(x ) = x2 + 6x + 8 and g(x) = x2 - 16
(f - g) (x) = x2 + 6x + 8
-x2 + 16
6x + 24

 If f(x ) = x2 + 6x + 8 and g(x) = x2 - 16

(g - f) (x) =x2 - 16
-x2 - 6x - 8
-6x -24
  Product of functions
  (f ● g) (x) = f(x) ● g (x)

f(x) = 3x + 5 and g (x) = 5x + 11

(f ● g) (x) = (3x + 5) ● (5x + 11) = +58x +55
f(x) = 3x + 5 and g (x) = 5x + 11

f(x) = 3x + 5
●
g(x) = 5x + 11
33x + 55
+ 25x
(f ● g)(x) = 58x + 55
Given: f(x) = x – 2 and
g(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 3
(f ●g) (x) = (x – 2) ● (2x2 + 5x – 3)

2x2 + 5x - 3
x–2
-4x2 - 10x + 6
2x3 +5x2 - 3x
2x3 + x2 - 13x + 6
  f(x ) = x2 + 6x + 8 and g(x) = x2 - 16
(f ▪ g) (x) = x2 + 6x + 8
x2 - 16
-16x2 -96x -128
x4+6x3+8x2

x4 + 6x3 -8x2 – 96x – 128

  f(x ) = x2 + 6x + 8 and g(x) = x2 - 2
(f ▪ g) (x) = x2 + 6x + 8
x2 -2
-2x2 -12x -16
x4 + 6x3+8x2

x4 + 6x3+6x2 – 12x - 16
  QUOTIENT of
functions
  (f g) (x) = f(x) g (x)

f(x) = + 5x + 6 and g (x) = x + 3

+ 5x + 6 ÷ x+3 = x+2

+ 5x + 6 (x + 3)(x + 2)
f(x) g(x) = =
x+3 x+3
(f g)(x) = x+2
  (g f) (x) = g(x) f (x)

f(x) = + 5x + 6 and g (x) = x + 3

1
x+3 ÷ + 5x + 6 = 𝑥 +2

x+3 (x + 3)
g(x) f(x) = =
+ 5x + 6 (x + 3) (x + 2)
1
(f g)(x) = 𝑥 +2 x -2
Given: f(x) = x – 2 and
g(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 3
(f ÷g) (x) = (x – 2) ÷ (2x2 + 5x – 3)
(f ÷g) (x) = x–2
2x2 + 5x – 3
(f ÷g) (x) = x–2
(2x – 1)(x + 3)
where x ≠ -3 and x ≠ 1/2.
  f(x ) = x2 + 6x + 8 and g(x) = x2 - 16
(f ÷ g) (x) = x2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2) (x + 4) = x + 2
x2 – 16 (x + 4) (x - 4) x-4

  f(x ) = x2 + 6x + 8 and g(x) = x3 + 8

(f ÷ g) (x) = x2 + 6x + 8 = (x + 2) (x + 4) ____
x3 + 8 (x + 2) (x2 -2x + 4)

= (x + 4)
x2 – 2x + 4
   f(x)= x - 8
3

g(x) = x2 - 6x + 8
(g ÷ f) (x ) = x2 - 6x + 8
x3 - 8
(g ÷ f) (x ) = (x - 2) (x - 4)
(x - 2)(x + 2x + 4)
2

(g ÷ f) (x ) = x – 4
x2 + 2x + 4
 Practice Exercises:
Find the following:
Given:
  COMPOSITE
function
  Composite Function

Given two functions,

we can combine
them in such a way
so that the outputs of
one function become
the inputs of the
other. 
 If f(x) = + 5 and g (x) = x + 1,
then what is f(g (2))? (f o g ) (2)
Solution: Let’s evaluate g(2) first:

g(x) = x + 1 g(2) = 2 + 1 = 3

Since g (2) = 3, then f(g(2)) = f (3)

f(x) = + 5 f(3) = + 5 f(3) = 50

f(g(2)) = 50
 If f(x) = + 5 and g (x) = x + 1,
then what is g(f (2))? (g o f) (2)
Solution: Let’s evaluate f(2) first:

f(x) = + 5 f(2) = + 5 = 25

Since f (2) = 25, then g(f(2)) = g (25)

g(x) = x + 1 g(25) = 25 + 1 g(25) = 26

(f(2)) = 26
 f (x ) = 7x - 1 and g(x) = x + 5
(f o g) (x) = ?
(f o g) (x ) = 7x – 1
= 7(x + 5) – 1
= 7x + 35 – 1
(f o g) ( x) = 7x + 34
 f (x ) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x + 2
(f o g) (x) = ?
(f o g) (x) = 2x + 1
(f o g) (x) = 2(x+2) + 1
(f o g) (x)= 2x+4+ 1
(f o g) (x)= 2x+5
 f (x ) = x2 – 7x + 12 and g(x) = x - 3
(f o g) (x) = ?
= x2 – 7x + 12
= (x – 3)2 – 7(x – 3) + 12
(x – 3) (x – 3)

= x2 – 6x + 9 – 7x + 21 + 12
= x2 – 13x + 42
 f (x ) = x2 + 11x + 24 and g(x) = x + 8
(f o g) (x) = ?
(f o g) (x) = x2 + 11x + 24
= (x + 8)2 + 11 ( X + 8) + 24
= x2 + 16x + 64 + 11x + 88 + 24
( f o g) ( x) = x2 + 27x + 176
 f (x ) = x2 + 11x + 24 and g(x) = x + 8
(g o f) (x) = x + 8
(g o f ) (x ) = x2 + 11x + 24 + 8
(g o f) (x) = x2 + 11x + 32
Practice Exercises:
Find:
Let
1. (f o g ) (x )
2. (g o f ) (-1)
3. (f o f ) (x )
4. (g o g ) (5 )
 “Being happy doesn’t mean
everything is perfect. It means
you’ve decided to see beyond the
imperfections.”