DIFFERENTIAL

CALCULUS
ENGR. EDMAR C. TOLEDO
 A branch of Mathematics which uses derivative to analyze
the way in which the values of a function vary
 About “changes”
 Developed during 17th century
 Applications: Engineering , Physics, Business, Economics,
Astronomy, Chemistry, Psychology, Sociology
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
 Two Branches
Differential Calculus
• Concerned chiefly with the study of the
rate of change of functions with
respect to their variables especially
through the use of derivatives and
differentials Integral Calculus

• Includes application such as • Concerned with the theory and

determination of maximum and applications (as in the
minimum points and rate of change determination of lengths, areas
and volumes and in the solution
of differential equations)
RELATION AND
FUNCTION
 RELATION AND FUNCTION

Relation
 Set or collection of ordered pairs

 A relationship between sets of values

 In math, the relation is between

the x-values and y-values of ordered
pairs (x,y)
 RELATION AND FUNCTION
In a table the x-values
and y-values are listed
Ordered Pairs in separate columns.
Each row represents an
ordered pair:

 Set of inputs or outputs and

represents a relationship between
the two values
 a composition of the x coordinate
(abscissa) and the y coordinate
(ordinate), having two values written
in a fixed order within parentheses.
 RELATION AND FUNCTION
“Domain and Range of a
function is all the possible
Domain values of the independent
variable, x, for which y is
defined”
 Set of all x or input values

 Collection of first values of ordered pair

Range
 Set of all y or output values

Domain of the function is x = {2, 3, 5, 6, 8}

Range is y = {4, 8, 2, 9, 3}
 RELATION AND FUNCTION

Function
a relation from a set of inputs to a set of possible
outputs where each input is related to exactly one
output.
 If the variables are x and y, then y can be determined for
some range of values x. We call this, y as a function of x
denoted by
y = f(x)
 FUNCTION
Examples:

Perform the indicated operations:

a. f(x) = x² + 3 , find f(2), f(-4), f(0), f(u-1)

• f(2) = 2² + 3 = 7

• f(-4) = -4² + 3 = 16+ 3 = 19

• f(0) = 0² + 3 = 3

• f (u-1) = (u-1)² + 3 = u² - 2u + 4
 FUNCTION
Examples:

Perform the indicated operations:

b. g(y) = cos2y – 2siny, find g(π), g(½π), g(0)

• g(π) = cos2π – 2sinπ = 1 – 0 = 1

• g(½π) = cos2(½π) – 2sin(½π)

= cosπ – 2sin½π
= -1 – 2 = -3
• g(0) = cos2(0) – 2sin(0) = 1 – 0 = 1
 FUNCTION
Examples:

Perform the indicated operations:

c. f(x) = x² – x + 3, find f(0), f(2), f(-4), f(-2x)

• f(0) = 0² – 0 + 3 = 3
• f(-2x) = (-2x)² – (-2x) + 3
• f(2) = 2²– 2 + 3
= 4x² + 2x + 3
=4–2+3 =5
• f(-4) = (-4)² - (-4) + 3
= 16 + 4 + 3 = 23
 FUNCTION
Examples:

Perform the indicated operations:

d. If f(y) = y(y-3)², find f(c), f(0), f(3), f(-1), f(x+3)

• f(c) = c(c-3)²
• f(0) = 0(0-3)² = 0 • f(x+3) = (x+3)[(x+3)-3]²
= (x+3)(x)²
• f(3) = 3(3-3)² = 0
• f(-1) = -1(-1-3)² = x²(x+3)

= (-1)(-4)² = (-1)(16) = -16

 FUNCTION
Examples:

Perform the indicated operations:

e. If f(x) = cosx; find f(0), f(½π), f(π), f(-x), f(π-y)

• f(0) = cos(0) = 1 • f(π-y) = cos(π-y)
1 1
• f( π) = cos( π) =0 = cosπcosy + sinπsiny
2 2
= (-1)cosy + (0)siny
• f(π)= cos(π) = -1
• f(-x) = cos(-x) = cosx = -cosy
 FUNCTION
Examples:

Perform the indicated operations:

1
f. g(x) = 4x⁴ – 3x² + 2x - 2, find g(2), g(-2), g( ), g(-x)
2

• g(2) = 4(2)⁴ – 3(2)² + 2(2) - 2 • g(-2) = 4(-2)⁴ – 3(-2)² + 2(-2) - 2

= 4(16) – 3(4) + 4 - 2 = 4(16) – 3(4) - 4 - 2
= 64 - 12 + 4 - 2 = 46
= 54
 FUNCTION
Examples:

Perform the indicated operations:

1
f. g(x) = 4x⁴ – 3x² + 2x - 2, find g(2), g(-2), g( ), g(-x)
2
1 1 1 1
• g( ) = 4( )⁴ – 3( )² + 2( ) -2 • g(-x) = 4(-x)⁴ – 3(-x)² + 2(-x) - 2
2 2 2 2
1 1 = 4x⁴– 3x² - 2x - 2
= 4( ) – 3( ) +1-2
16 4
4 3
= - +1-2
16 4

=
1
-
3
+1-2 𝟑
4 4 =
𝟐