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h
Eight
CE 102 Statics
Chapter 2
Statics of Particles
Contents
Introduction
• The objective for the current chapter is to investigate the effects of forces
on particles:
- replacing multiple forces acting on a particle with a single
equivalent or resultant force,
- relations between forces acting on a particle that is in a
state of equilibrium.
Vectors
• Vector: parameters possessing magnitude and direction
which add according to the parallelogram law.
Examples: displacements, velocities, accelerations.
• Scalar: parameters possessing magnitude but not
direction. Examples: mass, volume, temperature
• Vector classifications:
- Fixed or bound vectors have well defined points of
application that cannot be changed without affecting
an analysis.
- Free vectors may be freely moved in space without
changing their effect on an analysis.
- Sliding vectors may be applied anywhere along their
line of action without affecting an analysis.
• Equal vectors have the same magnitude and direction.
• Negative vector of a given vector has the same magnitude
and the opposite direction.
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2-5
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
h
Eight
Addition of Vectors
• Trapezoid rule for vector addition
• Law of cosines,
C
B R 2 P 2 Q 2 2 PQ cos B
C R PQ
• Law of sines,
sin A sin B sin C
Q R P
B
• Vector subtraction
Addition of Vectors
• Addition of three or more vectors through
repeated application of the triangle rule
R 98 N 35
T1 3660 N T2 2590 N
Equilibrium of a Particle
• When the resultant of all forces acting on a particle is zero, the particle is
in equilibrium.
• Newton’s First Law: If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the particle will
remain at rest or will continue at constant speed in a straight line.
Free-Body Diagrams
R0
34.73 0.3512 T AC FD i
19.84 0.9363T AC 60 j
• Resolve Fh into
rectangular
• The vector F is • Resolve F into components.
contained in the horizontal and vertical
plane OBAC. components. Fx Fh cos
Fy F cos y F sin y cos
F z Fh sin
Fh F sin y
F sin y sin
• With the angles between F and the axes,
Fx F cos x Fy F cos y Fz F cos z
F Fx i Fy j Fz k
F cos x i cos y j cos z k
F
cos x i cos y j cos z k
• is a unit vector along the line of action of
F
x ,the
and cosare cos y , and cos
direction z for
cosines
F
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 - 28
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
h
Eight
d vector joining M and N
d xi d y j d z k
d x x2 x1 d y y 2 y1 d z z 2 z1
F F
1
d x i d y j d z k
d
Fd x Fd y Fd z
Fx Fy Fz
d d d
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 - 29
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics
h
Eight
x 115 .1
y 32.0
z 71.5