CS5905 Spatial Informatics

CS5905 Spatial Informatics

A Picture is worth a thousand words (Chinese Proverb)

Remote Sensing
Lecture 1 & 2: Introduction to RS

Dr. K. S. Rajan
Associate Professor, Lab for Spatial Informatics, IIIT Hyderabad Dec 29th 2011, Jan 2nd 2012
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What do you think of this statue?

What is this?
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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

CS5905 Spatial Informatics

A Satellite Image
- IRS P6 image of the West Coast of India

Remote sensing began in 1840 when balloonists used new camera technology to take pictures. At the turn of the century there was a pigeon fleet in Europe. Camera systems were placed on V-2 rockets tested at White Sands, NM after WW II. Sputnik in 1957 changed our outlook toward using outer space as a place from which observe the earth. Slide 6 K S Rajan

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Explorer-1

Explorer-1 was the first successful U.S. earth satellite launched on January 31, 1958 (123 days after Sputnik-1) TIROS-1 (Television Infrared Observation Satellite) was the first weather satellite launched on April 1, 1960 TIROS 1 paved the way for generations of weather satellites.

CS5905 Spatial Informatics

What is remote sensing?

Definition 1 Remote sensing is the acquiring of information about an object or scene without touching it through using electromagnetic energy a. RS deals with systems whose data can be used to recreate images b. RS deals with detection of the atmosphere, oceans, or land surface
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TIROS-1

Stark contrast between first TIROS image and the full-color full-Earth image that GOES-8 produces today.

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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

Basic Remote Sensing System

Elements of a Remote Sensing System

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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

What is Remote Sensing

Definition 2 Remote sensing is the noncontact recording of information from the UV, visible, IR, and microwave regions of the EM spectrum by means of a variety of electro-optical systems, and the generation and delivery of information products based on the processing of these data

The Remote Sensing Process

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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

The Remote Sensing Process

Energy Source or Illumination (A) - the first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to the target of interest. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B) - as the energy travels from its source to the target, it will come in contact with and interact with the atmosphere it passes through. This interaction may take place a second time as the energy travels from the target to the sensor.
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The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum

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EM Spectrum Regions Used in Remote Sensing

= EM radiation wavelength 1. Ultraviolet ( < 0.4 m) 2. Visible ( 0.4 m < < 0.7 m) 3. Reflected IR ( 0.7 m < < 2.8 m) 4. Emitted (thermal) IR ( 2.4 m < < 20 m) 5. Microwave ( 1 cm < < 1 m)
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Ultraviolet Radiation
Shortest wavelengths used for remote sensing Some earth rocks and minerals fluoresce when illuminated with ultraviolet light

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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

Visible Light Region of EM Spectrum

Thermal IR Sensors

Detected by our onboard remote sensor (eyes) A very small part of the total spectrum Ranges from 0.4 m, violet, to 0.7 m, red
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Ranges from 0.7 to 100 m Reflected IR covers wavelengths approximately 0.7 m to 3.0 m Thermal IR deals with the Far IR region of the EM spectrum, wavelengths between 2.4 and 100 m Most Thermal IR scanners use wavelengths between 8 and 15 m

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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

Microwave Spectrum

Microwave remote sensing instruments operate at wavelengths greater than 1 mm

From about 1 m to 1 m wavelengths Short wavelengths similar to thermal Long wavelengths similar to radio waves

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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

The Remote Sensing Process

The Remote Sensing Process

Interaction with the Target (C) once the energy makes its way to the target through the atmosphere, it interacts with the target depending on the properties of both the target and the radiation. Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D) - after the energy has been scattered by, or emitted from the target, we require a sensor (remote not in contact with the target) to collect and record the electromagnetic radiation.

