Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Statics

Twelfth Edition

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 Topic 1_Part 2

Statics of Particles
(Beer Chapter 2)
Course Learning Outcome

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:-

a. Apply the principle of mechanics to the solution of engineering problems. (CO1)

a. Evaluate engineering problems using basic principles of statics in a systematic

and logical manner. (CO2)

Programme Learning Outcome

PO1 - Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals

and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems

PO2 - Identify, formulate, research literature and analyze complex civil engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences and engineering sciences.

At the end of this chapter students should be able to

LO1: understand the concepts and principles in planar forces

LO2: apply the resultant forces of planar forces in statics condition
LO3: apply the concept of unit vectors in statics condition

McGraw-Hill | Ch. 1 Introduction 3

 Introduction
The objective for the current chapter is to investigate the effects of forces on
particles:
• replacing multiple forces acting on a particle with a single equivalent or
resultant force,
• relations between forces acting on a particle that is in a state of equilibrium.

The focus on particles does not imply a restriction to miniscule bodies. Rather,
the study is restricted to analyses in which the size and shape of the bodies is
not significant to the problem under consideration, so that all forces may be
assumed to be applied at a single point.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Defining the Force

• A point force is a force that acts at a single point. Point forces are also called
concentrated forces.
• Body forces are forces that are distributed throughout a 3D body.
• The point force due to the cable, and the weight of the box are both called loads. The
weight of an object and any forces intentionally applied to it are considered loads,
while forces which
• Reaction forces or simply reactions are the forces and moments which hold or
constrain an object or mechanical system in equilibrium.

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 SCALARS & VECTORS

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 Key Questions

• What differentiates a vector from a scalar?

• How do you identify the tip, tail, line of
action, direction, and magnitude of any
drawn vector?
• What are the standard notations for
vectors and scalars in this textbook?
• What is the difference between the sense
and orientation of a vector?

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Vector Definitions
Line of action

tip/head – creating the sense

Tail/toe

• force: action of one body on • Force is a vector quantity.

another; characterized by its point
of application, magnitude, line of
action, and sense.

Access the text alternative for these images.

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 1. Vector by orientation angle and sense

2. Vector by unit vector

3. Vector by coordinate system. Distances are usually measured from the origin, and directions from a
primary or reference direction.

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 VECTORS NOTATION

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 Vector addition: Procedure of analysis

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 Vector substraction
The easiest way to handle vector subtraction
is to add the negative of the vector you are
subtracting to the other vector. In this way,
you can still use the tip-to-tail technique after
flipping the vector you are subtracting.

A − B = A + (−B)

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 Force systems

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© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Resultant of Several Concurrent Forces
• Concurrent forces: set of forces that
all pass through the same point.
A set of concurrent forces applied to
a particle may be replaced by a
single resultant force that is the
vector sum of the applied forces.

• Vector force components: two or

more force vectors that, together,
have the same effect as a single force
vector.

Access the text alternative for these images.

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 Rectangular Components of a Force: Unit Vectors
• It’s possible to resolve a force vector into
perpendicular components so that the
resulting parallelogram is a rectangle.
Fx and Fy are referred to as rectangular
vector components and

F = Fx + Fy
• Define perpendicular unit vectors i and j
that are parallel to the x and y axes.
• Vector components can be expressed as
products of the unit vectors with the scalar
magnitudes of the vector components.
F = Fx i + Fy j
Fx and Fy are referred to as the scalar
components of F

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 Addition of Forces by Summing X and Y
Components
• To find the resultant of 3 (or more) concurrent
forces,
R = P+Q+S
• Resolve each force into rectangular components,
then add the components in each direction:
Rx i + Ry j = Px i + Py j + Qx i + Qy j + S xi + S y j
= ( Px + Qx + S x ) i + ( Py + Qy + S y ) j

• The scalar components of the resultant vector

are equal to the sum of the corresponding scalar
components of the given forces.
Rx = Px + Qx + S x Ry = Py + Qy + S y
=  Fx =  Fy

• To find the resultant magnitude and direction,

Ry
R = Rx2 + Ry2  = tan −1
Rx

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 Sample Problem 2.2 1

Strategy:
• Find a graphical solution by applying
the Parallelogram Law for vector
addition. The parallelogram has sides
in the directions of the two ropes and a
diagonal in the direction of the barge
axis and length proportional to 5000 lb.
A barge is pulled by two
tugboats. If the resultant of the • Find a trigonometric solution by
forces exerted by the tugboats applying the Triangle Rule for vector
is 5000 lb directed along the addition. With the magnitude and
axis of the barge, determine the direction of the resultant known and
tension in each of the ropes the directions of the other two sides
when a = 45o. parallel to the ropes given, apply the
Law of Sines to find the rope tensions.
Discuss with a neighbor how
you would solve this problem.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 2.2 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• Graphical solution - Parallelogram
Law with known resultant direction
and magnitude, and known directions
for sides.
T1 = 3700lb T2 = 2600lb

• Trigonometric solution - Triangle Rule

with Law of Sines
T1 T2 5000lb
= =
sin45 sin30 sin105

T1 = 3660lb T2 = 2590lb

Access the text alternative for these images.

