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Chapter – 02
Contents
• The objective for the current chapter is to investigate the effects of forces
on particles:
- replacing multiple forces acting on a particle with a single
equivalent or resultant force,
- relations between forces acting on a particle that is in a
state of equilibrium.
• Law of cosines,
C
B R 2 P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cos B
C R PQ
• Law of sines,
sin A sin B sin C
B Q R A
• Vector addition is commutative,
PQ Q P
• Vector subtraction
Addition of Vectors
SOLUTION:
• Graphical solution - construct a
parallelogram with sides in the same
direction as P and Q and lengths in
proportion. Graphically evaluate the
resultant which is equivalent in direction
and proportional in magnitude to the the
diagonal.
The two forces act on a bolt at
A. Determine their resultant. • Trigonometric solution - use the triangle
rule for vector addition in conjunction
with the law of cosines and law of sines
to find the resultant.
Sample Problem 2.1
R 98 N 35
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:
• Find a graphical solution by applying the
Parallelogram Rule for vector addition. The
parallelogram has sides in the directions of
the two ropes and a diagonal in the direction
of the barge axis and length proportional to
5000 N.
A barge is pulled by two tugboats.
If the resultant of the forces • Find a trigonometric solution by applying
exerted by the tugboats is 5000 N the Triangle Rule for vector addition. With
directed along the axis of the the magnitude and direction of the resultant
barge, determine known and the directions of the other two
sides parallel to the ropes given, apply the
a) the tension in each of the ropes Law of Sines to find the rope tensions.
for a = 45o, • The angle for minimum tension in rope 2 is
b) the value of a for which the determined by applying the Triangle Rule
tension in rope 2 is a minimum. and observing the effect of variations in a.
Sample Problem 2.2
T 3660 N T 2590 N
1 2
Sample Problem 2.2
SOLUTION:
• Resolve each force into rectangular
components.
SOLUTION:
• Resolve each force into rectangular
components.
force mag x comp y comp
F1 150 129.9 75.0
F2 80 27.4 75.2
F3 110 0 110.0
F4 100 96.6 25.9
R x 199.1 R y 14.3
• When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is zero, the particle is
in equilibrium.
• Newton’s First Law: If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle will
remain at rest or will continue at constant speed in a straight line.
SOLUTION:
• Construct a free-body diagram for the
particle at the junction of the rope and
cable.
• Apply the conditions for equilibrium by
creating a closed polygon from the
forces applied to the particle.
• Apply trigonometric relations to
determine the unknown force
In a ship-unloading operation, a magnitudes.
3500-N automobile is supported by
a cable. A rope is tied to the cable
and pulled to center the automobile
over its intended position. What is
the tension in the rope?
Sample Problem 2.4
SOLUTION:
• Construct a free-body diagram for the
particle at A.
T 144 N
AC
Sample Problem 2.6
SOLUTION:
• Choosing the hull as the free body,
draw a free-body diagram.
• Express the condition for equilibrium
for the hull by writing that the sum of
all forces must be zero.
It is desired to determine the drag force
• Resolve the vector equilibrium
at a given speed on a prototype sailboat
hull. A model is placed in a test equation into two component
channel and three cables are used to equations. Solve for the two unknown
align its bow on the channel centerline. cable tensions.
For a given speed, the tension is 40 N
in cable AB and 60 N in cable AE.
Determine the drag force exerted on
the hull and the tension in cable AC.
Sample Problem 2.6
SOLUTION:
• Choosing the hull as the free body, draw a
free-body diagram.
7N 1.5 N
tan 1.75 tan 0.375
4N 4N
60.25 20.56
R0
34.73 0.3512 T F i
AC D
19.84 0.9363T 60 j
AC
Sample Problem 2.6
R0
34.73 0.3512T AC FD i
19.84 0.9363T AC 60 j
Fx 0 0 34.73 0.3512TAC FD
Fy 0 0 19.84 0.9363TAC 60
T 42.9 N
AC
F 19.66 N
D
Rectangular Components in Space
• The vector F is • Resolve F into • Resolve Fh into
contained in the horizontal and vertical rectangular components
plane OBAC. components. Fx Fh cos
Fy F cos y F sin y cos
Fh F sin y Fy Fh sin
F sin y sin
Rectangular Components in Space
• With the angles between F and the axes,
Fx F cos x Fy F cos y Fz F cos z
F Fx i Fy j Fz k
F cos x i cos y j cos z k
F
cos x i cos y j cos z k
• is a unit vector along the line of action of
F
x ,the
and cosare cos y , and cos
direction z for
cosines
F
Rectangular Components in Space
d vector joining M and N
d xi d y j d z k
d x x2 x1 d y y 2 y1 d z z 2 z1
F F
d xi d y j d z k
1
d
Fd x Fd y Fd z
Fx Fy Fz
d d d
Sample Problem 2.7
SOLUTION:
• Based on the relative locations of the
points A and B, determine the unit
vector pointing from A towards B.
SOLUTION:
• Determine the unit vector pointing from A
towards B.
AB 40 m i 80 m j 30 m k
AB 40 m 2 80 m 2 30 m 2
94.3 m
40 80 30
i j k
94. 3 94.3 94.3
0.424 i 0.848 j 0.318k
• Determine the components of the force.
F F
2500 N 0.424 i 0.848 j 0.318k
1060 N i 2120 N j 795 N k
Sample Problem 2.7
x 115.1
y 32.0
z 71.5