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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

Surface Interactions

Spectral Response
Spectral response patterns allow for differentiation of various surfaces May be similar at some wave lengths but quite different at others

Absorption Reflection
Specular Diffuse

Transmission

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Spectral Signatures Spectral Signatures

Each materials on the earth (Land Cover) have very unique spectral signatures (different reflectance pattern) Spectral: in terms of wavelength Optical RS is measuring spectral energy or reflectance, from which we can identify materials

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Categories of Remote Sensors

Remote sensors are based on 1. Specific regions of the EM spectrum 2. The types of EM energy being detected 3. The source of EM energy, e.g., passive versus active sensors

Reflected spectral signatures of two important alteration minerals, kaolinite in blue and alunite in red. Wavelength is along the x-axis and is given in microns from 2.0-2.5 um. Reflectance is reported in percent from 0 1.0 on the y-axis. Minerals lendthemselves easily to identification due to their highly unique crystal geometries. Such signatures can be measured in the field with a portable field spectroradiometer such as the one sitting atop kaolinite boulders in the photograph. They can also be measured in the imagery itself.

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Types of EM energy detected by remote sensors

Coverage of Sensors

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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

Categories of Remote Sensors

Remote sensors are based on 1. Specific regions of the EM spectrum 2. The types of EM energy being detected 3. The source of EM energy, e.g., passive versus active sensors

Passive versus active systems

Passive systems record energy that is emitted, scattered or reflected from natural sources (e.g., sunlight or based on the temperature of the surface or atmosphere being imaged) Active systems provide their own source of EM radiation, which is then reflected or scattered, and this signal detected by the system

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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

Passive and Active Sensors

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Landsat 7 Global Archive

Remote Sensing Process

A map showing the number and location of Landsat 7 scenes in the US archive. Through 7/31/2002

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CS5905 Spatial Data ReceivingInformatics station

Remote Sensing Process

Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E): the energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted, often in electronic form, to a receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an image (hardcopy and/or digital). Interpretation and Analysis (F) the processed image is interpreted, visually and/or digitally or electronically, to extract information about the target which was illuminated.

US & International Landsat Receiving Stations

Image Interpretation
Visual Interpretation Digital Processing
Preprocessing Enhancement Transformation Classification Integration

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US Stations International Cooperators

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Data Processing

Image Characteristics

Black & White photo

Digital Image

Preprocessing II

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Geometric Correction: to know the exact position and overlay with maps. Other correction: Radiometric Correction / Atmospheric Correction

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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

Image Display

Color Assignments

Primary colors displayed as single channel with same brightness level Red, Blue, and Green

Primary colors displayed as multiple channel with different primary color at different brightness
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CS5905 Spatial Informatics

Classification
To divide images into several number of classes. Landuse/Landcover Further Analysis Further Analysis Calculating Physical Parameters using Models

Supervised and Un-Supervised Classification

Supervised Classification Classify each pixel into a pre-established class. Population statistics of each class is to be identified by training areas. Each pixel will be classified into a class which has similar (nearest ) property with the pixel. Un-supervised Classification Analyze inherent structure of the data Unconstrained by external knowledge about area When knowledge about the area is not enough Combination Un-Supervised Classification -> Ground Truth -> Supervised Classification
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Objectives of Classification Carry out quantitative interpretation using mathematical / statistical modeling. To assign corresponding class to groups with homogeneous characteristics, with the aim of discriminating multiple objects from each other within the image. The level is called class. Classification will be executed on the base of spectrally defined features, such as density, texture etc. in the feature space. It can be said that classification divides the feature space into several classes based on a decision rule. Classes are for such as Land use, Land Cover, Crop Type, Forest Types, and etc.
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Advantage of RS
Wide Coverage, Periodical Observation Variety of Observing Method Multi-resolution Multi-temporal Multi-spectral Global Environment Local Application Application Field
Hydrology, Oceanography, Global Env. Study, CO2 Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Ecological Mapping Coastal zone management, Health Management, Energy Fire, Oil-spill, Volcano, Earthquake, Flood, Ice Land use mapping, Cadastral Mapping, Topographic Map, Change Detection Military

Use wisely by understanding advantage and limitation

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