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 What if…? 1

• At what value of a would the tension in

rope 2 be a minimum?
Hint: Use the triangle rule and think
about how changing α changes the
magnitude of T2. After considering this,
discuss your ideas with a neighbor.
• The minimum tension in rope 2 occurs
when T1 and T2 are perpendicular.
T2 = (5000lb)sin30 T2 = 2500lb

T1 = (5000lb)cos30 T1 = 4330lb

a = 90 − 30 a = 60

Reflect and Think: Part (a) is a straightforward application of resolving a vector into
components. The key to part (b) is recognizing that the minimum value of T2 occurs
when T1 and T2 are perpendicular.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Topic 1_Part 3

Statics of Particles
(Beer Chapter 2)

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Course Learning Outcome

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:-

a. Apply the principle of mechanics to the solution of engineering problems. (CO1)

a. Evaluate engineering problems using basic principles of statics in a systematic and logical
manner. (CO2)

Programme Learning Outcome

PO1 - Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and an

engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems

PO2 - Identify, formulate, research literature and analyze complex civil engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering
sciences.

At the end of this chapter students should be able to

LO1: To understand the concepts and principles of equilibrium in a particles

LO2: To apply the concept of equilibrium of particles in a plane for statics condition
LO3: To apply the concept of equilibrium of particles in a force in space for statics condition

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Equilibrium of a Particle
• When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is zero, the particle is in
equilibrium.
• Newton’s First Law: If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle
will remain at rest or will continue at constant speed in a straight line.

Particle acted upon by Particle acted upon by three or more forces:

two forces: • graphical solution yields a closed polygon.
• equal magnitude. • algebraic solution.
• same line of action. R = F = 0
• opposite sense. F x =0 F y =0
Access the text alternative for these images.
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 Free-Body Diagrams and Problem Solving

(a) Space diagram (b) Free-body diagram

Space Diagram: A sketch showing

Free Body Diagram: A sketch
the physical conditions of the
showing only the forces acting on
problem, usually provided with the
the selected particle. This must
problem statement, or represented
be created by you.
by the actual physical situation.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 2.4 1

Strategy:
• Construct a free body diagram for
the particle at the junction of the rope
and cable.
• Apply the conditions for equilibrium
by creating a closed polygon from the
forces applied to the particle.
• Apply trigonometric relations to
determine the unknown force
In a ship-unloading operation, a magnitudes.
3500-lb automobile is supported
by a cable. A rope is tied to the
cable and pulled to center the
automobile over its intended
position. What is the tension in
the rope?

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 2.4 2

Analysis:
• Apply the conditions for equilibrium
and solve for the unknown force
magnitudes.

Law of Sines:
TAB T 3500lb
= AC =
sin120 sin 2 sin 58
Modeling:
TAB = 3570lb
TAC = 144lb

Access the text alternative for these images.

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 Sample Problem 2.4 3

Reflect and Think: This is a common problem of knowing one

force in a three-force equilibrium problem and calculating the
other forces from the given geometry. This basic type of problem
will occur often as part of more complicated situations in this
text.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Sample Problem 2.6 1

Strategy:
• Decide what the appropriate “body”
is and draw a free body diagram.
• The condition for equilibrium states
that the sum of forces equals 0, or:
R = F = 0
It is desired to determine the drag
force at a given speed on a prototype F x =0 F y =0
sailboat hull. A model is placed in a
test channel and three cables are • The two equations means we can
used to align its bow on the channel solve for, at most, two unknowns.
centerline. For a given speed, the Since there are 4 forces involved
tension is 40 lb in cable AB and 60 (tensions in 3 cables and the drag
lb in cable AE. force), it is easier to resolve all
forces into components and apply
Determine the drag force exerted on the equilibrium conditions
the hull and the tension in cable AC.
Access the text alternative for this image.
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 Sample Problem 2.6 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• The correct free body diagram is
shown and the unknown angles are:

7 ft 1.5 ft
tan a = = 1.75 tan  = = 0.375
4 ft 4 ft
a = 60.25  = 20.56

• In vector form, the equilibrium

condition requires that the resultant
force (or the sum of all forces) be zero:

R = TAB + TAC + TAE + FD = 0

• Write each force vector above in

component form.

Access the text alternative for these images.

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 Sample Problem 2.6 3

• Resolve the vector equilibrium equation

into two component equations. Solve
for the two unknown cable tensions.

TAB = − ( 40 lb ) sin 60.26 i + ( 40 lb ) cos 60.26 j

= − ( 34.73 lb ) i + (19.84 lb ) j
TAC = TAC sin 20.56 i + TAC cos 20.56 j
= 0.3512 TAC i + 0.9363TAC j
TAE = − ( 60 lb ) j
FD = FD i

R=0
= ( −34.73 + 0.3512 TAC + FD ) i
+ (19.84 + 0.9363TAC − 60 ) j

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 Sample Problem 2.6 4

R=0
= ( −34.73 + 0.3512 TAC + FD ) i
+ (19.84 + 0.9363TAC − 60 ) j

This equation is satisfied only if each

component of the resultant is equal to zero

( F x = 0) − 34.73 + 0.3512TAC + FD = 0

( F y = 0) 19.84 + 0.9363TAC − 60 = 0

TAC = +42.9 lb
FD = +19.66 lb
Reflect and Think: In drawing the free-body diagram, you assumed a sense
for each unknown force. A positive sign in the answer indicates that the
assumed sense is correct. You can draw the complete force polygon (above) to
check the results.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.
 Topic 1_Part 4

Statics of Particles
(Beer Chapter 2)

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Course Learning Outcome

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:-

a. Apply the principle of mechanics to the solution of engineering problems. (CO1)

a. Evaluate engineering problems using basic principles of statics in a systematic and logical
manner. (CO2)

Programme Learning Outcome

PO1 - Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science, engineering fundamentals and an

engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems

PO2 - Identify, formulate, research literature and analyze complex civil engineering problems reaching
substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences and engineering
sciences.

At the end of this chapter students should be able to

LO1: To apply the concept of equilibrium of particles in a line action for statics condition
LO2: To apply the concept of equilibrium of particles in a space for statics condition

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 Expressing a Vector in 3-D Space 1

If angles with some of the axes are given:

• The vector F • Resolve F • Resolve F

is contained in into horizontal and into rectangular
the plane OBAC. vertical components. components.
Fy = F cos y Fx = Fh cos
Fh = F sin y = F sin y cos
Fz = Fh sin
= F sin y sin
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 Expressing a Vector in 3-D Space 2

If the direction angles are given:

• With the angles between F and the axes,

Fx = F cos x Fy = F cos y Fz = F cos z
F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k

(
= F cos x i + cos y j + cos z k )
= F
 = cos x i + cos y j + cos z k

•  is a unit vector along the line of action of

F and cos x ,cos y , and cos z
are the direction cosines for F
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 Expressing a Vector in 3-D Space 3

If two points on the line of action are given:

Direction of the force is defined

by the location of two points,
M ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and N ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

d = vector joining M and N

= d xi + d y j + d z k
d x = x2 − x1 d y = y2 − y1 d z = z2 − z1
F = F
1
(
 = d xi + d y j + d z k
d
)
Fd x Fd y Fd z
Fx = Fy = Fz =
d d d

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 Sample Problem 2.7 1

Strategy:
• Based on the relative locations of the
points A and B, determine the unit
vector pointing from A towards B.
• Apply the unit vector to determine
the components of the force acting
on A.
• Noting that the components of the
The tension in the guy wire is 2500 N. unit vector are the direction
Determine: cosines for the vector, calculate the
a) components Fx, Fy, Fz of the force corresponding direction angles.
acting on the bolt at A,
b) the angles x, y, z defining the
direction of the force (i.e., the
direction angles)
Access the text alternative for this image.
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 Sample Problem 2.7 2

Modeling and Analysis:

• Determine the unit vector pointing from A
towards B.

AB = ( −40m) i + (80m) j + (30m)k

(−40m) + (80m) + (30m)

2 2 2
AB =
= 94.3 m

 −40   80   30 
 = i +   j + k
 94.3   94.3   94.3 
= −0.424i + 0.848 j + 0.318k

• Determine the components of the force.

F = F
(
= ( 2500 N) −0.424 i + 0.848 j + 0.318k )
= ( −1060N )i + ( 2120 N ) j + (795 N )k

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 Sample Problem 2.7 3

• Noting that the components of the unit

vector are the direction cosines for the
vector, calculate the corresponding
angles.

 = cos x i + cos y j + cos z k

= −0.424i + 0.848 j + 0.318k

 x = 115.1
 y = 32.0
 z = 71.5

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

 What if…? 2

• Since the force in the guy wire must

be the same throughout its length, the
force at B (and acting toward A) must
be the same magnitude but opposite
in direction to the force at A.

FBA = − FAB
= (1060N )i + ( −2120 N ) j + (−795 N )k

Reflect and Think: It makes sense that,

What are the components of the for a given geometry, only a certain set
force in the wire at point B? Can of components and angles characterize a
you find it without doing any given resultant force. The methods in
calculations? this section allow you to translate back
and forth between forces and geometry.
Give this some thought and
discuss this with a neighbor.

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 End of Chapter 2

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.